A Posteriori Truths, 78 Abbagnano, Nicola, 217 Abstract Objects, 191

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a posteriori truths, 78 analytic-synthetic distinction. Abbagnano, Nicola, 217 See analytic-synthetic abstract objects, 191, 235. See also distinction classes; theory apriority and, 81 acquaintance relation, 115–16, behavioral theory and, 51, 59, 117 187 affirmative stimulus meaning, Carnap and, 14, 236–7 186 circularity of definitions and, analogic synthesis, 190, 191 48–9 analytic-synthetic distinction, 11, definition of, 51, 234 49, 66, 78, 86 epistemic role of, 54, 59 analyticity and, 51. See equivalence and, 11–14, 206 analyticity Hempel on, 49 Carnap and, 131, 246 intelligibility of, 47 confirmation and, 80 logic and, 238–9 defense of, 243 mathematics and, 227, 228, empiricism and, 11–12, 29–30, 238–9, 247–8 246–7, 248 meaning and, 235 epistemology and, 131 ontology and, 236 gradualism and, 246 a priori and, 78 holism and, 73, 86, 240, 242 Quine on, 11–12, 14, 47–62, kinds of, 73 233 language and, 131 relevance of, 47 meaning and, 82, 153 synonymy and, 54–5, 185 Quine on, 11–12, 29–30, 80, syntax and, 239 131, 247 tautology and, 12 verificationism and, 83, 257 theory and, 237 See also “Two Dogmas of tolerance and, 134 Empiricism” two classes of, 48 analyticity, 59, 76, 235 antirealism, 39 abstract objects and, 235 Aristotle, 127, 207, 211, 212, 218

309

310 Index

associations, 175 Cairns, William D., 260 atomism, 83–4 “Carnap and Logical Truth” autokinetic effect, 99 (Quine), 57, 60, 63 Avenarius, Richard, 219, 223 Carnap, R., 4, 5, 181, 200 axiomatization, 31 analytic-synthetic distinction Ayer, A. J., 4, 216, 230–1, and, 131, 246 257 analyticity and, 236–7 Ayers, Michael, 218 artificial languages and, 51 conventionalism and, 229 Barcan, Ruth, 205 correspondence with, 234 behavioral theory, 47, 68, 82 Descartes and, 181 analyticity and, 187 empiricism and, 10, 12, 49, behavioral criteria, 49, 59, 63 227–8, 238, 256 definition of, 183 Frege and, 224 dispositions. See dispositions holism and, 56, 240–1 empiricism and, 181 language and, 50, 129, 229 indeterminacy and, 176 logic and, 12, 52, 56, 233–4, language and, 184 238, 239 linguistics and, 198–9 logical positivism, 232–3, 237 mathematics and, 187 mathematics and, 50, 52, mentalistic explanation, 288 227–8 philosophy of language and, modal logic and, 238 184, 195 ontology and, 115, 129, 130 philosophy of mind and, 197 proposal gambit, 50–1, 52, 60 physiological explanation and, Quine and, 11, 12, 14, 26, 29, 184 47, 49, 52, 62, 115, 129, Quine and, 3, 29, 181, 194, 198, 131, 132, 133, 214–15, 226, 249, 262 229, 234, 236, 238, 247, semantics and, 185–6 257 speech and, 288 reductionism and, 55 translation and, 162, 290 relativism and, 132, 134 verificationism and, 82 Russell and, 145–6 Vienna Circle and, 262 syntax and, 233–4, 238 beliefs, 132, 133, 157, 160 tolerance principle, 129, 131–2, Bergstrom,¨ Lars, 15, 188–9 239, 242, 247, 262–3 Blumberg, Albert, 217–18 translation and, 61 bodies, 143, 145 Vienna Circle and, 232–3 bound variables, 7–8 Wittgenstein and, 225 brain-in-the-vat problem, 44 See also specific works, topics Brentano, F., 155 Cartesian challenge, 43 Bridgman, P. W., 191 causal laws, 136 Brouwer, L. E. J., 229 charity, principle of, 104

Index 311

Chomsky, Noam, 183 Cooley, John, 230 Church, Alonzo, 201–2, 203, 211, cosmic complement, 37 212 Creath, Richard, 131 circularity, in definition, 47 critical semantic masses, 58, 60 classes, 201–2, 260 cultural relativism, 110–11 existence of, 148, 182 intensional range of, 203 Darwinism, 27, 28, 34 logical, 154 data, observation and, 92 modal logic and, 205 Davidson, Donald, 89, 102, 108, names and, 202 176 physicalism and, 182 Davies, Martin, 43 quantifiers and, 203, 205 de Rosa, Rufella, 65 sets and, 272 definitions, 47, 238 virtual, 275 Dennett, D., 177 Clayton, Naomi, 3 Descartes, 10, 43, 133, 181, 245 Cohen, Paul, 171 descriptions, 125, 139, 202, color, 152, 241 210 “Comment on Bergstrom” desires, 157, 160 (Quine), 188–9 Dewey, John, 43, 68, 154 common sense, 128 dispositions, 155, 156, 158–9, 172, computer programs, 158 288 Comte, A., 219, 220, 252 disquotation, 108–9 mathematics and, 220–1 Dreben, Burton, 257 Mill and, 221–2 Duhem thesis, 14–15, 66, 72, 73, positivism and, 252 77, 80–1, 86, 87, 88, 242 Vienna Circle and, 253 Dummett, Michael, 68, 75, 87, concept-empiricism, 218 88, 101, 102, 103, 163 confirmation analytic-synthetic distinction ecumenism, 106, 108 and, 80 Einstein, Albert, 91–2, 94, 99 critical semantic masses and, empathy, 189 58, 60 empiricism, 9, 12, 47, 183 holism and, 66, 72, 86 analytic-synthetic distinction meaning and, 54 and, 246–7, 248 observation sentences and, Aristotle and, 218 79–80 behavioral theory and, 181 conservation, 112 Carnap and, 12, 227–8 conservatism, 57, 98, 173 disconfirmation and, 67 consistency, 278, 279 empirical equivalence, 96, 100, constructivism, 274 101, 102 conventionalism, 239, 246, 253, evidence and, 258 262–3 Hume and, 21, 219

312 Index

empiricism (cont.) naruralized, 9–10, 19, 27, 293 knowledge-empiricism, 218, philosophy of language and, 196 223 psychology and, 292 logical empiricism, 30, 31 Quine and, 24, 25 logical incompatibility and, traditional, 10 101, 102 “Epistemology Naturalized” mathematics and, 218, 222, (Quine), 19–22, 26, 27, 31, 227, 246–7, 248 32–3, 74–5, 244, 258 metaphysics and, 49 equivocation, 101–2 milestones of, 32, 251–2 Ernst Mach Society, 224–5 Mill and, 222–3 essential predication, 48 naturalism and, 169, 245, essentialism, 207–8, 212 251–2 evidence, 66, 119, 137, 183 observations and, 49, 79, 118. evolutionary theory, 27, 28, 34 See also observation existence. See ontology sentences existential quantification, 123, ontology, 106–7 204 physicalism and, 182, 261–2 experience, 75, 76, 154 pragmatism and, 251 explanation, 184 Quine and, 8–9, 181 extensionalism, 6, 7, 11, 260 sensory basis, 238–9, 258 significance and, 49 facts, indeterminacy of, 26 testability and, 111–12 fallibilism, 9, 182–3 theory and, 66 Fara, Rudolph, 43 third dogma of, 88, 89 Feigl, Herbert, 217–8, 230 tightness, 112 Field, Hartry, 170 truth and, 106–7 “Five Milestones of Empiricism” underdetermination and, 100, (Quine), 32, 251–2 169 Fodor, J., 84 See also “Two Dogmas of forms, Platonic, 168 Empiricism”; specific topics, Frank, Philipp, 224 works Frege, Gottlob, 219, 223, 224 “Empiricism, Semantics, and Fregean semantics Ontology” (Carnap), 236 From a Logical Point of View Enquiry Concerning Human (1953) (Quine), 205 Understanding (Hume), 21–2. From Stimulus to Science See also Hume (Quine), 37–8, 255–6 epistemology acquaintance and, 116 generality, 98 analytic-synthetic distinction geometry, 94. See mathematics and, 131 Gibson, Roger, 113, 255, 256, 257 foundations of science and, 19 global theory, 87, 93–4, 104, languages and, 184 106

Index 313

Godel,¨ Kurt, 4, 228–9 Quine and, 11, 21, 22, 23–4, 27, Godel¨ ’s axiom of constructibility, 29 96–7, 100, 112 skepticism of, 23–4 Godel¨ ’s incompleteness theorem, Hylton, Peter, 17 228, 229, 239, 273, 276 Goodman, Nelson, 235, 238 idealism, 115 gradualism, 246 identities, 206 Grice, Paul, 243 identity theory, 8, 15–16, 147, 196, 197–8, 201–2 Hahn, Hans, 224 “In Praise of Observation Harvard University, 232 Sentences” (Quine), 42 Heidegger, M., 57 indeterminacy, 32–3, 37, 175, Hempel, C., 49 216 Hilbert, D., 228, 229 behaviorism and, 176, 194–5 holism, 32, 58 constraints approach, 157–9, analytic-synthetic distinction, 160–1 73, 86, 240, 242 epistemology and, 32–3 Carnap and, 56, 240–1 first statement of, 153 confirmation holism, 72 independence proofs, 171 Duhem and. See Duhem inscrutability and, 161, 163, thesis 164–5 Dummett and, 163 instances of, 170 epistemology and, 56 language and, 216 global. See global theory mathematics and, 156 language and, 14, 75 meaning and, 73, 152, 160 mathematics and, 247–8, 254 mind and, 157 meaning and, 65–6, 68, 72 naturalism and, 30–1, 32–3 observation and, 74 ontology and, 40, 149 Putnam and, 82–3 reductionism and, 26 Quine and, 15, 32, 34, 57, 60, reference and, 37–8, 289 65, 84, 88, 149, 240–1, refutations and, 172 253 structure and, 174 reductionism and, 73 translation and, 17, 33, 34, translation and, 68, 166 70–1, 72, 109, 151, 165–6, verification and, 89, 215 171, 172, 177, 192 Wittgenstein and, 176 underdetermination and, 26, homology problem, 192 168, 169, 177–8, 291 Horwich, Paul, 43 individuals, 204, 205 Hume, David, 21–2, 51, 63, 218, induction, 22–3, 27, 219, 222 219 inextricability thesis, 163 empiricism and, 21, 219 inscrutability of reference induction and, 22–3, 27 indeterminacy and, 161, 163, logical positivism and, 219 164–5

314 Index

inscrutability of reference (cont.) meaning and. See meaning language and, 141–2, 166, 167 mind and, 184 later writings and, 168 mother tongue, 142 observation sentences and, 170 names and, 125 ontology and, 271 normativity and, 173 reference and, 164–5 ontology and, 125, 130, 134–5 translation and, 142 philosophy of, 184, 250 intensional logic, 203, 211, 234, physiology and, 184 250, 260 private, 141 intentions, 155, 157, 160, 203, 211 psychological theory of, 25 interpretation, 173, 176. See also radical translation and, 163–4 translation reference and, 120, 121, 122, introspection, 176, 199 137, 141–2 intuitionism, 272, 274 regress of, 142 relativity and, 144 Joergensen, J., 216 scientific, 247 semantics and, 247 Kaila, Eino, 258 sentences and, 137, 138, 160 Kantian theory, 219–20, 222 social relations, 185 Kirk, Robert, 17 speech disposition and, 288 knowledge-empiricism, 218, 223 structures of, 172 Kripke, S., 176 syntax and, 247, 250 Kuhn, Thomas, 98 theory and, 130, 132, 133 translation and. See translation language, 33, 34, 41, 132, 140 truth and, 128, 132, 133 acquisition of, 146, 147, 158, Lepore, Emert, 65 189 Lesniewski, Stanislaw, 4 analytic-synthetic distinction Levy, Edwin, 178–9 and, 131 Lewis, C. I., 200, 230 behavioral theory and, 172, 184, Lewis, David, 173 198–9 “Linguistics and Phil” (Quine), Carnap and, 50, 129, 229 190 convention and, 129 logic, 12, 77 empirical theory of, 49–50 analyticity and, 238–9 epistemology and, 184 branching quantifiers, 274 holistic view of, 75 Carnap and, 12, 52, 56, 233–4, indeterminacy and, 216 238, 239 inscrutability and, 141–2, 166, central role of, 270 167 consistency and, 277–8 linguistics and, 160 existential conditionals, 278 logic and, 279. See also logic; first-order, 126 specific topics identity and, 273 logical empiricists, 30 instantiation in, 279–80

Index 315

language and, 279 epistemology of, 20–1, 220 logical connection, 136–7 foundations of, 19–20 logical notation, 122 Frege and, 223 main method, 280 holism and, 247–8, 254 mathematics and, 20 indeterminacy and, 156 ontological commitments, 123 intuition and, 272 philosophy of, 7 lack of content, 12 predicate logic, 273 logic and, 20 quantification, 124, 126, 274 naturalism and, 253 schemata for, 277 necessity of, 13 second-order, 147 physics, 275 syntax and, 240, 245–6 Quine and, 19, 248, 256, 275 theory and, 136 set theory and, 20, 26, 130, translation in, 279 273 truth tables and, 277–8 stimulation and, 156 truth-value analysis, 277–8 syntax and, 240, 246 variables in, 124 Vienna Circle and, 227 logical incompatibility, 101, 102 meaning, 142, 153, 154 logical positivism, 5, 30, 31, 101, analytic-synthetic distinction 258 and, 153 Carnap and, 232–3, 237 analyticity and, 235 Hume and, 219 atomism and, 65, 83–4 origin of term, 217, 258 confirmation and, 54 Quine and, 214, 217, 237 evidence and, 66 Logical Syntax of Language experience and, 76, 154 (Carnap), 61, 239, 241 forms and, 168 logical truths, 48 holism and, 65–6. See meaning Logische Aufbau der Welt, Der holism (Carnap), 56, 238 hypostasis and, 177 Lukasiewicz, Jan, 4, 278 indeterminacy and, 152, 160 inextricability thesis, 163 Mach, Ernst, 219, 223, 224 in isolation, 74 Magee, Bryan, 217 modalities and, 201 Massey, Gerald, 171, 178–9 naturalism and, 71 materialism, 198 normative conception of, 173 mathematics, 12, 77, 241 objectivity and, 154 analyticity and, 227, 228, Quine and, 52, 53 238–9, 247–8 reference and. See reference behaviorism and, 187 reification of, 244, 289 Carnap and, 50, 52, 227–8 social nature of, 68 Comte and, 220–1 stimulus meaning and, 69, empiricism and, 218, 222, 227, 74–5 246–7, 248, 253–4, 255, 256 synonymy and, 155, 185

316 Index

meaning (cont.) molecularism, 87 terms from, 51–2 Moore, G. E., 115–16 theory and, 108, 153–4 theory of, 51–2 names translation and, 71, 153, 289 classes and, 202 verification and, 53, 54, 60, descriptions and, 202 81–2, 225 elimination of, 126 Wittgenstein on, 173, 175 language and, 125 Meaning and Necessity (Carnap), ontological commitment, 124, 210 125 meaning holism, 65 quantified variables, 124 analytic-synthetic distinction, reference and, 121 73, 82 “Natural Kinds” (Quine), 27, 34, defining, 84 244 holism and, 68, 72 naturalism, 6, 43, 68, 181 indeterminacy and, 73 corollaries to, 11 naturalism and, 68, 71, 73 empiricism and, 169, 245, Quine and, 66, 67 251–2 metaphysics, 49 epistemology and, 9–10, 19, 27, Methods of Logic (Quine), 277 251 Mill, J. S., 12, 219, 221–3, 253–4 first philosophy and, 270 mind, 143, 144, 146, 154, 157, indeterminacies and, 30–1 182, 184 mathematics and, 253 “Mind and Verbal Disposition” meaning and, 68, 71, 73 (Quine), 196 ontology and, 35–7 modality, 7 Quine and, 8–9, 10, 11, 26–7, axiomatic treatment of, 230 32, 44, 68, 71 Carnap and, 238 radical translation and, 17 classes and, 205 relativism and, 110 distinctions in, 208 scepticism and, 105 essentialism and, 207–8 sensory receptors and, 28 identity and, 202 translation and, 34, 169 intentional objects, 211 two theses of, 181 logic of, 7, 205, 208, 230, 238 verificationism and, 89 meaning and, 201 “Naturalism; Or, Living Within necessity and, 209 One’s Means” (Quine), 41 ontology and, 201 “Nature of Natural Knowledge, possibility and, 209 The” (Quine), 30, 43 quantification and, 202–3, 204, necessity. See modality 208, 210, 211 identities and, 206 Quine and, 200, 209, 271 modalities and, 209 reference and, 205 possibility and, 201, 209 modesty, 98 Quine and, 13, 200

Index 317

negative stimulus, 186 inscrutability of reference and, Neurath, Otto, 10, 28, 170, 214, 170 222–3, 224, 242–3, 245, logical connections between, 261–2 136–7 normativity, in language, 173 names and, 118 “Notes on Existence and nature of, 188 Necessity” (Quine), 63 notion of, 261–2 numbers, 272, 276 observation categoricals, 118 occasion sentences and, 95, 162, Oberlin College, 2 186 objectivity, 152, 154, 157, 162. See protocol sentences and, 262 objects; reference radical translation and, 169 objects reification and, 121 abstract, 191, 235. See also sensory experience and, 80, classes 117–18, 135, 136, 262 bodies and, 145 theory and, 80, 195–6 language-relativity and, 144 occasion sentences, 95, 162, 166, mind and, 146 186 nature of, 142–3 “On Denoting” (Russell), 147–8 as neutral node, 145 “On Empirical Equivalent ontological relativity, 143 Systems of the World” ontology and. See ontology (Quine), 187 quantification and, 147 “On the Reasons for realism and, 144, 145 Indeterminacy of Russell and, 148 Translation” (Quine), 163, See also specific types, topics 168 theory and, 143, 145, 150. See “On What There Is” (Quine), 35, also theory 36 observation categoricals, 77, 95, one-sorted semantics, 209, 211 118 Ontological Relativity Quine, 36, observation sentences, 39–40, 37, 38, 244 41–2, 43, 58, 70, 73, 74–5, ontology, 35, 115, 124, 126, 127, 80–1, 85, 135–6, 138, 146, 128–9, 139, 143, 144 238 as absolute question, 130 conditions for, 117 analyticity and, 236 confirmation and, 79–80 as artificial, 128 data and, 92 Carnap and, 115, 130 definition of, 84–5, 119, 187 commitments to, 124, 126, Duhem thesis and, 88 127 empirical content of, 49, 79 common sense and, 128 evidence and, 119 empiricism and, 106–7 holism and, 74 indeterminacy and, 149 holophrastic interpretation, 41 intentional notions, 203

318 Index

ontology (cont.) classes and, 182 language and, 125, 127–8, 130, empiricism and, 182, 261–2 134–5 microphysical states, 182 logic and, 123 psychology and, 29 modality and, 201, 204, 205 Quine and, 182–3 names and, 124, 125 Pierce, C. S., 43 naturalistic, 35–7 Platonic forms, 168 objects and, 143, 145 Poincare, H., 113 ordinary language and, 127–8 positivism, 217, 249, 252 proxy functions and, 140 possibility, 201, 209. See also quantification and, 147 modality Quine and, 35–7, 115, 134–5 pragmatism, 246, 251 Quine’sdictum,235 precision, 98 realism and, 144 predicate logic, 191 reference and, 137–8, 143 prediction, 98 regimentation and, 271 Principia Mathematica reification and, 292 (Whitehead and Russell), 224, relativism and, 128–9, 135, 140, 272 143, 144, 145, 149 private language, 141, 150 theory and, 122, 123, 127, 130 probability, 237 translation and, 139, 140, 149 Problems of Philosophy (Russell), truth and, 128 116 See also specific authors, proper names, 35–6 works, concepts properties, 147, 250 open sentence, 122 proposal gambit, 50–1 ordered pairs, 143 propositions, 15–16 ordinary language, 127–8, 246 protocol language, 261–2 Orenstein, Alex, 268 proxy functions, 37, 138, 139, ostension, 164, 165, 189, 275 140 overdetermination, 229 psychology, 25, 29, 292 Pursuit of Truth (Quine), 38, 39, Pakaluk, Michael, 22 59, 60, 184, 185, 188–9 paradigm, 142 Putnam, Hilary, 82–3, 216, 252 paradox, 147 periphery, 75 qualities, 147, 190–1 philosophy of language, 195, 196, quantification, 124 250 classes and, 203, 205 philosophy of mind, 196 essentialism and, 207–8 philosophy of science, 173, 197–8, intensional values and, 211–12 243, 244–5, 247 logic and, 124, 126 physical theory, 30, 91, 92, 94, modality and, 202, 204, 205 177–8, 243, 244–6, 247 names and, 124 physicalism, 6–7, 8, 9, 182, 262 objects and, 147

Index 319

ontology and, 147, 204, 205 at Harvard, 5–6, 232 referential, 147 holism and, 13, 15, 32, 34, 57, quantum mechanics, 52 60, 65, 84, 88, 149, 240–1, 253 Quine, Cloyd Robert, 1 Hume and, 11, 21, 22, 23–4, 27, Quine, Dr. Douglas, 6 29 Quine-Duhem thesis. See identity and, 203 Duhem’s thesis induction and, 22 Quine,W.V.O.,34, 94, 201, intellectual career, 5–6 229–30, 247–8, 254 languages and, 34, 184 1951 colloquium, 62 Lewis and, 230 behaviorism and, 3, 29, 50, 60, logic and, 147, 272, 277 63, 159, 181, 183–4, 191, 198, logical positivism and, 30, 214, 249, 262 216, 217, 237 Bergstrom and, 188–9 mathematics and, 2, 19, 248, birth of, 1 256, 275 Carnap and, 4–5, 11, 12, 14, 26, meaning and, 52, 53, 66, 67 29, 47, 49, 52, 115, 129, 131, on modalities, 209 132, 133, 181–2, 214–15, 226, modality and, 200, 202–3, 207, 229, 236, 238, 247, 257. See 209, 271 also specific topics mother of, 1 on circularity, 28 naturalism and, 8–9, 11, 26–7, common sense and, 128 32, 44, 68, 71, 106, 109, 126–7 on confirmation, 54, 55 Navy service, 5 contributions of, 270 necessity and, 13, 200 conventionalism and, 246, 253 nihilism of, 153 on Descartes, 181–2 at Oberlin, 2, 230, 249–50 on Dewey, 68 on objects, 10–11 dictum of, 271 on obviousness, 60 doctoral thesis, 3, 230 ontology and, 35, 37, 124, 126, Duhem and. See Duhem thesis 127–8, 129, 133–5, 148 ecumenism, 108 philosophy of mind, 197–8 empiricism and, 8–9, 106, 181, physicalism and, 6–7, 182–3 182, 183. See also empiricism positivism and, 249 epistemology and, 24, 25 psychology and, 25 on evolutionary theory, 27 Putnam and, 83 on evolutionary theory, 28, 34 radical holism, 58 existential conditionals, 278 radical translation and, 68 extensionalism and, 7, 11, 271 reductionism and, 25, 31, 53 fallibilism of, 9, 132–3, 182–3 relativism and, 110, 132, 133 father of, 1 religion and, 1, 2 fellowships, 3 Russell and, 145–6, 148, 202, on first philosophy, 270 252 global theory, 93–4 schemata and, 278

320 Index

Quine, W. V. O. (cont.) language and, 120, 121, 122, on scientific method, 92, 98 137, 141–2 sectarianism, 108 modality and, 205 semantics and, 187, 201 naming and, 121 set theory and, 272 objects and, 137 Skinnerian theory and, 190 observation categoricals, 118 son’s website, 6 ontology and, 137–8, 143 as teacher, 276–7 pointing and, 164, 165 theory and, 93–4, 132, 134 reification and, 121 thesis supervisors, 249–50 sentences, 120 translation and, 61, 289 translation and, 142, 165, truth-value analysis, 277–8 167–8 undergraduate thesis, 230 transparency and, 211 upbringing, 2 world and, 137 verificationism and, 82, 215 See also meaning Vienna Circle and, 214, 230, refutability, 98 250–1 regimentation, 134 wife of, 3 reification, 121, 146–7 Wittgenstein and, 176 relativism, 15, 96, 170 See also specific works, topics Carnap and, 132 “Quine’s 1946 Lectures on cultural, 110–11 Hume” (Pakaluk), 22–3 naturalism and, 110 ontology and, 128 rationalism, 10 Quine and, 132 realism, 144, 145 theory and, 107 reductionism, 47, 238 truth and, 128 Carnap and, 55 “Reply to Jules Vuillemin” defined, 55 (Quine), 76 empiricism and, 26, 53 “Reply to Stroud” (Quine), 40–1 holism and, 14–15, 73. See also repudiation theory, 197–8 holism revision, 32–3 indeterminacy and, 26 Roots of Reference, The (Quine), logical empiricism and, 31 13, 59, 146–7, 187, 191, 192 Quine and, 25, 31, 53 rules, 129 radical, 55 Russell, B., 2, 36, 56, 57, 115, 129, sententialism and, 56 139, 219, 250 use of, 134 acquaintance and, 115–16 verification theory and, 53 Carnap and, 145–6 reference, 115, 192 Frege and, 224 indeterminacy and, 26, 35, 36, objects and, 148 37–8, 41 Quine and, 145–6, 148, 202, inscrutability of. See 252 inscrutability of reference theory of descriptions, 125

Index 321

scepticism, 104, 105 syntax Schilpp, Paul Arthur, 236 analyticity and, 239 Schlick, Moritz, 3–4, 224, 225, conventions of, 239 259 logic and, 240, 245–6 scientific theory, 19, 30, 92, 243, mathematics and, 240, 246 244–6, 247 science and, 245–6 sectarianism, 106, 108 synthetic truths, 78 semantic tableaux, 279 semantics, 58, 60, 144, 185–6, Tarski, Alfred, 4, 113, 142, 176, 187. See also meaning 229 sensory experience, 116, 117, 130, tautology, 12 135, 156, 258, 262 theory sentences, 120, 161. See also best theory, 133 language; specific types causal laws and, 136 sententialism, 54, 55, 56 conservatism and, 173 set theory, 130, 147, 148, 171, defined, 93 191, 272, 273, 275–6 empirical content of, 66, 94–5 Set Theory and Its Logic (Quine), empirically equivalence, 95 275 evidence and, 183 simplicity, 57, 58, 98, 112, 131, evolving, 173 173, 241 global systems, 106 singular terms, 205, 207 idiolects and, 103 skepticism, 15 irreconcilability, 93 Skinnerian theory, 2–3, 189, 190 language and, 51, 130, 132, 133 Skolem-Lowenheim¨ theorem, 271 language-own-theory, 133 sociology, 220 logic and, 136 spatiotemporal objects, 138 meaning and, 108, 153–4 speech dispositions, 195 objects and, 145, 150 standing sentences, 13, 186 observation categoricals, 95 Stein, Howard, 62 observation sentences and, stimulation, 80, 135, 136, 156, 195–6 162 ontology and, 122, 123, 127, stimulus meaning, 74–5, 85, 178, 130 187 paradox and, 147 Strawson, Peter, 243 quantification and, 123 substitutional quantification, 204 quasi-theory, 166 substitutivity of identity, 201 Quine and, 132 synonymy, 243–4, 289 realism and, 145 analyticity and, 54–5, 185 relativism and, 107 criterion of, 48 scientific value of, 98–9 defined, 61 simplicity and, 131, 173 meaning and, 185 tests of, 96, 146 verificationism and, 83 translation manual, 103

322 Index

theory (cont.) semantic resources, 167–8 truth and, 133 understanding and, 140 underdetermination and, 93, Treatise of Human Nature 134, 169 (Hume), 22, 23 verification and, 215 truth tightness, 112 acquaintance and, 116 tolerance, principle of, 57, 129, definition of, 113 131–2, 133, 134, 262–3 disquotation and, 108–9 translation, 15–17, 34, 71, 142, immanent, 107, 113–14 161–4, 289 language and, 128, 132, 133 alternative methods, 151, 152 ontology and, 128 behavioral theory and, 159, 162, proxy functions and, 138 172, 290 relativism and, 128 Carnap and, 61 theory and, 133 color words, 152 “Truth by Convention” (Quine), exactness of, 159, 168 63 holism and, 68, 166 “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” holophrastic, 292 (Quine), 14, 31, 47, 185, 214 homophonic manual, 171 analytic-synthetic distinction indeterminacy and, 16–17, 26, in, 11–12, 29–30 33, 34, 36, 61, 68, 70–1, 72, analyticity in, 11–12, 47, 61–2 85, 109, 149, 151, 165–6, 172, approach to science, 61–2 173, 192 first presentations of, 235–6 interpretation and, 176 meaning in, 66, 153 within a language, 152 reductionism and, 26, 53 language and, 163–4 root identity of, 53–4 manuals of, 109, 149, 162, 168, 171–2, 177, 291 underdetermination, 15, 70, 93 meaning and, 71, 153 degree of, 101 naturalism and, 17, 34, 169 empirical equivalence and, 97, objective data and, 162 100 observation sentences and, 169 empiricism and, 97, 169 ontology and, 139, 140, 149 examples of, 94 of poetry, 152 geometry and, 94 pointing and, 165 global theories and, 94 project of, 161–2 indeterminacy and, 26, 169, proxy functions, 139, 140 177–8, 291 questioning and, 165–6 physical theory and, 91, 169, Quine and, 61, 289 177–8 radical, 15–17, 71, 161–2, 165, theory and, 93, 169 169, 289 three types of, 15 reference and, 142, 165, 167–8 tightness and, 112 regress and, 141 weak, 100, 101

Index 323

understanding, 140 Quine and, 214, 230, 250–1 universals, 126 Wittgenstein and, 225 vision, 241 Venn diagrams, 278 verificationism, 66, 68, 214, 216 Waismann, Friedrich, 4 analyticity and, 83, 257 Watson, John B., 2, 3, 196, 249, behavioral theory and, 82 262 holism and, 89, 215 White, Morton, 235 meaning and, 53, 54, 60, 81–2, Whitehead, Alfred North, 3, 201, 225 230, 250 naturalism and, 89 Wittgenstein, L., 4, 68, 154, 219, Quine and, 82, 215 231, 259 reductionism and, 53 Carnap and, 225 sententialism and, 54, 55 holism and, 176 synonymy and, 83 Kripke and, 176 theory and, 215 meaning and, 173, 175 two types of, 215 Quine and, 176 Wittgenstein and, 225 verification and, 225 Vienna Circle, 4, 219, 224 Vienna Circle and, 225 behaviourism and, 262 Word and Object (Quine), 8–9, 14, Carnap and, 232–3 36–7, 63, 115, 122, 141, 144, Comte and, 253 156, 161–2, 163, 184, 185, mathematics and, 227 189