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Beyond the Conceivable 00A-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page Ii 00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page i Beyond the Conceivable 00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page ii WEIMAR AND NOW: GERMAN CULTURAL CRITICISM Edward Dimendberg, Martin Jay, and Anton Kaes, General Editors 1. Heritage of Our Times, by Ernst Bloch 2. The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890Ð1990, by Steven E. Aschheim 3. The Weimar Republic Sourcebook, edited by Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg 4. Batteries of Life: On the History of Things and Their Perception in Modernity, by Christoph Asendorf 5. Profane Illumination: Walter Benjamin and the Paris of Surrealist Revolution, by Margaret Cohen 6. Hollywood in Berlin: American Cinema and Weimar Germany, by Thomas J. Saunders 7. Walter Benjamin: An Aesthetic of Redemption, by Richard Wolin 8. The New Typography, by Jan Tschichold, translated by Ruari McLean 9. The Rule of Law under Siege: Selected Essays of Franz L. Neumann and Otto Kirchheimer, edited by William E. Scheuerman 10. The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923Ð1950, by Martin Jay 11. Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture, edited by Katharina von Ankum 12. Letters of Heinrich and Thomas Mann, 1900Ð1949, edited by Hans Wysling, translated by Don Reneau 13. Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910Ð1935, by Karl Toepfer 14. In the Shadow of Catastrophe: German Intellectuals between Apocalypse and Enlightenment, by Anson Rabinbach 15. Walter Benjamin’s Other History: Of Stones, Animals, Human Beings, and Angels, by Beatrice Hanssen 16. Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present, by Anthony Heilbut 17. Cool Conduct: The Culture of Distance in Weimar Germany, by Helmut Lethen, translated by Don Reneau 18. In A Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin, 1945Ð1948, by Wolfgang Schivelbusch, translated by Kelly Barry 19. A Dubious Past: Ernst Jünger and the Politics of Literature after Nazism, by Elliot Y. Neaman 20. Beyond the Conceivable: Studies on Germany, Nazism, and the Holocaust, by Dan Diner 00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page iii 21. Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Kafka’s Fin de Siècle, by Scott Spector 22. Munich and Memory: Architecture, Monuments, and the Legacy of the Third Reich, by Gavriel D. Rosenfeld 23. The UFA Story: A History of Germany’s Greatest Film Company, 1918Ð1945, by Klaus Kreimeier, translated by Robert and Rita Kimber 24. From Monuments to Traces: Artifacts of German Memory, 1870Ð1990, by Rudy Koshar 25. We Weren’t Modern Enough: Women Artists and the Limits of German Modernism, by Marsha Maskimmon 00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page iv To my mother Chana Diner, ne«e Isakson 00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page v Beyond the Conceivable Studies on Germany, Nazism, and the Holocaust Dan Diner UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley Los Angeles London 00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page vi University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England © 2000 by Dan Diner The chapters in this book are revised versions of the following studies: Chapter 1: “Constitu- tional Theory and ‘State of Emergency’ in the Weimar Republic: The Case of Carl Schmitt,” Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte 17 (1988): 303Ð21. Chapter 2: “‘Grundbuch des Plane- ten’: Zur Geopolitik Karl Haushofers,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 32 (1984): 1Ð28. Chap- ter 3: “Rassistisches Völkerrecht: Elemente einer nationalisozialistischen Weltordnung,” Viertel- jahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 37 (1989): 23Ð56. Chapter 4: “Die Katastrophe vor der Katastrophe: Auswanderung ohne Einwanderung,” in Zerbrochene Geschichte: Leben und Selbstverständnis der Ju- den in Deutschland, ed. Dirk Blasius and Dan Diner (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 1991), 138Ð60. Chapter 5: “Aporie der Vernunft: Horkheimers U¬ berlegungen zu Antisemitismus und Massenvernichtung,” in Zivilisationsbruch: Denken nach Auschwitz, ed. Dan Diner (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer Verlag, 1988), 30Ð53. Its English version is “Reason and the ‘Other’: Hork- heimer’s Reflections on Anti-Semitism and Mass Annihilation,” in On Max Horkheimer—New Perspectives, ed. Seyla Benhabib, Wolfgang Bon§, and John McCole (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993), 335Ð63. Chapter 6: “Jenseits des Vorstellbaren—der ‘Judenrat’ als Situation,” in Unser einziger Weg ist Arbeit: Das Ghetto in Lodz 1940Ð1944, ed. Hanno Loewy and Gerhard Schoenberner (Vienna: Löcker Verlag, 1990), 32Ð 40. Chapter 7: “Historical Understand- ing and Counterrationality: The Judenrat as Epistemological Vantage,” in Probing the Limits of Representation, ed. Saul Friedländer (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), 128Ð 42. Chapter 8: “Rationalisierung und Methode: Zu einem neuen Erklärungsversuch der End- lösung,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 40 (1992): 359Ð82. Its English version is “Rationali- zation and Method: Critique of a New Approach in Understanding the ‘Final Solution,’” Ya d Vashem Studies 24 (1994): 71Ð108. Chapter 9: “Historical Experience and Cognition: Perspec- tives on National Socialism,” History & Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 2 (1990): 84Ð 105. Chapter 10: “Varieties of Narration: The Holocaust in Historical Memory,” in Studies in Contemporary Jewry: The Fate of the European Jews, 1939Ð1943, ed. Jonathan Frankel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 84Ð100. Chapter 11: “Nationalsozialismus und Stalinismus— U¬ ber Gedächtnis, Willkür, Arbeit und Tod,” Babylon: Beiträge zur jüdischen Gegenwart 10 Ð11 (1992): 110 Ð24. Chapter 12: “Cumulative Contingency: Historicizing Legitimacy in Israeli Dis- course,” History & Memory: Studies in Representation of the Past 7 (1995): 147Ð67. Chapter 13: “On Guilt-Discourse and Other Narratives. Epistemological Observations regarding the Holo- caust,” in History & Memory, Passing into History: Nazism and the Holocaust beyond Memory, In Honor of Saul Friedländer on His Sixty-Fifth Birthday, ed. Gulie Ne’eman Arad (Bloomington: In- diana University Press, 1997), 301Ð21. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data appears at the back of this book. Manufactured in the United States of America 08070605040302010010987654321 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48- 1992 (r 1997) (Permanence of Paper). 00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page vii CONTENTS introduction / 1 PART I ¥ POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1. On the Brink of Dictatorship: Carl Schmitt and the Weimar Constitution / 11 2. Knowledge of Expansion: On the Geopolitics of Karl Haushofer / 26 3. Norms for Domination: Nazi Legal Concepts of World Order / 49 4. The Catastrophe before the Catastrophe: 1938 in Historical Context / 78 PART II ¥ PERCEPTIONS OF THE HOLOCAUST 5. The Limits of Reason: Max Horkheimer on Anti-Semitism and Extermination / 97 6. Beyond the Conceivable: The Judenrat as Borderline Experience / 117 7. Historical Understanding and Counterrationality: The Judenrat as Epistemological Vantage / 130 8. On Rationality and Rationalization: An Economistic Explanation of the Final Solution / 138 9. Historical Experience and Cognition: Juxtaposing Perspectives on National Socialism / 160 PART III ¥ HOLOCAUST NARRATIVES 10. Varieties of Narration: The Holocaust in Historical Memory / 173 11. Nazism and Stalinism: On Memory, Arbitrariness, Labor, and Death / 187 12. Cumulative Contingency: Historicizing Legitimacy in Israeli Discourse / 201 13. On Guilt Discourse and Other Narrations: German Questions and Universal Answers / 218 notes / 231 index / 273 00a-C0942.FM 01/17/2000 3:59 PM Page viii 00b-C0942.int 01/17/2000 4:01 PM Page 1 Introduction The evidence has become notorious. As our chronological distance from Nazism and its phenomenal core—the mass extermination—has increased, the latter’s historical weight has grown as well. No introduction can do jus- tice to this paradox’s many sources, some of which I explore in the chapters that follow. Let us here simply note that the growing centrality of the Holo- caust has altered the entire warp and woof of our sense of the passing cen- tury. If, well into the 1970s, wide-ranging portraits of the epoch would grant the Holocaust a modest (if any) mention, it now tends to fill the entire pic- ture. The incriminated event has thus become the epoch’s marker, its final and inescapable wellspring. The Holocaust’s gravitational pull extends in many directions, affecting among other things those hermeneutic principles on which the study of society and culture is founded and, in particular, the domain of historical research—specifically, those areas where empirically directed historical re- construction is bound up with alternate modes of understanding and cogni- tion. Strikingly, within their natural environment of German history, rever- berations of Nazism and the Holocaust can be felt at work in topics that would seem to have little to do, thematically or chronologically, with either. We see, for instance, problems related to long-term tendencies of German history—a context in which the rise of National Socialism is understood to be located—inevitably condensed into the familiar model of a German Son- derweg (special path); in turn, the debate over a purported Sonderweg trans- forms historical objects and questions deeply rooted in the nineteenth cen- tury into material for the prehistory of National Socialism. In the realm of modern history, the opposition between interpretive
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