PROSTOR POSEBNI OTISAK/ 2-19 Znanstveni Prilozi Mara Mariæ Mladen Obadšæitaroci
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PROSTOR 28 [2020] 1 [59] ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING SVEUÈILIŠTE U ZAGREBU, POSEBNI OTISAK / SEPARAT OFFPRINT ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET Znanstveni prilozi Scientific Papers UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY OF 2-19 Mladen Obad Šæitaroci Landscape Areas within Pejsažne površine unutar utvrðenih ARCHITECTURE Mara Mariæ Fortified Medieval-Renaissance srednjovjekovno-renesansnih Towns gradova ISSN 1330-0652 https://doi.org/ Typology, Valorisation and Enhancement Tipologija, vrjednovanje i unaprijeðenje 10.31522/p Original Scientific Paper Izvorni znanstveni èlanak UDK | UDC 71/72 https://doi.org/10.31522/p.28.1(59).1 https://doi.org/10.31522/p.28.1(59).1 CODEN PORREV UDC 711.4:712 ”12/20” UDK 711.4:712 ”12/20” 28 [2020] 1 [59] 1-200 1-6 [2020] 2 Fig. 1 Ston, photo: Ana Sopina Sl. 1. Ston, foto: Ana Sopina Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 28[2020] 1[59] PROSTOR 3 Mladen Obad Šćitaroci1, Mara Marić2 1 University of Zagreb 1 Sveučilište u Zagrebu Faculty of Architecture Arhitektonski fakultet HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kačićeva 26 HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kačićeva 26 2 University of Dubrovnik 2 Sveučilište u Dubrovniku Department of Mediterranean cultures Zavod za mediteranske kulture HR - 20000 Dubrovnik, Marka Marojice 4 HR - 20000 Dubrovnik, Marka Marojice 4 [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Original Scientific Paper Izvorni znanstveni članak https://doi.org/10.31522/p.28.1(59).1 https://doi.org/10.31522/p.28.1(59).1 UDC 711.4:712 ”12/20” UDK 711.4:712 ”12/20” Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehničke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.05. - Landscape Architecture 2.01.05. - Pejsažna arhitektura Article Received / Accepted: 7. 3. 2020. / 23. 6. 2020. Članak primljen / prihvaćen: 7. 3. 2020. / 23. 6. 2020. Landscape Areas within Fortified Medieval-Renaissance Towns Typology, Valorisation and Enhancement Pejsažne površine unutar utvrđenih srednjovjekovno-renesansnih gradova Tipologija, vrjednovanje i unaprijeđenje medieval-Renaissance towns srednjovjekovno-renesansni gradovi fortified town utvrđeni grad landscape areas pejsažne površine approaches and enhancement models pristupi i modeli poboljšanja renovation of historic landscape areas obnova povijesnih pejsažnih površina The research was focused on determining the types of landscape areas within Istraživani su tipovi pejsažnih površina prema namjeni (korištenju) i kriteriji za the fortifications of medieval-Renaissance towns based on the use and the njihovo vrjednovanje. Na temelju dostupnih kartografskih izvora istraženo je criteria for their valorisation and enhancement. Twenty-six Mediterranean and 26 europskih gradova na području Mediterana i zapadne Europe. Utvrđeno je west European towns were analysed. Nine types of landscape areas and seven devet tipova pejsažnih površina i sedam kriterija za njihovo vrjednovanje. Pre- valorisation criteria have been determined. Three current approaches to the poznata su tri postojeća modela korištenja pejsažnih površina unutar povi use of landscape areas within the town walls have been recognised. jesnih jezgri gradova. 4 PROSTOR 1[59] 28[2020] 2-19 M. OBAD ŠćitarOCI, M. Marić Landscape Areas… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi INTRODUCTION scape areas appear within the medieval-Re- naissance parts of towns, 2) how to deter- UVOD mine the criteria for their valorisation and 3) which are the current approaches to the use of landscape areas in historic parts of towns. These questions arise in the context of con- sidering the enhancement and use of cultural heritage. The research can have practical ap- plication in the field of preservation, restora- tion and revitalisation of cultural heritage, especially in relation to landscape areas in historic parts of towns. Three hypotheses have been put forward based on the research questions and re- search aims: 1) Although they are spatially limited/small, fortified historic towns have various types of landscape areas which differ based on their purpose and form/design. 2) It is possible to determine general/com- mon criteria for the valorisation of landscape areas of historic towns, as a starting point for their use, enhancement and/or regulation/ design, regardless of the differences in the time of their formation, geographic and spa- tial determinants as well as stylistic and ur- ban characteristics. 3) It is possible to identify several different approaches to the use of landscape areas T his paper is part of extensive research into based on the analysis of the examples. landscape areas of fortified medieval-Re- 1 naissance towns. It deals with typological THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK categorisation of landscape areas within AND METHODOLOGY the walls of historic medieval-Renaissance towns, the criteria for their valorisation and TEORETSKI OKVIR I METODOLOGIJA enhancement.2 In this paper, landscape areas imply unbuilt The research was conducted by using the regulated or unregulated spaces created by Heritage Urbanism approach, which repre- planning, cultivation or natural succession sents a scientific platform through which of vegetation. There was some difficulty revitalisation and enhancement of heritage with terminological determination, as “green in the spatial, urban and landscape context space” is a term that covers different types of are considered.4 From the Heritage Urbanism these areas, so in this article the term land- scape area was chosen as more appropriate, 1 This research is part of the Heritage Urbanism [HERU] as it is a general term which covers various scientific project - Urban and Spatial Models for Revival types of landscape areas, from natural land- and Enhancement of Cultural Heritage [HERU2032], fi- nanced by the Croatian Science Foundation and carried scapes to cultivated landscapes and gardens. out from 2014 to 2018 at the Faculty of Architecture, Uni- Those spaces were used in different ways in versity of Zagreb. 3 the past. 2 The results of extensive research into landscape are- Landscape areas in 26 European medieval- as within the fortified medieval-Renaissance towns are presented in two more papers. The first paper has been Renaissance towns have been analysed. The published and it deals with general features of fortified reason for choosing this topic were three towns and landscape areas as an introduction into the re- Croatian examples - the medieval bicentric search. See in more detail: Obad Šćitaroci, Marić, 2015. The second paper has been published in the “Urban town of Ston (Veliki and Mali Ston) in which Morphology” journal and it presents the results of rese- the proportion of landscape areas is 40% of arch into morphological features of fortified medieval and the total town area within the fortification, Renaissance towns. See in more detail: Obad Šćitaroci, the Roman-medieval town of Nin (Aenona) Marić, 2019. 3 Landscape areas have always been an integral part of with 52% of landscape areas and Roman-Re- fortified towns. One of the first known towns, the town of naissance town of Cavtat (Epidaurum) with Mari (old Assyrian period, 3rd millennium BC), had two 63% of landscape areas within the fortifica- rows of circular defensive walls with palm trees gardens tion (Figs. 1-3). between them that protected the vegetables under the trees from excessive evapotranspiration. Three research questions have been ad- 4 Obad Šćitaroci, 2015, 2017; Obad Šćitaroci, Boja- dressed: 1) which types (purposes) of land- nić Obad Šćitaroci, 2019 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Landscape Areas… M. OBAD ŠćitarOCI, M. Marić 2-19 28[2020] 1[59] PROSTOR 5 point of view, it is necessary to achieve bal- fringebelt concept) containing the majority Fig. 2 Nin, photo: Ivo Pervan ance between the preservation of heritage of vacant landscape areas.9 Sl. 2. Nin, foto: Ivo Pervan identity, enhancement of town space, eco- In scientific studies on significantly degraded Fig. 3 Cavtat nomic success, social justice and preserva- Sl. 3. Cavtat 5 fortified towns landscape areas were recog- tion of the environment. nised as a potential cohesive cityscape ele- 10 The Heritage Urbanism approach presumes ment. A large number of scientific papers in three main steps: 1) determining the identity Croatia deal with the transformation of ba- 11 factors, factors of effect and value factors; 2) roque bastions into public town spaces. Re- defining the evaluation criteria, enhance- cent Croatian research into the urban devel- ment criteria and criteria for new interven- opment of historic fortified Istrian towns has been focused on the historic town as a whole tions; 3) defining the cultural heritage revival 12 and enhancement models.6 and has also studied town identity factors. Vacant unbuilt landscape areas which repre- One of the important starting points, agreed sent the unbuilt space of a town, as well as upon by all professions when it comes to town landscape areas, is that, as public spac- the built ones, are considered as an interde- es in the historic town, they are key compo- pendent entity - historic urban landscape.7 nents in building and protecting the town’s A lot of research focuses on the problem of collective identity.13 Researchers of different methodological principles for the historic ur- profiles likewise believe that valuable inher- ban fabric enhancement.8 There is a relative- ited features of these areas must be pre- ly large amount of research into the morphol- served during the transformation of land- ogy