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Important Bird Areas of the Neotropics: Argentina Adrián S

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Important Bird Areas of the Neotropics: Argentina Adrián S NeotropicalNeotropical BirdingBirding THE BIRDING MAGAZINE OF THE NEOTROPICAL BIRD CLUB Number 3 • Autumn 2008 >> FEATURE IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS OF ARGENTINA Important Bird Areas of the Neotropics: Argentina Adrián S. Di Giacomo and Eugenio G. Coconier In the second installment of our series on the Important Bird Areas of the Neotropics, ornithologists from Aves Argentinas (BirdLife in Argentina) set out how they identified and documented key sites for bird conservation in South America’s second- largest country. rgentina is a vast nation of nearly 2.8 million Argentina’s avifauna: rich and km2 in the Southern Cone of South America. A Its great range of latitudes and climates diverse, but threatened results in a diverse geography. To the east, the Approximately 1,000 bird species live in these Atlantic coast runs for 4,725 km through both enormously diverse habitats. Nearly all temperate and cold climates. In the west, the Neotropical bird families are represented, some— Andes extend over 5,500 km, with a rich gradient such as woodpeckers, ovenbirds and tyrant from montane forests and puna in the north to flycatchers— by many species. glaciers and Patagonian forests in the south. The Argentina contains all or part of six Endemic Chaco is the second-largest forest formation in Bird Areas (EBAs)7. Two EBAs are restricted to South America after the Amazonian forest and lies Argentina. The Sierras Centrales holds mainly in central northern Argentina. In the two endemic cinclodes: Cordoba extreme north- east (Misiones province) an enclave Cinclodes comechingonus and of well- conserved Interior Atlantic Forest persists; Olrog’s C. olrogi. The this habitat has almost disappeared in adjacent Mesopotamian grasslands Brazil and Paraguay. In the south, the shrubby hold breeding steppes of Patagonia extend over nearly 450,000 km2 populations of three of near-uninhabited terrain, similar to the wild globally threatened landscapes of the puna and the Andes. Another seedeaters: important biome is the pampas, a sea of grass Narosky’s covering 500,000 km2 where natural grassland has been transformed to crops and other types of agriculture since the days of early settlement. Strange- tailed Tyrant Alectrurus risora (Germán Pugnali) 4 Neotropical Birding 2008 San Antonio, Misiones, is an Atlantic Forest Important Bird Area (IBA) on the border with Brazil (Kristina Cockle) Sporophila zelichi (Critically Endangered), Marsh S. palustris (Endangered) and Chestnut S. cinnamomea (Vulnerable). The mysterious Salinas Monjita Xolmis salinarum, a Near Threatened species described as recently as 1979, is locally common in halophytic shrubland of Salinas Grandes and Ambargasta, a Secondary Area of endemism exclusive to Argentina. Other regions of endemism are more speciose, with c.50 restricted-range species split between EBAs in the High Andes, Yungas, Atlantic Forest and Patagonian forests. Unfortunately, Argentina’s rich birdlife and spectacular natural landscapes are threatened throughout the country by constant changes in land use. Populations of globally threatened Right top: Black- capped Piprites Piprites pileata is a Vulnerable Atlantic Forest endemic that has been recently rediscovered in Argentina at the proposed Provincial Park Caá Yarí in the Yabotí IBA, Misiones province, subsequent research being funded by a Neotropical Bird Club Conservation Award (Nick Athanas/Tropical Birding) Right bottom: Yellow Cardinal Gubernatrix cristata is threatened by the cagebird trade in the Mesopotamian provinces of Entre Ríos and Corrientes (Roberto Güller) Neotropical Birding 2008 5 >> FEATURE IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS OF ARGENTINA grassland birds such as Saffron- cowled Blackbird Tucuman Parrot Amazona tucumana descends Xanthopsar flavus (Vulnerable), Strange- tailed from temperate montane forests in the Yungas to Tyrant Alectrurus risora (Vulnerable: see the winter in lowland forests. Many species also move Photospot on pp. 72–77), Black- and- white from Patagonia northwards to warmer latitudes in Monjita Xolmis dominicanus (Vulnerable) and winter, examples being Tawny- throated Dotterel various seedeaters Sporophila have been Oreopholus ruficollis and Chocolate- vented Tyrant significantly reduced. Remaining populations are Neoxolmis rufiventris. Such movements mean that also increasingly fragmented due to the conservationists need to plan for action intensification of cash crop production throughout species’ annual cycles. (particularly soya) and spread of plantations of exotic trees— all to the detriment of the last natural woodlands, grasslands and wetlands. The history of bird study and Wetlands and coasts are also suffering from conservation in Argentina commercial enterprises such as drainage, The Sociedad Ornitológica del Plata was founded urbanisation, rice farms and fish farming using in 1916 and based in the Museo Nacional de non- native species. Bird species such as the Historia Natural in Buenos Aires. Later renamed Hooded Grebe Podiceps gallardoi (Near Asociación Ornitológica del Plata and now known Threatened), discovered in 1978 and near- as Aves Argentinas, this was the first institution of endemic to Argentina, are threatened by salmon its kind in Latin America. From the outset it farming in desert lakes in the Patagonian became the meeting place for zoologists and tablelands. others who studied Argentine birds. A pioneering Other threatened and endemic birds are under organisation in nature conservation and pressure from trafficking, persecution and ornithological study, the society rapidly assembled hunting. Narosky’s Seedeater, for example, is one an important library that remains one of the most of the world’s rarest birds with an estimated global impressive collections of ornithological journals population of 50–249 individuals1, but continues and books in South America. In October 1917, the to be trapped by animal traffickers in the pampas. society launched the journal El Hornero, the first Hunting of Chloephaga geese is threatening the internationally available publication dedicated to increasingly scarce Ruddy- headed Goose C. Neotropical ornithology. rubidiceps. This species joins flocks of Upland Today, Aves Argentinas is a lead conservation Goose C. picta and Ashy- headed Goose C. non- governmental organisation, working actively poliocephala that migrate north from Patagonia to with the government and private sector. winter in wheat fields in southern Buenos Aires Supported by more than 1,000 members, Aves province. Hunting, already very popular, is Argentinas manages conservation projects on expanding due to an increase in international seabirds, grasslands, the Chaco and wind farms. wildfowling tourism. The organisation also organises educational Argentina also has many migratory bird projects in urban nature reserves and trains species that cross political borders. More than 40 birdwatchers and naturalists. species of shorebirds, terns, raptors and passerines migrate south from the Northern Hemisphere to spend the boreal winter in Argentina. The Eskimo Argentina’s Important Bird Curlew Numenius borealis is considered by many to be extinct (although officially clings onto life as Area programme Critically Endangered), after more than 60 years Argentina’s Important Bird Area (IBA) without any confirmed records on its former programme originated from a BirdLife wintering grounds in the pampas. The International meeting held in Quito, Ecuador, in disappearance of natural grassland affects 1997. The Argentine programme formally started migratory birds, but the intensification of two years later and was funded by agriculture in agro- ecosystems can also produce Vogelbescherming Nederlands (BirdLife in the severe mortalities, as in 1995–96 when 20,000 Netherlands). As part of a larger initiative on the Swainson’s Hawks Buteo swainsoni died due to conservation of globally threatened grassland organophosphate poisoning. birds, our primary objective was to conduct the In addition to north–south migration, a third first ornithological inventories of two ecoregions of bird species in Argentina undergo seasonal or defined by Burkart et al.2: the pampas and campos altitudinal movements. The near- endemic y malezales (literally, ‘fields and undergrowth’). 6 Neotropical Birding 2008 We rapidly identified sites with remaining SOME KEY IBAS populations of Saffron- cowled Blackbird, Strange- tailed Tyrant and Narosky’s Seedeater among Reserva Ecológica El Bagual, Formosa province. This nearly 20 species seriously threatened by the 3,336-ha private reserve in the Chaco, owned by incessant advance of agriculture. Alparamis S.A., has been managed by Aves Argentinas By 2001, the preliminary inventory of since 1995. Biodiversity studies on plants, mammals, grassland IBAs was complete; conservation and birds, herptiles and arthropods are run from a research activities started immediately at some of biological research station. The reserve holds five the most critical sites. This enabled us to identify globally threatened and eight Near Theatened bird two sites as being of particularly high conservation species. Most notable are important populations of concern: the río Aguapey area in Corrientes Strange- tailed Tyrant (studied here for ten years) and province and the district of Gualeguaychú in Entre Sharp- tailed Tyrant Culicivora caudacuta (Vulnerable). Ríos. Thanks to the results of this project, these Several threatened seedeaters Sporophila and, in two sites were later included in the ‘Global Gap some years, Crowned Eagle Analysis’6 which highlighted
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