SENATE April 15 Shortly After the Founding of Our Party, America Has Long Been Known for Its Bill Each American, As A

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6522 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 15 Shortly after the founding of our party, America has long been known for its Bill Each American, as a. member of a famil; Thomas Jefferson defined its goals, charac of Rights. Franklin Delano Roosevelt spoke group, should be afforded the opportunity terized its philosophy and contrasted it.with eloquently of the Four Freedoms. Today a. for compatible family living. The op opposing forces when he said: space-age America. must echo these thoughts portunities for jobs, for decent housing, and "Men by their constitutions are naturally and must rededicate itself to insure certain for adequate medical care during the twi divided into two parties; those who fear and basic opportunities for each American. light years of life are important steps toward distrust the people and wish to draw all Each American must be given the oppor attaining this goal. And we as Democrats powers from them into the hands of the high tunity to secure a job sufficient to provide for must continue the efforts made in past classes; and those who identify themselves his family. Through the leadership of Presi years to see that adequate legislative pro with the people, have confidence in them, dent Kennedy more Americans are gainfully grams are enacted in this important area. cherish and consider them as most honest employed today than at any other time in Finally, each American child must have the history of our Nation. the opportunity for a good education. No and safe • • •." over 71 million American working men investment we make as a nation is more In the span of nearly a century and a half and women labor in the industries, shops, important than that which we make in pro from Jefferson to Kennedy, a great nation farms, and mines of this country. Yet the viding adequate training for our most and the world's oldest democracy has sprung challenge remains as long as many American valuable natural resource, our children. from the waiting lands of a continent and workers cannot find jobs; as long as young Every child must have the opportunity to the hearts of a people and has spread around minds and bodies are not properly equipped develop fully his own potentiality. To be the world. And across this Nation is em to find employment in space-age occupations. sure it takes classrooms, it takes teachers; blazened the record of the Democratic Party, We, as Democrats are determined to meet and these take money. But investment in 1ts belle! in the people, its belle! in the dig this challenge with tax reviews to spur lag our Nation's future through education is our nity of every man, its belief that there is no ging economic growth; with retraining pro best guarantee of meeting the challenges of more noble aspiration for a political party or grams to assist those with unneeded skills; the space age and the future. government than to tend to the needs of its with a special youth program to guide and If these opportunities are to be provided citizens and to promote the basic opportu assist our younger citizens. for Americans today, each of us must be nities of each individual American. We are equally determined to provide this resolute in opposition to those few persons The Democratic Party has pursued these opportunity for those who labor on the farms who would deprive them to some Americans goals with a concrete legislative program. of America. The efforts of the present ad because of race, religion, or national origin; Democrats have been responsible for the cor ministration have brought about an increase for full American citizenship ineans freedom nerstones of family security, the social secu in !arm income of approximately 10 percent of worship, freedom of access to public rity program, unemployment compensation, during the last 2 years. Yet we will not rest places, freedom to speak without fear of consideration for the aged, the blind, our until the American farmer enjoys equal reprisal, and freedom to vote one's own con children. Democrats established the min prosperity with the rest of America, and the victions in the privacy of a polling place. imum wage and throughout the years we abundance from American farms ls utmzed The cold war struggle today finds com have improved it and increased its coverage. as a blessing to a hungry world rather than munistic totalitarianism and democratic We have made considerable progress in the as a stumbling block to high farm income. freedom locked in mortal combat. field of civil rights. Those who labor in business, large and A waiting world is watching the American But we need not dwell in the past to talk small, must be guaranteed the opportunity response to the challenges of this age. of Democratic accomplishments. The Demo to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from Awakening nations, searching for a better cratic Party is a party of the present and unfair competition and domination by way of life, are asking, Will democracy and the future. After 2 years of the New Fron monopolies at home and abroad. We, as freedom work? tier, at the quarter post of the Presidency Democrats, believe in a truly free economy, Let us answer with a hearty chorus of yes. of John F. Kennedy, we can see progress thai; free from government control and free from Let us answer by renewing our determina has improved life here and around the world. the oppression of monopolistic power. Am tion to keep the United States a land of op Great progress has been made. Yet we are ple opportunity for the small businessman portunity-for all Americans-for each determined to solve problems stlll unsolved. is an important goal. American.

to hidden forces that have shaken our sundry nominations, which were referred SENATE purpose. Forgive us. to the appropriate committees. As the day of work goes forward, we M~NDAY, APRIL 15, 1963 to provide for the A letter from the President, Board of Com resentatives concurring, That Congress · be reappointment· of John Nicholas Brown missioners, District of Columbia, transmit memorialized to enact legislation to provide as . Citizen Regent ·of the Board c;>f Re ting-a draft of proposed legislation to author that in addition to all other ·exemptions pro gents of the Smithsonian Institution. ize the Commissioners of the District · of vided by law, a parent shall be allowed an The PRESIDENT pro tempore. The· qolumbia to acquire, construct, operate, and additional Federal income tax exemption of question is ori agreeing to th~ motion of regulate a public offstreet parking facillty $2,000 for each child of such patent who is (With an accompanying paper)~ to the Com- regularly enrolled in and attending an ac the Senator from Montana. mittee on the District of Columbia. - credited institution of higher learning, or if The motion was agreed to, and the · A letter from the President, Board of Com such child is emancipated and is .paying the Senate proceeded to consider the joint missi9ners, J.)istrict of Columbia, transmit major portion of the costs . and expenses of resolution. · ting a draft of propos~d legislation to amend such education, then he or she shall be al The PRESIDENT pro tempore. If the· act entitled, "An act to provide for com- · lowed such additional exemptions; and be it there be no amendment to be proposed, mitments to, maintenance in, and discharges further from, the District Training School, and for "Resolved, That a copy of this resolution the question is on the third reading of other purposes," approved March _3, 1925, as be forwarded to the clerk of the U.S. Senate, the joint resolution. amended (with an accompanying paper); to the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representa The joint resolution (H.J. Res. 234) the Con.unittee on the District of Columbia. tives, and to each U.S. Senator and Congress-. was ordered to a third reading, was read A letter from the President, Board of man from South Carolina." the third time, and passed. · Commissioners, District of Columbia, trans mitting a draft of proposed legislation to A joint resolution of the Legislature of amend the Healing Arts Practice Act, Dis the State of Alaska; to the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare: EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS, trict of Columbia, 1928, as amended, to ex ETC. empt from licensing thereunder physicians "SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 28 em,ployed by ~he Commissioners of the Dis "Joint resolution relating to encouraging. The PRESIDENT pro tempore laid be trict of Columbia (with an accompanying passage of the National Education Im fore- the Senate the following letters, paper); to the Committee on the District provement Act of 1963 which were referred as indicated: · · of Qolum,bia. "Be it resolved by the Legislature of the REPORT ON DEPARTMENT o:r THE ARMY RE- AMENDMENT OF SECTION 152(b) (3) OJ' IN State of Alaska: SEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CoNTRACTS TERNAL REVENUE CODE OF 1954, RELATING "Whereas the proposed National Education A letter from the Assistant Secretary of TO CERTAIN NATIONALS OF THE UNITED STATES Act of 1963 expands the opportunities of per the Army (R. & D.), transmitting, pursuant A letter from the Assistant Secretary of the sons lnterested in attending institutions of to law, a report of that Department on re Interior, transmitting a draft of proposed higher education and graduate schools by in search and development contracts, for the legislation to amend section 152(b) (3) ·of creasing the number of student loan benefits; 6-month period ended December 31, 1962 the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 for the and (with an accompanying report); to the Com purpose of including nationals of the United "Whereas the National Education Act will mittee on .e.,rmed Services. · · States within the definition of the term "de expand and improve higher education by AUDIT REPORT ON EXCHANGE STABILIZATION pendent" in connection with deductions for providing funds for construction loans and FUND personal exemptions (with an accompanying funds for the expansion of other facilities; paper); to the Committee on Finance. and . A letter from the Secretary of the Treas "Whereas the National Education Act wlll ury, transmitting, pursuant to law, an audit AUDIT REPORT OF MILITARY ORDER OF THE PuRPLE HEART OF THE U.S.A., INC. improve the educational quallty of all report on the Exchange Stabilization Fund, schools by expanding the institute program for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1962 (with A letter from the National Adjutant, Mill of the National Defense Education Act; and an accompanying report); to the Committee tary Order of the Purple Heart of the U.S.A., on Banking and Currency. Inc., Daytona Beach, Fla., transmitting, pur "Whereas the National Education Act will suant to law, an audit report of that corpora expand and improve vocational and special REPORT OF SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE education programs by providing increased COMMISSION tion, for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1962 (with an accompanying report); to the Com allotments for States in need of spe,cial and A letter from the Chairman, Securities and vocational education programs; and ~ittee on th.e Judiciary~ Exchange Commission, Washington, D.C., "Whereas the National Education Act will transmitting, pur5uant to law, a report of REPORT OF DIVISION OF COAL MINE INSPEC- strengthen elementary.and secondary educa that Co~ission, for the fisoal year en(led . TION, BtraEA U OF MINES tion programs by providing grants to States June 30, 1962. (with an accompanying re A letter from the Assistant Secretary of for needed improvements in teacher salaries, port): to the Committee on Banking and the Interior, transmitting, pursuant to law, classroom construction, and classroom equip- Currency. a report of the Division of Coal Mine In ment; and . .AMENDMENT OP SECTION 4(b) OF COMMUNI spection, Bureau of Mines, for the calendar "Whereas the National Education Act pro CATIONS ACT OF 1934, RELATING TO APPLICA year ended December 31, 1962 (with an ac vides for the expansion of extended educa BILITY oF CoNFLICT-o:r-INTEREsT PROvIS'ioNs companying report): to the Committee ·on tion by authorizing grants to States for ex :Labor and Public Welfare. A letter from the Cha'lrman, Federal Com- pansion of university extension courses· in land-grant colleges and State universities; munications Commission, transmitting a and · dril.ft of proposed legislation to aniend ·sec PETITIONS AND MEMORIALS tion 4(b) of the Communications Act of "Whereas Federal assistance to education, 1934, as amended, with respect to the appli Petitions, etc., were laid before the properly authorized and implemented, does cability ot the conflict-of-interest provisions Senate, or presented, and referred as not require or imply Federal control of pub to persons serving in tJ:ie Federal Communi indicated: lic education, and such assistance may render cations Commission unit of the National State control more effective by expanding and Defense Executive Reserve (with accompany By the PRESIDENT pro tempore: implementing State policy: Now, be it ing papers); to the Committee on Commerce. A concurrent resolution of the Legislature "Resolved, That Congress is respectfully of the State of South Carolina; to the Com urged to favorably consider the National AMENDMENT OF COMMUNICATIONS ACT OJ' 1984, mittee on Finance: Education Act of 1963; and be it further WITH RESPECT TO THE FILING OF CERTAIN "S. 289 SCHEDULES OJ' CllABGES "Resolved, That copies of this resolution "Concurrent resolution memorializing Con be sent to the Honorable John F. Kennedy, A letter from the Chairman, Federal Com gress to enact legislation which will pro. President of the United States; the Honor munications Co~ission, Washington, D.C., vide additional Income tax exemptions for able Lyndon B. Johnson, Vice President of transmitting a draft of proposed l~gislatio;n persons attending institutions of higher the United States and President of the Sen to amend section 208 (a) of the Communica learning ate; the Honorable Anthony Celebrezze, Sec tions Act of 1934, as amended, .with respect retary,-Department of Health, Education, and to the filing of schedules of charges by con "Whereas as a college degree has become a.nd is becoming more and more an absolute Welfare; the Honorable Lister Hill, chair necting carriers (with accompanying papers}; man, Senate Labor and Public Welfare Com to the Committee on Commerce. necessity to adequately prepare our youth 'to compete in olir modern world of special mittee; the Honorable Harry Flood Byrd, DRAFTS OF PROPOSED LEGISLATION RELATING TO ization; and chairman, Senate Finance Committee; the THEDISTBicr OF CoLUMBIA "Whereas the cost.e and expenses of at 'Honorable Adam Powell, chairman, House A letter from the President, Board of Com -tending institutions of higher learning are Committee on Education and Labor; the missioners, District of ·eo1umbla, transmit- continually increasing; a.nd Honorable Wilbur . M1lls, chairman, House 6524 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 15 Committee on Ways and Means; and the U.S. Representative from Alaska, the Honor Appeals established as an independent Members of the Alaska delegation in Con able RALPH J. RIVEBS, through the introduc agency outside the jurisdiction of the De gress. tion of H.R. 2108; and · partment of the Interior _to hear appeals "Passed by the senate March 12, 1963. "Whereas the restoration of this right ls from decisions rendered by the Bureau of "FRANK PERATROVICH, not only equitable but essential to the re Land Management and the Geological _sur "President of the Senate. vival of the vital maritime industry: Now, vey concerning the uses or claims to public "Attest: therefore, be it · lands under the jurisdiction of the Depart "EVELYN K. STEVENSON, "Resolved, That the Congress ls urged to ment of the Interior; and be it further "Secretary of the Senate. approve the restoration of medical care "Resolved, That copies of this resolution be "Passed by the house Aprll 2, 1963. rights to owner-operators of vessels and self sent to the President of the United States, "BRUCE KENDALL, employed seamen by the passage of H.R. the Department of the Interior, the Presi "Speaker of the House. 2108; and be it further dent of the U.S. Senate, the Speaker of the "Attest: "Resolved, That copies of this resolution U.S. House of Representatives, and the "PATRICIA R. SLACK, be sent to the Honorable LYNDON B. JOHN Members of .the Alaska con~essional "Chief Clerk of the House. SON, Vice President .of the United States and delegation. "WILLIAM A. EGAN. President of the senate; the Honorable JOHN "Passed by the senate April 4, 1963. "Governor of Alaska." w. McCORMACK, Speaker of the House of "FRANK PERATROVICH, Representatives; the Honorable WAaaEN G. "President of the Senate. Two resolutions of the senate of the State "Attest: of Alaska; to the Committee on Commerce: MAGNUSON, chairman of Senate Commerce Committee; the Honorable HERBERT BoNNER, "EVELYN K. STEVENSON, "SENATE RESOLUTION 57 chairman of the House Merchant Marine and "Secretary of the Senate. "Resolution relating to the need for remedial Fisheries Committee; and the Members. of "certified true, full, and correct. action in connection with Alaska's air the Ala.ska delegation in Congress. "EVELYN K. STEVENSON, transportation problems "Passed by the senate Aprll 4, 1968. "S~cretary of the Senate." "FRANK PERATROVICH, "Be it Tesolved by the senate: "SENATE RESOLUTION 65 "Whereas the State of Alaska encompasses "President of the Senate. an area one-fifth the size of the older 48 "Attest: "Resolution relating to legislation pending States; and "EVELYN K. STEVENSON, in Congress authorizing compensation to "Whereas the State of Alaska with ap "Secretary of the Senate." the Yakutat community of Tlingit Indi proximately 5,000 miles of road within its ans for the extinction of their original boundaries ls dependent on air service for Two resolutions of the Senate of the State Indian title the prompt dispatch of its inter- and intra of Alaska; to the Committee on Interior and "Be it resolved by the senate: state mail, for travel inside and outside the Insular Affairs: "Whereas it has been the traditional policy State, and for the transportation of freight, "SENATE RESOLUTION 61 of the United States to perfect lts title items of food and clothing, and building ma "Resolution relating to the safeguarding of to its public domain by purchase of· any terials and such; and homesteader rights through the establish outstanding original Indian title, or to pro "Whereas the State of Alaska is an area as ment of an independent Board of Public vide for appropriate compensation to the wide and as deep as the 48 States, stretch Lands Appeals Indians where land has been taken without ing 2,700 miles from east to west, and 1,400 "Be it resolved by the Senate: its full title having been so cleared; and miles from north to south and extending "Whereas there exists no effective right to "Whereas the United States during the into the Eastern Hemisphere and into the appeal decisions by the Bureau of Land Man past ten years has granted hun?reds of oil Arctic; and agement and the Geological Survey con and gas leases upon federally owned land "Whereas air carriers supply virtually the cerning the uses of or claims to public lands (outside the Tongass National Forest) in only transportation for people and airmail under the jurisdiction of the Department that coastal area of Alaska which extends between the lower 48 States and Alaska; and of the Interior; and along the Gulf of Alaska from Cape Fair "Whereas on intra-Alaska routes the in "Whereas the lack of such an effective weather to the Copper River, without .first tent of the Civil Aeronautics Board seems to right of appeal adversely affects many actual having purchased the original Indian title be to curtail service, leaving many commu and potential public land users in Alaska; to said land; and nities with no transportation at all: Now, and "Whereas under the provisions of a spe be it "Whereas the lack of such an effective cial jurisdictional act, the Court of Claims "Resolved, That the legislature of the right of appeal thwarts the carrying out on October 7, 1959, authorized further pro State of Alaska strongly objects to the cur of the acts of Congress governing the uses ceedings for determination of compensation tailing of air service to Alaska and respect of the public lands; and for the 1909 taking by the United States of fully urges that the Honorable John F. "Whereas this lack of an effective right to such part of the aforesaid coastal area as lies Kennedy, President of the United States, ap appeal has existed for too many years and within the boundaries of the Tongass Na point an Alaskan to the next vacancy on the should be promptly remedied; and tional Forest, there being, however, no statu Board in order to facilltate a better under "Whereas a. bill to correct these inequities tory or other provision for compensation for standing of Alaska's air needs; and be it has been introduced in the Senate of the the more recent taking of the above-ref further United States by Alaska's Senators, the Hon erenced part of that area which is exterior "Resolved, That copies of this resolu orable ERNEST GRUENING and the Honorable to that forest; and tion be directed to the Honorable John F. E. L. BARTLET!', and other Senators; and "Whereas it appears that the United States Kennedy, President of the United States; "Whereas this corrective legislation would still retains approximately $500,000 of the the Honorable Lyndon B. Johnson, Vice establish a Board of Public Lands Appeals rentals which it has received from the above President of the United States and President to hear locally appeals from decisions by the described leases over and above the percent of the Senate; the Honorable John W. Mc Bureau of Land Management and the Geo age thereof which it has remitted to the Ter Cormack, Speaker of the House of Repre logical Survey concerning the uses or claims ritory of Ala.ska and the State of Ala.ska; sentatives; the Honorable Warren G. to public lands; and and "Whereas there is presently pending in Magnuson, chairman, Senate Commerce "Whereas untold numbers of homesteaders Committee; the Honorable Oren Harris, the Congress of the United States, House in Alaska., in making original application Joint Resolution 273 which would have the chairman, House Interstate and Foreign for land patents, have been advised of the Commerce Committee; the Members of the effect of compensating the Yakutat com alleged proper procedure to follow by rep munity of Tlingit Indians with at least the Alaska delegation in Congress; and the mem resentatives of the Bureau of Land Manage bers of the Civil Aeronautics Board. full amount of revenues from leases present ment only to discover at a later date that ly held by the Federal Government; and "Passed by the senate April 4, 1963. such procedure was not proper and that as "FRANK PERATROVICH, "Whereas it ls altogether fitting and proper a result their patent application is invalid; that the original inhabitants of Alaska re "PTesident of the Senate. and "Attest: ceive full and adequate compensation for "EVELYN K. STEVENSON, "Whereas such careless actions have caused land which was exclusively theirs from time "Secretary of the Senate." homesteaders in Alaska to experience undue immemorial but which are now necessary for hardships and mental anguish; and the full development of the State of Alaska; "SENATE REsOLUTION 58 "Whereas such hardships have cost said be it homesteaders wasted hours of labor and "Resolved, That the Legislature of the "Resolution relating to medical care for per wasted expenditures of money; and State of Alaska urges prompt consideration sons employed or engaged on vessels "Whereas such action by a Federal agency a.nd adoption of House Joint Resolution 273 "Be it resolved by the senate: is intolerable, unnecessary, and inexcusable; by the Congress of the United States; and "Whereas the right to medical care of and be it further operators of vessels and self-employed sea "Whereas such irresponsible actions point "Resolved, That a copy of this resolu men under Federal law has been denied by up the long overdue need for corrective tion be sent to the Honorable Lyndon B. administrative ruling; and measures: Now, therefore, be it Johnson, President of the Senate; the Hon "Whereas the restoration of these Federal "Resolved, That the senate supports legis orable John W. McCormack, Speaker of the medical care rights has been proposed by the lation establishing a Board of Public Lands House of Representatives; the Honorable 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-·SENATE 6525 Stewart L. Udall, ·Secretary of the Interior; Lyndon B. Jonnson, Vice President of the for such time as the selective service law re the Honorable Wayne N. Aspinall, chalrnian United States and President of the Senate; mains in effect: Now, therefore; be it of the Committee on Interior and InSular the Honorable Robert S. McNamara, ·secre "Resolved by the House of Representatives Affairs; the Honorable Philleo NMh, Com tary of Defense; the Honorable Stewart L. of the Second State Legislature, regular ses missioner of the Bureau of indlah Affairs; Udall, Secretary of the Interior; the Hon sion o/ 1963, the Senate concurring, That and to the Members of the Alaska delega- orable Cyrus R. Vance, Secretary of the the Congress of the United States be and it tion in Congress. · Army; the Honorable Lt. Gen. W. K. Wilson, is hereby respectfully requested to extend "Passed by the Eenate April 10, 1963. Jr., Chief of the Corps of Engineers, U.S. educational benefits to all persons who have "FRANK PERATROVICH, Army; the Honorable John W. McCormack, entered mmtary service since February 1, "President o/ the Senate. Speaker of the House of Representatives;· and 1955, and that such educational benefits be "Attest: to the Members of the Alaska delegation in continued for as long as the selective service "EVELYN K. STEVENSON, Congress. law remains in effect; and be it further "Secretary o/ the Senate. "Passed by the senate April 4, 1963. "Resolved, That certified copies of this con "Certified true, full, and correct. "FRANK PERATROVICH, current resolution be forwarded to the Presi "EVELYN K. STEVENSON, "President o/ the Senate. dent of the Senate and Speaker of the House "Secretary o/ the Senate." "Attest: of Representatives of the Congress of the "EVELYN K. STEVENSON, A resolution of the Senate of the State United States and to the Members of Ha "Secretary Of the Senate. waii's delegation to the Congress of the of Alaska; to the Committee on Public "Certified true, full, and correct. Works: United States. "EVELYN K. STEVENSON, "ELMER F. CRAVALHO, "SENATE RESOLUTION 60 "Secretary of the Senate." "Speaker, House of Representatives. "Resolution relating to the completion of "SHIGETO KANEMOTO, studies· on the Rampart Dam project Two concurrent resolutions of the Legis lature of the State of Hawaii; to the Com "Clerk, House of Representatives. "Be it resolved by the senate: mittee on Labor and Public Welfare: "NELSON K. DOI, "Whereas a sound and vigorous develop "President of the Senate. ment of Alaska's resources ls desirable, a.nd "HOUSE CONCURRENT RD:IOLUTION 3 "SEICHI HIRAI, indeed essential, not only from the stand "Whereas a democratic nation requires an "Clerk of the Senate." point of the people of Alaska but of the Na enlightened citizenry; and tion whose great northernmost and western "Whereas the current shortage of teach A joint resolution of the Legislature of the most outpost and underdeveloped dominion ers and the lag in school construction seri State of California; to the Committee on and potential is the State of Alaska; and ously threaten the quality of education and Banking and Currency: "Whereas a diversification a.nd enlarge the equality of educational opportunity in "SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 9 ment of Alaska's economy is need for the the United States; and "Joint resolution relative to memorializing above declared objective; and "Whereas local and State governments are Congress to aid the San Francisco Bay "Whereas the resources on which the peo unable to provide adequate finances for Area Rapid Transit District ple of Alaska depended when their numbers public education at a time when enrollments "Whereas the people in the counties of were far fewer in territorial days, namely are rapidly increasing and when national Alameda, Contra Costa, and San Francisco gold mining and fishing-both now dimin survival depends on the quality of public in November 1962 approved construction of ished in quantity and in economic impact education: Now, therefore, be it a. three-county rapid transit system and au will not sumce to create a vigorous, thriv "Resolved by the House of Representatives thorized general obligation bonds to cover ing, a.nd expanding economy; and of the Second Legislature of the State of the cost of such project in the amount of "Whereas for years the Federal Govern Hawaii, General Session of 1963, the Senate $792 m111ion; and ment has developed the hydroelectric re concurring, That the Congress of the United "Whereas these bonds and bond service wm sources of the 48 older States with such States be and it ls hereby respectfully re be supported in part out of a uniform prop projects as the Tennessee Valley Authority, quested to enact legislation which will pro erty tax levied throughout the three coun Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee Dam, Bonneville vide Federal aid to education, leaving to ties comprising the San Francisco Bay Area Dam, Hungry Horse Dam, and others, and ls States the right to determine whether such Rapid Transit District; and now engaged in the continuance of this funds are to be spent for teacher salaries or "Whereas certain financial provisions will sound utilization of our water resources with for school construction; and be it further make it necessary to extend the construction Glen Canyon, Arkansas Frying-Pan, and "Resolved, That certified copies of this con period over an 8 Y:i-year period; and other hydroelectric projects; and current resolution be forwarded to the Pres "Whereas the Board of Supervisors of Ala · "Whereas the greatest hydroelectric proj ident of the Senate and the Speaker of the meda County and other public agencies have ect on the North American Continent, and House of Representatives of the Congress of indicated their desire to supplement the indeed in the free world, is available on the the United States, to the chairman of the property tax base as a means of financing Yukon River in Alaska, which can generate U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Public construction of the rapid transit system; and power at 2 mills a kilowatt-hour, which will Welfare, the chairman of the U.S. House "Whereas the Congress of the United be the lowest cost power under the American Committee on Education and Labor, and to States has recognized the importance of flag; and . the Members of Hawaii's congressional dele Federal participation in the financing of "Whereas studies by the Corps of Engi gation. transportation systems in order to provide neers of the U.S. ~my have already estab "ELMER F. CRAVALHO, better balance and has provided certain lished the engineering feasibility of the dam "Speaker, House of Representatives. funds and Federal aid for urban mass trans at Rampart on the Yukon; and "SHIGETO KANEMOTO, portation; and "Whereas the marketability of its low: "Clerk, House of Representatives. "Whereas Federal financial aid !or the "NELSON K. DOI, cost power and the conseque~t attraction to bay area rapid transit system would have Alaska of diverse industries a.nd the utmza "President of the Senate. the dual beneficial effect of reducing the tion thereby of Alaskan and other raw ma "SEICHI HIRAI, ' property tax rate which bay area property terials not practically exploitable without "Clerk of the Senate." owners would otherwise be required to pay, · low-cost power has been determined in the and would make it possible to reduce the authoritative study by the Development a.nd "HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 21 construction period by at least 3 years, thus Resources Corp. of New York, a qualified "Whereas the veterans education program bringing the benefit of rapid transit to the agency retained by the Corps of Engineers established by the Federal Government· has bay area populace many years earlier than for that purpose; and provided for the training and education of otherwise would be possible: Now, therefore, "Whereas the United States, through its thousands ot veterans of World War II and be it foreign aid program, is financing hydroelec the Korean conflict; and "Resolved by the Senate and Assembly of tric projects in many parts of the world ·"Whereas the education of these veterans the State of California (jointly), That the among people who pay no taxes to the United has increased the educational level of the Legislature of the State of California re States, and the products derived from them citizens of our great Nation and has cqn spectfully urges Congress to enact Federal will be competitive with our own U.S. prod tributed greatly to the strength, well-being legislation to provide Federal grants and ucts; be it and economy of this Nation; and low-interest· loans in sufficient amounts to "Resolved, That the Alaska Senate strongly ,"Whereas since February 1, 1955, educa substantially help construct and develop urges the Federal agencies involved to speed tional benefits provided . for persons serving new transit fac111ties and to expand exist the conclusion of the remaining Rampart in the Armed Forces have not been available; ing. systems in the national metropolitan and other Yukon River studies, and to re and areas, and in the San Francisco Bay area in port promptly to the Congress, and make "Whereas thousands of our veterans have particuliar; and be it further possible the early request by the Alaska dele been deprived of the educational opportuni "Resolved, That the secretary of the sen gation in Congress for legislation providing ties once available under the veterans edu ate transmit copies of this resolution to the authorization and appropriation for the cation program; and P.residen-t and Vice President of the United Rampart Canyon Dam; and be it further "Whereas it ls believed that the benefits States, the Speaker of the House of Repre "Resolved, . That copies of this resolution enjoyed by veterans under the ve~rans edu sentatives, and to each Senator and Repre be sent to the Honorable Joh:n P. Kenne.dy, catiQn program. should be extende.d to apply sentative from California in the Congress .of President of the United States; the Honorable to all qualified veterans of the Armed Forces the United States." 6526 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 15 A joint resolution of the Legislature of . permitting ·such exploration 8,Jld economic er ·of the House of Representatives, and to the State of California; to the Committee development and provi<14lg for a royalty or each Senator and Representative from Cali on Fina.nee: rental which is a fair return to the State fornia in the Congress of the United States." and adequate safeguards for the protection "AssEMBLT JOINT REsOLUTION 13 of marine life, the coastline, and aesthetics "Joint resolution relative to pensions for and for the protection of existing activities "ASSEMBLY JOINT REsOLUTION 14 veterans of World War I of this sort along the coast; and be it further "Joint resolution relating to Red Bluff diver- "Whereas Congressman DENTON has intro "Resolved, That said officials are hereby . sion dam boat bypass duced H.R. 2332 which would provide a pen strongly urged to seek and explore methods "Whereas the U.S. Department of the Army sion for World War I veterans whose income of resolving said controversy, if possible by permit to the Bureau of Reclamation author is under $2,400 annually, if they are single, means of negotiation, agreement, or federal izing the construction of the Red Bluff Di and $3,600 annually, if they have dependents; and state legislation; and be it further version Dam contains a proviso that 'if at and "Resolved, that the secretary of the senate any time in the future the interests of navi "Whereas one of the principal domestic be hereby directed to transmit copies of this gation shall require it, such alteration in problems in all areas of the Nation is the care resolution to the President and Vice Presi the structure, or construction of lockage of the aged, the importance of which is dent of the United States, and the Speaker facilities, as may be required by the Secre emphasized by the fact that there are now of the House of Representatives, to each tary of the Army in the interest of naviga approximately 16 million men and women Senator and Representative from California. tion, shaU be promptly executed by the per over the age of 65 years; and in the Congress of the United States, to the mittee at its expense, so as to render means "Whereas, of this number, about 2 million Attorney General of the United States, to for navigation to pass the dam.site'; and are those who served in the Armed Forces the Secretary of the Interior of the United "Whereas the recent report of ~he Bureau of the United States during the First World States, to the Solicitor General of the United of Reclamation entitled 'Passage of Small War, and whose present circumstances are States, to the attorney general of the State Boats, Red Bluff Diversion Dam, Sacramento below the average for the Nation, which fact of California, and to the California State Canals Unit, Central Valley Project,' con may be traced in part to the service rendered Lands· Commission." tains a study of three alternative plans, two their country during that war; and incorporating methods to lift or carry boats "Whereas these veterans have not enjoyed "AssEMBLY JOINT RESOLUTION a over or around the dam at the damsite, and the extensive benefits accorded their younger "Joint resolution relative to the Auburn plan C including a 4-mlle channel through brethren who served during World War II · Dam and Folsom South canal Paynes Creek Slough to transfer the boats and who were given the opportunity for "Whereas there has been submitted to the from below the dam to the river above the training at Government expense and assist dam; and ance in securing home and business loans; Congress of the United States legislation to and :. authorize construction by the Secretary of "Whereas plan C would give boaters on "Whereas the Government of the United Interior, as part of the Central Valley proj the river much better utilization of the river States has not given any general pension ect, of both the Auburn Dam on the Ameri and avoid the hindrance and delay caused to the veterans of World War I: Now, there- can River and the Folsom South Canal; and by a lift or ramp which would be manually fore, be it "Whereas this proposed development is operated; and "Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of known to be economically justified, and has "Whereas plan C would provide an excellent the State of California, jointly, That the been determined to be engineeringly feasible; means of preserving the existing salmon and Congress of the United States is urged to and steelhead fishery which otherwise would be enact H.R. 2332 to alleviate the dire condi- "Whereas the multiple-purpose project of ·endangered by the dam even with a fish tions in which those who made the sacri- the Auburn Dam Will furnish additional ladder, since many of such fish will not use fices for this country, in their youth, now water which can be used in the American a fish ladder, but under plan C, since the find themselves; and be it further River watershed, the Sacramento-San Joa- fish could use a natural waterway, these "Resolved, That the chiet clerk of the as- quin Delta region, the San Joaquin Valley, fish would be allowed free migration; and sembly is directed to send copies of this and areas to the south, and will produce "Whereas the initial cost of plan C would resolution to the President of the United additional electric power which would be be higher than the cost of plans A or B; but states the President pro tempore of the available for pumping water to areas of deft. in the long run plan C, which does not re Sena~. the Speaker of the House of Repre- ciency in California's stateWide water pro quire dally maintenance or supervision as do sentatlves and each Member of the Call- gram; and plans A or B, would cost no more, and in fornia. delegation in the Congress of the "Whereas the Folsom South Canal will fact may even be less expensive than the United States." serve to bring urgently needed supplemental other plans; and Three joint resolutions of the Legislature water supplies to areas in the Sacramento "Whereas the local interests are heartily in of the State of California; to the Committee San Joaquin Delta region and the northern support of plan C for this project: Now, on Interior and Insular Affairs: San Joaquin Valley area, which supplies therefore, be it would be made available from storage of "Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of "SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 8 water in Folsom Reservoir, as supplemented the State of California, jointly, That the "Joint resolution relative to the economic by the proposed Auburn Dam and Reservoir; Bureau of Reclamation, the Secretary of the development of California tide and sub and Army and all other persons or agencies in merged lands "Whereas both the proposed Auburn Dam volved are respectfully requested to approve "Whereas there is a controversy between and the Folsom South Canal are part of the plan C for the passage of small boats at the the United States of America and the State california water plan and would comple Red Bluff Diversion Dam; and be it further of California. as to the title to, the owner ment the State's efforts to meet the water "Resolved, That the chief clerk of the as ship of, and the right and power to manage, requirements of California's rapidly expand sembly ls directed to transmit copies of this administer, lease, develop and use large and ing population: Now, therefore, be it resolution to the Bureau of Reclamation, the important areas lying off the California "Resolved by the Assembly and the Senate Secretary of the Army, the President and shore; and of the State of California (jointly), That the Vice President of the United States, the "Whereas significant portions of these areas Legislature of the State of California re Speaker of the House of Representatives, and are believed to contain commercially valu spectfully memorializes the President and to each Sena.tor and Representative from able deposits of oil, gas, and other hydro the Congress of the United States to enact California in the Congress of the United carbon substances and other minerals; and into law, at the earliest possible time, the States." "Whereas the exploration and economic de necessary legislation to authorize the con The petition of the Yakima Indian Asso velopment of these areas is in the best in struction of the Auburn Dam and the Fol ciation of Washington State, praying for a terests of both the United States and the som South Canal, including authorization redress of grievances; to the Committee on State of California; and to include in such canal and related operat ·Interior and Insular Affairs. "Whereas the existence of said controversy ing structures such additional works or ca tends to impede or delay such exploration pacity as the Secretary of Interior deems and development: Now, therefore, be it necessary and economically justified to pro "Resolved by the Senate and Assembly of vide for the future construction of the east REPORTS OF COMMITTEES the State of California, jointly, That the side division of the Central Valley project, The fallowing reports of committees Legislature of the State of California strongly provided that the incremental cost of pro urges the responsible officials of both the viding additional works or capacity in the were submitted: United States of America and the State of Folsom South Canal to serve the east side By Mr. McCLELLAN, from the Commit California, as a joint venture, to take all division of the Central Valley project shall tee on Government Operations, Without measures necessary or expedient to promote be assigned to deferred use for repayment amendment: the early and efficient exploration and eco from central Valley project revenues; and 8. 537. A bill to amend the Legislative nomic development of these offshore areas be it further . Reorgan~ation Act o:f 1946 to provide for regardless of the pendency o! this contro "Resolved, That the chief clerk of the .as more effective evaluation of the fiscal re versy; and be it further sembly is hereby direc·ted to transmit copies quirements o! the executive agencies of the "Resolved, That the said offtcials are here of this resolution to the President and Vice Government of the United States (Rept. No. by strongly urged to agree on leasing methods President of the United States, to the Speak- 141). 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6527 REPORT· ON DISPOSITION OF · fillated with another·corporation through DOLPH were added as ·additional co EXECUTIVE PAPERS stock ownership of 50 percent of the sponsors of the bill CS. 1295) to amend Mr. JOHNSTON: from the Joint Se votmg stock. · :rn 1962, this was changed section 64Ca> <2> of the Bankruptcy Act, lect Committee on the Disposition of to permit a life company aftlliated. with introduced by Mr. JOHNSTON, by request, Papers in the Executive Departments, a casualty insurance company taxable on April 9, 1963. to which was referred for examination under part 3 or part 2 of the insurance and recommendation a list of records tax provisions to be considered as a "new" company. This change in 1962 is NOTICE OF A HEARING ON PRO transmitted to the Senate by the Acting of extremely limited application and Archivist of the United States, dated POSED LEGISLATION PERTAINING April 8, · 1963, that appeared to have no should be broadened to permit any life TO THE REPEAL OF THE SILVER insurance company which is organized PURCHASE ACTS permanent value or historical interest, and owned by another corporation to get submitted a report thereon, pursuant to the 8-year carryover. Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, on law. The legislative history in connection behalf of the Senator from Virginia with section 812 is not very satisfac CMr. ROBERTSON], I desire to give notice BILLS INTRODUCED tory in that it is impossible to determine that on April 29, 1963, the Committee on exactly why stock ownership with anoth Banking and Currency will hold a public Bills were introduced, read the first er corporation would be considered un hearing on H.R. 5389, a bill to repeal cer time, and, by unanimous consent, the desirable for operating loss purposes. tain legislation relating to the purchase second ti.me, and referred as follows: There would appear to be no real reason of silver, and for other purposes. By Mr. HAYDEN: why a bona fide life insurance company We shall begin the hearing at 10 a.m., S.1323. A bill for the relief of Wilbur G. which incurs operating losses should not and it will be held in room 5302, New Leary; to the Committee on the Judiciary. be entitled to the same 8-year carryover Senate Office Building. By Mr. SPARKMAN: S.1324. A bill to change the name of the as other new life insurance companies All persons who desire to appear and Small Business Administration to the "Fed even though its stock is owned or it 1s testify at the hearing are requested to no eral Small Business Administration": to the affiliated through stock ownership with tify Mr. Matthew Hale, chief of staff, Committee on Banking and Currency. another corporation. .Committee on Banking and currency, S. 1325. A bill to provide a deduction for The second proposed amendment was .room 5300, New Senate Office Building, income tax purposes, in the case of a dis adopted by the Finance Committee as telephone Capital 4-3121, extension, 3921. abled individual, for expenses for transpor part of H.R. 8952 and deals with the tation to and from work; and to provide an e1f ect of operating losses on policyholder ·additional exemption for income tax pur surplus. This amendment was dropped poses for a taxpayer or spouse who is physi NOTICE OF HEARINGS ON SMALL in conference primarily because it had BUSINESS LEGISLATION cally or mentally incapable of caring for not been previously considered by the himself; to the Committee on Finance. Mr. By Mr. THURMOND: Committee on Ways and Means. SMATHERS. Mr. President, on S. 1326. A bill to provide for the convey In substance, the provision would re behalf of the Senator from Wisconsin ance of certain mineral interests of the duce the policyholders' surplus by an CMr. PROXMIRE] I desire to give notice United States in property in South Carolina amount equal to that portion of ·the that the Small Business Subcommittee of to the record owners of the surface of that unused loss carryforward that occurred the Committee on Banking and Currency property; to the Committee on Interior and as a result of the nonpar deduction. Its will hold public hearings commencing Insular A1l'airs. May 7, 1963, on S. 757, a bill to amend By Mr. SMATHERS: effect would be to prevent life com panies from paying an ultimate phase 3 the Small Business Act to provide that S. 1327. A bill to amend the Internal Reve the program under which Government nue Code of 1954 to correct certain inequities tax upon the equivalent of a loss instead with respect to the taxation of life insur of a profit. contracts are set aside for small-business ance companies; to the Committee on Under existing law, a young company concerns shall not apply in the case of Finance. would have a loss carryforward arti contracts for maintenance, repair, or (See the remarks of Mr. SMATHERS when he ficially increased by the nonpar deduc construction. introduced the above bill, which appear un tion; a sum equal to this deduction Commencing May 14, 1963, the Small der a separate heading.) would go into the policyholders' surplus; Business Subcommittee will hold hear eventually, when withdrawn to meet ings on S. 298, a bill to amend the Small losses, this would be subjected to tax Business Investment Act of 1958, and AMENDMENT OF INTERNAL REVE ation .under phase 3. S. 1309, a bill to amend the Small Busi·· NUE CODE OF 1954, RELATING TO The proposed amendment would elimi ness Act, and for other purposes. TAXATION OF LIFE INSURANCE nate future phase 3 taxation upon an We shall begin at 10 a.m. in each case, COMPANIES artificially created loss carryover that and the hearings will be held in room was not used. The Treasury Depart 5302 New Senate Office Building. Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, I ment had no objection to this amend All persons who desire to appear and introduce, for appropriate reference, ment last year, and it is my under testify at the hearings are requested to proposed amendments to the Life In standing that it has no objection to notify Mr. Reginald W. Barnes, counsel, surance Income Tax Act of 1959, de Small Business Subcommittee, room signed to give equitable relief by pro either of these proposed changes now. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. NEL 5300 New Senate Office Building, tele viding that the 8-year carryover of phone Capital 4-3121, extension 3921. operating losses to new life insurance SON in the chair). The bill will be re companies be made of general applica ceived and appropriately referred. The bill to amend the In tion; and exempting life insurance NOTICE OF HEARINGS ON S. 935 companies from paying a phase 3 tax ternal Revenue Code of 1954 to correct upon the equivalent of a loss instead of certain inequities with respect to the RELATING TO T~E CONSTITU a profit. taxation of life insurance companies, in TIONAL RIGHTS OF THE MEN Under existing law, new life insurance troduced by Mr. SMATHERS, was received, TALLY ILL companies as defined in section 812 read twice by its title, and referred to the Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, as chair are entitled to an 8-year carryover of Committee on Finance. · man of the Subcommittee on Constitu operating losses whereas in the ordinary tional Rights, I wish to announce that case a 5-year carryover is allowed. The AMENDMENT OF SECTION 64 (a) <2> hearings will be held on May 2, 3, and existing operating loss provisions of the 8, 1963, on S. 935, a bill to protect the law dealing with life insurance compa OF BANKRUPTCY ACT-ADDI constitutional rights of certain individ nies were a part of the Life Insurance TIONAL COSPONSORS OF BILL uals who are mentally ill, to provide for Company Income Tax Act of 1959. Under authority of the order of the their care, treatment, and hospitaliza That act 8$ amended provides that a new Senate of April 9, 1963, the names of Mr. tion, and for other purposes. life insurance company otherwise eligible BIBLE, Mr. ERVIN, Mr. HARTKE, Mr. LoNG The hearings will begin at 10: 30 a.m. is denied the 8-:-year carryover if it·is-af- of Missouri, Mr. CARLSON, and Mr. RAN- in room 457 of the Old Senate Office ~528 ,CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-. SE.NATE April 15

Building. Any person who wish.es to ~p There being no objection, the article position'-since at this tin}~ we are spending and the editorial were ordered- be .more than $50- billion a -year in -defense and pear and testify on this bill !s requested t.o supporting more . than 400,000 men in ·to noti:[y the subcommittee by letter. printed in the RECORD, as follows:- -Europe:" [From the New York Times of Apr. 12, 1963] Among the other realistic steps the Sena IN THE NATION-WHAT WAS AND ls COMMON- tor proposed, in the belief, tl,lat Moscow NOTICE OF HEARINGS ON S. 1117 SENSE .ABOUT BERLIN confronted with the rising threat of Com AND S. 1219, BILLS RELATING TO (By Arthur Krock) munist China and the steady increases in THE COMMISSION ON CIVIL nuclear arsenals--"genuinely desires an WASHINGTON.-It is too much to hope that, easing of the tensions tn Berlin" were RIGHTS instead of coming to the conference table these: transferring the European headquar Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, as chair on the Berlin problem tomorrow with "po ters of the United Nations from Paris and man of the Subcommittee on Constitu sition papers" reextracted from the deep Geneva to Berlin; internationalizing the ac tional Rights, I wish to announce that freeze, Secretary of State Rusk and Soviet cess highway into West Berlin from Helm Ambassador Dobrynin will put at the top stedt in West Germany; and revising the al hearings will be held on May 21, 22, and of the agenda a speech on the subject made 23, 1963, on S. 1117, a bill to extend for lied status-of-forces whereby they would be in the Senate today by CLAfBORNE PELL of present in West Berlin at the invitation of 4 years the Commission on Civil Rights Rhode Island. But it would be a day to that city government. as an agency in the executive branch of celebrate if the commonsense and the hon The speech should, but won't, be read the Government, to broaden. the scope orable, practical policy proposals which dis aloud as prolog at the Rusk-Dobrynin con of the duties of the Commission, and for tinguish this speech from tired diplomacy versations. other purposes; and S. 1219, a bill to could somehow penetrate the Rusk-Dobrynin make the Commission on Civil Rights a discussions. In the late summer of 1961, Senator PELL [From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star, permanent agency in the executive made his first notable exposition of the hard Apr. 14, 1963] branch of the Government, to broaden facts of the Berlin problem that both Wash BARGAINING ON BERLIN the scope of the duties of the Commis ington and Moscow must acknowledge be It is noteworthy that Rhode Island's sion, and for other purposes. fore any real progress toward the kind Democratic Senator PELL, one of the Presi The hearings will begin at 10: 30 a.m. of agreement he outlined-the only one dent's close social and political friends, has in room 2228 of the New Senate Office possible-can be made. The speech was spoken out as he has in connection with the Building. Any person who wishes to ap largely submerged in the clamor over Soviet resumed talks between Secretary of State pear and testify on these bills is re Russia's unilateral violation of the mora Rusk and Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin. In quested to notify the subcommittee by torium on nuclear weapons testing. But the Senator's view, the talks should not be letter. President Kennedy mentioned PEI.L's view allowed to bog down in futility. Instead, he point and proposals favorably, to one of his hopes that our country "will at long last visitors at the time, and today's updated take the diplomatic initiative" in seeking version did not alter these fundamentals. ADDRESSES, EDITORIALS.ARTICLES, The key to PELL's door of escape from one "some sort of resolution of the Berlin prob ETC., PRINTED IN THE RECORD of those "frozen foreign policy positions" he lem." The Senator has his own prescription for On request, and by unanimous con described as typical of democracies ls fur nished by the following passage in the the situation. He holds that both the sent, addresses, editorials, articles, etc., speech: United States and the Soviet Union have rea were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, "The recollection that Germany has en son to feel that the time has come to thaw as follows: gaged in three agressive wars in the last 100 their frozen bargaining positions. As far as By Mr. THURMOND: years • • • is a fact very much in the Eu our own country is concerned, he holds as Article on U.S. foreign policy with regard ropean mind. It is one of the reasons • • • follows: "What we must gain • • • is a to Cuban communism, prepared by Mr. Hugh for the general acceptance of the fact that clearly defined corridor of land access to West J. Boyd, principal of Lake View High School, Germany should not have nuclear weapons. Berlin, backed up by ironclad guarantees for Lake View, S.C.; column entitled "Broken • • • This is perhaps the most important the freedom of West Berlin together with the Treaties," written by Robert Morris, and pub single policy that we and the Soviets West's complete freedom to garrison West lished recently; and newsletter by him share "' • • ." Berlin. To achieve these ends, we can atrord dated April 8, 1963. Accordingly, I think we should give our to acknowledge the continuing existence of present policy toward Germany a critical re two German governments and agree upon examination with a view toward acceptance the Oder-Neisse frontier" between Poland of the fact that Germany is divided as long and Germany. BERLIN AND GERMANY_ as we have not reached the millennium of a In sum, it would seem that Senator PELL, Mr. MANSFIELD~ Mr. President, on world and a time when we can achieve a uni whether or not he reflects or has influence on April 10 the Senator from Rhode Island fied, unarmed Germany • • •. Nor does • • • Mr. Kennedy's thin.king, is in favor of some CMr. PELL] delivered an address on the de facto acceptance of a divided Germany down-to-earth Soviet-American horsetra.d give the - Communists control over a single ing. Thus, pending the eventual creation of subject of Berlin and Germany and our additional person or square inch • • • (but) a unified, neutral, disarmed, and democratic foreign palicy with respect thereto. It what we must iain in any resolution of the Germany, he would have the United States was a most thoughtful and distinguished Berlin problem is a clearly defined corridor of extend de fa.c.to recognition to the East Ger statement, and represented· an excep iand access to West Berlin • • • a gain of many regime and do business with it in ex tional contribution to public understand what we have never had • • •,backed up by change for the ironclad guarantees on Ber ing of the realities of the German situa ironclad guarantees for the freedom of West lin. As he put it, "It is very much in our tion and the constructive possibilities Berlin, together with the West's complete national interests to do so, since there is no which may exist for an improvement in freedom to garrison West Berlin. To achieve situation in the world today where our forces the Western pasition. these ends, we can afford to acknowledge the and our flag occupy a more vulnerable posi continuing existence of the two German tion than in this island of freedom sur I am delighted that the distinguished Governments and agree upon the Oder rounded by Communist East Germany." and learned journalist of the New York N eisse frontier • • • ." The Senator feels that there are many Times, Mr. Arthur Krock, has perceived OTHER U.S. GAINS steps that can be taken toward a genuinely immediately the importance of the state There would be another gain for the United trustworthy settlement of the issue. By ment of the Senator from Rhode Island, States, PELL told the Senate, because "our way of example, he has suggested that cer and has seen fit to comment on it at present policy has led us to the ironic posi tain key agencies of the United Nations be length in his column in the April 12 issue tion that we want the Russians to stay in transferred from Geneva and Paris to East East Germany," the consequence of a refusal Berlin, and he has also· called for "a mutual of the Times. I would underscore his slacking off of propaganda and intelligence observation that it would be useful if to deal with th:: government of the area that "makes it impossible" for the Soviets to operations" in the cruelly divided city. copies of the speech were among the withdraw. And, he contended, a realistic Further, to quote him again, "Along the papers called to the attention of the Sec new policy also would "legitimize" the an lines of the cooling-down of temperatures retary of State and the Soviet Ambassa nual $500 million in trade current between and the amelioration o! relations between. dor, in connection with their discussions West and East Germany; _and clear _the. path East and West would be the legitimization of of Berlin. for "efforts the West German Government is today's almost half biliion do~lars worth of Mr. President, I ask unanimous con now making to normalize its· trading rela annual trade that exists between Western sent that the column by Arthur Krock tions with the various (Soviet) satellite na Germany and Eastern Germany.'' tions." In some respects, senator PEI.L's views and an editorial from the Washington A broader beneficial effect, he predicted, seem to ' involve a lot of ·wishful think Star of April 14, 1963, be printed at this would be a "a considerable reduction in the ing. He himself .does not deny the mild point in the RECORD. U.S. present adverse balance-of-payments impeachement, but he haJJ made an effective 'CONGRESSIONAL- RECORDr--. ·sENATE 6529

. point m ·decl"aring that "we ·should bear ·in Province~ His death was a tragic foss to cluction, based to a .large extent - on ·mind what .Lord lPalinerston once said, 'We the- Nation, for it cut down an excep modem steel plants, is increasing.· The have no eternal all.ea and we have no per tional ·newspaperman of gr.eat co1lrage, question is, therefore. can, or will, this petual enemies. Our interests are eternal and perpetual and those' interests it ta om lntegi'ity, and professional competence. country remain competitive in the field. duty to follow.' Thia means that policies It is most -fitting to have his memory of international steel economies? Profits must be ·determined by national interest, honored at the University of Virginia, in the steel industry last year, so I am in that nat~onal interests can and do change in where he was educated, and where his formed, amounted to $~67 million, which a changing world • • • and that the policies ties had remained close and intimate I understand is the lowest in 10 years. in themselves are ·not immutable.'' until his untimely death. Mr. President, If steel raises its prices, labor will seek Well said . . The gentleman from Rhode I ask unanimous consent that the article a wage increase; a wage increase will Island has addr~ssed a thtmght-provoking in the Daily News, which contains a brief increase costs; and it may well be that speech to the Senate, and Mr. R~k and sketch of Mr. Taylor's career, be printed in Mr. Dobrynin could do worse than read and with increases in prices and wages, the mull over the text of it. at this point in the RECORD. steel industry will find itself in difficul There being no objection, the article ties in competition with steel imports, was orde:i;ed to be printed iri the RECORD, and also may bring about an increase in TRIBUTE TO JOSEPH PEW, JR. as follows: the use of substitute metals, or plastics. Mr. . GOLDWATER. Mr. President, [From the Washington Daily News, Apr. 11, The questions facing steel and steel probably the most difficult times of a 1963] labor are many and ditlicult. What they .man's life are those when it seems an HENRY TAYLOR HONORED BY VIRGINIA ·do will be a demonstration-or a lack of abundance of w.ords should pour forth UNIVERSITY it-of business and economic statesman but none can ct>me -for none can be CHARLOTTESVn.LE, _ VA.-Henry N. Taylor, ship, because what is done will be felt found. Those are the -moments of de _Scripps-Howard correspondent killed in 1960 here at home, not only through increased spair when a close personal friend passes on assignment in the Congo, was honored ·costs, but perhaps by increased low-cost on and one suddenly discovers that the here today at the University of Virginia's import competition, as well. Thomas Jefferson 'birthday celebrations. Because of the bellwether aspect of pressure of a hand or the tear in the eye President Edgar Finley Shannon, Jr., an says far more than any word could ever the steel industry, what it does in re nounced that the institution's Seven Society lation to the whole economy will be of do. It may be then that silence would be has pres~ted a bronze plaque in Mr. Tay the greatest expression, but there are lor's memory, for placement in the entrance the greatest significance. The times call some of these friends whose passing can of alumni hall. for industry statesmanship of the high .. not stand for silence even though the The plaque is headed by the words: "He est order. spoken word Will never be adequate. died to find and tell the truth!' It is an enlargement of the Pulitzer School of Jour Last Thursday such a man was laid to nalism Medal annually awarded by Colum ECONOMIC POLICIES OF THE rest in Pennsylvania. His name was bia University as a memorial to the corre ADMINISTRATION .Joseph Pew, Jr. His faith was pegged on spondent•s standards. · his God ·and his country, and his every Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, Mr. Taylor was a member of the Seven two infiuences, among many,-have had a action throughout a 'Successful life re Society, whose members are unknown until fiected this. The only thing he ever their death. He attended the University of detrimental e:tf ect on the economy of asked was a· chance to do good for people Virginia from 1947 to 1951, played varsity this Nation since 1961. One has been and his countr:y, and he did both in an baseball and edited the college newspaper. the lack of confidence of the business abunda:i;ice matched by few men. His On graduation Mr. Taylor received the Al man in the theoretical and wrong interest in politics was only an interest __gernon Sidney Sullivan Award as the student philosophies advocated by the profes who contributed most to the university while sional economists advising the President. in good government at all levels; but this here. characteristic shows -the material sides It has become more and more obvious 'He served as a naval intelligence omoer in that these men, imbued as they are .with of a good man. London from 1951 to 1954, became a Cincin What was. equally important, if not nati Post reporter in 1954 and won the Amer .an a:tfection for Lord Keynes, have never more so. was his devotion to his wife ican Political Science Association's Award for understood the operation of our eco Alberta and to his childr-en and grand .state and local political c.overage in 1956. nomic system; and the suggestions they children. His great concern for them Mr. Taylor won the 1959 Ernie Pyle Memo have advanced as New Frontier economic was, in my opinion; a strong reason why rial Award for reporting "most nearly exem Positions have constantly troubled those he always worked for a better America. plifying the style and craftsmanship" of war who must make the economy go. It i~ He had a deep tinderstanding of the correspondent Ernie Pyle, killed in World heartening, therefore, to read that. the War II, and was given posthumously the President has asked Henry Ford, Jr., to importance of history, so he knew that George Pollt Tablet, the highest recognition with man being the weakling he is and of the Overseas Press Club, New York. head a group of businessmen whose has always been; there could come a time He was killed by machinegun fire while purpose will be to recommend a more in this country's history when men seek ·covering the flghtillg between Congolese sensible way to achieve tax correction ing only power for their own uses might Army and secessionist troops in the interior ·and tax reduction. It is to be hoped come forth into leadership through the of Kasai Province on September 4, 1960. He that a sensible and workable plan will refusal of the many to be strong. He was 32. evolve. It is als0 hoped that in the c;levoted )limse1f. therefore, to doing his future the President will give more and part in the prev:ention of any lessening more attention to the recognizable prob of the greatness of freedom, so that his INCREASE IN STEEL PRICES lems, and less and less to the theoretical family, his children and grandchildren, Mr. · MANSFIELD. ·Mr. President, ones, so that all business may participate and the children and grandchildren of Wheeling Steel and now Lukens have in the achieving of a rate of economic all of us, might enjoy freedom's blessjngs both announced selective price increases growth consistent with the unlimited forever more. in steel, ranging in the neighborhood of possibilities of this country. He was ·a friend, and I shall miss him. 6 percent. The question now is: What The other depressing influence has But he was a devoted American, and I will the rest of the steel industry do, and been the generally held feeling that the shall remember him. what will the reopening of contract nego present administration is antibusiness. tiations by labor on May 1 or 90 days This started in earnest with the un thereafter result in? .called for intervention in the steel price HENRY- N. TAYLOR. The question which steel has to an adjustment. The excessive use of Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, in swer is this: Will an increase in price, power at that time and the ugly lan 'the April 11 issue of the Washingto_n even. though selective, be able to prevent guage going with it naturally caused Daily News appears an article concern inflation at home and stop competition fear among the businessmen of America. ing the Placing at the University of Vir from abroad and 'the import of steel The laws of supply and demand are in -ginia of' a bronze plaque in honor -of the products from Japan, West Germany, :tlexible; and to tamper with any facet .memory of Henry N. Taylor. Mr. Tay south Africa, and.elsewhere? of those laws is to call down disaster~ lor, a Scriws-H:oward correspondent, Steel also his'to recognize and labor• Labor cannot be given every advance .was killed in action in the Congo in 1.960, too, that wage rates· abroad are much asked for and not have those advances while reportin-g. the- fighting in Kasai lower, and that efficiency in foreign pro- be demonstrated in higher prices, unless 6530 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 15 those increases are called for by produc DISARMAMENT STORIES craft in trouble spots such as Middle East tivity advances. Likewise, prices can and southeast Asia. The United States, they Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, observed, is already phasing out its B-47 not be advanced without market justifi several weeks ago I asked a question of 1leet, so the exchange would not involve a cation and still have stability prevail. the Disarmament and Arms Control sacrifice. The President's present attitude to Agency relative to a plan I had heard "CRAZY" PLANS DECRIED ward the announced steel price increases discussed that would cause the United Initially, Senator GOLDWATER'S criticism in is commendable; and it is to be hoped States to contribute 30 B-47's to an a speech at Aurora, m., on March 9 brought that he will continue on this enlightened equal number of Badgers by the Rus carefully phrased denials that such a pro trail. I ask that his entire statement be sians, all planes to be destroyed, as a posal was being offered the Russians. printed in the RECORD. Later, there was acknowledgment from gesture toward disarmament. At first Secretary of State Dean Rusk that such a The:i:e being no objection, the state the Agency denied there was this plan, plan "):las been discussed inside the Disarma ment was ordered to be printed in the then under questioning by the Foreign ment Agency and with the [other) depart RECORD, as follows: Relations Committee of the Senate, Sec ments as one possible step which might at THE WHITE HOUSE: STATEMENT BY THE retary Rusk admitted it existed. I have some stage be seriously considered." PRESIDENT been thinking about it since that time, Senator GOLDWATER followed up with a This administration is watching closely and the more I pondered it, the less speech on the Senate floor March 21 assert the possib111t1es of a general across-the important 30 airplanes became, so I be ing that public's "right to know about any board price increase in steel. I opposed such and all crazy disarmament plans that are gan to wonder if it might not involve a being hatched within this Government." an increase last year-I oppose such an in plan of broader dimension, say 30 of crease now. The Senator's attacks have baftled disar This administration 1s not interested in these aircraft a month for 30 of the mament officials, who felt they had come up determining the appropriate price or profit Russians. Sure enough, the New York with a reasonable suggestion that was win levels of any pe.rticular industry. We are Times of April 3, under the byline of ning favor on Capitol HUl. interested in protecting the American pub Hedrick Smith, stated that the proposi "It's pretty rough to be attacked on some lic, and it is the American public which tion, which is still in "study stage," thing that may not even see the light of would sutrer most from a general increase day," said Nedville E. Nordness, public af calls for United States to burn 30 B-47's fairs spokesman for the Disarmament in steel prices. a month in return for the destruction It would invite another inflationary spiral Agency. in place of the present wage price stab111ty. by the Russians of an equal nµmber of "It seemed like a good idea. It would not It would hamper our export expansion and their Badgers. be a gimmick or a phony. We felt it was increase import competition. It would ad Now once again I must ask the Dis a measure consistent with national security versely affect our balance-of-payments po armament and Controls Agency if the which might create some movement in the sition on which our worldwide commitments Times is correct and, if it is, could they field of disarmament." depend. It would reduce the gains of our spell out for the Congress and for the NEUTRALS' SUPERVISION WEIGHED economic growth and reduce job opportuni American people just what the total is The idea was that since the United States ties in this country. that they have in mind. If this con and Soviet Union are phasing out their This Government in the past year has medium range B-47 and Badger bombers, ta.ken major steps to improve the economic tinues for 2 years there would not be enough of a B-47 :fleet left to call it by they might conceivably agree to fly them to position of the steel industry and assist in a neutral site and destroy them at a given its modernization. Depreciation and invest that name, and we would have gotten rate under the supervision of neutral ob- ment tax benefits of some $100 million were rid of this weapon 2 or 3 years before servers. . provided in 1962 to the steel industry alone; the phasing out would call for their final "One of the elements of this sort of an and its increased cash flow has made pos removal. idea," Secretary Rusk told Senators, "ls to be sible a planned increase in plant and equip I have often stated that we are en sure to limit the extent which weapons ment investment more than twice the na gaged in unilateral disarmament, and if which are highly sophisticated, but which tional average. Additional tax gains wm become obsolete [between the major pow be realiz.ed in this year's tax reduction pro this proposed action as. reported by the Times is true, it once again confirms it. ers] • • • do not find themselves spread all gram. over the world and become a part of other I therefore strongly urge the leaders of the Once we have destroyed our manned arms races • • • and do not feed out into steel industry to refrain from any across bombers we will be on a parity with a lot of countries which would find them a the-board price increases which wm aggra Russia when her superior ground forces, burden and would stimulate the dangers vate their competitive position and injure and at least equal missile forces will put elsewhere." the public interest. The steel tndustry the balance of power on her side. If we Officials said they had checked out the which has been hard hit by competition from were planning new manned aircraft into plan with such Senators as Wn..LIAM FUL lower priced substitute products and foreign our inventory, the Agency's proposal BRIGHT, Democrat, of Arkansas, RICHARD producers-has been operating far below might make sense, but because we are ·RussELL, Democrat, of Georgia, and Republi capacity. What it needs is more business at can JOSEPH S. CLARK of Pennsylvania with competitive prices not less business at higher not, it makoo nonsense. out running into opposition. prices. Mr. President, I ask unanimous con Already the Soviet Union ts reported to I urge similar restraint on the Steel Work sent that there be printed at this point have begun selling Badgers, twin-Jet medium ers Union. With over 100,000 steelworkers in my remarks the article from the New bombers, to the United Arab Republic, Indo st111 unemployed, their need is for more York Times to which I referred, and an nesia and Iraq. Informed sources report jobs with job security, not fewer jobs at editorial from the Dallas Morning News. that each of the first 2 countries have higher wages. Across-the-board price in There being no objection, the article received fewer.than 10 of the planes and that creases could precipitate labor demands and and editorial were ordered to be printed Iraq may have received 2 with more to come. unrest that would cause great difficulties for in the RECORD, as follows: The Soviet Union has sold other aircraft, the country. such as Mig-15, Mig-17, Mig-19, and Mig-21 I realize that price and wage controls in [From the New York Times, Apr. S, 1968] fighters arid IL-26 bombers to Cuba and to this one industry while all others are unre ARMS PLAN DRAWS GOLDWATER SCORN-PRO- several countries in the Middle East and strained would be unfair and inconsistent POSAL To BURN OBSOLETE BOMBERS Is Asia. with our free competitive market-that un ASSAILED like last year the Government's good faith (By Hedrick Smith) [From the Dallas Morning News, Apr. 5, 1963) has not been engaged in talks with industry w ASHINGTON, April 2.-Senator BARBY BOMBER BONFIRES and union representatives-and that selected .GOLDWATER of Arizona has criticized the U.S. price adjustments, up or down, as prompted Disarmament Agency for a plan to propose Several weeks ago, Senator BARRY GoLD by changes in supply and demand, as opposed to the Russians the joint burning of obso WATER, Republican, of Arizona, thought he to across-the-board increases, are not in lete bombers. had a big one. In a speech he delivered in compatible with a framework of general sta The agency was carefully checking out the Aurora, Ill., the Senator said that he had b111ty and steel price stab111ty and are char "bomber bonfire" plan with other agencies been informed the U.S. Arms Control and acteristic of any healthy economy. .and key leaders on Capitol Hill, when the Disarmament Agency was preparing a pro 111 a free society both management and Arizona Republican assailed it. posal calling for the Joint destruction by fire labor are free to do voluntarily what we are The proposal, which is stlll in the study of American and Russian bombers. unwilling to impose by law, and I urge the stage, calls for the United States to burn In the Illinois speech, and later on the steel industry and the steel union to avoid SO B-47 bombers a month in return for the fioor of the Senate, GOLDWATER described the any action which would lead to a general destruction by the Russians of an equal "bomber bonfire" plan as "crazy" and de across-the-board increase. I urge this in number of their TU-16 Badger bombers. manded that the American people had the their own enlightened self-interest and in the Officials conceived the idea to head off right to know about such idiotic schemes public interest as well. Soviet "dumping" of such obsolescent air- being hatched by the administration. 1963 CO~GRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6531

No sooner had GOLDWATER stepped down proval. I hope I am wrong, but I believe RECLAMATION BENEFITS STILL TO from t:he' rostrum than half a dozen admin the Executive does have those powers. COME ~str ation officials began issuing denials. "No Mr. KUCHEL. I hope, too, that my such plan has ever been cons~d,ered," they - Mr. HAYDEN~ Mr. President, there friend is wrong on- that point. While appeared in the Arizona Daily Star of said. "It's all in the Senator's mind_. Mr. we all know that the so-called theory G OLDWATER is imagining things." Thursday, April 4, an editorial entitled It seems now that the story wasn't just a of Executive agreements has been in "Reclamation Benefits Still To Come." figment of the Arizona Senator's imagina dulged in for the past three decades as The editorial quotes the U.S. Commis t ion. A story in the New York Times dis a basis for agreements of presumedly sioner of Reclamation, Mr. Floyd E. closes that Secretary of f:)tate Dean Rusk has slight importance or of temporary con Dominy, concerning the extraordinary now admitted there has indeed been such a cern, I still do not like them. In any benefits which Federal Reclamation proposal f<>r "bomber bonfires.'' He also con event, I do not want any agreement was developments have brought to the Lower fessed that the proposal not merely dis resulting from any part of any disarm~ cussed within the disarmament agency, but Colorado River Basin. that it had been making the rounds of other ment or arms control negotiation to by More importantly, the article points departments and was being seriously con pass the Senate in any fashion whatso up the growing and c.ritical situation sidered as a step to break through the dead ever. In my judgment, the American which we, in water-short areas of the · lock in arms negotiations wit~ the soviets. people are passionately devoted to the Nation, face, and the measures which The speci:flc plan calls for the United constitutional responsibility of the Sen we must anticipate to solve it. States to burn 30 B-47 bombers per month, ate of the United States. They believe, Because this same situation also exists in return .for the destruction by the Russians as I believe, that the Senate should have in other parts of the Nation as the result of 30 TU-16 ·Badger bombers. An ~mbelllsh the opportunity to approve or reject ment on the idea was for both nations to of expanding population and increased fly the planes to some neutral site and to agreements entered into between our per capita use of water, I ask unanimous destroy them under the supervision of ob Government and foreign nations no mat consent that the editorial be printed in servers from neutral nations. ter what President is in the White House. the body of the RECORD, that all may A spokesman for the disarmament agency Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, to read how we are facing up to our water has defended the plan by saying: "It see_med quickly sum u~ problems in Arizona. . Uke a good idea.'' He went on to say tha~ it The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. The editorial is also appropriate to the was fel~ the move at least would . "create NELSON in the chair>. The time of the some movement in the field of disarmament.'' bill s. 2, which is now unfinished busi- There you have it, in a nutshel.1. These Senator from Arizona has expired. ness of the Senate. . frustrated disarmament negotiators haven't Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, I There being no objection, the editorial got the heart to admit that it is highly im ask unanimous consent that I may have was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, probable that the Soviet Union will ever 1 additional minute. as follows: agree any wor-ltable disarmament proposal to The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there RECLAMATION BENEFITS STILL To COME. which contains solid guarantees protecting objection? The Chair hears none, and the security of this country. The U.S. Commissioner of Reclamation is it is so ordered. authority for the statement that develop Of course, these people have jobs and a lot Mr. GOLDWATER. Our Government of spare time on their hands. And so they ments under the Bureau of Reclamation on have been turning to the old pastime of did not seek the advice and consent of the Colorado River and its tributaries serve straw grasping, coming up with gimmicks the Senate on the question of the removal 2,212,000 acres of arable land producing and trying desperately to "create some move of missiles from Turkey or Italy. I am crops worth $345.6 million last year. The ment" for the sake of movement. not sure that we were consulted in the past benefits are undeniable; the future can be made just as sure. That's not what we need. If we are ever instance of their being put into those Reclamation means not only building large .going to reach any kind -Of acceptable -dis countries. Also I understand that, con dams, such as Hoover, Davis and Glen armament agreement with the soviets, our trary to an .existing agreement and Canyon-there are few such sites left any negotiators have to be as tough and stub understanding, our Government did not where in the United. States, and only a cou ,born as their.a. They will have to outline confer with the governments of NATO ple on the lower Colorado River. Reclama our minimum terms and stick to them, not before that action was taken. So I am tion also means studies aimed at controlllng run helter-skelter in search of new gimmicks evaporation, desalting brackish or salton wa and concessions whenever the Russians say glad that the Senator from California has injected a constitutional warning. ter and doing many other things to protect "Nyet." and preserve the water supply for the wisest The "bomber bonfixe" proposal-as silly as Mr. COOPER. Mr. President, will the of human use. it is-stands out as a .$ymptom of decay in Senator yield? Tucson has a tremendous stake in this our natiOnal will to win. It ranks with the Mr. GOLDWATER. My time has ex because this city presently is using pumped ·"study" reportedly undertaken a few years pired. I do not have the :floor. water-water that comes from a considerable JLgo in the Pentagon to determine methods Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, I ask distance underground. The basin may be and procedures .by which the United States vast; no one knows exactly how vast. But would surre.nder to a conquering enemy, unanimous consent that the Senator may pumping ts almost always a mining opera when and if we should lose our next war. have an additional 2 minutes. tion, and Tucson's water to a large share Senator GoLDWATEB deserves credit for The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is there is fossil water, laid down in the basin eons smoking out the arsonists on this one and objection? The Chair hears none, and ago. A new source of water will be needed putting out their little bonfire. He has it is so ordered. before many years pass. illustrated that we not only have to keep our Mr. GOLDWATER. I yield 2 minutes powder dry these days, but we also have to to the Senator from Kentucky. keep the flrehose ready. A PROPOSAL FOR LIBERATING Mr. COOPER. The Senator from Ari Mr. KUCHEL. Mr. President, will the zona and the Senator from California CUBA distinguished Senator from Arizona have raised an important question. The Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, last yield? disposition of defense forces, uncon week the esteemed David Lawrence Mr. GOLDWATER. I am happy to nected with an agreement between the wrote an article, which appeared in the yield. Soviet Union or any other country and Washington Evening Star, entitled "A Mr. KUCHEL. I ask the Senator if our ·own, is within the power of the Proposal for Liberating Cuba." In his there is anything in the newspaper arti President as Commander in Chief. The article he outlines a program for liberat cle to which he has referred which would President might very well withdraw or ing Cuba which someone has suggested indicate that. as a part of the rumored commit forces any place in the world. to him. undertaking, an agreement would be However, the Senator from California In the course of the article, Mr. Law made which would be subject to approval ·is absolutely correct that if the disposi rence implies that there has yet not been or rejection in the Senate? tion, change. or a destruction of our anybody who has recommended a course Mr. GOLDWATER. I read the article .forces, planes or other elements of our for the liberation of Cuba. I wish to twice, but I did not see anything hi it defense is connected with an agreement invite the attention of this very esteemed on that point. However, I am c<;>nvinced with the Soviet Union bearing upon writer to the fact that on the 22d of that under the powers that we have given ·disarmament, then I certainly would say last month I made a rather lengthy, and ·the Arms Control and . Disarmament ·that would be.. an agteement. which .I I thought rather logical, speech outlin Agency, such a praposal would not have believe would.have to be submitted to.the ing what I considered to be a sensible to meet with the customary .Senate ap.. . Senate for a two-thirds vote. course of action tor this Government to 6532 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE April 15 follow if it really thought Cuba should members have relatives and friends through roll increased 124,000 (5.6 percent). The be liberated-which I think it does. I out the island. They are all aware of the number of employees on the payrolls of State su1fering that prevails and the hopelessness and local governments increased by 1,435,000 urge an examination of what I recom of the future under Mr. Castro. Given a (26 percent). State. and local government mended, in the behalf that it is the only chance to rescue their countrymen, this same workers outnumbered Federal employees by logical and practical way we shall ever standing army could quickly take charge and 2.9 times last year. accomplish getting rid of communism get rid of Mr. Castro. A whole army can Federal Government debt in the same 5- and Fidel Castro from Cuba. suddenly shift its allegiance at the behest of year period increased about 14 percent. The Mr. President, I ask unanimous con a few omcers. debt of State and local governments increased sent that the article be printed in the Unfortunately, in recent months the by a.bout 55 percent. On a cash basis, Fed RECORD. Washington Government's policies have cre eral Government expenditures in the same There being no objection, the article ated the impression inside CUba that the period increased about 34 percent and the United States is afraid to give Cubans any State and local government expenditures in was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, substantial help. It ls true that more than creased 43 percent. Furthermore, the in as follows: $50 million was raised to ransom the patriots crease in the Federal expenditures includes A PROPOSAL FOR LIBERATING CUBA! U.S. OFFER who invaded CUba in the Bay of Pigs episode, substantially larger grants-in-aid to the OF COMPLETE REHABILITATION Is URGED To but the CUban people now have been told State and local governments. Wm SUPPORT OF PEOPLE that no raiders are to be permitted to go When we think of government levies si (By David Lawrence) from American shores into Cuba. All this phoning off an increasing proportion of the implies that there wlll be no help of a productive efforts of the nongovernment Strangely enough, a comprehensive plan military natur_e forthcoming, either directly economy, perhaps we should note that, on a that could really help to overthrow Fidel or indirectly. It creates discouragement and cash basis, Federal receipts increased by ap Castro and liberate Cuba has never been proximately 27 percent in the 5 years through formally presented to the world by the certainly doesn't make Cubans feel they will be helped if they do rise against Mr. 1962, whereas the State and local government United States. Castro. In conformity with international law, and receipts increased by about 43 percent. without involving in any way the use of The only way to take over the government Five years ago ( 1957) , Federal Government American troops or invading armies from the of Cuba is from within, and this depends on purchases of goods and services accounted out.side, a plan could be devised that would an aroused and unified public sentiment. for 11.8 percent of total gross national prod appeal today to every man and woman on Since economic dimculties are the most uct and last year the proportion was - 11.8 the island of Cuba. The expression of pressing at present, it is logical to expect percent. The proportion for similar State their concerted will could end the Castro that the Cuban people will be attracted by and local government purchases was 8.3 per regime. the publicized pledges of financial and eco cent in 1957 and increased to 10.3 percent The plan would cost money-maybe a half nomic assistance from the United States last year. billion dollars a year for 5 years or more. which the proposed plan would give them. It ls quite clear then that 1n all of these But that's a lot less expensive than the loss It would open up a new era of hope for measuren:ients of employment and fiscal op of human lives in even a limited war. Be everybody. erations, the State and local government sides, it coUld hardly provoke that awful As every individual translated the Ameri figures have been rising much more rapidly nuclear war which is so often cited as the can economic plan into what it would mean than those of the Federal Government. I reason for American forebearance, if not to him and his family-the chance to earn doubt that there ls a. broad comprehension timidity. decent wages and have a free government- of these facts. This is unfortunate because The liberation plan would require, first public sentiment under a barrage of publicity it leads to many misunderstandings in the of all, the appointment by President Ken would grow to such an extent that thou interpretation of business and government nedy of a special commission of Americans sands in the army would themselves privately statistics. fam111ar with the economic capacity and embrace it and seek ways to get a new gov For example, the Federal tax burden ls not potential of Cuba. The Commission would ernment so that the American plan could dlftlcult to follow-and to criticize--because make a detailed report recommending a be put into effect. - the bulk of it consists rather simply of in broad-scale program for the rehabil1tatlon But without any plan at all for the fu come and social insurance taxes. The bUlk of Cuba. This would spell out exactly how ture, and without any concrete offer of of the States revenues comes from property many new jobs would be created and what assistance of any kind from the United taxes and from various types of sales and the probable range of wages would be for States-except some vague phrases in oftlclal excise taxes, and license fees. Most of the various types of workmen in CUba. utterance&--the people of Cuba, and particu sales and excise taxes are directly added to The program would, of course, be basically larly the 200,000 men in the Cuban army, the price of goods and services sold and tend agricultural and would outline the ways by can see no future for their country. That's to be overlooked. Some portion of the in which the whole CUban farm industry could why a plan that ls repeated over the radio crease in the cost-of-living index ls caused be rehabl11tated and what this could mean day after day could become the very weapon directly by these taxes. to the average farmer. Cost figures, how that would get rid of Mr. Castro as well as The rising importance of State and local ever, would be included for each segment the Soviet troops. The revolution would government activities vis-a-vis the Federal of the economy. The whole thing is in restore Cuba's place in the Organization of Government deserves more attention in the line with the fundamental principles of the American States and give her an opportunity to become a participant with the other projections of business prospects. Business Alliance for Progress scheme that has been analysts labor over the economic effects of so widely publicized. Latin American countries in the Alliance for Progress. Federal receipts and expenditures, but usu When the "liberation" plan for Cuba is ally do not have a proportionate interest in ready for announcement, it can 'Qe turned the same figures for the State and local over to the U.S. Information Agency and FEDERAL FINANCE governments. its numerous outlets· for radio broadcasting. Similarly, the effect of Federal debt on A detailed report, covering as many phases Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, in the banking structure is analyzed carefully of Cuban economic life as possible, should today's Washington Post and Times with little thought being given to the effects be presented in Spanish to the CUban peo Herald there is an article written by Mr. of State and local government deficit ple. It should be expressed in the simplest financing. In the past 18 months there has phrases, so that the average person in Cuba Harold B. Dorsey which is entitled "Crit ics Miss Point on Federal Finance," been little change in the commercial bank could quickly grasp what is really meant. holdings of Federal securities whereas their The mere announcement of the plan would which I ask unanimous consent to have holdings of State and local government issues cause a sensation inside CUba, and the news printed in the RECORD. have been rising quite sharply. of it would spread quickly over the island by word of mouth. There being no objection, the article There ls not enough space here to even But, it will be asserted, the Cuban army was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, tabulate the economic, sociological and po has been trained by the Russians, and ls as follows: litical interpretations that are distorted by a failure to comprehend the rapidly chang estimated at a strength of about 200,000. No CRITICS MISS POINT ON FEDERAL FINANCE revolutionist group is strong enough, it will ing relationship between the Federal Gov be contended, nor in possession of adequate (By Harold B. Dorsey) ernment's financial operations and those of arms to do the jol> of defeating the Castro There ls a propensity among critics of the State and local governments. army. But this kind of argument assumes government expenditures and taxes to con One small item occurs to me that may be that a revolution in CUba has to start with centrate dn the Federal Government's finan germane to the current situation. The bene an organized revolutionary movement of sub cial operations and to ignore those of the ficial effects of a reduction of, let us say, stantial size. Actually, the most success State and local governments. There have $10 billion in Federal income taxes are likely ful and far-reaching revolutions against au been instances where the word "government" to be o1fset, in pf!.11;, by the steady increase tocracy in Europe and Latin America and has been used so loosely that the Federal in the tax burden of State and local gov Asia in recent years have come from inside Government tends to be criticized for State ernments, even ·though these latter levies the armed forces. and local government actions. may be fairly well hidden 1n sales and excise In Cuba, the 200,000-man army is an in In the 5 years through 1962, the number taxes that increase the prices of commOdi ties tegral part of a large population, and lta of workers on the Federal Government pay- and services. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-- SENATE 6533 . Mr. · SMATHERS. Mr. President, I If it .comes to invasion, it would be foolish THE -PRESENT AND FUTURE OF think the article is worthy of the· at- to proceed in belief that "we can accomplish THE . STATE OF FLORIDA· IN- ~HE ntion of Members of Congress, because · it without having to commit our own troops,"- DEFENSE OF THE NATION te · · as the Arizonian says he believes. We might it points out iI,l a .clear fashion ·how tpe get some help from Latin American OAS Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, the cost of State and local governments has members, but by no stretch of the imagina- - national defense importance of the State risen over the past 5 years, until it is tion could they be expected to carry the of Florida was clear to the Nation dur much greater than the cost of the Fed- load alone. Neither should we smugly as- ing the Cuban crisis and the people of · eral Government; and how it is entirely sume that we can send a division of marines . ' - . possible, if the State and local govern- ashore and have matters neatly tidied up by the S~ate responded, as. freedom-lovmg · th· · d t thi sundown. If we commit ourselves milltarlly, Americans would be expected, to the un- m~nhtst contmue ~s t~crpe~~epos~~s $' 1011s let's do so in full awareness th.at it's going pr~cedented ~~l!land for ~he en:iergency ~ 1 ~ we 11 neg~ . e 72 - to cost us dearly. bmldup of m11Itary forces. ~illlon .tax _cut which Congress currently senator GOLDWATER also shrugs off any idea The Nation is also aware of the gen._ IS cons1dermg. . . such action on our part would bring on a erosity and continuing sacrifice Of the I commend the article to the attention world war-"Russla ls not going to risk los- people of Florida in the handling of the of all Members of Congress. Ing her world empire ·over a tiny island in Cuban refugee problem. · the Caribbean," he·said Sunday. Maybe not. . . th But there ls a risk, at least, that the Sen- But Florida plays another. role m e ator is wrong. we would have to be aware defense of the country, for both today EYES OPEN ON CUBA of that. and the future. In a recent speech to Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, a None of this is to say that direct action the oflicers of Patrick Air Force Base and few days ago there was published in the will not become necessary sometime in the the Atlantic Missile· Range · about the . Birmingham News an unusually thought future, or that we should avoid it for fear future of the Air Force in space, the ful editorial: In fact, I think it is one of what it might bring. It is only to suggest Secretary of the Air Force, Hon. Eugene of the best thought-out statements on that we keep our eyes-and our minds-wide Zuckert, also talked about the present the Cuban situation I have yet read. it open and act accordingly. and future of the State,of Florida in the is entitled "Eyes Open on Cuba." I in defense of the Nation. vite the attention of Senators to the edi Everyone knows that Cape Canaveral : torial; and I ask unanimous consent that THE INCENTIVE OF THE INVEST- is the principal launch site for the Na- ·. it may be printed in the RECORD at this MENT CREDIT FOR TAX PURPOSES tional Aeronautics and Space Adminis point. Mr. SMATHERS. Mr. President, last tration. But the complex of facilities There being no objection, the editorial week I made some comments about the along Florida's central east coast is also was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, wisdom of the administration in recom "the primary NASA-Air Force interface," as follows: mending the investment credit and the in the words of the Secretary, where the EYES OPEN ON CUBA manner in which the adoption of that foundations of defense capability of the BARRY GOLDWATER said over the weekend investment credit in our tax laws has free world in space are being laid. that he favors an economic blockade of Cuba served to encourage manufacturers to Mr. Zuckert said the Air Force has . and U.S. support of Cuban exile raids-active make capital expenditures of large sums two objectives in its space program. The support, including airdrops, for example, if of money, which, of course, have the first is to "acquire the capability to uti an exile invasion of Cuba were undertaken result of strengthening our economy and lize space in support of military forces in preference to the. Kennedy administra providing additional jobs for the people operating in the familiar environment of tion's position that blockade would run a land, sea, and air," through improve war risk and the exile raids can do more harm in our economy. I should like to add to what I said on ments· in· observation, warning, military than good. geodesy arid meteorology. The second As a last resort, Senator GOLDWATER said, that occasion by reading some excerpts he favors an invasion to rid the island of from a column which appeared in the objective is to "acquire the necessary de Communists. He thinks the effort should Wall Street Journal last Friday: fense capability for the aerospace regions be multilateral-that is, involving the Or Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co. reports themselves." ganization of American States-instead of orders received in the first quarter were a Secretary of the Air Force said that purely a U.S. undertaking. full 42 percent higher than in the like 1962 both manned and unmanned systems will This sort of talk will find a wide sympa period. The spurt reflects "a more prom be required to "protect the peaceful ac thetic audience among Americans chafing ising capital goods climate, due partly to tivities in space of the nations of the under a feeling of relative do-nothlngism more favorable depreciation rules and tax free world." about Castro. The administration's policy credits," says a spokesman for the Milwaukee The people of Florida are part of the is not do-nothing-it is simply do-some producer of construction equipment, farm thing-else, the "something else" being diplo great program at the Cape to assure machinery and other industrial equipment. freedom in space, and their contribution matic and economic pressure as alternative Bookings of International Harvester Co. to direct action. were up substantially ln March from the is important. Floridians are also equally The · indirect approach may or may not previous month and from March 1962, re proud of their contribution to and sup work, we may or may not have to resort to ports an omcial. Recently introduced mod port of defense activities on Florida's direct action sooner or later-but should els of trucks and construction machinery are west coast. that time come, we should make our decision spurring the rise, he says. Mr. Zuckert explained the .purpose of · in full knowledge of what it involves, not as "March was a banner month for incomi.ng President Kennedy's expansion of ; our a result of political haranguing. orders," says Galen Smith, president of general purpose forces, to give the Na This becomes especially pertinent as time Towmotor Corp., a Cleveland manufacturer tion a broader basis of deterrence of for the more formal kind of campaigning ap-· of lift truckS and other materials handling proaches. As weeks and months pass toward equipment. Towmotor's orders in the first Communist aggression and a greater 1964, abstract arguments will evolve into 1963 quarter topped the preyious record set range· of response to the Communist use solid campaign issues. We should be careful in the first 3 months of 1962, Mr. Smith of military force. not to paint ourselves into a corner-either notes, despite the fact orders in the 1962 This calls for the combining of ground corner-with the brush of· political oratory. period were inflated by strikes in competi and air power through the new Strike It would not be wise to limit ourselves to tors' plants. Command, headquartered at MacDill Air any particular strategy and advertise the fact Force Base on Florida's gulf coast. of our limitation to our adversaries. Our I could read further, though I shall policy should remain flexible, as it might not, to cite all the other companies listed Mr. Zuckert said we must maintain not if politics makes us choose up sides with in the article, each of which indicates our superiority of forces at the top, with the winner bound to one approach to the strategic bomber arid missile forces, but exclusion of all others. David Lawrence in that the additional ord.ers being placed we "must also have it at levels of war his column on this page today gives an .ex by them ~d l;>eing placed with them are more likely to be brought against us." ample of -fresh thinking about Cuba ap- · a direct . result of the administration's What the Secretary of tbe Air Force had proaches. His suggestion merits study.· highly fought over tax incentive credit - to say on this subject goes a -long way ·It may well be tha_t indirect action will fail of last year, as a result of· which the 7... toward clearing up U.S. policy with re to bring about Castro's downfall in Cuba or the removal of Russian troops. But when percent incentive credit was provided. . spect to the use of nuclear weapons. we set out to do so directly, as Senator GoLJ>- · This demonstrates, ot course, the wisdom And for the levels of warfare even be-· WATER suggests·, let -us not fool ourselves. of the administration in recommending low the type of conflict in which STRI about what we're getting into. that particular proPosal. · COM forces would be employed, for wha,t 653.t CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE April 15 we ·tnow as counterinsurgency; Florida Second, we must have- flexibility and con point, extending the deterrent with supe again is the cente:r of developmental trol of the application of destructive power riority at each level is make escalation a at each level. penalty and not an opportunity for an activity. Third, we must be prepared to protect our aggressor. Mr. Zuckert pointed out that at the selves, against the extension of aggressive At·each level where we determine we want Air Force Special Warfare Center at pressure into space, and to stop aggression, we must be prepared t.c:» Eglin Air Force Base, also on Florida's Fourth, the Air Force role in this overall make the most em.cient possible use of every gulf coast. "the accumulated experience defense requirement presents the greatest resource a-vallable to us, skillfully employing of four decades of air operations is being challenge in the history of any Inilitary advancing technology to save human re: applied to the job of developing airpower organization. sources. It is imperative that for the long In this cold war confrontation, the tech haul, we hold the investment at each level techniques for the very low rungs on the nological and industrial capabilities of both to the absolute minimum necessary to main ladders of war's intensity." sides are such that sooner or later, if not tain effective deterrent superiority. The Mr. Zuckert made clear the role of now, the unrestrained use of that power for cheapest way to stop war is at the lowest level airpower in both today's and tomorrow's nuclear destruction would make its employ_ of conflict with the quickest possible stop defense and the part Florida is now play ment in war a net losing proposition for both to aggression. To me, this means we use ing, and will continue to play in its de sides. The defender must have power to tactical nuclear weapons whenever we de velopment. I ask unanimous consent wreak unacceptable damage on the aggressor termine the military situation demands their that the full text of the remarks of the as a first requirement of his defense. This is use, whether by Army, Navy, Marines, or the where strategic deterrence starts. Air Force. Secretary of the Air Force at the dining But an aggressor whose political system If we would have the aggressor desist from in ceremony at Patrick Air Force Base in may make expansion a necessity will, if de any course of action which may be desirable Florida, Saturday, March 2, 1963, be terred by fear of retaliation from using his to him but unacceptable to us, we must have printed in the RECORD. It was an impor full power, seek other opportunities. lie him know that we will use whatever force it tant talk, and I commend it to everyone will try to find the place to apply his power takes, nuclear or nonnuclear. to stop him. interested in national defense. which he calculates will not provoke his own This kind of deterrence employs all services. destruction. Close one avenue to him, he The President has made clear his- deter There being no objection, the address tries another. He can logically be expected mination to have- more choices than no re was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, to stay short of triggering his own destruc sponse or total response. This Is the pur as follows: tion. The aggressor naturally has the initi pose of counterforce. This is the reason we .ADDRESS BY HON. EuGENE. M. ZVCKERT, SECRE ative in this game so we must be able to must have fiexibility in atrategic forces . TARY o:r THE- Am FORCE, Am FORCE Missn.E' apply whatever force is necessary: to deny This is why the- grea.' increase in what has TRAINING CENTER, PATRICK Am FORC!< BASE, him his objective. been called tactical forces, now designated FLA., SATURDAY, MARCH .2, 1963 So far, we have been able to do so. The in the budget as General Purpose Forces. risk has been too great for him. We must One phase of the buildup is the combining General Davis, ofticers of the Atlantic Mis keep it that way. We have our own reasons of groundpower with airpower 1n the new sile Range and Patrick Air Force Base, and for desisting from war but until we can make STRICOM, headquartered across the State honored guests: the "dining-in" 1s a time him apply the same reasoning to his na of Florida at MacDill. honored military affair which the Air Force tional behavior, we have no choice but to At the Air Force Special Warfare Center at adopted from the British. The after-dinner make sure-and make sure he knows-that Eglin, the accumulated experience of four speaker, however, is our own idea, and I am war-any war he starts--means certain mili decades of air operations is being applied to happy to take advantage of it to join in tary- defeat for him. We know, of course, the job of developing airpower techniques honoring three of our own who are blazU'lg that all-out war makes no sense for either for the very low rungs on the ladder of the path of the future-Maj. Donald K. side, nor for the rest o:f the world. war's intensity. This is the AFCOIN pro Slayton, Maj. Gordon Cooper, and Maj. Virgil The defender, of course, has to maintain gram, or the Air Force part of the Nation's I. Grissom. a force adequate to prevent ultimate defeat. preparation for counterinsurgency struggles. It is also an honor and pleasure to wel This requirement may change, but the use For this work, we are trying out beefed come two other architects of the future, of the force is his final effort. Two courses up T-28's and B-26's with more power and Walt Williams and Dr. Kurt Debus of NASA, are then open. The defender can, as a more weapons--14 50-caliber machineguns and to have with us members of the Army, matter of judgment, wait and weigh each and a dozen external ordnance stations, for Navy, and Marine families at this traditional application of the aggressor's power in order example on a B-26 with 1,000 more horse Air Force gathering. to or until he can decide it is sum.ciently power than the original. Of course, those from the other services threatening to warrant the jugular response. Support techniques are keeping pace. We who measure tradition in centuries may As a second course, he can prepare to over can snatch a 10,000-pound cargo package think I make ·liberal use of the word, but come the aggressor's military power before off a C-123 without touching down. We can the NASA people understand. Both the Air that point is reached. It seems to me that get a C-130E fully loaded into a grass or Force and NASA are products of 20th century the first course is closed at the end. A clay runway of less than 1,000 feet. We are technology, so we borrow freely from every sensible defense is to be ready to respond working on a system for snatching a cage body else's past. our past is just beginning. at a lower level with whatever force is deemed like capsule of 20 to 25 men o:ff one of these We call it future. necessary to stop the aggressor-and at a net planes without landing it. This technique It was suggested that I speak tonight about loss for his attempt. Will be a big help to the Army in getting the future of the Air Force in space. As both The United States is leader of the :free over that first dimcult period of concentra starting point and finish line for everything world, in President Kennedy's words, by both tion of men during an airborne operation. I say, just keep in mind that the job of the strength and conviction. Our conviction, For the general roles of air superiority Air Force is not space, it is defense. It is not both moral and military, is that we must be and interdlctlon, our effective power will go research and development, not strategic, not prepared to stop aggression at levels of in up by an order of magnitude with the ad tactical, nor any of these. It is the applica tensity below the level o:f the maximum vent of the F-4C added to the F-105, with tion of airpower or aerospace power to the destruction. both then to be supplemented by the first defense of the United States and the free Our basic strength, our power to deter fighter designed from scratch for dual world. aggression, our ability to defend ourselves service use, the F-111,. better known as the Some of my remarks may be responsive to must always be greatest at the top. In our TFX. the suggestion about space, but it seems strategic bomber and missile forces, we main While we are extending downward the more important to me to talk about the tain power adequate to deter an enemy from effectiveness of our deterrent power, great future of the Air Force in the defense of striking for our jugular. Strategic. forces, changes are taking place at the level of the the United States. The future is from now of course, have the capability of counterforce strategic deterrent. Missiles are coining into on, and now is cold war. attack which does not constitute total devas- the inventory to provide a very special kind The cold wal', reduced to essentials is a tation of a nation. · of ·delivery system for nuclear explosives. confrontation of sovereign pow.ers in which We have to maintain this superiority at The concept o! strategic deterrence, of one side maintains a pressure o! aggressive the top, but we must also have it at levels course, is a progression from the strategic expansionism, forcing the other to maintain of war more likely to be brought against us. bombing concepts of the thirties. The B-47's a defense against it. The most urgent re That is why we are building deterrence down and B-52's, also progressions from those early quirement of that defense ls to deter the ag from the top level of intensity:. The reason bombers, will continue to carry the burden gressor from using military force to attain is simple. The only way we know o:f forcirig of strategic. deterrence· :ror some years. CUr his ends. We are the defenders. an aggressor to keep down his. use o! military rent projections o! the strategic forces, how I would like to make four points about force is to make each level of intensity of ever, assume tAat a major part of the job can that defense. conflict more certain of defeat. for him than be done by missiles-land based or sea First, we must have superiority at the the one below it. He won't be deterred un:.. based-at a. lower investment Of men, money, top level of intensity of war, and must ex le5$ he knows that as his comi;nttment goes and machines than would be possible with tend that deterrent superiority to lower up, his chances go down. manned bombers of today's design. levels in order to contain or limit w.ar and One hears talk about the danger and prob In other words, the :&-62 ls passing the aggression. ability of escalation. ~e effect of_my 1ll'&t h.eavy exi)losive delivery part of its Job on to 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6535 the missiles. The Air Force believes that the time--a great hullabaloo about peaceful ob sional· growth.and potential contribution-to effective life of the B-52 could be extended, jectives. the Nation's defense than ever before. in a joint role with missiles, through use The Nation is holding to those peaceful It needs the old skills, but to a far greater of the Skybolt, but the return on the pro objectives, but we also know that the mili degree, for AFCOIN and general purpose jected Skybolt .investment was judged not tary services will have to do the same thing forces, for airlift and air defense, and for worth the cost in the light of all the factors in space that they have always done in the the new mission of heavy multiman crew, involved. media of the land, sea, and air. The Air long endurance aircraft. The missiles, as I say, do only the ex Force forward space program is, therefore, And then it needs that whole new range plosives delivery job. They have to be pre aimed at two general objectives. of skills, the skills and techniques which are targeted and once launched, cannot be re The first is to acquire the capability to being developed by the Slaytons, the Coopers, called or redirected. They cannot follow a utilize space in support of the military forces the Grissoms--and all of their colleagues, movable target. They cannot discriminate. operating in the familiar environments of civil and military-to enable America to keep They cannot assess damage, nor report bat land, sea, and air. Space offers new aids. her place as freedom's leader by strength and tle conditions. They make for a rigid defense Observation warning, communications, mili conviction. posture. While they necessarily carry the tary geodesy and meteorology are areas for The Air Force is an organization of pro brunt of the strategic strike, total depend the application of space technology to de fessionals. It takes brains and hard work to ence upon them wbuld not be consistent fense. All of the services have requirements keep up. The competition is tough, but with our objective of controlling destruction of their own and it is up to the Air Force to the opportunities to serve your country and and preserving always some kind of founda provide them the access they need for their make a mark in the service to which you tion for ending the confiict. purposes. The Secretary of Defense has as have dedicated your lives, will continue to Because of ·the variety of such require signed the responsibility to us. expand. ments in our approach to strategic warfare, Right here, let me caution you against It all adds up to a reminder for those who some type of manned system seems called letting any interservice differences blur your wear the Air Force uniform that the wild for. The type of aircraft we've been calling judgment or your vision. It is my position blue yonder is still beyond. strategic bombers are characterized by ex that competition in ideas among the three treme range capabilities, very high ce111ng, services is desirable. The imaginative strong minded people we need in this business are PROPOSED TAX REFORM great load-carrying capacity, long endur going to have differences, and they must be ance, multiman crews, and multijob pos resolved constructively. Mr. CARLSON. Mr. President, many sibilities. Our current studies are directed Our second general objective is to acquire of our religious denominations are great at determining the possible application of the necessary defense capab111ty for the aero these 1light characteristics at the point with ly concerned about a proposal for re space regions themselves. We must be able vision of our income tax laws which in the missions bracket between missiles on to protect the peaceful activities in space one side and high performance fighters on of the nations of the free world. We believe would change the exemption for gifts the other. The RS-70 is the most advanced that space can be free to all for peaceful to churches and charitable organiza of these concepts but it is not by any means activity only if somebody keeps it free. We tions. the only type of manned system of signifi are that somebody. The job involves mas I share their concern regarding the cant strategic potential. tering the space environment in order to proposed revision, and sincerely hope We can't say now just where we will come deny to a hostile power the uninhibited out, but there doesn't seem to be any ques no action will be taken on the part of military exploitation of space. We can only Congress that will in any way deter our tion as to the value of manned vehicles able do this if we have the ability to detect and to stay aloft for long periods, travel very counter any military threat. We believe citizens from contributing generously great distances, fiy high or fiy low, and fiy that both manned and unmanned systems to our churches and charitable organi fast. There are many jobs to be done, re will be required, but we cannot say now in zations. connaissance-strike missions, observation or what relative investment. At a recent annual meeting of the surveillance, command and control, or weap We have a lot to learn. The recent agree board of administration of the Wesleyan on launching. ment with NASA for joint participation in Methodist Church of America, a resolu We can get the flexibility of my second the Gemini program is one way. That agree point with airpower. This ls one reason why ment represents an answer from both DOD tion was adopted expressing their con I have no taste for the salty beer that results and NASA to critics who said there was no cern over the proposed change. from the crying into it by those who seem place in space for military man. Our own I ask unanimous consent that the to write off manned systems because of the activity directed toward manned space ve resolution be made a part of these job changes I've been talking a.bout. hicles will increase, and with NASA's backup, remarks. But the main reason why I don't intend we'll attain the needed capability earlier than we would otherwise. There being no objection, the resolu to join in drinking any tear-salted beer is tion was ordered to be printed in the that while we still have to do all the old jobs A term you hear around Washington to assigned to airpower, we have the d11Hcult, denote the areas of cooperation between Gov RECORD, as follows: demanding, challenging, and expanding new ernment agencies is "interface." Here at RESOLUTION CONCERNING PRESIDENT KEN job to do in space. Patrick is one of the primary "NASA-Air NEDY'S PROPOSED TAX REFORM Before I say anything about our future in Force interfaces." Such terms usually leave Whereas President Kennedy has gone on space, let me establish two benchmarks. me pretty cold but this one does have some record as favoring a revision in the Federal The first is that the Air Force needs every descriptive value. income tax laws to change the exemptions thing it can get from NASA. NASA needs There wlll be plenty of problems between for gifts to churches and charitable organi us, too, as the record of how NASA puts the Air Force and NASA, but not by any zations by making the first 5 percent (based things into space indicates, but if there means all at the interface points such as upon the individual income) subject to weren't a NASA, the same facility and capa the Cape. We wouldn't either one be tr:ie income tax; and bility would have to be created· some other to trust or tradition if there weren't. Any machine as big as the national space effort Whereas the Wesleyan Methodist Church way. is bound to have some kind of friction. But of America is a denomination which teaches There ls reassuring precedent for the prin just remember, a clutch is a friction inter that it is the religious duty of Christians to ciple of having an outside-of-defense civilian face. Its purpose is to join two shafts for contribute 10 percent of their income to agency provide the type of support we need. the transmission of power. the work of God and of the church; and The case at point is the Atomic Energy Com The power we can get will provide protec Whereas the proposed change in the Fed mission. Our own nuclear weapon flexibility tion for the free world in space. This was my eral income tax laws would thus presumably as well as the Polaris-carrying submarine ls third point--to make sure that no aggres affect every earning member of this and all sufficient testimony. sor can exploit space, either for expansion other denominations of similarly minded The clear lesson for us in the space field ism on earth or interference in space with Christians, singling out for increased taxa is that we must put requirements on NASA the peaceful pursuits of the free world. tion the charitable givers of the Nation, the to meet whatever part of our needs can be The people of the United States know they very group who ought to be, and have in the me.t in this way. We must utilize every pos must have an Air Force second to none if past been encouraged, presuming upon their sible resource to build the necessary mili they are to apply their strength construc willingness to continue the voluntary giving ·tary capability and I can assure you that tively in peace. My fourth point covers without which this tax would be meaningless, NASA is ready to respond. Jim Webb, the just a few things, then, that the Air Force and discouraging even minimal continued NASA Administrator, harbors no illusions officer must believe, know, and practice. giving: Therefore be it about NASA's responsib11ities in support of Get these ideas straight: Resolved, That this board of administra national defense requirements. The Air Force is at the highest state of tion of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of The second benchmark is that there is readin~ss and response capability in all its America declares its respectful opposition no such· thing a.a· peaceful space or military history. to this proposal of the President as not be space. There is just space. A new and mas It is strengthening that posture almost ing in the national interest and urges our sive space ·program in a clvilian agency was monthly. Congressmen to oppose any specific legisla launched nearly 5 years ago, with-for rea It needs better people than ever before. tion designed to make this proposal effec sons which seemed not unreasonable at the It has more opportunity for their profes- tive. 6536 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Apri115 Resolved · further, That the secretary of lution throughout Latin America. Then lished in my home citY;-cieveTand, there the board send copies of this resolution tO he was silent. Today he is a war hawk. appeared on April ~12, ·1963,- a colWlin by every Member of the U.S. Senate and House .The PRESIDING OFFICER UTAH" AND U.S$. sparked by Bill Kreh · of the Navy Louisiana, Michigan, Oregon, Ohio, Ne "ARIZONA" Times-many additional facts about the braska, and 1 who did not list his home. Utah have come to light. I was pleased His address however, showed he was bom Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, like all to receive a letter froin the man who in Iowa. Another man was a native of other Americ·ans,, I have mourned this was the Utah's captain at the time of the the Philippine Islands. Many men past ·weekend the 129 men lost on the Pearl Harbor attack, Capt. James M. showed next-of-kin in States other than ~ubmarine Thresher. The tragedy has Steele, and to find that he is now retired their home at the time of enlistment, so stunned and shocked the Nation. It is even more crushing because it came just and living in· Washington, D.C. He has there is hardly a State which 1s not at Easter.:._a time of rejoicing for the advised me that, far from being an un touched in some way by the ghostly hand entire Christian world. armed target ship, as had been stated in of those entombed in the U.S.S. Utah. But Easter aiso offers hope to those many magazine and news articles, the These U.S.S. Utah dead have not been who mourn, and eases the pain of the vessel had the most advanced antiair specially honored because the U.S.S. bereaved families. My heart goes out craft guns in our Navy on board,· some Utah was oftlcially decommissioned at especially to the young wives and of which had not yet been installed on the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, and mothers who have had to face up these any of our major combatant ships. Her the :flag is not flown over a decommis past few days to 'the cruel task of telling big g,uns had been removed, it is true, sioned ship, and because the Navy holds their youngsters that daddy will not be when she became a target ship for high that the Arizona memorial should spread home again. We must try to unlock level and divebombing aircraft of the enough glory for all. I feel that neither from the unfathomable sea the cause of Navy and the Army, but she was by no reason is valid enough to deny the men the tragedy, and see that it never hap means an unarmed ship. ·· of the Utah the honor of resting under pens again. In fact, as Captain Steele pointed out the :flag for which they died. Congress The entombment of 129 brave men to me, the highly trained and competent can rectify this slight, and I hope we will some 8,000 feet down in the Atlantic gunnery crew from the Utah was able to do so without any further delay. Ocean off Cape Cod calls to mind the remove 16-inch and 14-inch guns and for Canyonlands National Park. similar fate of the men of the U .S.S. ammunition from some .of the damaged battleships at Pearl and to assist in the Arizona and the U.S.S. Utah at Pearl CANYONLANDS NATIONAL PARK Harbor on December 7, 1941. These men salvage of those ships. will also lie forever in silence on the The PRESIDING OFFICER. The time Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, the Sen ocean's bottom. Today this Nation over, of the Senator has expired. ate is not unaware, I am sure, that I Old Glory :flies at half mast for the men Mr. MOSS. Mr. President, I ask have again this year introduced a bill of the Thresher. We~~ now doing what unanimous consent that I may proceed s. 27-to create Canyonlands National we can to pay tribute to the men who for 3 additional minutes. Park in southeastern Utah. The RECORD sacrificed their lives· on the Thresher, - The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without carries several speeches that I mad-e on just as long ago we did what we could to objection, it is so ordered .. Canyonlands. honor the men of the U.S.S. Arizona. Mr. MOSS. They also removed serv The Public Lands Subcommittee of the And we honor the men of the Arizona iceable 5-inch AA batteries from dam Senate Interior and Insular Affairs day in and .day out by the magnificent aged ships and set them up ashore and Committee has set a hearing on the bill memorial which we have built over her manned them for the defense of the for the 25th of April in Washington, D.C. hulk, and by raising the colors over her Pearl Harbor area. I am glad to be able Last session I introduced a Canyon at dawn each morning and taking them to clear up the misconception that the lands bill, and hearings were held in down at sundown. U.S.S. Utah was not a worthy target for Washington, D.C., and Utah. Support But the men of the U.S.S. Utah seem the Japanese bombers, and to stress was widespread and general, but opposi to have been forgotten. They lie in the again the service of her surviving crew tio.n was local. hulk of the Utah less than a mile from in the defense of Pearl Harbor and in the The bill was reported to the Senate the Arizona's splendid memorial-but- salvage work on the battleships there. for action, but no action was taken. This too far away to be. definitely associated Captain Steele's recollections and the year the local opposition has subsided, with the Arizona's glory. The small later reports of salvage work on the and Utah now . presents a united front plate which adorns the Utah's hull does Utah indicate the presence of large I ask unanimous consent to have not even list the names of the 54 officers amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas trapped printed in the RECORD an editorial from and men who went down with the ship within the hull. The ship was the Victim the Deseret News of April 9 and one from and whose bodies have never been found. of two torpedoes and possibly a large the Salt Lake Tribune of April 10, 1963, Thousands pass ihe Utah after seeing bomb, all taken in the port side. which explain that there has been agree the Arizona without even knowning that The Navy tens me there is little ques ment on the Canyonlands National Park, it is the tomb of equall;y brave men who tion that the Utah could have been sal and that Utah now unitedly supports the died defending their CQuntry. . vaged as were most of the -other battle bill which I have introduced for the crea In February I introduced a bill to erect ships, but other ships like the Nevada tion of that park. a simple flagpole over the Utah so we and California and West Virginia were There being no objection, the editorials may fly the ·colors over the men who lie given precedence because they could re Were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, entombed there. ·I am gratified that 37 store to the :fleet the offensive capability as follows: of my colleagues are cosponsoring the of large caliber guns. The plans for the [From the Deseret News, Salt Lake City, bill. A report was received from the salvage of the Utah continued to be side Utah, Apr. 9, 1963] Department of Defense and the Bureau tracked by other more urgent work right Now LET'S MOVE ON CANYON~ANDS of the Budget this morning on this bill, up to the war's end, and then the bat This is the year of decision and time's and I am asking the distinguished chair tleship Mississippi assumed much th'e speeding on. So it was refreshing and heart man of the Senate Armed Services Com same function as the Utah after the war ening to all Utahans interested either in the mittee [Mr. RussELLl to hold hearings when her main batteries were removed glories of nature or the economic progress of as soon as the committee schedule per and she became AG-128, a test bed for the State to note the agreement rea-0hed Sat mits. When we do have a way of paying new weapons. Thus the hulk of the Utah urday by former opponents on the Canyon lands National Park issue. eternal tribute to our heroic dead we with its brave dead has been left undis Hopefully, this agreement provides the must do it; the tragedy of the Thresher turbed at Pearl Harbor. common ground upon which all Utahans can has shown us again how -cold and empty Almost every State-and certainly stand in pushing for congressional approval the tributes·can seein when we have rio every area·ot the cou~try-has one or of the park this year. tangible and lasting way to show grati more of its boys listed among the Utah The time certainly. is right. National in tude, at the place where the tragedy oc dead. Of the· 54 men whose bodies were terest has been created by magnificent pictures in recent publications. Several or curred, to the men who have gone for not found or i~entified, 13 gave Cali ganizations, including the National Parks ever into the depth and silence of the fornia as their home State; 11 Texas; 3 Association, are crying !or action. And by ocean. each Illinois, Iowa, Washington State, next year, 1! rumors prove true, Secretary.of Since I first began. my c·ampaign ·to and New York; 2 each Colorado, Mis Interior Stewart Udall, one of the strongest honor the dead of the U :s.s. Utah-a souri, Virginia, and Massachusetts: 1 advocates of a Canyonlands National Park, CIX--412 6538 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 15 will be a candidate for the Senate. His suc The Tribut.e :tias preferred the creati911 of. Justice -Warren and our.· great Supreme cessor may be far less interested in Canyon a national recreation area under Park Serv truly lands. ice administration for Canyonlands. This Court. They are "America The potential of a park including the weird would permit recreation as well as full re lasters." and beautiful erosion-sculptured stone won source development-and in a State so grave derland of southeastern Utah is tremendous, ly in need of increased funds for schools, NOTICE . OF HEARINGS BY JOINT. particularly as transportation into the area is exploitation of all natural resources is opened up. needed. · ECONOMIC COMMITTEE ON THE That is coming in the near future. Al But if State and congressional leaders in SUBJECT OF STEEL PRICES, ready, half a million cars a year pass within Utah agree a national park is the only an PROFITS, PRODUCTION, UNIT an hour's drive of the proposed park, on U .s. swer, then it should be kept to a minimum LABOR COSTS, AND FOREIGN Highways 160 and 50-6. When Interstate 70 in area, as the present compromise plan is completed along the route of U.S. 50-6, the seems to do. COMPETITION great bulk of traffic en route from the East There is no question that Utah would Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, I wish or Midwest to the Las Vegas or Southern Cali benefit from establishment of another na to announce that the Joint Economic fornia areas will pass close to the park. tional park. Committee has decided to hold hearings Moreover, if legislation is finally approved However, except for a few delicate forma on the subject of steel prices, profits, to build a National Scenic Parkway linking tions and arches and undesirability of perma Canyonlands to the Zion-Bryce-Grand Can production; unit labor costs, and for nent developments in improper places, it ls eign competition. It is doing this in yon area by way of Glen Canyon, it will foolish to regard the Canyonlands as slipping open up what is beyond question one of the away forever if not immediately given park the context of the program of the world's greatest scenic areas. status. committee to hold hearings on the sub Utah cannot afford to have this great po Early in 1960 the Tribune called atten ject of the domestic economy as soon tential slip away unused. tion to the need for protection in their prim as possible. These hearings on steel, of The compromise worked out between itive form of the Needles, Chesler Park, and course, have been touched off by the Governor Clyde and Senator BENNETT on other popular scenic spots, with less rigid recent action of Wheeling Steel and one side and Senator Moss on the other protection for adjacent lands. We feel that seems entirely workable. It includes a park Lukens Steel in raising their prices in a in the long run, as the national recrea selective way. of about 250,000 acres in which traditional tion area concept proves popular and feasi national park single-use policy would be ble, most of the Canyonlands will come un We believe that such hearings, if followed, except that mineral and oil ex der this type of administration. properly conducted, could have a salu ploration could continue for another 25 tary effect in helping to inform Con years. Mines and wells developed during gress and the public of the actual ef that time could continue to operate in AMERICA IS LAST WITH THEM fects concerning these matters. definitely. We hope to start the hearings either To minimize such activities in the park, Mr. YOUNG of Ohio. Mr. President, on Monday, April 22, or Tuesday, April however, areas. believed to be of potential most of us remember the "American 23. . value will remain outside the park. So will Firsters," who were so vociferous about It is the intention of the committee the area most used for grazing and deer 25 years ago. I remember very distinct hunting. that before the views of confiicting par The result will be a park that includes all ly, as Congressman at Large from Ohio ties are heard, the committee will at the features that are becoming so well at that time, addressing a crowd of tempt to lay a groundwork of fact and known and loved-Chesler Park, Virginia "American Firsters," in Cleveland detail, on which all can agree, so that Park, Druid Arch, Angel Arch, Elephant Heights and being jeered and threatened the opinions, results, and recommenda Canyon, Upheaval Dome, the Needles, the in the course of my speech. It did not tions will, so far as possible, rettect an Ba.sin of Standing Rocks. bother me at that time, nor would such informed view of the problem. Tied together with the Dead Horse State a thing bother me now. Park to the North, it should protect and make accessible a veritable wonderland, They were demanding critics at that both for the tourist who wants . to see it time of decent dealing by our Govern THE POLLUTION OF THE COUN from the air-conditioned comfort of his au ment with friendly foreign nations. TRY'S WATER SUPPLIES BY DE tomobile and for the adventurer who wants They wanted us to build up again a high TERGENTS ·to set out afoot into some of America's most taritI wall around our Nation. Con stark, primitive wilderness. gressman HALE BOGGS, Democrat of Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, I ask Utah's leaders in Congress and the state Louisiana, a distinguished leader in the unanimous consent that there be printed house deserve the State's thanks and com House of Representatives stated recent in the RECORD at this point an excellent mendations for putting a.side partisan dif ly that the John Birchers and other broadcast by Edward P. Morgan, com ferences . and uniting on this program. The menting on the bill which the junior same spirit of selfless unity wm be neces right-wing lunatic fringe groups seem a Senator from Oregon [Mrs. NEU sary to put the blll through Congress at resurgence of these virulent and mis BERGER], the Senator from Wisconsin the earliest possible date. guided critics of fellow Americans. "They are best described as 'America [Mr. NELSON], and the Senator froin (From the Salt Lake City (Utah) Tribune, lasters,' " he said. They always insist New Hampshire [Mr. McINTYRE] ilave Apr. 10, 1963] introduced calling for the protection of our Nation's position is wrong. They the country's water supply from the CANYONLANDS PACT demand, "Get the United Nations out damage caused by detergents. All Members of the Utah's congressional of the United States and the United delegation and Governor Clyde are to be States out of the United Nations." They There being no objection, the text of commended for reaching an agreement on overlook danger from Red China and the broadcast was ordered to be printed basic framework for the proposed Canyon Communist Russia but falsely claim in the RECORD, as follows: lands National Park in southeastern Utah. Communists occupy official positions in Last week the junior Senator from Oregon, · Details are yet to be ironed out in Con MAURINE NEUBERGER, and two freshmen Sena gress which, subject to Presidential approval, the State Department, are prominent in tors, GAYLORD NELSON, of Wisconsin, and has the responsibility for setting up the university faculties, and even in Protes ToM McINTYRE, of New Hampshire, all park. For the first time, however, the Utah tant churches and the PTA. Their Democrats, tackled a growing national lawmakers and Governor have a plan all can right-wing literature and pamphlets health problem which, if neglected much support. make a hero of Moise Tshombe and their longer, may literally have Americans foam The compromise, as we understand it, calls hearts bleed for the "oppression" of Ka ing at the mouth. Jointly they introduced for a national park of about 253,000 acres, tanga as they spread the propaganda a rather simple bill to call a halt, within 2 embracing some of the most breathtaking years, to pollution of the country's water scenery ln the area adjacent to the con of the well-heeled Katanga lobby. supplies by detergents. fluence of the Colorado and Green Rivers. They praise De Gaulle of France, Diefen We Americans use almost 4 billion oounds Excluded would be some mineral-rich land baker's anti-Americanism, make a of this stuff a year and although it may in the northeast corner of the originally pro martyr of former Venezuela tyrant, delight housewives by washing away t;attle posed park, with other acreage added in the Jimenez. America is always in the tale gray, the product is rapidly emerging as south. . wrong, according to these pamphleteers. · a first-class menace. · As reported in this The National Park Service's original plan They denounce former leaders, such as corner previously, it has already spoiled called for about a .million acres, an area drinking water supplies in a number of com sliced to 333,000 acres in Senator Moss' bill President Eisenhower, as "conscious munities with insoluble suds, drowned wild last year. Unrealistic multiple-use pro tools of the Communist conspiracy" and ducks by permeating their feathers with visions for the park proper also were dropped. become apoplectic with rage over Chief chemicals, harmed fish, menaced livestock, 1963 CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD - SENATE 6539 and. added 'to the ruination of' the ·beauty Senator NELSON argued,"'• • •cannot begin Service Institute and the Department's train and utility of streatn.s. to save the environment in Which we live ing activities in general were inadeqUa.te to The diabolical ingredient in modern deter against the powerful assaults of indus the times. gents is a powerful oil-based type of chemi trialization, c;ongestion, pollution, erosion, On February 11, however, legislation was cal-known as. ABS-which although it blight, and decay. introduced into Congre8s · for a National cleans etfectively, contains a stubborn refrac "We need a comprehensive, nationwide Academy of Foreign Affairs Act of 1963. tory ha.rd core which resists decomposition program to save the natural resources of There now exists an administration blue by ~terial aetlon of waste treatment sys America." And, he maintained, "we need print for postgraduate training in the com tems and natural waters. ABS can be this just as desperately as we need a defense plexities of foreign affairs which has the washed hundreds of miles down rivers and against ~tomic missiles." support of the President and the interde pollute the water supply of downstream The ordinary citizen cannot do much di partmental community. All who have been users in other States. It may persist in un rectly about our missile defense but pres engaged ln this enterprise deserve congratu derground water supplies for years. Se~ator ervation of natural resources surely is some lations. It ls hoped that the Congress will McINTYRE pointed out th~t its concentra thing he can take a personal hand in. And see its merits and give it the support it de tion increases as water is reused. For ex if that's soft soap, let the detergent lobby serves. ample, "in the Ohio River, where water is make the most of it. The rationale of the Academy ls stated in reused 4. times, the concentration (of the findings and declaration of policy of the ABS) is already 10 times the national aver bill: age for streams." He added that in many NATIONAL ACADEMY OF FOREIGN "The Congress further finds and declares places in the country billows of foam clog AFFAIRS that our responsibillties can be fUlfilled more municipal treatment plants, choke large Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, effectively by the establishment of an insti apartment house drains, backing up water tution at which training, education, and re to create very serious health hazards. hearings have already begun on the pro search in foreign atfairs and related fields Edging up to the problem with a cutting posal to establish a National Academy may be undertaken on an interdepartmental comment on another issue--the deceptive of Foreign Affairs, and public support for basis which would support integrated U.S. packaging of merchandise--Senator NEU the creation of such an institution 1s efl'orts overseas and at the seat of govern BERGER said: "The housewife • • • has now steadily growing. ment." discovered that it is impossible to buy a There would seem every good reason The Academy thus forwards the insights of container of detergent in a standard size and why all Government employees should the successful interdepartmental country shape with its contents clearly marked. She have the right to further constructive team seminar now being conducted at the is met at the supermarket counter with Foreign Service Institute, i.e., that the In a cockeyed array of squeezable, narrow education, as is already given members tegration of national security policy into an waisted, slant-shouldered detergent packages of the State Department itself. efl'ective operational strand requires the care.:. in odd and mystical measurements. The se In the past, legislative proposals pro ful coordination of the unique capabilities lection of a suitable detergent at an economi viding for institutions to train our for of all affected operational agencies ( eco.:. cal price has become a dismal, new, and un eign affairs personnel have been con nomic, miUtary, psychological), even though rewarding chore. sistently opPosed by the Foreign Service responsibllity for coordination will normally "But one dispenser ·of detergents that tht'I Corps itself. rest with the Department of State. The ob housewife has not bargained for was her own It is particularly significant, therefore, ject is to expose each agency's personnel to tap faucet." Undissolved ABS has charged that the Foreign Service Journal, un the capabllities and responsibilities of all out of the plumbing in sickening sudsiness others'-to make each knowledgeable of the in a number of States. official spokesman for the Foreign Serv others' business 1n the widest possible range The Senators' bill would provide Federal ice, now gives its full editorial SUPPort of problems and contingencies. standards of breakdown which detergents to the bill currently under consideration, The concept of the Academy is that in the would be required to meet or be barred from s. 865. broadest sense its program of instruction and manufacture. Paradoxically, West Germany, As the Journal points out, the pro research will be designed to cover all sig where detergents were invented, has already posed Academy "is in no way intended nificant aspects of foreign atrairs in order enacted a similar law, and Congressman to compete with the activities of estab to meet the needs of all U.S. departments HENRY REuss, of Milwaukee, recently intro and agencies actively involved in foreign re duced legislation, in the House embodying lished colleges and universities or of the lations. Its purpose is to short circuit the its basic elements. Senator NELSON, who, National War College and the services heavy costs of "trial and error" education when he was Governor of Wisconsin, earned war colleges; rather its role is to fill a while drawing to the maximum on case stud something of a national reputation in cru gap in the national security training ies of successful and unsuccessful experience. sading against detergent pollution and for which cannot, for obvious reasons, be It is in no way intended to compete with the conservation of natural resources, stressed systematically conducted in non-Govern activities of established colleges and uni that a detergent has already been developed, ment institutions. The academy thus versities or of the National War College and with a sugar instead of an oil base, which represents a major conceptual reassess the services war colleges; rather its role ls to breaks down satisfactorily in water. The :fill a gap in national security training which ment of training requirements and re cannot, for obvious reasons, be systematically price reportedly was some 15 percent higher flects the radically changed world en than presen~ detergents but the savings in conducted in nongovernment institutions. other ways could be incalculable. vironment of the 1960's. The Academy thus represents a major con However, NELSON doubted that legislative Mr. President, I ask unanimous con ceptual reassessment of training require sent that the editorial entitled "Blue ments and reflects the radically changed action would succeed until the problem world environment of the 1960's. In scope, whlch he described as in a crisis stage--is print for Training," from the March 1963 depth, purpose, function and structure, its better understood. He emphasized that the Foreign Service Journal, be printed at program and purpose are designed to tran bill would not be a hardship on the detergent this point in the RECORD. scend those carried out by the Foreign Serv industry or deny detergents to housewives. There being no objection, the editorial ice Institute created by act of Congress in NELSON argued that Federal action was neces was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, 1946. sary, in part, because of the extreme diftl as follows: In supporting the Academy, we can also culty for a single State to do the research acknowledge the enormous contributions and testing necessary to set standards and BLUEPRINT FOR TRAINING which the Institute has made to the efficiency impose adequate controls, and furthermore Journal readers a.re aware of the dialog of the Service and the alUed agencies through because water does not respect State bound between certain Members of Congress an(! 1ts senior training, course content, its pro aries, water pollution is, as it were, already the Department through the last 5 years and grams in languages, area specialization, Com in interstate commerce. more over the preferred manner in which to munist thoory and practice, and techniques It was obvious that he had a broader issue recruit and train civilians for roles of respon of coordinating interagency programs. in mind. Unless the country girds for battle sibility in the conduct of foreign atfairs. The advantages of moving from the Insti immediately, NELSON said in his Senate The , debate has been active and enduring . tute to the Academy have been carefully speech, against the ruination of our natural sine& 1959. We have in the past editorialized ·assessed during the pa.st year by two distin resources and our very environment, Ameri against proposals that a West Point of di guished citizens• panels (the Herter commit cans "are not going to have clean water to plomacy be established at the uµdergraduate tee and the Perkins' panel) ; and under the drink, clean air to breathe, decent soil in level; the Department has consistently main which to grow their food, and a green out tained, without prejudice to its acknowl Department's leadership, they have been doors in which to live a few decades from 'edged responsibillties for providing adequate • studied and adopted within the interdepart now. This is a battle to preserve the sim advanced inservice training, that Foreign mental community. We think the concept of plest, ba$ic elements necessary to human · Service officers should be a product of the the Academy fits the times and represents a survival." diversified American educational system. solid program of training requirements . In4ivfdual State efl'ort~uch as a special . Throughout . this period, the suspicion has which can immeasurably strengthen the De $50 million conservation fUnd in Wisconsin,.-- lingered in high quarters that the Foreign partment and the Service in the years ahead. 6540 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· SENATE April' 15 REPORT ON PROGRESS OF SECRE::. surplu8 property by some agencies and rather than let by competitive bidding. This TARY OF DEFENSE McNAMARA'S competing seririces within the .Defense is inexcusable and results in mlllions of dol Department when other agencies were lars in excessive· prices.1 In fact, in the re PROGRAM TO REDUCE COSTS IN ports ·on the latest Defense Depa;rtment ap,.. DEFENSE PROCUREMENT AND buying new items ·of the same kind. propriation bill both the House and Senate In addition, over the years the General SUPPLY-A GREAT AND COU urged radical reform in this area. We have Accounting omce under two great Comp been met, however, by little more than a RAGEOUS SECRETARY troller Generals, Lindsay Warren and series of justifications ·of the existing system Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, I rise Joseph · Campbell, have issued report instead of action to ·carry out the congres today to use this forum as a means of after report concerning wastes -in· con sional mandate. · · expressing to both the Senate and the tracting and supply which have provided 2. In the la.st 2 years alone, the General public in general the great respect and the facts which indicate great inemcien Accounting Office has submittea over 50 re.: admiration in which I hold the present cies and the recommendations which ports going into detail concerning waste in procurement and supply. The testimony of Secretary of Defense, Mr. McNamara.· I could be a springboard for change. the Comptroller General before my com believe him to be one of our truly great The Defense Procurement Subcom mittee indicates that these are representative Secretaries, not only ranking with Stan mittee of the Joint Economic Committee, samples of a much larger universe. Almost ton and Marshall, but perhaps the best of which I am chairman, . has, over the every tiJ:ne they go into this question, mal Secretary of Defense of all time. He is years, provided detailed analyses and practices and bad ·practices are found. not only a man who understands the criticisms of the procurement and supply 3. There is almost a complete lack of ln complex and intricate details of the De system of the Department of Defense. tegration between and among the supply fense Establishment, but he has shown Behind almost all of these congressional systems of the individual services and, equally important, within the services. the courage to take actions on behalf of activities has been the work of an un There is vast duplication of personnel, in the public interest to make our country sung member of the staff of the Con ventories, warehousing, etc., which can only stronger. gress; namely, Mr. Ray Ward, who has be solved· by centralizing the supply systems: I have never considered myself qual done the daily work on the intimate de This should be· done immediately at least ified to speak about those defense mat tails affecting these areas. with respect to those items which are com ters concerning weapons, tactics, and SAVINGS OF $1 BILLION NOW IN EFFECT-WILL mon to all of the services. strategy, and I have kept silent on these RISE TO $3.5 BILLION 4. The stock fund system has resulted in matters. However, for a long number of the accumulation of excess stocks and cash. When Secretary McNamara appeared Each service seems to operate them in a years, I have been deeply concerned with before the Defense Procurement Sub dtiferent way. There is no· common practice the questions of supply and procurement committee of the Joint Economic Com concerning them. They often involve · a ln the Defense Department and I have mittee last month, he was able to state double appropriation. In addition, the re gone into these in considerable detail. that he had already taken actions which imbursable requirements have had the ef Perhaps the best way of indicating the have saved in the fiscal year 1964 budget fect of preventing other services and agencies respect with. which I hold the present alone over $1 billio:p., I repeat, and that from using stock fund materials which have Secretary of Defense is to report to the he has initiated actions to go into effect subsequently been disposed of as surplus. Senate and the country about the way before the end of this fiscal year; namely, 5. The ai:nount and d.isposa:i of surplus he has unified these activities and property is also of scandalous proportions. fiscal 1963, which will ultimately produce We are now selling off some $8 to $10 billion greatly improved their emciency. The annual savings of almost $2 billion. of surplus supplies. The question arises, facts will stand as testimony both to his Furthermore, he has scheduled actions "What kind of a supply system do we have ability and his courage. which, when completed, and if he is which could conceivably generate such PREVIOUS CRITICISMS OF WASTE not prevented, will increase the rate of amounts?" In addition, we are receiving savings to $3.5 billion a year by the end only 2 to 3 cents on the dollar when they are For many years, a number of us have disposed of: been concerned about the waste in the of fiscal 1965. This is a truly great rec ord and one which needs to be known Furthermore, there are literally hundreds military procurement and supply sys of examples of concurrent buying and sell tems. A number of excellent studies both by the Senate and the public. ing-where one agency of the Government have been done by the Hoover Commis LETTER TO SECRETARY M'NAMARA buys new supplies which another agency is sion and by House subcommittees, in As a result of the activities of the at the same time disposing of as surplus. cluding especially those by Congressmen Hoover Commission, various congression- A recent Budget Bureau study showed that BONNER and HEBERT. These studies ·al committees, and the work of Repre this was true in two-thirds of the examples have proved in depth the problems of and in their study the equipment was new, sentatives McCormack, Curtis, Bonner, available in the same geographic area; etc. procurement and supply. Here I want and Hebert, and of the late Senator 6. The Defense Department has at hand to pay tribute to the way in which a O'Mahoney, I addressed a letter to Sec one agency which could radically help in number of very hard-working subcom retary-designate McNamara on Decem solving some of these problems. That is the mittees in the House over the years have ber 30, 1960, drawing attention to what Armed Forces Supply Support Center. But provided invaluable information to the I believed were appalling and even scan it is not being properly used. Services have, public and to the Congress. Such has dalous wastes in the Defense Depart in effect, a veto over its activities and its been the work of Congressmen BONNER ment's procurement and supply systems. hands have been tied. and HEBERT. In addition, the then ma I ask unanimous consent that the text At the· mome.nt the Armed Forces Supply jority leader and now Speaker cf the of that letter be printed at this point in Support Center is attempting, under great House JOHN McCORMACK and Congress difficulties, to match the excess or surplus the RECORD. supply inventory with reqUirements of ·the man TOM CURTIS have shown an un There being no objection, the letter services. But much more is needed. There usual understanding of the problems of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, should be a complete inventory of all sup procurement and supply and, under the as follows: plies so that new procurement or require McCormack-Curtis amendment, they DEAR MR. McNAMARA: May I first con ment can be matched, against existing stocks. have provided the legislation by which gratulate you on your appointment as Secre This is not now true and calls for a central the procurement and supply activities tary of Defense. I want to wish you well in agency where all procurement requests can of the Department could truly be unified this post which is of the highest responsi go and be matched against existing supplies and made efficient. bility and where the opportunity to serve before new purchases are made. In this connection. also, many of us believe Mr. President, further legislation on the country is unsurpassed.· I am writing to draw your attent!on to my that the services have excessive quantities in this subject is not needed; there is al concern, and I think that :of almost· every their various inventory categories, i.e., mo- ready enough to justify the Secretary of Member of Congress and of private persons bilization reserve, etc. · Defense in acting. ' who have gone into it, over what is ap I believe that great savings can be made in For my own part, from time to time palling and even scandalous waste in the procurement and supply in the · Defense in the past I have pointed out great Defense Department's procµrement and Department. To summarize~there must he supply system. I am en"Closing a number more competitive bidding, greater centraliza inemciencies in the letting of contracts, of reports and other 'documents concerning tion of purchase and supply, much ·more the duplication of the supply systems, this. May I mention only a ·few points. efficient handling of the surplus supply and the inefficiencies of the military stock 1. Some 86 percent ot .all contracts-botn funds, and the disposal of excess and in dollar and number-are now negotiatement____ _ (I) (1) (I) 0 0 intimate details of the procurement and (2 Initial spares provisioning. ___ _ $104.0 $157.0 $210 0 0 supply system and his willingness to act (3 Secondary items __ ------'20.0 50'l. 0 650 $150 $300 (4 Technical manuals. ______8.0 25.0 30 0 0 on them has impressed all of us tre 1~~~~1~~~~1-~~~-1-~~~~-1-~~~~ mendously. Totalrequirements from refinement ______oi _ When we first met with Secretary Mc m.o 684.0 700 160 300 Namara in the early spring of 1961, he b. Increased use or excess inventory in !====lc====l====l=====I===== lieu of new procurement: not only had read the criticisms which (1~ Equipment and supplies ______189.0 284.0 394 225 450 we had made, but he had grasped their (2 Idle production equipment_ __ _ 2.0 10.0 21 0 0 (3 Excess contractor mventory__ _ 20.0 20.0 20 0 0 complex details intimately and proposed 1~~~~•1~~~~1~~~~1~~~~-1-~~~~ speclfi.c actions which he intended to take Totalexcess from inventory increased ______use of _ to make improvements. At the next 211.0 314.0 435 22li 450 c. Eliminatin~ "goldplatlng" ------64.0 100.0 100 64 100 meeting he held, he reported on what d. Inventory item reduction ______1.0 4.0 5 0 0 actions he had actually taken and how l=====~====l====l=====I===== 2. Buying at the lowest sound price: he was going about improving the situa a. Shift from noncompetitive to com- tion. For my own part, I must say that petitive procurement: Total percent competitive 2______37. 0 38. 4 39.9 this was a great change over what I had t--~~~•1--~~---1~~~~1~~~~-I-~~~~------seen happen many times in the past. Amount of saving______281. o 402. o 494.0 160 480 l=====~====l=====:l======lc===== In the past when we made criticisms, b. Shilt from CPFF to fixed or incentive they were almost always dismissed as price: being untrue and no action or little ac Total percent CPFF •------25. 8 19.1 12.3 ------1~~~~11--~~~1~~~~1~_:_~~-1-~~~~------tion was ever taken. The Defense De Amount of saving______322. O w.z. o 684.0 100 600 partment was almost always defensive 3. Reducing operating costs: a. Terminating unnecessary operations._ 292. O 357. 0 442.0 257 600 and, instead of saying we will try to im b. Standardlzing and simplifying proce prove things, denied that any problems dures: (1) Consolidation of 16 requsltion existed. But Secretary McNamara not systems Into 1 on Inly 1, 1002. 10.0 20.0 20.0 20 20 only understood the problems; he was (2) Consolidation of 81 transporta tion docs Into 1------ o.o 22.0 32.0 30 30 willing to admit the need for action and (3) Reduction of contractor re- then to act. ports __ ------_------_ 1.0 4.0 25.0 30 30 c. Consolidation and increasing efficiency ACTION TAKEN ON NEGOTIATED CONTRACTS of operations: Let me be speclfi.c about the way in (1) DSA operating expense sav- ings______$31. 0 $33.0 $42.0 $28 $50 which Secretary McNamara acted on our (2) DCA and communication sys- recommendations. · tem savings______16. 0 20.0 25.0 00 (3) Improved transportation and ------First, let me talk about the area of traffic management______17. 0 23.0 23.0 40 65 negotiated contracts. We repeatedly (4) Improved equipment maintenance management______108.0 109.0 297.0 48 300 pointed out that the Federal Government (5) Administrative vehicles______3.0 9.0 lLO 0 0 had been paying excessive prices for mili (6) Improved military housing management______6. 0 11.0 19.0 3 Z1 tary procurement because of the negotia (7) Improved real property man- tion of contracts. The reports by the agement______24. O 34.0 45.0 0 0 l====F====l====ll======I======Comptroller General, which I have here Total program______1, 919. 0 3,082 by the score on the adjoining desk, show 2, 738.0 3,489.0 • 1, 155 that the Comptroller General had been pointing this out over and over again re:i~~; ~ol:.~~d::. A~t~:!·1~. ~~~ ::~~~1~4i:if:er:q~!~:sb~r ~~m= wi:~ to the Department of Defense, but the substituted an expanded production base for a moblllzatlon reserve Inventory, saving a net of $36,000,000, a total saving of $5.36,000,000. - · Department of Defense previously had a Fiscal year 1961 was 32.9 percent; total annual conversion from sole source of $1,000,000,000-savings are 25 taken little or no action upon the criti r>ef':!t t\:" ~f;rm~~t~~~f~cal year 1961, CPFF was 88 pcreent; a reduction of $6,000,000,000 ls required to reduce cisms made by the Comptroller General that percentage to 12.8 percent; savings are 10 percent per dollar converted. or the steps suggested by him. • FJscal year 1963 goal reported in Iuly 5, 1962, memo io President, on a conservative basis, as $'150,000,000 6542 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April 15 Mr. SYMINGTON. Mr. President, will tracts could not be let under purely com single Agency has been· put under the the Senator from Illinois yield for a petitive bidding type. Where contracts direction· of a very able gentleman ·who question? could not be let under purely competitive bears the same name as. the Secretary, Mr. DOUGLAS. I yield. methods, he bas shifted negotiated con but is not related to him-General Mc Mr. SYMINGTON. It is true, 1s it not, tracts from the .cos.t-plus-:flxed-fee type Namara. that the very large number of reparts to fixed or incentive-price type. The ; Under a single head, tlae supply ac which are on the Senator's desk, and cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts gave no tivities of clothing, subsistence, petro which came from the Comptroller Gen incentive for em.ciency, and,. indeed, ac leum. medical and dental supplies, con eral, ca.me from a man who was appaint ·tually stimulated increased costs. As I struction parts, automotive parts and ed by the previous administration? have said, he shifted then to fixed-fee or equipment, industrial hardware, general Mr. DOUGLAS. That is correct. incentive-price contracts. ·Under the stores, electronics, and services such as Mr. SYMINGTON. I asked that ques incentive-price contracts, if the con traffic management have now been tion so that no one would· think this tractor is able to reduce costs below the brought under one Agency, instead of was a partisan comment on the part figure of the initial bid, he receives a being under three, as before, or under a of the able Senator from Illinois. fraction of the saving. . So in the case of single manager. This has been done Mr. DOUGLAS. That is correct. Jo the incentive-price contracts, there is a with a net reduction of a total of at least sepr.. Campbell 1s a great public servant. direct stimulus to reduce costs. For 3.700, and probably 3,900 jobs. I wish Mr. SYMINGTON. I believe he was every dollar shifted from cost-plus to emphasize that the new Defense Sup previously a member of the Atomic :fixed-fee contracts to either fixed-fee or ply Agency and the supply agencies of Energy Commission, and prior to that incentive-price contracts, the Defense all the services are now employing from was with President Eisenhower at Co Department estimates that the savings 3,700 to 3,900 less employees than the lumbia University. are 10 cents on every dollar involved. number of persons the separate services Mr. DOUGLAS. That is correct; he The proportion of cost-plus-fixed-fee previously employed in these activities. was comptroller of Columbia University. contracts has been reduced from 38 per As of the 1st of July 1963, approxi Mr. SYMINGTON. As I understand cent, in the first 9 months of the fiscal mately 1.9 million items, out of a total the import of the talk which the Sena year 1961, to 26 percent in the fiscal year number of supply items of almost 4 mil tor from Illinois is making today, the 1963; and by the fiscal year 1965 the lion, will be under the jurisdiction of text of which I have read, he believes Defense Department goal is to reduce the Defense Supply Agency. This is only that Secretary McNamara is the first this percentage to 12.3-or, in other . a beginning; and much more needs to Secretary who has really put into prac words, from three-eighths to one-eighth. be done, especially in the area of stand ardizing items. But· great saVings have tice the recommendations of the Comp Shifts from sole-source contracts to troller General to save the vast sums of contracts subject to price competition already been made by this consolidation. money which the Comptroller General provide savings of 25 cents on the dollar. Furthermore, the Defense Supply Agency believes have been wasted. It is in these areas that the Secretary was tested under fire during the Cuban Mr. DOUGLAS. That is correct; and has moved to make savings in the pro crisis; and the results proved that such he is the first Secretary to put into ef ·a centralized supply system can both save curement system. If his targets are money and be efficient. fect the recommendations of the Hoover achieved, the savings in this area alone Commission. That was a real test, last fall, because will amount to over $1.1 billion, on an quick action was required. It had been Mr. SYMINGTON. Of course, I can annual basis, by 1965; and savings which not speak for Secretary McNamara; but feared that the consolidation of the are already in effect this fiscal year have services would make them musclebound, based upan my years of service with the saved $500 million in this area. able senior Senator from Illinois, I can and that they would not be able to move not imagine anyone whom the Secretary INTEGRATION OF THE SUPPLY SYSTEM swiftly enough. But t.he Defense Sup would be more pleased to have commend The studies of the Bonner committee ply Agency moved with great efliciency; him for his actions in this field. I am and of our committee on the manage and the troops, the air forces, and the sure that Secretary McNamara will be ment of the nonweapon supply activities naval vessels were equipped and made very grateful, as will the country, for within and among the military services ready for war, if that had broken out. the remarks which the distinguished have disclosed great wastes which have That was an extremely courageous senior Senator from Illinois is making been caused or permitted by the dupli decision on the part of the Secretary of this afternoon. cation of the supply systems. This waste Defense, against tremendous opposition Mr. DOUGLAS. I appreciate what the has come about because of excessive in from groups which had a selfish interest senior Senator from Missouri has said. ventories-to some of which the Senator in perpetuating the old methods. The senior Senator from Missouri was a from Ohio referred in discussing the In this area, much more still needs to great Secretary of the Air Force~ a splen civilian stockpiling; failure to secure the be done, for there is no genuine reason diC. administrator, and a devoted patriot, lowest prices by coordinated buying; ex why areas such as hospitals, chaplains, as well. He knows whereof he is speak cessive employment of personnel; the construction. housing, contract and au ing. duplication of warehouses and storage diting services, legal services, and PX's, Mr. SYMINGTON. I thank the Sen space; and other inem.ciencies. The to name only a few, should not be con ator from Illinois. Bonner committee recommended, and solidated, instead of continuing the pres Mr. DOUGLAS. Mr. President, in :fis the Joint Economic Committee recom ent system-to give an example-of hav cal year 1960, 86 percent of the defense mended time and time again, that the ing separate hospitals for the Army, the contracts were negotiated instead of be supply activities for nonweapon items be Navy, and the Air Force, and with some ing let by competitive bidding. Under consolidated under a single agency re of the hospitals only half used. the practice of negotiated contracts, sponsible to the Secretary of Defense. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE REPORTS which the Department does business I emphasize that this recommendation We further urged that the Defense De with only one or a very few contractors, was made, not for weapons--which we partment carry out, wherever possible, and the bids are not subject to outside believed should be handled by the combat the recommendations made in the Gen scrutiny or competition, the possibilities services, but for nonweapons items. The eral Accounting Office reports. I think of abuse are manifold. We recommended fight to get this change accomplished . it fair to say that in the past, these were, that far more contracts be let by com has gone on for over a, decade, and has far more often than not, ignored. petitive methods. Secretary McNamara been resisted by the individual services The record of what happened to the agreed with these criticisms and took the and by some of the contractors who . reports bears out that statement. Sec following action: benefited by the previous inem.cient sys retary McNamara has taken several steps First of all, he ordered an immediate tem. But in this area, too, Secretary to carry out this recommendation to con reduction of negotiated contracts by 5 McNamara acted. sider very carefully the reports of the percent. Furthermore, he and his excel He has integrated the single-manager General Accounting O:ffice. lent staff are pressing-and have .set supply systems, along with the other First of all, he has cut in half-and goals for it-to move more contracts nonweapon supply groups, into a single -perhaps more than in half-the time al from the negotiated type tO the purely Agency, called the Defense Supply Agen lowed for bis own subordinates to proc competitive bidding type. Where con- cy, whi~h is responsible to. him. This ess the General Accounting Office re- 1963 -CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6543 ports. This time has been reduced from He has shown, as only few men have the i;erest and warm support of the chairman a previous 120 days to 60 days or less. ability to show, an unprecedented un:.. and Mr. CURTIS and the other members of Second, either he or his deputy-and derstanding of the complexities of this the committee have been a source of strength to me in my eftorts to bring about improve in some cases both of them-review the vast Department. ments in our logistics management, many of General Accounting Office reports and I am making this speech today be which stem directly from the committee's the recommendations it has made, and cause I think the public should know recommendations. they have set up a system to make cer this and because I believe that the pub As the members of this committee well tain that the recommendations are car lic and my colleagues should stand be know, it is extremely d111lcult to change the ried out or that there is a.very good rea hind him in the difficult decisions he has traditional way of doing things in the De son why they cannot be carried out. In to make and help protect him from the fense Establishment. Many of the actions we other words, he has personally seen to sniping which is already underway. have taken during the last 2 years to improve it that the General Accounting Office re Mr. President, former President Eisen the management of our procurement and logistics operations were recommended by ports are acted upon. hower, as he was leaving office, issued this and other committees of the Congress Third, he has agreed to set up, outside a farewell message to the Nation in which and by various nongovernmental commit the Defense Department, an independent he warned the Congress and the country tees and commissions, 10 and even 15 years group to make a review and judgment against the power of the military-indus ago. For example, the reorganization of the as to whether the Department of De trial complex, with which he was well Army technical services, which we put into fense has followed through on the Gen acquainted, but which, I am sorry to effect last year, had been recommended to eral Accounting Office reports. say, he had not been able to check. As the President by Secretary of Defense Lovett It is unprecedented for the Defense he left office, the former President gave in 1952 with the comment that "a reorga nlza tion of the technical services would be no Department to be willing to let outsiders as his final injunction to his successor more painful than backing into a buzz saw, pass upon the question of whether the that we should prevent that military-in but I believe that it ls long overdue." Department· has really tried to deal with dustrial complex from committing the Resistance to change is not unique to the the recommendations of the General Ac nations to excessive expenditures and Defense Department. This same problem is counting Office. wasting its resources, although the for also found in almost any large business or Mr. President, what a change this is mer President, as well as the present ganization. Change means that people over the previous system of largely ig President, of course, have sought to de have to relearn the way they are doing noring these valuable reports of the Gen f end our Nation to the very limit. things and this is always a painful and time consuming process, whether 1n defense lo eral Accounting Office. What an im That military-industrial complex is a gistics or private business. provement this is over the previous reality among contractors who made The term "logistics," in its broadest appli system. enormous amounts by getting excessive cation, encompasses the entire spectrum of OTHER AcrIONS prices from the Government and among activity beginning with research and develop The Secretary has also taken action military services which want to run their ment and extending through procurement, in many of the other areas about which own show and which were and are in production, construction of facll1ties, de different to economy. ployment, supply, maintenance, transporta we have made recommendations--in tion, etc., and ending with the disposal of eluding the stock funds, the disposal of Secretary McNamara is performing surplus materiel and facllities. In this excess and surplus property, and greater some of the labors of Hercules. I will sense, our logistics operations account for use of the General Services Adminis not describe which one of the seven la about three-quarters of the total Defense tration for control over general and bors he is carrying out, but they are budget. Looked at in another way-our to nondefense-type activities common to important. tal payroll for active duty, reserve and re many agencies of the Government. In There is danger that the Secretary tired m111tary personnel and all civ111an per this connection, I may say that the new '5onnel accounts for roughly two-fifths of our will be undermined by criticism and by total budget, with the balance (about $30 Administrator of the General Services reversal. The Senator from Missouri billion out of a total of $50 billion) accounted Administration, Mr. Boutin, has also properly said that, of course, we do not for by the purchase of goods and services of been making a good record. I hope next agree with everything which the Sec all kinds, that is, research and development; week to submit a report on his activities; retary does. After great perturbation of the procurement of weapons, equipment, and I hope the report will be very re spirit, I voted against his recommenda spares, and other consumables; military con assuring. In the area of stock funds, tion last Thursday on the question of struction; maintenance; utilities; . etc. however, I would say that the progress Truly important savings 1n defense expend Nike-Zeus missiles. But one can say itures can be achieved only by attacking made thus far is not as great as that that the Secretary is a dedicated and this entire spectrum of logistics activities, made in the areas of consolidation of efficient executive. Even though we may and that ls precisely what we are trying to the supply systems and in savings in differ with him from time to time on in do. Decisions in the development phase of contracts and procurement. Our com dividual items, the net effect of his work a weapons system w1ll affect not only the mittee will continue to press the Defense is for the great benefit of our Nation, cost of development but also the cost ·of Department about these matters. and we should all stand behind him. production and operation of the system There are additional areas in which I ask unanimous consent that a copy throughout its life. As this subcommittee great savings have already been made. noted 1n one of its recent reports, "It ls of Secretary McNamara's testimony be apparent that two identical items can be These include the refining of require .fore the Subcommittee on Defense Pro procured, stored, inventoried, issued and ments, especially of spare parts arid sec curement of the Joint Economic Com maintained in a common way much more ondary items; the increased 'use of ex mittee also be printed in the RECORD at economically and efficiently than can two cess inventory; the elimination of gold this point. different items." Yet, each new weapon or plating; the reduction of operating piece of equipment that enters the inven costs; and the ending of unnecessary There being no objection, the state tory brings with it thousands of new and operations. Examples include stand ment was ordered to be printed in the d11ferent items of spares and supporting ardizing and simplifying procedures, . RECORD, as follows: .equipment. That ls why any serious at such as the consolidation of 16 requisi STATEMENT BY SECRETARY OF DEFENSE ROBERT tempt to reduce the number of different tioning systems into 1; the consolida S. McNAMA.BA BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITl'EE ON items in our logistics system and thereby DEFENSE PROCUREMENT OF THE JOINT Eco reduce costs, must begin in the research and tion of 81 transportation documents development phase. into 1; and the reduction of the number NOMIC Co:MMI.TTEE, MAllcH 28, 1963 of contractors' reports. Mr. Chairman, members of the committee, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT it is indeed a pleasure for me to come be The research and development phase itself AN AMAZING PERFORMANCE fore this committee for the first time to dis- can be broken down into a number of signifi · Mr. President, this is truly. an amaz . cuss the progress made by the Department of cant sequential steps: ing performance. In my judgment, in Defense in improving the economy and 1. Research (basic and applied): The ef this area of procurement and supply, etnciency of its procurement and logistics fort directed toward the expansion of knowl operations. The Subcommittee on Defense edge in such fields as the physical and envi Secretary McNamara's actions are un Procurement of the Joint Economic Commit ronmental sciences, that is, mathematics, precedented. He is a great Secretary tee is among the pioneers in this effort. To physics, psychology, biology, and the medical of Defense. The country is privileged to the continuing interest and prodding Of this sciences. have him as our Secretary of Defense and other committees of the Congress, we 2. Exploratory ·developments: Work di and our country is stronger and the pub owe much of the progress achieved in this rected toward the solution of specific mili lic interest better served because of him. area over the last 10 years. The personal in- tary problems, but stopping short of the 6544 CONGRESSIONAL· RECORD - SENA.TE April 15 actual development of experimental hard off and ·land in 6- to 8-foot waves and make -g<>Oersonnel to be released ____ _ 44,923 Mr. Chairman, the task of management of new a.nd d111lcult problems. In order to Annual savings when action in the Defense Department ls never done. introduce competition early in the procure completed i ______$270,000,000 New problems arise as old ones are solved, ment cycle, we must see to it that _the neces 1 as evidenced by the constant fl.ow of GAO sary drawings and technical data are pro Many actions require 2 or 3 years to com reports. I can assure you that these reports, duced during the development phase so that plete. as well as constructive criticism from any they may be available at the time the first In an organization as large as the Depart other source, receive top-level attention in procurement is made. This is not always ment of Defense, efforts to simplify proce the Defense Department. For example, I possible, especially where time is critical or dures can yield surprisingly large savings. examine all GAO reports as they come into where the design is still subject to major Therefore, we are examining our contractor the Department and all of the written change. Also, where large engineering and reporting requirements, our requisitioning replies are reviewed and initialed by either tooling ci>sts are involved, it is unlikely that . and transportation procedures, and other Mr. Gilpatric or me, in terms of approving any new source would be able to compete types of logistics paperwork with the aim of their substance, before they go back to the successfully against the development con eliminating unneeded or overlapping proce GAO. tractor who may have already completed a dures and achieving the greatest degree of I am sure that the logistics management large part of the productio~ engineering and standardization where elimination is not improvement program, which I have out tooling. practicable. Substantial success has already lined here this morning will not prove to be Experience has demonstrated that very been achieved, and we expect to make even the. final word. But I am equally sure that large savings can be achieved by increasing greater progress in the coming years. this program will correct many deficiencies competition. We estimate these savings at Another area where increased management . of long standing and result in savings of about 25 cents on each dollar shifted from effort can yield signlfl.cant monetary savings, several billion dollars per year. noncompetitive to competitive procurement as well as greater combat readiness, is equip- and this is the basis upon which we have ment maintenance for which we spend about Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will computed the savings of nearly $500 million $11 billion a year. Actions which we have the Senator yield? per year to be achieved by fiscal year 1965, already taken and plan to take through fiscal Mr. DOUG:LAS. I am glad to yield as shown on the following chart (chart not year 1965 should produce savings of about to the majority leader. printed in RECORD). $300 million a year. But this is an area in Mr. MANSFIELD. I commend the ex REDUCTION IN CPFF CON'mACTS which we have barely scratched the surface. cellent statement by the distinguished To insure top-level attention to this function Senator from Illinois. As I read his It has long been recognized that cost-plus and to coordinate the efforts of the entire De- fixed-fee contracts usually provide no incen partment a full-time Deputy Assistant secre- speech, and as I listened to him, my mind tive for economy, or superior performance. tary of Defense tor Equipment Maintenance went back over my 10 years in the Sen Nevertheless, in recent years, an increasing has recently been appointed. . a~. I do not recall a single 1 of those share of our procurement has been carried One of the key ways in which we can make 10 years in which the Senator from Il · out under CPFF contracts, rising from about savlngs in the operations of the Department linois did not raise his voice on questions 13 percent in 1952 to nearly 38 percent during is through the consolidation of like activi- of waste in the military, of negotiated the first 9 months of 1961. To some extent, ties. I have already mentioned the Defense contracts versus cost-plus contracts, of this shift to CPFF contracting was unavoid Supply Agency but I am sure you will agree the supply system, and other questions. able because of the exploding technology of that the underlying principle applies to the 1950's which introduced unprecedented other areas of defense activity as well. The I am sure that the Senator must feel a complexity and sophistication in our equip swiftly expanding requirements for modern sense of personal as well as patriotic ment. military communications, tor example, and satisfaction that, after all those years, However, even where fl.rm fixed-price con their even more swiftly rising costs have . like a voice crying in the wilderness, so tracting is not feasible, penalties and re made Department-wide management of cer- . to speak, we now have a Secretary of wards ca.n still be utilized. There are other tain portions of the communications system Defense who not only reads reports, techniques available through which we can both militarily necessary and :financially im- but also tries to do something about the provide incentives to the Defense contractor perative. Accordingly, a new Defense Com- constructive criticisms which have been to perform economically and efficiently. The munications Agency has been established most important method is the use of in to guide the development of unified long-line _ raised over the past decade or more. centive contracts in which the contractor's communications systems for use by all ele- The Senator has indicated that he is fee is increased if he betters the target price ments of the Department. . This Agency ls making his speech in part to serve warn or target performance goals, or conversely, also responsible for other important tune- ing to those who would seek tq under is reduced or eliminated entirely if he fails ticins such as the development and support mine Secretary McNamara. To my to meet the contract targets. By :fiscal year of the national military command system knowledge, no one in this Chamber has 1965, we hope to reduce cost-plus-~ed-fee and t~e superyision of. the military com- indicated that .he ·or she seeks such a contz:acts to about . I~~ percent of our total municatio~s sa,tellite development program. . contract awards, with an eventual annual . Still another area where consolidation ap- result: · But I dare say that ·there are savings of nearly $700 million. Already in ·. peared .to be a nec~sity was. in headquartflrS others who :find fault with the Secretary the :first 8 IJlOnths Of t.he current :tis.cal year intelligence activities. For this reason, we because of the fact that, when called we have reduced the cost-plus-fixed-fee con- created the Defense Intelligence Agency n'ot upon, he does make decisions, which he 6548 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD - SENATE April 15 is authorized to do. When called upon, the number of onsite inspections which I_t is unlikely that the ban will restrain he "knocks heads together," so that a we say must be agreed upon-to the the Chinese. But it is highly probable that point that Dr. Edward. Teller has felt it the ban will be resisted by ~e French and decision can be arrived at. That also we shall be ezj>ected tO ·exert pressure on is his responsibility. necessary to warn that the Russians them. This may strain NATO to the break I suggest that anyone who seeks t.o want us to sign a Munich-type agree ing point. The Russians may desire a ban undermine Secretary McNamara had ment and in this they are supported by for this very reason. - better be very sure of the ground on widespread public clamor. I ask unan In 1938, the Western Allies . abandoned which he is standing before he does so. imous consent that Dr. Teller's short Czechoslovak.la. This led. to World War II. The Republic is extremely fortunate to statement, which appeared at page 1588 Had the Munich agreement prohibited fight have a man of Secretary McNamara's of the RECORD, be printed at this point er planes and radar, the consequences would ability, integrity, knowledge, and know in my remarks. have been the fall of Britain. There being no objection, the state The Russians want us to sign a Munich how in this most difficult of depart type agreement and in. ihis they are sup ments. He must handle in excess of ment was ordered-to be printed in the ported by widespread public clamor. I hope 50 percent of our Nation's budget. He RECORD, as follows: that patriotic Congressmen of both parties must know his way around in the field CONSEQUENCES OF A TEST BAN will resist the pressure of a public frightened of foreign policy as well as defense. I (By Dr. Edward Teller) by crises and misled by the mirage of peace. understand he works from 12 to 16 hours Russian acceptance of a small number of Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, this a day. We are very, very fortunate in control stations and on-site inspections·have statement should also be considered in having Secretary McNamara head that raised the hopes for an agreement on a test ban. Such a ban is considered as an im light of the thinking on the subject particular Department. I join the Sena which the President has evidenced. For tor from Illinois wholeheartedly in his portant step toward ending the arms race. It is claimed that this serves the interest of example, in his February 21 news con statement the Secretary McNamara is ference. the President w-as asked: a great Secretary of Defense. The the United States. Actually such a ban would be virtually unpoliced. It would en Question: Mr. President, just before Sena country is privileged to have him in danger our security and would help the tor HUMPHREY left Geneva, he said that un that position; the country is stronger Soviet Union in its plan· to conquer the less a nuclear test agreement were in final and the public interest better served world. The reasons for this statement are stages of preparation by April, that man because of him. the following: kind might lose forever this unique oppor Secretary McNamara needs, not our I. THE TEST BAN WOULD PREVENT VITAL IMPROVE tunity for agree:µient. Do you think that sympathy, but our understanding. He MENTS OF OUR ATOMIC EXPLOSIVES April should be more or ·less the deadline knows what he is about. In my opinion, The Russians have announced that they month whicll will determine· whether the he is one of the best, if not the greatest, have solved the problem of missile defense. Soviets ever intend to agree to this? Secretary of Defense our country has Our missile defense is unsatisfactory. In Answer: No, I don't think April is in ever had. Our Nation, as a whole, ought the absence of testing, our defense will not the sense of sort of an ultimatum • • •. I improve because we need more knowledge wouldn't put down the date and say by this to be very grateful that a man of his concerning the use of nuclear explosives in date we will know finally. We have been caliber heads that particular Depart missile defense and in the penetration of on this business for 15 years. I must say ment at this particular time. Again I such ·defense. If the Russians install a satis th_at a gOOd many people are opposed to this commend the distinguished Senator for factory defense system while we are unable effort which is being directed by Mr. Foster bringing his statement to the attention to do so, this will put us at the mercy of in Geneva, and quite obviously it is a mat Soviet blackmail and aggression. ter which: we shou_ld approach with a good of the Senate today. deal of care. But the alternative;if we fail, Mr. DOUGLAS. I thank the Senator We have started the development of clean and cheap nuclear explosives. We need more of increasing the number of nuclear powers from Montana for his statement, which tests to complete this development. Clean around the world over the . next 5, 10, 15, is precisely what we have learned to and cheap explosives are needed for battle or 20 years, that alternative which I think expect ·from him. His statement that field use, for peaceful applications, and for is so dangerous keeps. me committed .to the in his judgment the Senate is unanimous missile defense. effort of trying to get a test ban treaty • • •. in its support of the general program Testing has frequently stimulated the in I think people who attack the effort should of the Secretary of Defense is very re vention of new approaches in the develop keep in mind always that the alternative is assuring. ment of nuclear explosives. Past advances the spread of these weapons to governments of this kind are classified; future advances which may be irresponsible, or which by ac Mr. President, I yield the floor. are· unpredictable. Nevertheless these ad cident may initiate a general nuclear con vances are real and important. Without flagration, them our weapons laboratories will lose And TEST BAN TREATY their competence in weapons research. again: Questio~: ¥1"· ~resident, what basis do you Mr. MILLER. Mr. - President, in II. THE TEST BAN WILL NOT INTERFERE WITH have, sir, for your belief that a tes.t ban yesterday's Washington Post there RUSSIAN PROGRESS treaty would "inhibit the proliferation of nu appears an excellent article by Chal The diffi.cul ty to police small underground clear weapons, and if you got a test ban mers Roberts entitled "Political Lines explosions has been pointed out. The pres treaty, how would this be used in ·the case Forming on a Test Ban Treaty." The ent Russian concessions will certainly not of France? article analyzes some of the major permit the control of small underground Answer: Well, in my judgment, the major tests. Tests of s~all explosives are helpful argument for the test ban treaty is the limit arguments of both proponents and op in all branches Qf weapons development. ponents and makes it clear that these ing effect it might have on proliferation. Even bigger tests can be carried out Quite obviously, if it did not have that ef arguments rest on proposals which have secretly in space. _ This fact has been fect, then the treaty would be abrogated, been advanced for a test ban treaty, and jointly asserted by American, British, and and any treaty would so state, that either not on any agreed-upon draft of a treaty. Russian experts meeting in Geneva in June side would have the right to abrogate the This point is well taken, because it and July 1959. treaty if proliferation resulted. Now, on the should be well known that the Soviet The Russians have prepared an effective question of France, France has been recog Union has firmly turned down all West test series while negotiating with us. They nized as a nuclear power by the Soviet Union. have executed this series in the fall of It would be up to the Soviet Union to make ern proposals relating to e:ff ective inspec 1961. In the closed Russian society such tion and controls to insure that such a a- judgment as to what action they wouid a maneuver is possible. In the open Amer take on the treaty, if France continued to treaty is kept inviolate. ican society it is not. Repetition of the test. There is no guarantee, if we sign a One significant statement appears in 1961 tactics may place the Soviet Union nuclear test ban, that it will end pro~ifera the article which I believe merits com into a position of commanding leadership. tion. It is, however, our feeling that the Only great and comprehensive openness ment. It is this: Soviet Union would not accept a test ban could guarantee the observance of a test unless they shared our view that prolifera And whatever his current degree of pas ban. sion for a test ban, President Kennedy could tion was undesirable, and it might be a III. A TEST BAN MAY ENDANGER THE NATO weight in the scale against proliferation, and be counted on to use every trick in the trade ALLIANCE to put over a treaty if he signed one. I so regard 11'._. The avowed purpose of the test ban is to In summary, then, it appears that the This statement should be considered halt the arms race and to set limits to in light of the fact that widespread con the proliferation of nuclear weapons. It is President's main argument for a test ban is ~rn has been expressed that our nego hoped that a test ban 'Wlll be applied in a treaty that it "might" be a "weight" tiators at Geneva have .· stead,i.Iy reduced universal manner. in· the scale against proliferation. · Ac- 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-· - SENATE 6549 cordingly, we find arguments resting on be a few people in our Government who For Soviet policy will have to be altered a balancing of the risks-the risk of pro want a test ban treaty at almost any if there is a treaty. And if the Soviets do price, but I am quite certain they are move an appreciable amount, there very liferation if no test ban treaty is nego likely will be enough American-British move tiated and ratified versus the risk of not speaking for the people of the ment to bridge the gap. Something like cheating by the Soviets and the risk that United States. Rightly or wrongly, the that appears to be the assessment of both our own failure to test may prevent us impression seems to have been gener opponents and propo:µents of the treaty. from developing an antimissile defense ated that the United States and Great REPUBLICANS ORGANIZED and improved nuclear devices such as the Britain are conducting these negoti The chances of a treaty thus have stirred neutron bomb. ations from a position of weakness, be the opposition into action. Consider these As one who voted for the establish cause it is our negotiators-not those of facts: ment of an Arms Control and Disarma the Soviet Union-who have expressed The Republicans in Congress, a number ment Agency, I believe I do not have to a sense of -urgency and willingness to do of whom have badgered both the Eisenhower explain that I favor a stop to the arms most of the giving. There is no reason and Kennedy administrations for their vari race provided it is accompanied by ef for us to be any more urgent about this ous negotiating postures over the . past 5 than the· Soviets, Mr. President. I do years, now have organized their opposition. fective inspection and controls which They have created the Republican Confer will insure an effective stop. However, not agree with those who say that time ence Committee on Nuclear Testing with I regret that the main argument for a is on their side in the arms race. This is Representative CRAIG HosMER, Republican, of test ban treaty which the President has defeatist and pure conjecture. In .fact, California, as chairman. HosMER ls a mem advanced is that it just might be a history would show the reverse to be ber of the important Joint Committ.ee on weight against proliferation. This seems true. Atomic Energy. to me to be a very -weak argument. _I:p All of us recognize that the work of The two leading GOP presidential possi our negotiators is tedious and requires a b111ties, Gov. Nelson Rockefeller, of New York fact, there ·is no ind.ication at all that and Senator BARRY GOLDWATER, of Arizona, France or Red China are going to be de great deal of patience and perseverance. are critical of Kennedy test ban negotiations. terred from going ahead with their nu However, it should be understood that The big political question is whether for clear weapon development just because their work may well ·go on for many mer President Eisenhower would support a the United States, Great Britain, and the years. The President was wise to make Kennedy test ban treaty. Quite probably, Soviet Union enter into a test ban treaty. it clear that we are not going to try to and quite properly, he will take no position meet any deadlines-April 1963, or later. until he can examine the text of such a So I suggest that the risks of prolifera treaty, if there ever is one. tion are going to remain anyhow. On the In this, I am sure that most of my col other hand, the risks of cheating by the leagues concur. COMMI'ITED TO IDEA Soviets are great-and they will be all Mr. President, I ask unanimous con On a number of occasions involving major sent to have printed in the RECORD the policy, President Kennedy has gone out. of the greater if the number of onsite in his way to give his predecessor an intem spections is reduced. We know that the article from the Washington Post and Times Herald of Sunday, April 14, to gence fill-in and to seek his counsel. Gen Communist leaders in the Kremlin hold eral Eisenhower has responded in terms of to the philosophy that their end of one which I alluded in my remarks. national, not partisan, interest, and some world of communism justifies the means; There being no objection, the article Republicans have grumbled at the effective and that lying, cheating, stealing-any was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Kennedy tactic. thing goes. So let us not be naive about as follows: · But whether the same thing would occur the so-called good intentions of the So POLITICAL LINES FORMING ON A TEsT BAN in the case of a test ban treaty remains TREATY to be seen. If General Eisenhower stood viets in these test ban negotiations. And with the President for a treaty, it would if there are going to be any risks in (By Chalmers M. Roberts) forestall what otherwise might well be a volved, let us make abundantly sure that "It would be the biggest battle since the dlvisfon along party lines, at least as much the risks are in favor of the security of Treaty of Versailles." of a division as was the case with the Ver the United States. That is the considered judgment of a key sa1lles Treaty. administration official about what would On a good many occasions as President, In all fairness; I should point out that happen in the U.S. Senate if President Ken General Eisenhower spoke passionately of the President gave assurance in his news nedy were to present it with a nuclear test the desirab111ty of a test ban. In 1958, his conference of March 6 thp.t no test ban ban treaty with the Soviet Union. And in administration came close to a treaty. But agreement would be · accepted which the Senate, a key Member who would be in as President, Mr. Eisenhower never really would permit a series of underground the forefront in defending a Kennedy treaty prodded his subordinates; indeed, some of tests by the Soviets to go undetected. concurs completely with that judgment. them seriously undercut his test ban aspira However, this raises the question of what Maybe there never will be a treaty. It tions. has been a case of close-but-not-quite, or A QUESTION OF DEGREE is meant by a series and how eft'ective apparently so, so many times that skepti an inspection system is to be if it is to President Kennedy likewise has spoken cism and wariness are the rule in Washing with great earnestness of the need and hopes prevent a series from going undetected. ton. Yet if ever hope was eternal, it is the for a test ban. But there are differiilg ap These are rather vague generalities, and hope of those within and without the ad praisals of how deeply committed he really I do not believe that they will suftlce ministration who continue to push for a test ban treaty. is. when and if a negotiated test ban treaty To some in the administration, the Presi comes before the Senate for ratification. A PARTY-LINE DIVISION dent seems passionately determined to get Finally, Mr. President, let us have it The reason for the comparison with the a treaty if a reasonable one can be had. To clearly understood that if indeed, as the epic 1919 Versames Treaty struggle, which others in the administration, Mr. Kennedy crippled President Wilson and kept the is far less passionate in this desi;re than he Washington Post article states, Presi United States out of the League of Nations, is, for example, about improving the Na dent Kennedy will use every trick in the is that for the first time in the history of tion's sluggish economic growth rate. trade to put over a test ban treaty if the test ban controversy, the lines are hard All agree, however, that the central point he signed one, this is not going to help ening. The opponents are consolidating their In whatever degree of enthusiasm he does its ratification in the Senate. Since the position; the proponents seem to be count have for a treaty is the hope that it might legislature is an independent branch of ing mostly on the President and have yet to dampen the arms race and do so, first of all, our Federal Government, I believe the rally their forces fully. by retarding the proliferation of nations with American people can have confidence And, perhaps most significant of all, the their own nuclear weapons. These were basic division on the test ban treaty is showing hopes in the Eisenhower administration, too. that tricks and emotionalism will, if major signs of becoming a political division. anything, prejudice the Senate against Up to April 10, there had been 427 reported There are and will be exceptions, of course. nuclear tests. Of these, 253 were American such a treaty. If the treaty, when and but, by and large, Republicans are the major tests, 145 Soviet, 23 British, and six French. if it is negotiated, is one that is clearly opponents and Democrats the major propo It is known, however, that a number of both consistent with the security of the nents--of a treaty not yet signed. American and Soviet tests have never been United States, it will not-require tricks Something should be said here about the reported. Perhaps the grand total since 1945 or emotionalism to have it ratified. prospects for such a treaty between the is close to 450. United States and Britain on the one hand I would urge our negotiators in Ge and the Soviet Union on the other. The CUBA CRISIS A FACTOR neva and those in the State Department ·prospects are uncertain but not hopeless. A central factor in the early pressure for and the White House from whom they Probably the greatest unknown factor is the a test ban was the massive amount of radio are receiving their instructions to bear effect of current Kremlin policy delibera activity thrown into the atmosphere by the in mind what I have said. There may tions on Soviet policy. aboveground tests on both sides. This is 6550 CONGRESSIONAI. RECORD - SENA'l'E April 15 still a major factor in pre.ssure here _to those who simply_ do not want this country developed countries' .possessk>n of nuclear approve a test ban, bqt the pres~ure ha.s to limit -in any way its weapons develop weapons within a few years could only be diminished as the United States has gone ment, above all its nuclear weapons develop based on an assumption that these weapons underground (and Frai;ce, too) and ~ the ment. And to . .many. who are worki.µg for would .be supplied by some outside power. Soviets have halted testing. Most Sovie:t a treaty, it appears that a good ni_any mem What then is the situation in Western tests have been atmospheric, howeve:i;:, bers -0f the Joint Atomic Energy Committee Europe which leads to such disturbing pre and Senator HUBERT H. HUMPHREY, Demo are in this category. They have powerful dictions? crat, of Minnesota, returned from the Geneva supporters among the military in the Penta Britain, which participated actively in the negotiations recently with a feeling that more gon and among the politically minded scien wartime Manhattan project and shared all Soviet tests may come this fall. tists outside the Government. benefits of the early American effort, has Khrushchev's clandestine attempt to set Only the President can counter all the spe been an active nuclear power since 1952. up a missile complex in Cuba also has en cific points of opposition with a summing But the increasing costs and political lia couraged test-ban treaty opponents. How, up of the risks involved·in rejecting a treaty bilities of the more advanced weapons sys they argue, could the United States put any as well as in accepting one. Only he can tems is today making Britain's future status faith in a treaty when Khrushchev was ca go to the public and say that the risks of highly problematical. pable of that sort of thing? And since the a totally unhindered arms race are greater France has been actively working on devel United States barely discovered the missiles than the specific risks inherent in a test ban opment of nuclear weapons since 1954. By in time, though they were so close to this treaty. the end of this year it is expected to have a country, how could we ever be sure what It is extraordinary that there has been so modest stockpile of atomic bombs capable of was going on deep inside the remote Soviet much argument for so long over a treaty being transported in supersonic bombers. Union? not even negotiated. The reason, of course, Thermonuclear weapons and missiles are not It has been stated publicly that American ls that such a treaty, whatever its actual ef scheduled before the 1970's. - ficacy in slowing the arms race, would be ability to detect Soviet tests has increased ONLY TWO INDICATED through refinement of seismological tech widely considered as just such a step. It niques. But what has not been made public would relieve anxieties the world -over, · Apart from France and Britain, there is ·no is the degree to which American information rightly or wrongly. evidence that any other European country is on the entire Soviet military strength and However, treaty opponents have an argu engaged in a nuclear weapons program. disposition-Including test preparations ment when they contend that the kind of -Of the other NATO countries, most of them has been Increased by such means as the test ban now possible in sight would not have neither the inclination nor the means Samos and Ferret satellites and other eaves- make it any easier subsequently to cut back for such an effort. Most of them, ln fact, dropping techniques. - missile proctuctlon, abolish nuclear subma follow the lead of the United States in just how good these devices are- is top rllies or bombers or keep space free from nu actively deploring the spread of nuclear secret; the Soviets almost certainly know clear weapons. Here the test treaty propo weapons. So far as the smaller countries are more about them than do the American nents are on the defensive. concerned, complete American responsibility people. Indeed, the Soviets probably know Nonetheless, no one is more aware than for nuclear defense Of Europe is still an ideal more about them than do most Members are the test ban's opponents of what a power state· of affairs. of Congress. But the administration insists ful force a President of the United States Of the non-NATO countries of Europe, that even to talk about such techniques can generate in favor of any particular ac there has been some speculation that Swe woUid endanger the national security. tion if he really tries. And whatever his cur den and even possibly Switzerland might muster the wherewithal to produce a poor Whether true or not, the result is to rob rent degree of passion for a test ban, Presi dent Kennedy could be counted on to use man's atomic bomb. test ban proponents of an effective argu There is, however, no suggestion that ment. If a treaty is si·gned, President Ken every trick in the trade to put over a treaty , if he signed one. either of them is seriously considering such nedy quite likely will reach a point of having a program. to decide whether to lift the secrecy curtain Woodrow Wilson, historians now say, was to bolster his case for ratification. And it too rigid in his struggle with the Senate; THE QUESTION OF GERMANY must be remembered that ratification re had he accepted some reservations to the There remains, of coiirse, West Germany. quires a two-thirds vote of the Senators Versailles Treaty, he could have won ratifica It is hard to .avoid the impression that, present. tion, and the effects of the reservations would in fact, the cause of the recurrent American Another argument being pushed by test have been minor compared to the· results nightmare about nuclear proliferation real opponents, and which has not been fully of the entire treaty's defeat. . ly boils down to a problem of th~ -Federal answered by the proponents, is whether a The Wilson debacle ln the Senate has Republic. Here, at least, is a country with test ban would not now be far less effective .haunted every Chief Executiv_e since Wilson. the means and perhaps the ambition to as a means of slowing the arms race than it And no one has been more history-minded possess nuclear weapons. And one may might have once been. China's refusal to than John F. Kennedy. guess that it is this single possib111ty accept a Soviet nuclear monopoly within the Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, I also rather than 15 or 20--which Mr. Kennedy Communist bloc and France's determination regards as the greatest danger and hazard. to create her own nuclear force independent ask unanimous consent to have printed How many times has one heard this ex of the American deterrent make it evident in the RECORD an article published in the planation from anonymous American official that no American-British-Soviet treaty Washington Evening Star on March 29, sources: would bind either of them. 1963, written by Crosby S. Noyes and "Of course, we can't help the French with Finally, there is a gnawing feeling on the entitled "Nuclear Proliferation Hob their nuclear program. If we did, what part of many Americans that somehow the goblin." could we tell the Germans when they come Soviets might achieve a breakthrough in nu There being no objection, the article around in a few years and ask us for the same thing?" · clear weaponry through testing. An effec was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, tive antimissile missile would be a major In any event, the assumption appears to gain, though test ban proponents argue that as follows: be almost universal that sooner or later the that is less a matter of nucelar testing than NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION HOBGOBLIN Germans will renege on their formal com of engineering and electronics. PARIS.-The recurring nightmare which mitments not to manufacture nuclear weap Furthermore, the sort of ultimate weapon petrifies the Western camp and apparently ons. It is also assumed that -when this that the term "neutron bomb" conjures up conditions all American foreign policy is that moment arrives it will be a perilous one for leads many to worry that a test ban might of nuclear proliferation. the West. Much of American nuclear policy prevent the United States from perfecttn.g it Quite evidently, the nightmare atllicts Pres toward the Alliance-including the scheme while the Soviets might do so by cheating. ident Kennedy most acutely. · for a multilateral NATO nuclear force with a The recent administration disclosure that "I am h .aunted,'' he declared to a recent built-in American veto-is obviously geared the United States now has "enhanced radia press conference, "by the feeling that by 1970 to prevent this moment from arriving. tion,'' or relatively fallout-free weapbns, only unless we are successful (in banning nuclear It may be, however, that the fear of Ger adds to this kind of anticipation. tests) there may be 10 nuclear powers in m.any as a nuclear power is based on a The argument over possible Soviet cheat stead of 4 and by 1975 15 or 20." completely false premise. ing by hiding smaller tests in caves dug in One wonders what disagreeable morsel of This premise, to put it bluntly, is that particular types of soil; the argument over intelligence or intuition produces this par Gennany on the basis of its past record is the number of on-site inspections each ,side ticular specter. At any rate, it is entirely chronically unreliable in military matters. would be allowed in the other's territory, and contrary to the evidence available in Europe. It assumes that the Germans, once they related issues have dominated much of the It ls also contrary to informed estimates of possess nuclear weapons, might use them debate in the past couple of years. But even many nuclear experts. Which are the 10 or threaten to use them offensively to attain if the President dld satifsy two-thirds of potential nuclear powers in '6 years• time? political obJectives. the Senate that these risks were acceptable With :the exception of Red China and con And yet, .surely, given the nuclear situa the other considerations could lose him vitai .celvably· Israel, one must assume that tion as its exists today, not even an Adolf votes for ratiflcation. -the other candidates must be ·among the Hitler would be mad enough to attempt It is now quite clear that much of ·the tenhnically advanced· and amuent nations of any such thing. Neither the United States American opposition to a test ban comes from Western Europe. The possibility of less- · nor Russia can attain political objectives 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6551 today by threatening each other with their want to compJ,ete the dimcult aerial-survey cheater may be, he is likely to leave tell nuclear forces. phase within a day or two. They know this tale evidence behind, they believe. The idea that Germany, with an in ls the crucial moment in the on-site inspec The shot might not be completely con evitably limited nuclear arsenal, could use tion process. Each day's delay makes the tained, thus allowing radioactivity to escape it. to bring about the reunification of the task of surface inspectors, in the second and be picked up by surface monitors. country ls simply preposterous. · And once phase, more difilcult. Many of the Nevada explosions vented in the use of this force for offensive purposes If no pattern turns up in the aerial this way, omcials report. ls ruled out the threat to use it is meaning sweeps, the whole project becomes hopeless. Minerals and rocks in the area of the shot less. Drilling at random for underground pockets also might undergo recognizable changes, Few people, of course, would suggest that of radioactivity would involve hundreds of some scientists say. In some previous the Germans should be given the bomb or thousands of holes, each taking a month American tests, small rocks and pebbles on that proliferation of nuclear weapons is a or more. Unless suspicious evidence ls the surface were flipped over, exposing a dif good thing. Yet, when an obsessive night found, the inspection are just about bound ferent face to the sky which could be picked mare lies at the heart of American policy. to conclude their suspicions were 111 founded. up easily in aerial photography, it ls said. one may at least question the reality of the PATTERN FOUND IN NEVADA Radon, a kind of radioactive gas, has hobgoblins. · Experimenters with aerial surveillance been found to seep out of the ground above have been encouraged by their findings since some Nevada tests, again raising hopes that Mr. MILLER. Mr. President, I also underground shots cannot be fully hidden. to 1961, at the Nevada underground test site ask unanimous consent have printed and at the Carlsbad, N. Mex., experiment Oamma rays have also been found to leak in the RECORD an article published in the in peaceful uses of nuclear bombs, code from crevices near ground zero. Evening Star of Saturday, March 2, en named Project Gnome. THmD PHASE: DRILLING titled "A-Blast Detection Difficult." At the Gnome site, ordinary black-and If any of these evidences is found by the There being no objection, the article white aerial photos showed a definite pat onsite inspection team, it must decide where was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, tern of surface cracks around the explosion. to drill in hope of finding the pocket of in as follows: Roots of shrubs like mesquite and yucca tense radioactivity produced by the suspected were damaged, the plants started to wither underground nuclear test. To CATCH A CHEATER: A-BLAST DETECTION and the results showed up in color photog DIFFICULT In this third phase, it is as yet unclear raphy. whether more than one drilling rig could (By Earl H. Voss) The upward push of the explosion shook operate at a time, to cut the time-consuming When the United States conducted its first the soil above, as if the earth had been in operation as much as possible. With a 20- peaceful-uses nuclear explosion 1,200 feet a giant flour sifter. The surface was left or 30-man team, however, it is doubtful underground in New Mexico, 7,000 ground with a refined or granulated look. whether more than one crew could be squirrels came scurring out of their holes Superimposing all these indicator patterns brought in. within an hour after the shot. on one map pointed clearly to ground zero. Gamma-ray logging would be an impor It the United States had been trying to The Gnome explosion, however, was buried tant technique in the third phase. As the cheat on a test ban treaty and if Soviet on less than a quarter mile, about 1,200 feet drilling proceed·s, gamma radiation should be site inspectors had been close by, the squir in an area of soft alluvium near the sur picked up well in advance of penetrating the rels might have been an important clue. face, salt beneath. Surface etiects could be actual pocket of radioactivity. Onsite inspectors a.re not expected to be expected to be more noticeable there than Mining experts on the onsite team would that well positioned, however, even under in other environments. search mines, if any were nearby, to look for the U.S. verification program, which is strict PROBLEMS OF SECOND PHASE suspicious conditions. er than the Soviet Union's. Unless the first phase aerial reconnaissance CHANCES "CLOSE TO ZERO" How good a job onsite inspectors can or succeeds in a day or two, the most promising will be allowed to do is one of the major As late as 1960 American scientists ad issues of controversy in the test ban nego technique of phase two would be handi vised the Joint Congressional Atomic Ener tlations in Geneva. capped. gy Committee that the chances of catch Identifi:cation of underground nuclear ex This technique is ·a recording unit for ing a cleverly concealed shot would be "close plosions at close range is a matter of long registering aftershocks of earthquakes. The to zero." Onsite inspection was singled out standing controversy which probably will unit is small enough to be transported on as one of the weakest links in the detection not subside until, and unless. a cheater is ac a small panel truck, and presumably would identiflcation chain. tually caught in the act. be airlifted to the vicinity of the 1-square Aside from finding a realistically small area mile area singled out 1n phase one. in which to drlll, there is the problem of how THREE PHASES OF INSPECTION In tests at the Nevada underground tests, deep to dig. The United States sees three phases in a and on earthquakes, major distinguishing In the United States' first underground typical onsite inspection: First, aerial re characteristics have been found. Nuclear shot, the 1.7 kiloton Rainier explosion in connaissance in the general area to which exploslons produce aftershocks for only 3 or Nevada in. 1957, it took 4 months to flnd long-distance seismic evidence points; sec 4 days, and their number falls oft drastically the radioa..ctive pocket, e:ven though the drill ond, surface investigation of an area hope after the first few hours. Earthquakes pro ers knew exactly where the bomb had been fully measuring only a few square miles, iso duce aftershocks for many days, even weeks. fired. lated in the first phase; third, drilling to Aftershocks caused by explosions emanate Presumably drilling times have by now flnd radioactive debris from the suspected from a central point, but those from earth been drastically shortened. But the ~ainier nuclear explosion. quakes occur over a much broader area. shot was buried only 900 feet. Now there is Under the American inspection plan, which On the basis of this experience, one De talk that a sneak shot would be buried Russia has not accepted, a team of 20 to 30 fense Department expert concludes that if 6,000 to 10,000 feet. men would go by plane to the area of 40 If each dr111 hole dug by an onsite in on-site inspection teams could reach the site spection team had to go 10,000 feet the time to 200 square miles within which seismology within 3 to 4 days after the event, "the can now pinpoint a possible violation of a to cover even a small suspect area obviously presence of aftershoeks would be a strong would be long. And few would expect the treaty. indication that the event was natural in I! the suspicious event happened in the Soviet Union to permit a large number of Soviet Union, some members of the team origin." drill teams to work on its territory, in order might be American, but all might be other The event could then be identified as an to cut the time. non-Soviet nationals. The United States re earthquake and the on-site inspection team This question of Soviet cooperation is one cently dropped its demand for American· rep could go home. that hangs ;heavy over the whole onsite in resentation on onsite-teams sent to the So Absence of aftershocks, however, would spection idea. viet Union. not necessarily indicate an underground ex If the inspectors were to encounter a hos plosion. It might merely mean that the FIRST PHASE IS CRITICAL tile environment, which is not at all hard to first-phase aerial survey had pointed to the imagine in the Soviet Union, the prospects The first phase of aerial inspection would wrong place. of catching a sneak shot would be less be to reduce quickly the area of suspicion Aftershocks might even be used as a mask favorable, even the ·optimists acknowle~ged . to 1 square mile or so. for a sneak test by a clever cheater. Since SENATE HEARINGS SET A helicopter would comb the area to look 1958 seismologists have been warning that for visible characteristics of an underground one of the major methods for beating a test The Senate will get a chance to judge the explosion such- as craters, circular patterns ban would be to trigger a clandestine nu pluses and minuses of the test-ban control of surface cracks, disturbed soil, and vege~ clear explosion on an earthquake. system if American, British and Soviet ne tation patterns. · gotiators do reach agreement at Geneva. A nine-lensed aerial camera is being de EVIDENCE OF CHEATER One of the most influential committees in veloped .to use the latest color, infrared, and Other methods besides monitoring after making up the Senate's. mind will be the other techniques to. seek varying pe.tterns shocks are available in the second phase of Joint Atomic Energy Committee. As prep in the terrain. surface surveying. One ls visual inspection, aration for the decisions that may lie ahead, There is no disagreement that the job will by ·which some ·ofilcials in the Defense ·De Chairman PASTORE, Democrat of Rhode Is be dimcult. Defense Department omclals partment put great store. Clever as a land, has ordered ·public hearings next week. 6552 .CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE April ,15 Test-ban supporters and foes are now pre Kremlin representatives have stuck by a urgency appea-ring ·on- -0ur side rather paring to J>resent the~r v~ews _. Their start suggestion made by eight neutral nations at than on the side· of the S'Oviets. · ing point may well be this recent s~mary Geneva that onsite inspections be conduct There being no objection, the -article of the prospects for onsite inspection by ed only by invitation of the power suspected o! having violated tlle treaty. W~ <;>rdered to be I?rin~e9 iµ_the - ~ECpJtD, Dr. Charles c. Bates, chief of the ,under as follows: · ground test-detection unit in the Depart WOULD ACCEPT ment of Defense: The United States has indicated to Rus DANGER OF EXPRESSING WAR FEARS; - RUSSIANS "On the basis of results to date, it would sia it can accept as few as seveJ:! onsite in-_ MAY GET THE WRONG IDEA appear that the localization and identifica spections per year inside the Soviet Union (By David Lawrence) . tion of contained nuclear explosions of great-. if other features of the system to verify that er than nominal yield that occur within one Paradoxical as it may seem,· the greJ,~st no nuclear tests are being cond~cted are or two thousand feet of the surface can be danger of war today is the constant expres achieved through seismic detection and use adequate. . sion of a fear of war. . Premier ·Khrushchev re~ated yesterday of full-scale onsite inspection techniques. . The sacrifice of principle. to e~ffiillunlst base in Cuba. can, if he goes to great lengths, occasionally He said: "We llve with a lot of dangerous fool the cop. ent detection network covering all of Soviet territory. ~n the. Rlissian. view, t;iie· ASso-: situations all over the world. Berlin is one. "If, for example, the cheater constructed There are many others. And we live with a a very large cave underground, or if he sent elated Press reported from Geneva, the black a nuclear warhead millions of miles out into '!:>oxes would only be auxiliary instrument!! good deal of hazard all around the world and in the SOviet Union's three most eart}\quake have for 15 years. I cannot ·set down any space, he might succeed in detonating a nu time in which I can clearly see the end to the clear bomb without being caught." prone areas which would cross-check reportS from other nations' seismic stations. Castro regime. I believe it is going to come, LEAD TOO GREAT · Western delegates said this would leave but I .couldn't possibly .give a time ·timit. I "But this kind of capability would not give JnOSt of the Soviet :Unlon outside the range think that those who do, -sometimes mislead. the Soviet Union a chance to ~ake any sub of the "black boxes" and would render the "I remember a good deal of talk in the stantial inroads into the U.S. nuclear lead. whole "black box" idea virtually meaningless. early 1950's about liberation, how eastern The chances of the soviet Union conducting Officials here said there is an outside Europe was .going to be liberated. Then we a series of tests which would remain un chance the draft treaty will not be presentec; pad Hungary and Poland and Eas1? Germany, detected are vanishingly small. at Geneva, but they acknowledged it is more and no action was -taken. And the reason The probability that the advantage to b~ likely the document will be advanced soot). the action wasn't taken was because they felt gained from a single test would be sumcient to put more pressure on the Soviet Union strongly, .i! they did take action, it woUld to make an attempted evasion worth while, _to accept a nuclear tes:t ban. pring on another war. is also vanishingly small." · ··.. so it is quite easy to discuss these things Mr. Beam acknowledged that a nuclear test Mr. MILLER. Finally, Mr. President, and say one thing ·or anot™'r ought to be ban "by itself will not prevent the spread I ask unanimous consent to have printed done. But when they start_ talking aJ>out of nuclear weapons." ms remarks were in the RECORD an article written by the how,. and when they .start talking about taken as an elaboration of the views ex esteemed columnist, David Lawrence, en Am.ericans. inv!lding CUba and_ killing thou pressed by President Kennedy at his press sands of Cubans and Americans, with all the conference last week when he said his pri titled "Danger of Expressing War Fears: hazards around the ~orld, that_ ls a very mary aim in seeking a test ban was to pre Russians May Get the· Wrong ·Idea," serious de~is.ion, ~d I notice that that_ is vent proliferation of nuclear weapons. which, I might add, ties iii with what I not approached directly bi a good many who • • • • said in my remarks about the sense of have discussed the problem." · 1963 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 6553 But these words of a President are read ls only true, of course, if you took-the precau greater scope, were wmtng to play for great everywhere, including Moscow. Do these ut tion to lock your wife in her room while er prizes against greater odds, and 1n some terances mean that, unless this country is· you're here. areas of the world it became omctal policy to directly attacked, a resolute stand wlll not The first thing you have to do to make a · court the death of a third of a population to be taken by the United States, even 1! it speech or otherwise communicate with a gain something called world domination. means war? group here is to be sure you get some of the In these days of rapidly expanding knowl The 8'oviet Government may ponder that atmosphere and the language of the commu edge about advancing technologies, it is pos question, for it ne.ver stops testing its ad nity in what you have to say. This came to sible for everything to happen quicker and versaries. Mr. Kennedy stood firm last Oc me most forcefully in 1957 in July, when we to be known quicker, for the tragic to be tober, but questions have arisen now as to were here for the first 11,ve firing of the nu more devastating and totaL Weaponry ad· what will be done by the United States about clear warhead rocket at Yucca Flats. Sun vantages have taken on such great- connota the continued presence in Cuba of 17,000 mil day came that first week, and I wondered tions politically, they can hold an aggressive itary men from the Soviet Union. The critics what kind of a sermon a minister would nation or power bloc at bay, or failure to ac have helped by bringing this issue to a head. preach here, so I went to church. He chose quire them by a friendly government or bloc The reason, to be sure, why nothing was the 10 Commandments that day as his text, may so upset the public, or the electorate done in Hungary and Western Europe is and made the usual admonitions about keep that the affected governments may shake or that the West lost its nerve. The Soviets ing them. Nothing new so far. As he came fall, or both. knew the West wouldn't dare to go the limit to the summation of his sermon, he pointed It is safe to say today that more of world to uphold the principles of the United Na his finger out generally over the congrega affairs turn on security of nations and peo tions Charter and protect the oppressed peo tion and saltl: "And verily I say unto you, if ples than on anything else. The age-old ples who sought to assert their independence you keep these Commandments, yours will be question is still: "How safe are we?" and if only to find the Soviet armies overwhelming a jackpot of divine grace." there ls any doubt, the question stm ls: them by force. - I don't know whether he changed any "How much to fix it?" and the fork-over is Yet in 1950, collective action by the United minds that day, but as they would say pretty cheerfully accomplished. Nations saved Korea and repelled aggression. around the green tables, he made his point. One of the smaller expenditures in the Many American boys died in that cause, as My assignment today is to make some military budget has consistently been in indeed some Americans have been killed points for aerospace defense. My appear aerospace defense, but even so, there has recently in South Vietnam to check Com ance here ts in the nature of a man's past been some remarkable progress. Right now, munist infiltration of an independent coun catching up with him, since before joining_ when it is possible for an orbiting device try. Litton Industries in Beverly Hills, Calif., to be on opposite sides of the world in a in January, I had the distinction of serving half hour, the North American Air Defense Neglect of Hungary led to the assertion longer straight time in aerospace defense of Soviet arrogance in East Berlin. Now, 1! Command has come to. be a focal ·point f~r than anyone else-almost a third of my 30 the free world. It notes from minute-to the United States despite all its outward years in uniform. . show of firmness--should really lean to a mlnute the status of unknown aircraft and· In my time, it went from World War II submarines approaching the continent. It policy of peace at any price in Cuba or any leftover prop7driven plap.e& with m.achinegun where else, there could finally be a provoca has the character and speed of the jet stream and cannon mounts and antiaircraft guns and other winds aloft to indicate the cheap tion to war. Winston Churchill, after World to an ability which it now possesses to track War II was over, wrote of the mistakes of the tramc routes for an air_ attack at any_given . every mantnade object in air and space hour. It has the number of payloa~s ln 1930's: over or approaching North America as well orbit, as_. well as the space junk which ac "Still, if you will not fight for the right as an ability to considerably shatter a companied them. It ls NORAD's position when you can easily win without bloodshed; manned bomber or cruise missile attack in that it must keep track of everything in or if you will not fight when your victory will the atmosphere. der to se~ whether there have been any ~ew be sure and not too costly; you may come to This very existence of ap. Aerospace De joiners, and what, 1! any, they represent in) the moment when you wlll have to fight with fense Force, which is called the North security danger. Not only ls all this infor all the odds against you and only a pre American Air Defense Command, is a mation sent to the Canadian and U.S. Joint carious chance of survival. fascinating continental development. It Chiefs oi Staff regularly, but it is also fed_ "There may even be a worse case. You came about because two nations, Canada by undersea cables and microwave relays to may have to fight when there is no hope of and the United States, looking up and out_ fighter command in England and Supreme· victory, because it is better to perish than at threat avenues, thought their mutual Headquarters, Allied Powers, Europe, in_ live as slaves." security was really one problem to which Paris. · each country within its .resources could As far as complementing warning of at-' allocate weapons systems and people trained tack in the atmosphere, U.S. Air Force and. TRIBUTE TO COL. BARNEY and ready to be employed on a moment's Marine Corps and Royal Canadian Air Force· OLDFIELD :i;i.otice. It came about, but it wasn't easy. nghter interceptors, U.S. and Canadian Bo-: It ls always hard when two or more coun mare missiles, and U.S. Arm.y' Nike batter-. Mr. GOLDWATER. Mr. President, it tries and two ·or more political leaders sit ies could rise to meet it and make a rather has been my pleasure· to have known cot over two or_ more military establishments rough picket fence for an enemy attacker' Barney Oldfield for many a year through trying for a single strategy. to slide into the targe't complexes: my Regular and Reserve relations with North America had a ·traclltional view of But when it comes to the ballistic· mis the Air Force. Colonel Oldfield, an ac warmaking, once it was forced on the sile attack, the polar oriented Balllstlc Mis-. peoples who live here. That view was to complished writer and speaker, has given slle Early Warning System would ~ignal ap. mount an offensive as soon as the produc proach from the Eurasian land mass, but we much to the Air Force and to the mili tion line could be mobilized, and fiood the tary strength of our country, so I am have no ab111ty as yet to shoot down such enemy at some far away point or points a weapons system. _In fact, areospace de happy to see that, even though he is re with all ·the newest technologies until he fenses need to advance into capabillties tired from active duty, he is continuing was overwhelmed and sued ·tor peace. This such as these: · to speak out on matters of concern to was when time was plentiful, but the year (1) The antimissile missile. The best bet our o1f ensive and defensive capabilities. I was commissioned-1932-a 12-month chain of coincidences (February 1932 is the Army's research and development pro I ask unanimous consent that a speech to gram called Nike X. Although its fore he made before the convention of the· February 1933) was the time of some seem runner Nike-Zeus has had oome successes in ingly routine history which changed all major tests over the Pacific, it is stlll not in. National Lime Association be printed in that. the RECORD at this place in my remarks. . Roosevelt became President, Hitler took production, or deployed. . (2) The improved manned interceptor, or power in Ge~many, and a man named James There being no objection, the address IMI, this is a fighter aircraft, capable of was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Chadwick made a discovery. Hitler was to start a war wh~ch would c~ange the outlook 2,000 miles an hour in speed, and range of at as follows: · of the world at large. Roosevelt was to give lease a thousand miles. It ls necessary to go REMARKS BY COL. BARNEY. OLDFIELD, U.S. Am the go-ahead to a project to make an atomic far out and catch, as well as shoot down a FORCE, RETIRED, BEFORE THE CONVENTION OF weapon useful in war. And James Chad bomber carrier of an air-launched ballistic THE NATIONAL LIME ASSOcIATlON, LAS VEGAS, wick discovered the neutron which was the missile. The standoff employment of a mis NEV., APRn. 4, 1963 ' ~ey to atomic fission. That chain of unre sile from a bomber unopposed would be a. Members of the National Lime Association: l_ated ev~nts in that 12 months gave those way of pitching a lethal warhead into the Since this is the third day of your Las Vegas of us who survived some of the catastrophic target without the carrier exposing itself convention, it ls assumed by the turnout that. consequences a new polnt of view. · to close-in defenses. you have all had your losing streak and that's '. Everything from then on had to be bigger, ( 3) A warning system which will cover all behind you. This is one of the few conven-_ except the globe we live on. It had shrunk. approaches to the continent, rather than tion cities in the United States which la Ideas .were bigger. Nations were bigger. just the northern routes, with particular strong on the unconventional, where you ac-; Power alliances were grander in concept. capability to detect sublaunched missile tually make money by $1tting. safely awax Politics spilled O\l'er national boundaries, and firings. This undoubtedly has to be an from temptation in~ ·convention hall.- -nits' tried to stake out space. Me~ thought with orbital system. CIX----413 6554 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE April 15 (4) A satellite inspector, plus a follow-on so far the province of everyone, ;free and siles and light bombers. Perhaps a deal satellite destroyer. clear, the regular passage of a the:rmon.uclear was involved by which we abandoned our There· are some who pooh-pooh these warhead of origin in any ~ountry which 45 Thors and Jupiters in Italy and Turkey things as having no meaning if we just holds its electronic trigger is bound to make for the Soviet recall of . 42 missiles from m,aintain .a st.ron.g offensive position. De political rumes of high order as .it passes Cuba. In any event, the Soviet force went. terrence is only credible, however, if we are over others. Our country lias already ruled Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara went flexible enough to make an enemy pay so this development out, in a speech made by on television and presented an unprecedented heavily for entry he stays put. To have an Deputy Secretary of Defense Gilpatric last intelligence briefing to the Nation which offense without a complementing defense is September, but he did say that we would demonstrated that the offensive threat from risky business. Very few professional fight defend ourselves in space if the Soviet Union Cuba had evaporated. ers, even a Sonny Liston, would stand with forces us to do so. However, subsequent testimony by various hands behind their backs and give Floyd So the gauntlet is down for the scien intelligence chiefs showed that the Soviets Patterson one roundhouse punch hoping to tific and engineering fraternity to meet the are making considerable use of a large num be able to recover and beat him. The num military specifications in this regard, and for ber of caves on the Caribbean island. The ber of punches which get through are less none to say that the defensive is not worth impression was left that they are setting ened if a man, or a power bloc keeps dukes up. the doing. It may well be that it will be the up arms stores as well as supplies for de It is popular in many quarters to say that only thing left which can be done. fensive ground-to-air rockets and the more no defense could block a determined attack, In many quarters now, there is wishful than 100 Mig-17's, 19's, and 21's which, in but what is a determined attack? On that thinking that our best defense, aerospace or addition to thousands of Soviet military men long ago July day, 1957, when we fired the otherwise, is apt to be the growling between and technicians, admittedly have stayed be first atomic rocket here at Yucca Flats it the Soviet Union and Red China. The saf hind. (A prominent American traveler in turned several hundred cubic yards of the est way to size that one up is this: suppose CUba. recently gave a private estimate of atmosphere into a molten ball-even a near you were dead and at an undertaking par S0,000.) miss would be effective, and it would be no lor, but were permitted to hear an argument Yet the conclusions which Mr. McNamara picnic, even with determination, to stand up between that undertaker and a collegue presented to his audience are valid only if to that kind of opposition in either a manned about fee-splitting for your funeral. Would one particular assumption is granted, namely, bomber or cruise missile. The Bomarc and it make you any less dead? Or make you feel that the Soviets do not now possess neutron the Nike-Hercules could make the same better about your impending interment at bombs and warheads. Soviet understanding nuclear impression. Determination can their collective hands? of neutron technology is well documented. terminate in destruction, and the present We have had considerable success in Programs designed to achieve a neutron aerospace defense system of North America achieving an aerospace defense capab111ty, capability are of such a kind that intelli packs a lot of destruction potential. which 10 years ago would have been thought gence would discover them only through a This has been a tough century for the fantastic, and we should go on from here. lucky break. Notably, many of the test pooh-pooher. At its turn, in 1900, a prom The country or man who sits on past suc shots needed to develop this technology inent man said of the automobile that a cesses is apt to smother under the future would not be nuclear and therefore, even if town the size of Philadelphia should expect successes of others. Thank you. detected, might be disregarded. Most nu to have as many as 100 cars by 19·50. When clear shots leading to the fusion of deuteri Louis Bleriot flew an airplane over the um and tritium, whether with or without an English Channel in 1909, it was mostly as WASHINGTON REPORT initial fission trigger, would be on the frac sessed as a nervy and foolhardy stunt. The tional kiloton level. Hence, they would first Army requirement for an aircraft was Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, the escape detection. that it be able to fly S days march ahead American Security Council has been pub If the Soviets were in possession of neutron of the Infantry, and return, and otherwise be lishing many outstanding articles for the devices, they could fit them into very small collapsible so it could be hauled on a wagon. purpose of encouraging and supporting missiles which do not require fixed-launch And World War I was to be a war to end wars, the maintenance of a strong national installations but could be fired from trucks. and make the world safe for democracy. defense posture in this country. One of They also could fit light neutron bombs on We look back on these things, with the their Mig fighters. If so, the Migs would help of hindsight, and say, "How foolish? the best reports issued by the American have a good portion of the Southeastern How could smart men have been so dumb, Security Council through its Washington States, some parts of Texas, and a number so short in visualizing what the future would Report is being made available to the of SAC bases within their range. hold?" But then, we come to the present public today and is entitled "Toward a The moral of this discussion is that over day, and what happens? Technological Pearl Harbor?" This is reliance on air reconnaissance, though it is A man named Khrushchev has said the sue of the Washington Report, dated a most valuable intelligence technique, may Russians have an antimissile missile, which, April 15, 1963, was written by an out cause disaster. This is particularly true in as he puts it, could hit a fly in the sky. standing educator and expert on com all those cases where coverage is spotty and Last August, two Russians, Nikolayev and infinitely less complete than the coverage we Popovich made more than 112 orbits of the munism and psychological warfare, Dr. obtained over Cuba. earth over a 4-day period, and in that 112 Stefan T. Possony. To avoid surprise, it is not good enough to orbits, they were over Nort;t:i America 70 I ask unanimous consent that this ex send out, in the last minute, reconnaissance times. Just 6 weeks ago, one of Russia's cellent report be printed in the RECORD aircraft to get photographic evidence. It is military leaders declared his country was at the conclusion of these remarks. even more necessary to interpret the enemy's now able to launch a rocket from a satellite. There being no objection, the report intention accurately and in time. Above all, Much to the dismay of those who are gen was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, it is imperative to anticipate his technologi uinely concerned, these utterances tend to cal moves which precede the actual act of be dismissed as propaganda, and because we as follows: aggression by many years. On this point, do not yet have these capabilities ourselves, TOWARD A TECHNOLOGICAL PEARL HARBOR? the present administration has proved itself a fallacious premise is resorted to--if we The Cuban affair offered a unique oppor to be particularly bemused. The civilian haven't got it, they possibly couldn't have it. tunity to test how well the United States is leadership in the Pentagon ignores the possi Most of us would prefer even the partial pro being prepared to forestall surprise attack. b111ty that perhaps the Soviets are embarked tection of a deployed but less than ulti How did we make out? Unfortunately, not upon a neutron bomb program. They have mate weapons system designed for aerospace very well. made it abundantly clear that the United threats than a poorly founded premise. By the summer of 1962, we had sold our States will not go in for such a weapon. It Imagine the predicament we would have been selves on the notion that Khrushchev was is being suggested in Washington that a in for aircraft if Orville and Wilbur Wright operating on a genuinely peaceful coexist technological plateau has been reached, had been told in 1910 that what they had ence policy and that, therefore, any major which allegedly allows us to pause before we wasn't good enough, that we would wait un nuclear maneuver by the Soviets was out decide on acquiring new weapons systems. til they built a jet which would carry atomic of the question. Hence, we disregarded Evidence on continuing and accelerating armament. numerous indicators which were pointing technological advances in the Soviet Union A wisecrack, deprecating opinion, or state to a massive Soviet m111tary buildup on ls pooh-poohed systematically or passed over ment of airy dismissal is often hard to live CUba. in silence. It may be useful, therefore, to with when the future turns into the pres Two days after the Air Force was allowed take a short look at some of the weapons ent a.s it does rather rapidly these days. to fly reconnaissance missions, clearcut in which the Soviets seem to be developing in In aerospace defenses, we are now at a very telligence of an offensive Soviet nuclear mis order to insure our "burial." critical point. sile and aircraft buildup was obtained. Had Chief Marshal of Aviation Konstantine It is one thing to have missiles of inter we hesitated only a . few days longer, the Vershinin has reiterated frequently that continental range in-silos on your own soil, initial Soviet missile force in Cuba would though the decisive _role in war henceforth and manned bombers based in your own have been in operational readiness. _ will_ be .played by long-range missiles, no country or on the soil of allies, but it is Confronted with unmistakable evidence, future mllltary operations wm be feasible quite another if weapons of mass destruction the United States reacted sharply. We forced without the participation of large numbers were to be placed in orbit. While space 1s the Soviets to withdraw their offensive mis- of aircraft. The main role ·tn aviation, ac- 1963 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD - SENATE 6555 · cording to Vershinin, will be assigned to then is the Pentagon still -draggfng its feet biggest devices tested by the Soviets and rocket-carrying bombers capable of striking in- allowing the Atr F'orce to participate, in they are smaller than several of the bombs· not only stationary but also moving land an effective manner, in this NASA project? which the Soviets tested during 1962. As and sea targets from a long standoff range. In October 1960 Mr. Kennedy, in a now for things stand today, the Soviets have tested The Soviet Badger and Bear bombers, which gotten speech, recognized that control of twice as many high-yield devices as the have been overfiying our carriers; are known space would entail control of the earth. United States. Hence they ·should be ahead to be equipped with air-to-surface missiles. This was a correct assessment, but we are of us in the technology of high-yield bombs On March 13, 1963, Soviet news broadcasts making no determined effort to achieve, at an and warheads. In March 1962, this was al boasted that Russia has a missile that "can early date, a full capab1lity for manned and · most admitted by President Kennedy him be delivered to any point on the globe" from militarily useful space flight. We stm are self. But there again, nothing is undertaken an intercontinental bomber. The range from paying lipservlce to the ridiculous dogma to correct the deficiency. bomber to target was claimed to be "a few that space is good only for peaceful purposes This policy of no-decisions has been creat hundred miles." Future Soviet bombers and we are defiectlng most of our massive ing almost unmanageable' problems for the which will be using air-to-surface missiles space budget away from using space as a United States. For example, in the summer as their "basic equipment" (Izvestiya, Dec. medium to enhance the security of the of 1962, the Secretary of Defense announced 23, 1962), will have supersonic speed and United States. that henceforth the United States, when reach an altitude of 98,000 feet. {The So The commander of the soviet Union's ever possible, would pursue a counterforce viets have a limited number of supersonic strategic rocket forces, Marshal S. S. Bir instead of a countervalue strategy. This bombers now.) Insofar as the Pentagon is yuzov disclosed (Feb. 22, 1963) that it "has means that we would prefer to attack mili concerned, it has canceled our long-range now become possible to launch, at a com tary targets such as missile sites and air Skybolt missile and would like to kill the mand from · earth, rockets from a satellite, bases, but seek to spare cities. A counter RS-70. Our B-52 bombers will be phased anJ. this at any desirable time at any point force strategy has undisputed merits, but it out in 1968. Without the RS-70, there will in the satelllte trajectory." Privately, Khru is not enough to announce it: One almost be no replacement. shchev has made a similar statement, al must develop the means to implement the Chief Marshal Vershinin also disclosed: though he declared that the first such device concept. "The further perfecting of new types of air developed by the Soviets will not be put in Yet under Mr. McNamara's administra craft is intended to increase their cellings, operation because his scientists are working tion, missiles with small rather than large speed, and range. With this goal in mind, on a better model. The Cosmos series of warheads are preferred and bomber air work is being done to create atomic en Soviet-launched satellites--this is the type craft which carry the largest firepower are gines." One of Mr. McNamara's first acts with which they carried out their first ren to be "phased out." Not surprisingly, half as Secretary of Defense was to cancel the dezvous experiment-may be related to this a year after his counterforce announcement, atomic jet engine. development. Yet the Pentagon continues Mr. McNamara, suddenly recognizing the Col. Gen. V. F. Tolubko, first deputy com to insist that it makes no sense to place probability that the Soviets would harden ma.nder in chief of strategic rocket forces, nuclear bombs into orbit. It even goes so their missile sites, indicated that in the fu disclosed in Krasnaya Zvezda (Feb. 20, 1963) far as to assert that at the present time ture a counterforce strategy may prove im the om.cial organ of the Soviet defense there is no discernible military function in practical. Moreover, Mr. McNamara ts now ministry, that the Soviet Union already pos space. not even a need to defend the United buying a strategic force which, by type and Resses antimissile defense weapons. The States against nuclear weapons which the numbers of weapons, can be used effectively Washington Evening Star revealed on March Soviets might launch from orbital vehicles. only against cities. 14, 1963, that the U.S. intelligence has It is noteworthy that Marshal Biryuzov, But this is not the end of the contradic spotted a probable antimissile defense com who obviously is a partisan of the orbital tion: With growing accuracy and super yields plex being erected around Leningrad. This bomb, has since been appointed chief of staff the Soviets are acquiring a counterforce ca was apparently revealed at closed hearings of the Soviet armed forces. This is the first pab1lity which can be used against our hard before the House Armed Services Appropria time that an expert in nuclear long-range ened missile sites. Mr. McNamara wants to tions Subcommittee in February, during warfare has held that position, which here get rid of bombers because he prefers an which both Mr. McNamara and Gen. Max tofore was reserved to proponents of ground invulnerable missile force. Present Soviet well Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs warfare. weapon trends show that our missile :force of Staff, were questioned. Confronted with It wm be said that statements by Soviet will not be invulnerable. Any good m111tary reports of the Leningrad missile complex, marshals or even Khrushchev are nothing historian might have told Mr. McNamara McNamara refused comment, saying that the but "Communist propaganda." But experi that the concept of invulnerab111ty always information was "sensitive." But General ence has proved, time and time again, that proved to be a snare and an illusion. Taylor warned that "we face the possib111ty the Soviets talk about new weapons systems By hook or crook, we are abandoning the of a cold war defeat" because the Soviets only when they have such weapons under nuclear race. Frantically, we pursue the nu may beat the United States to an antimis development. Perhaps the Soviets will prove clear test-ban treaty. Instead of catching sile missile. (Washington Evening Star, . unable soon to build a nuclear jet engine. up, we continue to negotiate. Mar. 29, 1963). Nevertheless the Pentagon Perhaps the semicosmic plane will appear The pattern has been that, with the ex has put the quietus on the Nike-Zeus system only in 15 or 25 years. There is no question ception of a minor beefing-up o:f our guer and is now embarked on a substitute project, however that the orbital bomb ls entirely rilla capabllities, the ordering of a joint Air the Nike-X, which will take many years to feasible now. And, there is no doubt that Force-Navy fighter, and the contracting of complete, and which in the end might not the soviets have tested antimissiles and Titan IlI-not for a mmtary space program be approved either. could be deploying them now as an anti but as a "building block" should such a pro The well-known aircraft designer, Artem missile defense system. Such an initial sys gram become necessary in the dim future- Mikoyan, predicted a "semicosmic" airplane, tem might be relatively ineffective, but its Mr. McNamara, during more than 2 years in with variable geometry wings, an extended propaganda effect would be enormous. om.ce, has not authorized a single new range of several times 100,000 miles, and a There are a number of additional facts weapon system. He is slowing down our speed of 6 to 8 Mach. The Pentagon is most which the Pentagon never disputed but technological progress deliberately. anxious to kill our experimental orbital which it is anxious to keep concealed. Colo If we allow the Soviets to acquire vastly plane, the X-20 or Dyna-Soar, because it nel General Tolubko derisively compared the superior nuclear firepower; if we confront allegedly duplicates a NASA project. This biggest American warheads installed in Titan a mixed Soviet strategic force consisting of contention is not entirely unjustified be with soviet missile warheads "whose powers missiles as well as aircraft, with only a mis cause the X-20 would be fl.own some time attain 100 million tons." Some skeptics sile force; if we do not have the missile de after NASA's Gemini and would have a may dispute that the Soviets have 100 mega fenses while the Soviets possess a capability smaller crew. On the other hand, the X-20 ton warheads now, but hardly any expert to shoot down our missiles; and if the So has a far superior landing capabUity-a fea denies that their warhead capab111ty is in viets achieve military space capab111ty ture which, of course, is of the greatest the 50-million-ton range and will reach the against which we cannot defend ourselves importance, if we ever are to obtain a gen 100-m1llion-ton level in the future. General and for which we have no offensive equip uine space capability. Tolubko ls absolutely right: Yield-wise, U.S. ment-then there is no doubt that we would But let us grant that Gemini has many warheads are llmplng behind Soviet warheads be defeated or could win only at the price of advantages over the X-20. Secretary Mc by one full order of magnitude. Yet the excessive American casualties. Namara recently visited the Boeing plant Pentagon has announced no decision to cor The fact that we presently are investing where the X-20 is being designed. After rect this deadly deficiency. ln R. & D. 50 cents :for every dollar we are his return, it was announced that a decision Even more frightening is the fact that ac spending on procurement means that we are on the X-20 was postponed for 6 months, cording to lieutenant general of the air force financing many exploratory research pro which implies that the decision to klll the N. Sbytov, the Soviets possess a bomb with grams. It does not mean that we are mod X-20 will be made when Congress no longer a yield of 160 million tons (Kraznaya Zvezda, ernizing our decisive weapon _systems. Per is in session. But if we can improve on the Feb. 12, 1963). This claim may be some haps the philosophy of "the biggest bang X-20, why waste money for 6 months and what inflated as yet, but to judge from the for the buck" had its faults. But the present lose time? Soviet tests of 1961, such a bomb ls fully philosophy of "the least· bangs for the most Suppose Gemini is the project behind within Soviet capabilities. Our biggest · bucks" courts disaster. All things consid- . which we should put all our resources; why bombs have only about half the yield of the ered, it does not look as though under the 6556 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE April· 15 stewardship of Robert Strange McNamara, Difficulty, however, is no excuse for sitting goals you will find t heir achievement de the United States is being equipped to fore still, or turning back. This ls not the. na pends on the individual and the education of stall - a. nuclear and technological Pearl ture of the people of North Carolina., and the individual. Harbor. I am sure it is not the nature of the people The fundamentals of self-fulfillment, the of America.. responsib111ty of citizenship, and the success In North Caroli.na we do have ·a mission, of democracy itself depend· on the quality ADDRESS BY GOV. TERRY SAN and our people believe in it, and we are and scope of our education. FORD, OF NORTH CAROLINA moving and working and finding greater hope Scientific advancement, au cultural prog than at any time in our history. ress, and an effective growing economy will Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, the ad Like the people of most States we are be determined by the excellence of our edu ministration of North Carolina's distin proud of many things. We were the site for cation. guished Governor, Terry Sanford, has, the first English colony in the New World. Adjustment to technological changes, farm with great success, pursued a program Here to Roanoke Island came Sir Walter's practices, urban environment will be found bold adventurers and sturdy settlers, deter only through a more dynamic system of of quality education for our State. On mined to make a new world and to know April 8, Governor Sanford, in a speech education. a better chance for every man. It was here The health of the people, their rehabilita before the First National Conference of at this spot in North Carol~na that Virginia tion where needed, will be served by educa the National Committee for the Support Dare was born the first child to English tion. of Better Public Schools, explained parents in America. The stability of government is a result of North Carolina's education program and What were these people, a part of our her education. how other States might benefit from our itage, seeking? They were looking for the Education itself in the future will be a chance for the individual that couldn't be product of the education of today, for the mission for better education. found in the confines of the narrow England I ask unanimous consent that his level of attainment of future teachers will be of their day. a result of the level of excellence of today. speech, which I believe will be of great Paul Green described this bit of North Diplomacy, defense, foreign policy, emerg interest to my colleagues, be printed at Carolina soil as the place where "once walked ing countries and the other headlines are this point in the RECORD. the men of dreams" singing a new song, "a written today and will be written tomorrow There being no objection, the address song for ages yet unborn." by the performance of our educated men and was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, "O new and mighty world to be," they women, so the hope of the free world will be as follows: sang, "O land majestic, free, unbounded.'' determined by education. For 375 years since the birth of Virginia ADDRESS BY Gov. TERRY SANFORD AT FIRST In spite of the importance of education to Dare and the days of Gov. John White and world peace and national defense, the job of NATIONAL CONFERENCE, NATIONAL COM the disappearance of the first colony beyond MITTEE FOR SUPPORT OF THE PuBLIC education remains the primary task of the the tree marked "Croatoan" this dream has State. It is a constitutional duty in most SCHOOLS, STATLER-HILTON HOTEL, WASH remained the song of settlers, pioneers, im INGTON, D.C., MONDAY, APRIL 8, 1963 States. migrants, and Americans seeking the chance I think the States understand this. In Friday night a lea.ding American educator for the individual. talking to Governors, in reading messages to was at my house for dinner, and I gathered This may very well be the goal we a.re most of the legislative bodies, I am impressed for discussion several school leaders, college attempting to define today. I think it is. with the official attention being given to edu executives, and others charged with the fu We are still trying to achieve the chance for cation. ture of North Carolina.. the individual. Many individuals have that Our job is to get the attention and support The rambling, easy conversation ranged chance, but many do not, even in North of the people. across our dreams and hopes, our attempts Carolina, even in America. Certainly our Our job is also to design the kind of school and failures, our spirit and faith, and our part in the Alliance for Progress shows we program which reaches everybody. Remem purpose as the people of an American State. comprehend that this goal is worth seeking ber Governor Aycock said "every child." One of the guests suggested that we no in Latin America. Surely we recognize this We will reach all of our goals if we give at longer seem to have any goals, and sense of desire among the people of the emerging na tention to the individual and his chance in mission. tions of Africa. Our foreign policy contem life. We talked of the depression of the thir plates that all freemen, and men who hope That we haven't remembered this is the ties, the war of the forties, the university to be free, are seeking some degree of in reason so many have not shared in the Amer in the twenties and thirties looking to the dividual dignity and opportunity. ican dream. needs of the people of the region who some Today in America this goal means that Too many are left out. how were not sharing in the life of America. every child should have the room and place The child of the disadvantaged area, who Those indeed, they reminisced, were the to grow and live, to get the most out of comes from a world of poverty to the strange days of mission. We knew we had a job to life, to give the most back to his genera world of school, finds a system not designed do. Scholars, political leaders, and people tion, no matter where born, no matter who for him, and from which most likely he wm generally dedicated themselves to the task his parents or how much money they might drop out. and nobody could fail to recognize the dedi have or might not have, no matter what his The teenager who didn't learn a skill, who cation. Professors came and stayed at lower color, no matter what the extent of his cannot find a job, who is tempted into crimi salaries than they could have received else capacity or the limitations of his ab111ties. nal activities, has missed out on the individ where because they "believed." The Governor of North Carolina at the turn ual chance. These were the days of war-war against of the century, Charles Brantley Aycock, put The Negro child who may study and work poverty and then war against tyranny. We it much better: "The equal right of every but cannot find admission to a job is denied had a mission and the mission was simple child born of woman to burgeon out all that his individual chance. and the people were united and determined. is within him." The retarded child for whom there are no Even frustrations and failure did not The several States of our country mu.st training programs has Inissed what little dampen the spirit of the mission. We un- understand that these opportunities for the cha.nee he might have had. derstand war. · individual cannot be achieved except by the The older man, employed but unskilled for But today those missions of the past sev action of the State. It cannot be done if years, suddenly eased out by automation, eral decades seem to have been accomplished. States are going to sit by and wait for the missed his first cha.nee and is now missing The New Deal is history. We have economic Federal Government. his last chance. problems, but no longer are we the Nation's This is true because the needs are too The talented and brilliant child, unchal No. 1 economic problem. We continue to broad and too diverse for central solution. lenged, allowed to 4rift along in school, is have tyranny loose in the world, but the It is also true because achieving these in missing his chance and the Nation is missing sciences have changed the risks in war. dividual opportunities is the beginning of his services. What now should be our purposes? What the achievement of all of our goals, and the The ordinary student, who goes to an ordi now should be our mission? way to do it remains the largest and most nary school, is going to miss his individual We cannot warm over the past, and fundamental Job of the American State. chance if his teachers are second rate, if his shouldn't. Everything seems so complex The way is education. courses are out of date, if his choice o1 now, so big, often so frightening. Small The communities must be Joined as part studies is sharply limited, if his school is less wonder that people look for easy solutions, ners, must provide leadership, must put in in quality than that of other students in attempt to find answers in simple alterna their share, but the States cannot a.void the other places with whom he must compete. tives. This may explain the fear so many responsibility by saying this is a local prob The good student who doesn't want to go people have of change, any change. This may lem. First leadership must come from the to college is going to miss his chance if he explain the rash of organizations and politi State. cannot find technical and other post high cal winners whose creed calls for the return I believe education is the mission of North school training. of the "good old days." Carolina, and indeed the primary mission of The good student who would do good col It is difficult to see the future, to under all American States. lege work will be missing his individual stand the present needs, to recognize, grasp, I know there are other goals for which chance if college is too remote, or too and follow our mission for the sixties. people speak, but if you wlll examine these expensive. 1963 CONGRESSIONAL -REG:ORD - SENATE 655'7 These are individuals who will miss the even against heavy odds and under adverse leased to work on the outside reimburse the · individual chance, who might move on and difficult circumstances. This applies to State for their board and lodging, support through life without ever having realized the every State. They will support it, pay for their families and, in some instances build dream of the "new and mighty world to be." it, believe in it, promote it, and make it their up trust funds that become available to The way for the State to progress is for mission as a people. them when they are finally discharged. Of individuals to progress. The reason for the The people of North Carolina are doing much greater importance, however, is the activities of the State is to help individuals this. Within their means they are providing rehabilitative effect · upon the prisoners find their chance. the financial support, but more important themselves. North Carolina thinks this goal is worth they have given it their spirit. As explained in a repor.t from Raleigh by the effort. All across the State teachers are working Robert E. Baker, of our staff, the North Caro This is our mission, and we are seeking our harder and students are understanding bet lina system holds out new hope to prisoners, mission through education. ter than ever before the importance of edu and the 20 percent who are selected for the I cite North Carolina as one example of cation. Superintendents, principals, school work-release privilege have the great ad what a State must do. Mainly, a State must board members, parents, college leaders, all vantage of a job and some adjustment to the take what it has, and start where it is, and understand that education is the path to outside world before they regain .complete dedicate itself to the task. progress, and all are ·caught up in the en freedom. The reasoning behind the pro North Carolina has embarked upon the thusiasm of making education the mission of gram starts with the fact that nearly all most ambitious program of public school im our people. prisoners (97 percent in North Carolina) will provement in the history of the State. For It so happens that this also must be the be released sometime. The interests of both the first time we have put education first. mission for America. It so happens that society and the prisoners are best served It shows what the people wm do. This was this also must be the . mission for the free if they are allowed to demonstrate their illustrated when our 1961 general assembly world. ability to hold a job and live within the law appropriated funds that raised North Caro This is something new for us. We have before the expiration of their terms. lina to first place in the Nation in the in been bent over pulling on our bootstraps so that our goals have had to be limited to The day may come when all prison in crease of educational expenditure over the mates will be required to test their stability previous biennium. New taxes were voted, part of America. We had regional problems, regional needs. When we talked of leader through the work-release method before be too, and that is a real test of a sense of ing paroled. If this taper-off system is mission. ship we meant leadership of the South. When we spoke of striving to be the best, coupled with compulsory schooling for the It is further mustrated by the fact that a illiterates, vocational training, psychiatric few weeks ago the chairman of the State we were talking of the best in the South. This ls no longer true. We understand counseling, and a rehabilitation program for board of education appeared before the 1963 alcoholics, the States may be able to re legislature to declare that he had no addi the mission. We are preparing to do our part in providing leadership for the Nation. duce the population of their prisons as some tional requests, that for the first time in the have done with their mental hospitals. history of the State all of the school requ~ts We know something about depressed areas were contained in the recommended budget. and our people will be helping in this coun Considering total Government expendi try and in Latin America. ·we know some tures, only three States spend a greater per thing about disadvantaged people and our ADJOURNMENT TO THURSDAY leaders will be helping in this country and centage than does North Carolina on educa NEXT tion. in Africa. We know something about the We have substantially expanded our pro value of giving everybody his best individual The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under grams for retarded children, in and out of chance, and we know about the needs for the order of Thursday last, the Senate institutions, in and out of schools, and we schools. We know what happens when some is to stand adjourned until noon on expect to continue until these folks have of our people do not have that chance, and Thursday of this week. Accordingly, the· their best individual chance. we are moving out to show the rest of the Senate is now adjourned. We have started programs for gifted chil Nation that the solutions can be found. dren, with over 2,000 enrolled last year, over We do have a mission. That mission is So, at 1: 30 p.m., under the order of 5,000 this year, and we expect to reach 50,- education. Thursday last, the Senate adjourned un 000 within a few years. In addition this til Thursday, April 18, 1963, at 12 o'clock summer we will have, as an incentive for meridian. the talented child, a free summer school for TAPER-OFF SYSTEM-NORTH CAR 400, with no credit but with demanding OLINA PRISON REFORM PROGRAM work. This is financed by the Carnegie Mr. ERVIN. Mr. President, recently NOMINATIONS Foundation and other private sources, to I called to the attention of the Senate a help poin1; the way for requiring the best Executive nominations received by the of the best. phase of North Carolina's progressive Senate April 15, 1963: We are working with ways now to ease prison reform program, as reported in a FOREIGN SERVICE the bewilderment of the disadvantaged child. news article by Robert Baker. Further E. Allan Lightner, Jr., of Maine, a For To help meet the requirements of rapid recognition of this beneficial plan, which eign Service officer of the class of career min industrial growth, to find a convenient op allows certain inmates to work in a free ister, to be Ambassador Extraordinary and portunity for the unemployed to develop new society by day, has come in an editorial Plenipotentiary of the United States of skllls, to pick up the dropouts, we have that appeared in the April 11, 1963, edi America to the United Kingdom of Libya. established 20 industrial education centers The following-named Foreign Service offi across the State, with the capacity to teach· tion of the Washington Post. I ask cers for promotion from class 1 to the class almost anything in almost any area. Last un.animous consent that the editorial, of career minister: year 26,000 students benefited, and we are entitled, "Tape~-Off System,"· which Aaron S. Brown, of New Hampshire. just beginning. praises North Carolina's work release . Henry A. Byroade, of Indiana. Salary raises for teachers and faculty mem program, be printed at this point in the Fulton Freeman, of California. bers draw more people into the teaching pro RECORD. Graham A. Martin, of Florida. fession, and keep more from leaving. There being no objection, the editorial· SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION The legislature is now setting up a system was ordered to be printed in the REC- Manuel Frederick Cohen, of Maryland, to of comprehensive community colleges that ORD, as follows: · be a member of the Securities and Exchange wlll reach all sections of the State, and wm TAPER-OFF SYSTEM Commission for the term of 5 years expiring greatly expand the ablllty of the existing June 5, 1968. schools to provide educational opportunity North Carolina has rendered a great serv of quality for our young people. We have ice to the science of penology by experiment TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY completed and are now implementing by ing with a work-release program for prison Frank E. Smith, of Mississippi, to be a legislative and administrative action a far inmates. The work-release idea goes a step member of the Board of Directors of the Ten reaching and comprehensive master plan for further than the parole system, which makes nessee Valley Authority for the term expiring higher education. it possible for a prisoner with a good record May 18, 1972. (Reappointment.) I do not suggest that North Carolina has to be released before the termination of his CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION achieved everything, but I do suggest that sentence if he has a job and good prospects the most effective starting · point is the for staying out of trouble. Under the new L. J. Andolsek, of Minnesota, to be a Civil State-state government which reaches out plan worked out in North Carolina, a prisoner Service Commissioner for the term of 6 years and puts education in front. with a good record, who is serving 5 years or expiring March l, 1969, vice Frederick J. Law ton, term exp~red. If there is any story to· report from North less, may work in private industry by day Carolina it is that the people will suppbrt and return to prison at night. BUREAU OF CUSTOMS advances in education when the question The economies resulting from the plan are Frank H. Tuohy, of New Jersey, to be is put to them fairly and directly. The peo substantial. Instead of living in idleness at comptroller of customs, with headquarters ple will respond to the needs ·of education the ,expense of taxpayers, the prisoners re- at New York, N.Y.