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Institut Fur Energetik Und Umwelt Gemeinnutzige Gmbh Institute for Energy and Environment Institut fur Energetik und Umwelt gemeinnutzige GmbH Institute for Energy and Environment Sustainable Strategies for Biomass Use in the European Context Analysis in the charged debate on national guidelines and the competition between solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels Dr. Daniela Thran Michael Weber Anne Scheuermann Nicolle Frohlich Prof. Dr. Drs. h.c. Jurgen Zeddies Prof. Dr. Arno Henze Prof. Dr. Carsten Thoroe Dr. Jorg Schweinle Uwe R. Fritsche Dr. Wolfgang Jenseit, Lothar Rausch, Klaus Schmidt Geschaftsfiihrer: Prof. Dr. Martin Kaltschmitt Deutsche Kreditbank AG Stadt- und Kreissparkasse Leipzig Handelsregister: Amtsgericht Leipzig HRB 8071 (BLZ 120 30 000) (BLZ 860 555 92) Sitz und Gerichtsstand Leipzig Konto-Nr.: 1364280 KontoNr.: 1100564876 Zert.-Nr. 1210010564/1 - II - Sponsor: Bundesministerium fur Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety) Contact partner: Dr. Daniela Thran [email protected] Tel.: +49 341 / 2434 435 Developed by: Institut fur Energetik und Umwelt gGmbH / Institute for Energy and Environment (IE) Torgauer Str. 116 04347 Leipzig Germany Universitat Hohenheim / University of Hohenheim (UHOH) Institut fur Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre (Institute for Farm Management) Schloss-Osthof-Sud 70599 Stuttgart Hohenheim Germany Bundesforschungsanstalt fur Forst- und Holzwirtschaft / Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products (BFH) Institut fur Okonomie (Institute for Economics) Postfach 80 02 09 21002 Hamburg Germany Oko-Institut e. V. / Institute for Applied Ecology (OI) RheinstraBe 95 64295 Darmstadt Germany Table of contents - III - Table of contents Executive summary.............................................................................................................. VII List of figures....................................................................................................................XXIX List of tables...................................................................................................................XXXIII List of abbreviations.....................................................................................................XXXVII 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 2 Framework...................................................................................................................... 3 Arno Henze, Anne Scheuermann, Jorg Schweinle, Jurgen Zeddies 2.1 European energy policy .......................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 European measures...................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Orientation and developments ..................................................................... 7 2.1.3 Situation in selected EU member states..................................................... 11 2.1.4 Consequences for biomass use.................................................................. 21 2.2 European forestry policy ....................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Orientation and developments ................................................................... 23 2.2.2 Situation in selected EU member states.....................................................30 2.2.3 Consequences for biomass potentials ........................................................ 40 2.3 European agricultural policy ................................................................................. 41 2.3.1 Orientation and developments ................................................................... 41 2.3.2 Situation in selected EU member states.................................................... 48 2.3.3 Consequences for biomass potentials ........................................................ 49 3 Biomass supply.............................................................................................................. 52 Arno Henze, Anne Scheuermann, Jorg Schweinle, Daniela Thran, Michael Weber, Jurgen Zeddies 3.1 Definitions and methodology .................................................................................52 3.2 Forestry potentials ................................................................................................. 53 Table of contents - IV - 3.2.1 Methodology .............................................................................................. 53 3.2.2 Results ...................................................................................................... 57 3.2.3 Scenario comparison ................................................................................ 65 3.2.4 Factors influencing further development................................................... 66 3.3 Potential of agricultural areas................................................................................ 67 3.3.1 Definitions and methodology .................................................................... 67 3.3.2 Technical potential .................................................................................... 68 3.3.3 Results of estimates of technical potential ................................................ 77 3.3.4 Scenarios of realistic potential development ............................................. 99 3.4 Economic potential for bioenergy sources under given and future expected conditions ............................................................................................................ 102 3.4.1 Methodology for determining the economic potential for bioenergy sources ......................................................................................................102 3.4.2 Supply potentials for bioenergy sources in light of changing policy conditions .................................................................................................103 3.4.3 Results of estimates of economic potential ..............................................105 3.4.4 Comparison of economic and technical potentials for bioenergy sources from agriculture ...........................................................................113 3.5 Potentials for product groups (energy crops) .......................................................120 3.5.1 Methodology............................................................................................ 120 3.5.2 Results......................................................................................................126 3.6 Potential from residues........................................................................................ 132 3.6.1 Methodology............................................................................................ 132 3.6.2 Results......................................................................................................143 3.7 Total potential .......................................................................................................151 3.7.1 Germany ................................................................................................. 152 3.7.2 EU-28 countries ........................................................................................153 3.8 Putting potentials into perspective .......................................................................156 3.8.1 Comparison of the results with other studies...........................................156 3.8.2 Significance of potentials in the global context of world nutrition ........157 4 Demand for biomass...................................................................................................161 Daniela Thran, Michael Weber 4.1 Current use............................................................................................................161 4.1.1 Germany .................................................................................................. 161 Table of contents - V - 4.1.2 Europe ......................................................................................................165 4.2 Future demand......................................................................................................167 4.2.1 Energy scenarios .......................................................................................167 4.2.2 Germany .................................................................................................. 169 4.2.3 Europe ...................................................................................................... 171 4.3 Options for transregional measures to meet demand...........................................174 5 Supply chains.............................................................................................................. 177 Uwe Fritsche, Daniela Thran, Michael Weber 5.1 Technologies ........................................................................................................177 5.1.1 Heat generation ........................................................................................ 178 5.1.2 The generation of electricity .....................................................................178 5.1.3 Fuel production .........................................................................................180 5.2 Development of application .................................................................................182 5.2.1 Use of resources depending on area of application ..................................182 5.2.2 Sensitivity
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