Synthesis and Characterization of Oligothiophene - Based Fully Π-Conjugated Macrocycles

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Synthesis and Characterization of Oligothiophene - Based Fully Π-Conjugated Macrocycles Synthesis and Characterization of Oligothiophene - based Fully π-Conjugated Macrocycles Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat. der Fakultät der Naturwissenschaften der Universität Ulm vorgelegt von Gerda Laura Fuhrmann aus Neustadt (Baia Mare) Rumänien Ulm, 2006 Amtierender Dekan: Prof. Dr. Klaus-Dieter Spindler 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Peter Bäuerle 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Volkhard Austel Tag der Promotionsprüfung: 15.03.2006 This thesis was elaborated and written between November 1999 and February 2006 at the department of Organic Chemistry II, University of Ulm, Germany. für meine Eltern “The chemist does a mysterious thing when he wants to make a molecule. He sees that it has got a ring, so he mixes this and that, and he takes it, and he fiddles around. And at the end of a difficult process, he usually does succeed in synthesizing what he wants.” There’s a Plenty of Room at the Bottom - R. Feynman Ich möchte mich an dieser Stelle bei all denjenigen bedanken, die mich in den zurückliegenden Jahren begleitet und unterstützt haben und damit zum Gelingen dieser Arbeit beigetragen haben. Mein besonderer Dank gilt: - Herrn Prof. Dr. Peter Bäuerle für die stete Unterstützung und Förderung bei der wissenschaftlichen Gestaltung dieser Arbeit, für sein Interesse und persönliches Engagement, sowie für die mir gewähren Freiräume bei der Bearbeitung des Themas - Frau Dr. Pinar Kilickiran für ihre moralische und inspirative Unterstützung, für ihre unermüdliche Hilfe, für die Durchsicht und sprachliche Überarbeitung des Manuskripts und für vieles mehr - Herrn Prof. Dr. V. Austel für die stets anregende wissenschaftliche Diskussionen und seine Bereitschaft diese Arbeit zu begutachten - Herrn Dr. G. Götz für seine unermüdliche Hilfsbereitschaft in Fragen der technischen Logistik und bezüglich elektrochemischer Messungen - Frau Dr. E. Mena-Osteritz für die ständige Diskussionsbereitschaft bezüglich physikalischer Fragestellungen rund um Makrocyclen - Herrn Prof. Dr. T. Debaerdemaeker (Sektion Röntgen- und Elektronenbeugung, Universität Ulm) für die kristallographische Untersuchungen und die anregende Diskussionnen - Herrn. Dr. M. Wunderlin, Dr. U. Werz und Dr. U. Ziegler für die Aufnahme zahlreicher Massen- und NMR Spektren - den Herren Dr. C. Schalley und A. Rang (Kekule Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Bonn) für die Durchführung hochaufgelöster Massenspektren - Herrn Dr. E. Reinhold und Dr. W. Mästle für ihre stets freundlichen Hilfestellung in Fragen der technischen und praktischen Logistik - den Mitarbeitern der Service-Abteilungen der Universität Ulm für die gute Zusammenarbeit - Herrn Prof. Dr. F. Würthner und seinen Mitarbeitern Dr. A. Sautter, Dr. C. Thalacker, und Dr. R. Dobrawa für die viele fruchtbare Diskussionen und Anregungen und das hervorragende Verhältnis während der gemeinsamen Zeit im Labor N24/308 - meinen jetzigen MEG Kollegen von MSL, Sony Stuttgart für ihre Unterstützung - all meinen Freunden für den willkommenen und wichtigen Ausgleich zum Forscherindasein, insbesondere Dani, Kruschi und „my rainbow in the sky“ - allen Mitarbeitern der Abteilung Organische Chemie II für die gute Zusammenarbeit und das angenehme Arbeitsklima, insbesondere den Herren Dr. M.-S. Schiedel, Dr. J. Krömer, Dr. M. Ammann, Dr. L. Madrigal, Dr. J. Cremer, A. Kaiser, F. Nicklas, Frau Dr. D. Caras-Quintero, Frau S. Schmidt und zuletzt, aber allen voran meinen Eltern und Geschwistern für das in mich gesetzte Vertrauen und die langjährige finanzielle und moralische Unterstützung. I Table of contents Numbering of the compounds V Abreviations IX 1 Introduction and aim of this work 1 2 Synthesis of π-conjugated oligothiophenes 7 2.1 π-Conjugated polymers and oligomers 8 2.1.1 From π-conjugated polymers to π-conjugated oligomers 8 2.1.2 General strategies for the synthesis of conjugated oligomers 9 2.2 π-Conjugated oligothiophenes 13 2.2.1 Introduction 13 2.2.2 General methods for the synthesis of conjugated oligothiophenes 13 2.2.2.1 Aryl-Aryl Bond Formation by Oxidative Coupling 14 2.2.2.2 Transition Metal Promoted Aryl-Aryl Bond Formation 19 2.2.2.3 Ring Closure Reaction from Acyclic Precursors 27 2.3 References 35 3 Shape-persistent nanosized macrocycles 41 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Properties of shape-persistent macrocycles 44 3.2.1 Introduction 44 3.2.2 Electronic and optical properties of shape-persistent macrocycles 46 3.2.3 Aggregation behaviour of shape-persistent macrocycles in solution 50 3.2.4 Solid state structures of shape-persistent macrocycles 53 II 3.2.5 Self-assembly of shape-persistent macrocycles at 55 the solid-liquid interface 3.2.6 Liquid crystalline mesophases of shape-persistent macrocycles 56 3.2.7 Host-guest interactions of shape-persistent macrocycles 57 3.3 General strategies for the synthesis of nanosized macrocycles 61 3.3.1 Introduction 61 3.3.2 The kinetic approach towards synthesis of macrocycles 61 3.3.3 The thermodynamic approach towards synthesis of macrocycles 66 3.3.4 The template approach in macrocycle chemistry 69 3.4 Alkynyl-alkynyl coupling reactions 72 3.5 Conclusion 76 3.6 References and notes 77 4. Macrocyclic oligothiophene-diacetylenes through 83 oxidative coupling reactions 4.1 Cyclo[n]thiophene target structure 84 4.2 Synthetic strategy towards cyclo[n]thiophenes 87 4.3 Synthesis of α,ω-diethynylated oligothiophenes 92 4.3.1 Synthesis of conjugated oligothiophenes 93 4.3.2 Synthesis of α,ω-diethynylated oligothiophenes as precursors for 102 cyclization 4.4 Macrocyclization by oxidative coupling reaction 104 4.4.1 Synthesis of macrocyclic terthiophene-diacetylenes C[3T-DA] 104 4.4.2 Synthesis of macrocyclic quinquethiophene-diacetylenes 119 C[5T-DA] 4.4.3 Intramolecular ring-closure reaction of α,ω-diethynyl- 128 undecithiophene III 4.5 Conclusion 134 4.6 Experimental section 135 4.6.1 Instrumentation and general experimental conditions 135 4.6.2 Synthesis and characterization of the compounds 137 4.7 Supplement – 169 MALDI TOF MS mass spectra of C[3T-DA]n and C[5T-DA]n macrocycles 4.8 References and notes 180 5. Conjugated macrocycles by metal template approach 183 5.1 Introduction 185 5.2 Basic concept of the metal template approach 185 5.3 Transition metal directed self-assembly 188 5.4 Transition metal σ-acetylide complexes 191 5.5 Carbon-carbon bond formation by reductive elimination from 199 a transition metal center 5.6 Results and discussion 216 5.6.1 Metal template approach - method development 216 5.6.1.1 Palladium mediated macrocyclization of diethynyl- 216 quinquethiophene 5.6.1.2 Synthesis of linear bis(oligothiophene alkynyl)-Pt(II) complexes 221 5.6.1.3 1,3-butadiynes-linked oligothiophene by reductive elimination 232 5.6.2 Macrocyclization by the metal template approach 234 5.6.2.1 Synthesis of bis(oligothiophene-diacetylene)diplatina macrocycles 235 5.6.2.2 Macrocyclic oligothiophene-diacetylenes by reductive elimination 249 5.6.3 Mechanistic investigations on the reductive elimination reactions 262 5.6.4 Synthesis of fully conjugated cyclo[n]thiophenes 277 IV 5.6.5 Optical characterization of platinum-linked ethynyl- 288 oligothiophenes 5.6.6 Optical characterization of the smallest conjugated macrocycles 45 292 and 47 5.6.7 Electrochemical characterization of the smallest conjugated 296 macrocycles 45 and 47 5.6.8 X-ray crystallography of cyclodimeric terthiophene-diacetylene 45 299 5.7 Conclusion 303 5.8 Experimental section 305 5.8.1 Instrumentation and general experimental conditions 305 5.8.2 Synthesis and characterization of the compounds 307 5.8.3 Qualitative and preparative electrolysis experiments 326 5.9 Supplement 327 5.9.1 MALDI-TOF MS spectra of the cyclo[n]thiophenes 47-50 327 5.9.2 X-ray crystallographic data of cyclodimeric terthiophene- 330 diacetylene 45 5.10 References and notes 336 Summary 341 Zusammenfassung 347 List of Publications Curriculum Vitae V Numbering of the compounds 1 3,4-Dibutylthiophene 2 2-Bromo-3,4-dibutylthiophene 3 2,5-Dibrom-3,4-dibutylthiophene 4 3,3’’,4,4’’-Tetrabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthiophene 5 3’,4’-Dibutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthiophene 6 5,5’’-Dibromo-3’,4’-dibutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthiophene 7 3,3’’,3’’’’,4,4’’,4’’’’-Hexabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’:5’’,2’’’:5’’’,2’’’’-quinquethiophene 8 5-Bromo-3,3’’,4,4’’-tetrabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthiophene 9 5,5’’-Dibromo-3,3’’,4,4’’-tetrabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthiophene 10 5-Bromo-3,3’’,3’’’’,4,4’’,4’’’’-hexabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’:5’’,2’’’:5’’’,2’’’’- quinquethiophene 11 5,5’’’’-Dibromo-3,3’’,3’’’’,4,4’’,4’’’’-hexabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’:5’’,2’’’:5’’’,2’’’’- quinquethiophene 12 3,3’’,4,4’’-Tetrabutyl-5-trimethylsilylethynyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthiophene 13 3,3’’,3’’’’,4,4’’,4’’’’-hexabutyl-5-trimethylsilylethynyl- 2,2’:5’,2’’:5’’,2’’’:5’’’,2’’’’-quinquethiophene 14 3,4-Dibutyl-2-trimethylsilylethynyl-thiophene 15 1,4-Bis(3,4 –dibutylthien-2-yl)-1,3-butadiyne 16 1,4-Bis(3,3’’,4,4’’-tetrabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthien-2-yl)-1,3-butadiyne 17 1,4-Bis(3,3’’,3’’’’,4,4’’,4’’’’-hexabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’:5’’,2’’’:5’’’,2’’’’-quinquethien- 5-yl)-1,3-butadiyne 18 3,3’’,3’’’’,3’’’’’’,4,4’’,4’’’’,4’’’’’’-Octabutyl- 2,2’:5’,2’’:5’’,2’’’:5’’’,2’’’’:5’’’’,2’’’’’:5’’’’’,2’’’’’’-septithiophene 19 3,3’’,3’’’’,3’’’’’’,3’’’’’’’’’’,4,4’’,4’’’’,4’’’’’’,4’’’’’’’’’’-Dodecabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’:5’’, 20 2’’’:5’’’,2’’’’:5’’’’,2’’’’’:5’’’’’,2’’’’’’-undecithiophene 21 5,5’’-Diiodo-3,3’’,4,4’’-tetrabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’-terthiophene 22 5,5’’’’-Diiodo-3,3’’,3’’’’,4,4’’,4’’’’-hexabutyl-2,2’:5’,2’’:5’’,2’’’:5’’’,2’’’’- quinquethiophene VI 23 5,5’’’’’’-Diiodo-3,3’’,3’’’’,3’’’’’’,4,4’’,4’’’’,4’’’’’’-octabutyl- 2,2’:5’,2’’:5’’,2’’’:5’’’,2’’’’:5’’’’,2’’’’’:5’’’’’,2’’’’’’-septithiophene
Recommended publications
  • Development of a Solid-Supported Glaser-Hay Reaction and Utilization in Conjunction with Unnatural Amino Acids
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2015 Development of a Solid-Supported Glaser-Hay Reaction and Utilization in Conjunction with Unnatural Amino Acids Jessica S. Lampkowski College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Lampkowski, Jessica S., "Development of a Solid-Supported Glaser-Hay Reaction and Utilization in Conjunction with Unnatural Amino Acids" (2015). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626985. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-r9jh-9635 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Development of a Solid-Supported Glaser-Hay Reaction and Utilization in Conjunction with Unnatural Amino Acids Jessica Susan Lampkowski Ida, Michigan B.S. Chemistry, Siena Heights University, 2013 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Science Chemistry Department The College of William and Mary May, 2015 COMPLIANCE PAGE Research approved by Institutional Biosafety Committee Protocol number: BC-2012-09-13-8113-dyoung01 Date(s) of approval: This protocol will expire on 2015-11-02 APPROVAL PAGE This
    [Show full text]
  • Mediated Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions Using Chelating Azides Wendy S
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2012 Development of Copper(II)-Mediated Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions Using Chelating Azides Wendy S. Brotherton Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES DEVELOPMENT OF COPPER(II)-MEDIATED AZIDE-ALKYNE CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS USING CHELATING AZIDES By WENDY S. BROTHERTON A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2012 Wendy S. Brotherton defended this dissertation on December 8, 2011. The members of the supervisory committee were: Lei Zhu Professor Directing Dissertation P. Bryant Chase University Representative Gregory B. Dudley Committee Member Igor V. Alabugin Committee Member Michael G. Roper Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii This manuscript is dedicated to my mother for all of her encouragement and sacrifices over the many years of my education. I would also like to dedicate this to my fiancé, Travis Ambrose, who has been so supportive and encouraging throughout this entire process. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Professor Lei Zhu for his guidance, support and assistance over the course of my graduate studies. I would like to express my gratitude to the past and present members of the Zhu group for their support and friendship over the years: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Silsesquioxanes with Substituted Triazole Ring Functionalities and Their Coordination Ability †
    molecules Article Synthesis of Silsesquioxanes with Substituted Triazole Ring Functionalities and Their Coordination Ability † Monika Rzonsowska 1,2,* , Katarzyna Kozakiewicz 1, Katarzyna Mituła 1,2 , Julia Duszczak 1,2, Maciej Kubicki 3 and Beata Dudziec 1,2,* 1 Department of Organometallic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna´n, Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego8, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (J.D.) 2 Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna´n,Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego10, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland 3 Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Pozna´n,Uniwersytetu Pozna´nskiego8, 61-614 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.R.); [email protected] (B.D.); Tel.: +48-618291878 (B.D.) † Dedicated to Professor Julian Chojnowski on the occasion of his 85th birthday. Abstract: A synthesis of a series of mono-T8 and difunctionalized double-decker silsesquioxanes bearing substituted triazole ring(s) has been reported within this work. The catalytic protocol for their formation is based on the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) process. Diverse alkynes were in the scope of our interest—i.e., aryl, hetaryl, alkyl, silyl, or germyl—and the latter was shown to be the first example of terminal germane alkyne which is reactive in the applied process’ conditions. From the pallet of 15 compounds, three of them with pyridine-triazole and Citation: Rzonsowska, M.; thiophenyl-triazole moiety attached to T8 or DDSQ core were verified in terms of their coordinating Kozakiewicz, K.; Mituła, K.; properties towards selected transition metals, i.e., Pd(II), Pt(II), and Rh(I).
    [Show full text]
  • Multicomponent Reactions
    Multicomponent reactions Edited by Thomas J. J. Müller Generated on 24 September 2021, 08:23 Imprint Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry www.bjoc.org ISSN 1860-5397 Email: [email protected] The Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry is published by the Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Chemischen Wissenschaften. This thematic issue, published in the Beilstein Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Journal of Organic Chemistry, is copyright the Chemischen Wissenschaften Beilstein-Institut zur Förderung der Chemischen Trakehner Straße 7–9 Wissenschaften. The copyright of the individual 60487 Frankfurt am Main articles in this document is the property of their Germany respective authors, subject to a Creative www.beilstein-institut.de Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license. Multicomponent reactions Thomas J. J. Müller Editorial Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2011, 7, 960–961. Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Institut für Makromolekulare doi:10.3762/bjoc.7.107 Chemie und Organische Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany Received: 11 July 2011 Accepted: 11 July 2011 Email: Published: 13 July 2011 Thomas J. J. Müller - [email protected] This article is part of the Thematic Series "Multicomponent reactions". Guest Editor: T. J. J. Müller © 2011 Müller; licensee Beilstein-Institut. License and terms: see end of document. Chemistry as a central science is facing a steadily increasing Now the major conceptual challenge comprises the engineering demand for new chemical entities (NCE). Innovative solutions, of novel types of MCR. Most advantageously and practically, in all kinds of disciplines that depend on chemistry, require new MCR can often be extended into combinatorial, solid phase or molecules with specific properties, and their societal conse- flow syntheses promising manifold opportunities for devel- quences are fundamental and pioneering.
    [Show full text]
  • Advancements in the Mechanistic Understanding of the Copper-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition
    Advancements in the mechanistic understanding of the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition Regina Berg* and Bernd F. Straub* Review Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2013, 9, 2715–2750. Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität doi:10.3762/bjoc.9.308 Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Received: 09 August 2013 Email: Accepted: 30 October 2013 Regina Berg* - [email protected]; Bernd F. Straub* - Published: 02 December 2013 [email protected] Associate Editor: M. Rueping * Corresponding author © 2013 Berg and Straub; licensee Beilstein-Institut. Keywords: License and terms: see end of document. alkyne; azide; Click; copper; CuAAC; DFT study; Huisgen–Meldal–Sharpless cycloaddition; kinetics; reaction mechanism Abstract The copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is one of the most broadly applicable and easy-to-handle reactions in the arsenal of organic chemistry. However, the mechanistic understanding of this reaction has lagged behind the plethora of its applications for a long time. As reagent mixtures of copper salts and additives are commonly used in CuAAC reactions, the struc- ture of the catalytically active species itself has remained subject to speculation, which can be attributed to the multifaceted aggre- gation chemistry of copper(I) alkyne and acetylide complexes. Following an introductory section on common catalyst systems in CuAAC reactions, this review will highlight experimental and computational studies from early proposals to very recent and more sophisticated investigations, which deliver more detailed insights into the CuAAC’s catalytic cycle and the species involved. As diverging mechanistic views are presented in articles, books and online resources, we intend to present the research efforts in this field during the past decade and finally give an up-to-date picture of the currently accepted dinuclear mechanism of CuAAC.
    [Show full text]
  • University of California
    University of California Los Angeles Phosphine Catalysis using Allenoates with pro-Nucleophiles or Arylidenes; Development of an Asymetric Phosphine Catalyst; and Allenes as π-Ligands in Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry by Tioga Martin 2014 Abstract of Dissertation Phosphine Catalysis using Allenoates with pro-Nucleophiles or Arylidenes; Development of an Asymetric Phosphine Catalyst; and Allenes as π-Ligands in Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling by Tioga Jarrett Martin Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Craig A. Merlic, Chair The unique characteristics of 1,2-dienes have proven to be a dynamic and ever growing field of study in organic chemistry. Allenes have been manipulated into a myriad of transformations, and have offered their unique characteristics to a number of fields of study. Chapter 1 discusses a phosphine catalyzed annulation between allenoates and alkenes to form cyclohexenes. In Chapter 2 the new phosphine catalyzed β’-Addition of a Pronucleophile to an allenoate is examined. Chapter 3 presents the development of a proline derived phosphine catalyst and its application in asymmetric synthesis of dihydropyrroles. A review on allene complexes with transition metals is presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 explores the effect of allene ligands upon copper, and subsequent copper-mediated vinyl ether synthesis. ii The dissertation of Tioga Martin is approved. Michael E. Jung Selim M. Senkan Craig A. Merlic, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2014 iii Table of Contents Chapter 1. Phosphine-Catalyzed [4 + 2] Annulations of 2-Alkylallenoates and Olefins: Synthesis of Multisubstituted Cyclohexenes ...................................................................................1 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Nickel-Catalyzed Deaminative Sonogashira Coupling Of
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25222-1 OPEN Nickel-catalyzed deaminative Sonogashira coupling of alkylpyridinium salts enabled by NN2 pincer ligand ✉ ✉ Xingjie Zhang 1 ,DiQi1,2, Chenchen Jiao1,2, Xiaopan Liu1 & Guisheng Zhang 1 Alkynes are amongst the most valuable functional groups in organic chemistry and widely used in chemical biology, pharmacy, and materials science. However, the preparation of alkyl- 1234567890():,; substituted alkynes still remains elusive. Here, we show a nickel-catalyzed deaminative Sonogashira coupling of alkylpyridinium salts. Key to the success of this coupling is the development of an easily accessible and bench-stable amide-type pincer ligand. This ligand allows naturally abundant alkyl amines as alkylating agents in Sonogashira reactions, and produces diverse alkynes in excellent yields under mild conditions. Salient merits of this chemistry include broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, gram-scale synth- esis, one-pot transformation, versatile late-stage derivatizations as well as the use of inex- pensive pre-catalyst and readily available substrates. The high efficiency and strong practicability bode well for the widespread applications of this strategy in constructing functional molecules, materials, and fine chemicals. 1 Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules and Drug Innovation, School of Chemistry
    [Show full text]
  • 1,2,4-Triazine-Accelerated Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition and Synthesis of Metalloenzyme Inhibitors
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2013 1,2,4-Triazine-Accelerated Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition and Synthesis of Metalloenzyme Inhibitors Belinda Shea Lady [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Lady, Belinda Shea, "1,2,4-Triazine-Accelerated Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition and Synthesis of Metalloenzyme Inhibitors. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2013. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1750 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Belinda Shea Lady entitled "1,2,4-Triazine- Accelerated Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition and Synthesis of Metalloenzyme Inhibitors." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Chemistry. Shane Foister, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Michael D. Best, Jimmy W. Mays, Thomas A. Zawodzinski Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) 1,2,4-Triazine-Accelerated Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition and Synthesis of Metalloenzyme Inhibitors A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Belinda Shea Lady May 2013 Copyright © 2013 Belinda Shea Lady All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
    Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Accepted Manuscript This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. www.rsc.org/obc Page 1 of 15 OrganicPlease & doBiomolecular not adjust margins Chemistry Journal Name ARTICLE Recent developments and applications of Cadiot-Chodkiewicz reaction K. S. Sindhua, Amrutha P. Thankachana, P. S. Sajithaa, Gopinathan Anilkumara* Received 00th January 20xx, Accepted 00th January 20xx The classical heterocoupling of a 1-haloalkyne with a terminal alkyne catalyzed by copper salts in the presence of a Manuscript base for the synthesis of unsymmetrical diynes is termed as Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling reaction. The diynes are of DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x great importance due to their biological, optical and electronic properties. A number of modifications were developed recently to improve the efficiency of Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling reactions in terms of selectivity and www.rsc.org/ yield.
    [Show full text]
  • Copper and Zinc Catalyzed Additions of Alkynes and Ynamides to Carbonyl Electrophiles
    COPPER AND ZINC CATALYZED ADDITIONS OF ALKYNES AND YNAMIDES TO CARBONYL ELECTROPHILES A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry By Andrea Moreho Cook, M.S. Washington, DC September 4, 2017 Copyright 2017 by Andrea Moreho Cook All Rights Reserved ii COPPER AND ZINC CATALYZED ADDITIONS OF ALKYNES AND YNAMIDES TO CARBONYL ELECTROPHILES Andrea Moreho Cook, M.S. Thesis Advisor: Christian Wolf, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Fluorine-containing pharmaceuticals are of increasing interest which is at least partly due to the favorable stability to biodegradation, increasing bioavailability and lipophilicity and other desirable pharmacological and physicochemical effects. The catalytic enantioselective alkynylation of trifluoromethyl ketones is of particular interest with respect to Efavirenz, a commonly prescribed reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The possibility of an asymmetric formation of the important trifluoromethyl- derived propargylic alcohol pharmacophore was investigated. Addition of phenylacetylene to 3,3,3- trifluoroacetophenone was achieved in moderate to high yield and enantioselectivity using catalytic zinc(II) triflate and the chiral ligand cinchonine in triethylamine and acetonitrile as solvent. While more investigation is required to develop a reproducible procedure, the results indicate that excellent yields and ee are possible under mild conditions. Ynamides derived from alkynes and electron-deficient amines have received increasing interest due to their huge synthetic potential, including utilization in the total synthesis of natural compounds. The addition of ynamides to acyl chlorides has been accomplished at room temperature using copper iodide as catalyst. This economical and practical carbon-carbon bond formation provides convenient access to a variety of 3-aminoynones from aliphatic and aromatic acyl chlorides in up to 99% yield.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Derivations
    Tetrahedron Letters xxx (2014) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tetrahedron Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tetlet Digest Paper 1,3-Diyne chemistry: synthesis and derivations ⇑ ⇑ Wei Shi a, , Aiwen Lei b, a College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China b College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China article info abstract Article history: Conjugated diynes have attracted more and more attention not only for their unique rod like structures Received 4 January 2014 and wide existence in nature product, but also the abundant properties and derivations of them. Revised 22 February 2014 Although oxidative dimerization of alkynes or Cadiot–Chodkiewicz reactions were the main pathway Accepted 5 March 2014 and have achieved great success in the synthesis of diynes, oxidative cross coupling, FBW rearrangement Available online xxxx as well as diyne metathesis emerged rapidly recently. Moreover, diynes could be precursors of basic het- erocycles, which represented an emerging research area. This Letter will cover the recent progresses in Keyword: the synthesis and further derivations of diynes. Diyne chemistry Ó 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license Glaser–Eglinton–Hay coupling FBW rearrangement (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling Contents Introduction. ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Download Author Version (PDF)
    RSC Advances Recent advances and applications of Glaser coupling employing greener protocols Journal: RSC Advances Manuscript ID: RA-REV-03-2014-002416.R2 Article Type: Review Article Date Submitted by the Author: 28-May-2014 Complete List of Authors: Sindhu, Kallikkadam; Mahatma Gandhi University, School of Chemical Sciences Gopinathan, Anilkumar; Mahatma Gandhi University, School of Chemical Sciences Note: The following files were submitted by the author for peer review, but cannot be converted to PDF. You must view these files (e.g. movies) online. Table of contents.cdx Page 1 of 23Journal Name RSC Advances Dynamic Article Links ► Cite this: DOI: 10.1039/c0xx00000x www.rsc.org/xxxxxx ARTICLE TYPE Recent Advances and Applications of Glaser coupling employing Greener protocols K S Sindhu and Gopinathan Anilkumar* Received (in XXX, XXX) Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XX, Accepted Xth XXXXXXXXX 20XX 5 DOI: 10.1039/b000000x Symmetrical 1,3-diynes and their derivatives are useful motifs for the construction of complex molecules, and their excellent photochemical and material properties received greater attention in the last decades. They are used for the synthesis of a large variety of polymers, biologically active molecules, supramolecular materials and light harvesting systems. Glaser coupling is the most widely used procedure 10 for the synthesis of 1,3-diynes through oxidative homocoupling of terminal alkynes. The classical homocoupling is catalysed by copper salts in the presence of a base and an oxidant. A number of modifications were developed recently to improve the efficacy of Glaser coupling reactions. Novel synthetic routes and approaches employing greener protocols are well appreciable. In addition to terminal alkynes, other susceptible substrates are also tested for the synthesis of 1,3-diynes.
    [Show full text]