DOCSLIB.ORG

April 7, 1942. H. C. PAULSEN 2,278,665 REFINING PETROLEUM OIL Filled Sept

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
April 7, 1942. H. C. PAULSEN 2,278,665 REFINING PETROLEUM OIL Filled Sept April 7, 1942. H. C. PAULSEN 2,278,665 REFINING PETROLEUM OIL Filled Sept. 14, l939 ado cozz Soluzo M Patented Apr. 7, 1942 2,278,665 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 2,278,665 REFINING PETROLEUMOILs Henry C. Paulsen, Elizabeth, N. J., assignor to Standard Oil Development Company, a corpo ration of Delaware Application September 14, 1939, Serial No. 294,800 5 Claims. (CI. 196-29) This invention relates to the refining of pe troleum oils. The invention is particularly con prove its anti-knocking characteristics, and to Cerned with refining a gasoline and like prod improve its Susceptibility for knock-suppressing, ucts, and especially relates to a process and ap agentS, as for example, tetraethyl lead. paratus for treating sulfur-containing oils with Various Suggestions have been made for over Sodium plumbite or analogous lead compounds coming these inherent difficulties resulting from for the purpose of removing sulfur compounds the addition of free sulfur. The suggested meth of the character which render the petroleum ods are more or less cumbersome and not en oil sour. The invention is more particularly . tirely satisfactory from a commercial standpoint. directed to an improvement in the so-called For example, Varia.us electrolytic methods have "doctor Sweetening operation' by which higher 10. been tried in order to accurately determine the quality petroleum products are secured and in amount of sulfur necessary to just quantitatively which material economies in the process are ef precipitate the lead. These methods are not en fected. In accordance with the present inven tirely practical since the reaction when using the tion, the lead mercaptides are converted to di quantitative amount of sulfur is very slow in sulfides and lead oxide by utilizing hydrogen 5 reaching completion which decreases the: peroxide in a novel procedure which materially through-puts and equipment capacities. v. improves the operation. I have now discovered a process by which sour oils may be readily treated in the usual manner Mineral oil distillates, as for example, pe With an alkaline solution of sodium plumbite or troleum oil distillates boiling in the kerosene and 20 doctor Solution and the resulting soluble lead motor fuel boiling range, contain certain sulfur mercaptides completely converted in an efficient compounds which impart disagreeable odors to manner. In accordance with my invention, these the oil. Various methods have been employed, Soluble lead mercaptides are converted to lead for the removal of these compounds or for the oxide and lead sulfide by the addition of hy. conversion of these disagreeable sulfur com drogen peroxide to the oil containing litharge, pounds to innocuous materials. However, these thus insuring that the sulfur content of the oil compounds are usually removed by agitating the Will not be increased and that no undesirable oils with an alkaline Solution of an alkali metal Sulfur polymers will be formed. The process of plumbite such as sodium plumbite which is pre my invention may be demonstrated by the foll pared by dissolving lead oxide in an excess of 30 lowing reactions: Sodium hydroxide. When the petroleum oil and plumbite Solution are mixed, a chemical reaction occurs resulting in the conversion of mercaptains to Corresponding lead mercaptides. These mer captides are then decomposed, usually by the 35 addition of free sulfur, resulting in the lead be My invention necessarily results in the pro ing precipitated as an insoluble lead sulfide and duction of a higher quality oil completely free of in the formation of odorless disulfide compounds. corrosive sulfur and having high anti-knocking This operation known as 'SWeetening' may be characteristics as well as having a high suscepti Summarized by the following reactions: 40 bility for knock suppressing agents. Possible re running of the treated oil for the removal of un desirable Sulfur polymers is eliminated. Fur thermore, my process eliminates the regenera tion of doctor Solution stage since the lead from This operation is not entirely satisfactory since 45 the hydrogen peroxide treated oil Containing in Order to insure complete removal of the Sol litharge is removed as lead mono-oxide by wash. uble lead compounds from the oil, it is necessary ing with sodium hydroxide and used as fresh to add a sufficient amount of sulfur, which oft doctor Solution. - times results in the use of an excess of elementary. The process of my invention may be readily Sulfur. The excess sulfur dissolved in the gaso-, 50 understood by reference to the attached drawing line is very undesirable since it impairs the illustrating one modification of the same. For quality of the gasoline with respect to corrosive purposes of description, the feed oil is taken to neSS and anti-knocking properties as measured: be a mercaptain containing petroleum naphtha. by a lower octane number. Furthermore, in the boiling in the motor fuel boiling range. The usual doctor Sweetening operation, certain pe Sour gasoline containing mercaptains is introl. troleum oils upon the addition of free sulfur, duced into the Sweetening system by means of particularly if an excess be used, will form objec feed line . A solution of sodium plumbite is tionable polysulfide compounds. If this situa introduced into the sweetening system by means tion occurs it is necessary to redistill the motor of line, and is mixed with the sour gasoline in 60 contacting pump 2. The mixture in an initial fuel in order to reduce its corrosiveness, to im stage passes through valve 3, mixer 3 andline 2. 2,278,665 into settling drum G, wherein separation of the peroxide concentration of from 5 to 10%. When spent doctor solution from the leaded gasoline using aqueous solutions of peroxides of these containing lead mercaptides occurs. In the concentrations, it is sufficient to contact the lead initial stage the mercaptain compounds con mercaptide containing oil with from about 2 to tained in the oil are converted to oil-soluble lead 5 10% of aqueous, peroxide solution. mercaptides and the spent doctor solution layer The process of the present invention is not segregated from the leaded oil. i.he leaded gasor to be limited by any theory or mode of operation, line containing lead mercaptides is withdrawn but only in and by the following claims in which from settling drum 6 by means of line and in it is desired to claim all novelty in so far as the a secondary stage mixed with hydrogen per 10 prior art permits. oxide which is introduced by means of line. I claim: 2 and contacting pump 9, the mixture with 1. Process for... converting nercaptain com drawn from contacting pump. 0, by means of, pounds contained in the petroleum oil to di line f l and introduced into Settling dium 3, sulfide compounds, comprising contacting said wherein separation of the spent aqueous. hydro-. 1: petroleum oil in an initial stage with a Sodium gen peroxide solution from the gasoline contain plumbite solution under conditions to convert the ing suspended lead oxide occurs. In the second mercaptain compounds to corresponding soluble ary stage, the lead mercaptides are reacted with lead mercaptides, separating the spent Sodium hydrogen peroxide under conditions to form al plumbite solution from the treated oil containing oil layer containing lead oxide and a spent the soluble lead mercaptides, passing the treated aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. The oil fraction into a secondary stage and contacting spent aqueous peroxide solution is withdrawn the same in said secondary stage with hydrogen from settling drum 3 by means of a liquid level peroxide under conditions to convert the lead control valve 5 and line 6. The oil containing mercaptides to lead oxide and disulfide com suspended lead oxide is withdrawn from settling, pounds, whereby a water layer is formed in said drum 3...by means of line f4, and in a tertiary secondary stage, separating the water from the stage contacted with spent doctor solution from treated oil, passing the treated oil containing, sol said initial stage under conditions whereby a uble lead disulfides and the lead oxide to alter treated substantially lead-free oil phase con tiary stage and contacting the treated oil in said taining disulfides and a regenerated doctor solu 30. tertiary stage with the spent alkali metal tion phase are formed. The oil withdrawn by plumbite solution removed from said initial stage means of line 4 is passed-through contacting whereby the lead oxide is completely, removed pump 7 wherein it is mixed with spent doctor from said treated oil. solution withdrawn from settler 6 by means of 2. Process as defined by claim.1, in which said line 9. This mixture is withdrawn from con alkali metal plumbite solution is a sodium tacting pump 1 by means of line f8 and intro plumbite solution. duced into settling drum 9. The regenerated 3. Process as defined by claim 1, in which the doctor Solution separates from the sweetened spent alkali metal plumbite solution containing gasoline in settling drum 9. and is withdrawn the lead oxide is removed from said tertiary stage from settling drum 9 through valve 2; and then and recycled to said initial stage. passed into doctor solution storage 29, by means, 4. Continuous process for converting mercap of line 22. The doctor solution is withdrawn from tan compounds contained in a petroleum oil to doctor solution storage 29 by means of line 4 and disulfide compounds which comprises passing mixed with fresh unsweetened gasoline in con said oil continuously through an initial, a sec tacting pump 2. Fresh doctor solution may be ondary, and a tertiary stage, contacting said oil, introduced in the system by means of line 32. in said initial stage with a sodium plumbite solu The Sweetened gasoline substantially free of lead tion under conditions to convert the mercaptain oxide is withdrawn from settling drum.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Safety Data Sheet CS: 1.7.2
    Safety Data Sheet CS: 1.7.2 Page : 1 of 6 Infosafe No ™ 1CH9H Issue Date : July 2018 RE-ISSUED by CHEMSUPP Product Name : LEAD (II,IV) OXIDE Classified as hazardous 1. Identification GHS Product LEAD (II,IV) OXIDE Identifier Company Name CHEM-SUPPLY PTY LTD (ABN 19 008 264 211) Address 38 - 50 Bedford Street GILLMAN SA 5013 Australia Telephone/Fax Tel: (08) 8440-2000 Number Fax: (08) 8440-2001 Recommended use Storage batteries, glass, pottery and enameling, varnish, purification of alcohol, packing pipe joints, of the chemical and metal protective paints, fluxes, ceramic glazes and laboratory reagent. restrictions on use Other Names Name Product Code Lead oxide red Red lead LEAD (II,IV) OXIDE LR LL027 Lead tetraoxide LEAD (II,IV) OXIDE TG LT027 Other Information EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBER: +61 08 8440 2000 Business hours: 8:30am to 5:00pm, Monday to Friday. Chem-Supply Pty Ltd does not warrant that this product is suitable for any use or purpose. The user must ascertain the suitability of the product before use or application intended purpose. Preliminary testing of the product before use or application is recommended. Any reliance or purported reliance upon Chem-Supply Pty Ltd with respect to any skill or judgement or advice in relation to the suitability of this product of any purpose is disclaimed. Except to the extent prohibited at law, any condition implied by any statute as to the merchantable quality of this product or fitness for any purpose is hereby excluded. This product is not sold by description. Where the provisions of Part V, Division 2 of the Trade Practices Act apply, the liability of Chem-Supply Pty Ltd is limited to the replacement of supply of equivalent goods or payment of the cost of replacing the goods or acquiring equivalent goods.
    [Show full text]
  • Monoanionic Tin Oligomers Featuring Sn–Sn Or Sn–Pb Bonds: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tris(Triheteroarylstannyl)Stannate and -Plumbate
    inorganics Communication Monoanionic Tin Oligomers Featuring Sn–Sn or Sn–Pb Bonds: Synthesis and Characterization of a Tris(Triheteroarylstannyl)Stannate and -Plumbate Kornelia Zeckert Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; [email protected]; Tel.: +49-341-9736-130 Academic Editor: Axel Klein Received: 20 May 2016; Accepted: 14 June 2016; Published: 20 June 2016 6OtBu 6OtBu Abstract: The reaction of the lithium tris(2-pyridyl)stannate [LiSn(2-py )3] (py = C5H3N-6-OtBu), 6OtBu 1, with the element(II) amides E{N(SiMe3)2}2 (E = Sn, Pb) afforded complexes [LiE{Sn(2-py )3}3] for E = Sn (2) and E = Pb (3), which reveal three Sn–E bonds each. Compounds 2 and 3 have been characterized by solution NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallographic studies. Large 1J(119Sn–119/117Sn) as well as 1J(207Pb–119/117Sn) coupling constants confirm their structural integrity in solution. However, contrary to 2, complex 3 slowly disintegrates in solution to give elemental lead 6OtBu and the hexaheteroarylditin [Sn(2-py )3]2 (4). Keywords: tin; lead; catenation; pyridyl ligands 1. Introduction The synthesis and characterization of catenated heavier group 14 element compounds have attracted attention in recent years [1–5]. However, contrary to silicon and germanium, there are limitations for tin and lead associated with the significant decrease in element–element bond energy. Hence, homonuclear as well as heteronuclear molecules with E–E bonds become less stable when E represents tin and or lead. Moreover, within this class of compounds, discrete branched oligomers with more than one E–E bond are rare compared with their linear analogs [6–10].
    [Show full text]
  • Tetraethyllead Is a Deadly Toxic Chemical Substance Giving Rise to Severe Psychotic Manifestations. for Its Excellent Properties
    Industrial Health, 1986, 24, 139-150. Determination of Triethyllead, Diethyllead and Inorganic Lead in Urine by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Fumio ARAI Department of Public Health St. Marianna University School of Medicine 2095 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki 213, Japan (Received March 10, 1986 and in revised form May 21, 1986) Abstract : A method was developed for the sequential extraction of tetraethyllead (Et4Pb), triethyllead (Et3Pb+), diethyllead (Et2Pb2+) and inorganic lead (Pb2+) from one urine sample with methyl isobutyl ketone and the subsequent sequential determination of the respective species of lead by flame and flameless atomic ab- sorption spectrometry. When 40 ml of a urine sample to which 2 ƒÊg of Pb of each of Et4Pb, Et3Pb+, Et2Pb2+ or Pb2+ had been experimentally added was assayed for the respective species of lead by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, ten repetitions of the assay gave a mean recovery rate of 98% for each of Et4Pb, Et3Pb+, and Et2Pb2+, and 99% for Pb2+, with a coefficient of variation of 2.0% for Et4Pb, 0.7% for Et3Pb+ and Pb2+, 2.6% for Et2Pb2+, and a detection limit of 4 ƒÊg of Pb/L for Et4Pb, 3 ƒÊg of Pb/L for Et3Pb+, and 5 ƒÊg of Pb/L for each of Et2Pb2+ and Pb2+. Examination of urine samples from a patient with tetraethyllead poisoning 22 days after exposure to the lead revealed that the total lead output was made up of about 51% Pb2+, about 43% Et2Pb2+, and about 6% Et3Pb+ but no Et4Pb. Ad- ministration of calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Ca-EDTA) was followed by no increased urinary excretion of Et3Pb+ or Et2Pb2+.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference T Hlllf I Huf IIII F Lift Ifflf
    Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference t Hlllf I HUf IIII f lift ifflf Ilifl Hilt Illll UIII UN Illl on Energy and Environment, Cairo, Egypt, 1996 I Illllll Hill Mill Hill Illll Hill Illll IH11IIIH Illl Illl EG9700028 LEAD POLLUTION SOURCES AND IMPACTS by S.M.El-Haggar*, S.G.Saad*, M.A.E1-Kady** and S.K.Salch* ABSTRACT Despite the medical awareness of lead toxicity, and despite legislation designed to reduce environmental contamination, lead is one of the most widely used heavy metals. Significant human exposure occurs from automobile exhaust fumes, cigarette smoking, lead-based paints and plumbing systems Lead spread in the environment can take place in several ways, the most important of which is through the lead compounds released in automobile exhaust as a direct result of the addition of tetraethyl or tetraethyl lead to gasoline as octane boosting agents. Of special concern is the effect of lead pollution on children, which affects their behavioral and educational attributes considerably. The major channel through which lead is absorbed is through inhalation of Lead compounds in the atmosphere. Lead is a heavy metal characterized by its malleability, ductility and poor conduction of electricity. So, it has a wide range of applications ranging from battery manufacturing to glazing ceramics. It is rarely found free in nature but is present in several minerals and compounds The aim of this paper is to discuss natural and anthropogenic sources of lead together with its distribution and trends with emphasis on Egypt. The effects of lead pollution on human health, vegetation and welfare are also presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 87 Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds
    WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 87 Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds Posted December 2006 INORGANIC AND ORGANIC LEAD COMPOUNDS INORGANIC LEAD COMPOUNDS (Group 2A) ORGANIC LEAD COMPOUNDS (Group 3) For definition of Groups, see Preamble Evaluation. Vol.: 87 (2006) Lead, lead powder CAS No.: 7439-92-1 Lead acetate CAS No.: 301-04-2 Lead arsenate CAS No.: 3687-31-8 Lead carbonate CAS No.: 598-63-0 Lead chromate CAS No.: 7758-97-6 Lead naphthenate CAS No.: 61790-14-5 Lead nitrate CAS No.: 10099-74-8 Lead dioxide CAS No.: 1309-60-0 Lead monoxide CAS No.: 1317-36-8 Lead trioxide CAS No.: 1314-27-8 Lead phosphate CAS No.: 7446-27-7 Lead subacetate CAS No.: 1335-32-6 Lead sulfate CAS No.: 7446-14-2 Lead sulfide CAS No.: 1314-87-0 Lead tetraoxide CAS No.: 1314-41-6 Tetraethyl lead CAS No.: 78-00-2 Tetramethyl lead CAS No.: 75-74-1 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation 5.1 Exposure data Lead is found at low concentrations in the earth’s crust predominantly as lead sulfide (galena), but the widespread occurrence of lead in the environment is largely the result of anthropogenic activity. The utility of lead and lead compounds was discovered in prehistoric times. Lead has been used in plumbing and tableware since the time of the Roman Empire. Lead usage increased progressively with industrialization and rose dramatically with the widespread use of the automobile in the twentieth century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Radiochemistry of Lead COMMITTEE on NUCLEAR SCIENCE
    National Academy of Sciences NationalI Research Council I NUCLEAR SCIENCE SERIES The Radiochemistry of Lead COMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE L. F. CURTISS,Chuirman ROBLEY D. EVANS, ViceChaiYrnutJ NationalBureauofStandards MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology J.A. DeJUREN, Secretary WestlnghotieElectricCorporation C. J.BORKOWSKI J.W. IRVINE,JR. Oak RidgeNationalLaborstory MaseachueettaInstituteofTechnology ROBERT G. COCHRAN E. D. KLEMA Texas Agriculturaland Mechanical NorthwesternUniversity College W. WAYNE MEINKE SAMUEL EPSTEIN UniversityofMich@n CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology J.J.NICKSON U. FANO MemorialHospital,New York NationalBureauofStandards ROBERT L. PLATZMAN I..aboratcdrede HERBERT GOLDSTEIN Chimie+hysique NuclearDevelopmentCorporationof D. M. VAN PATTER America BartolResearchFoundation . LIAISON MEMBERS PAUL C. AEBERSOLD CHARLES K. REED AtomicEnergyCommission U. S.Air Force J.HOWARD McMILLEN WILLIAM E. WRIGHT NationalScienceFoundation OffIceofNavalResearch SUBCOMMITTEE ON RADIOCHEMISTRY W. WAYNE MEINKE, Chairman HAROLD KIRBY Unlversl~ofMichigan Mound Laboratory GREGORY R. CHOPPIN GEORGE LEDDICOTTE FloridaStateUniversity Oak RidgeNationalLaboratory GEORGE A. COWAN JULIAN NIELSEN Los AlsrnosSclentiflcLaboratory HanfordLaborstories ARTHUR W. FAIRHALL ELLIS P. STEINBERG UniversityofWashington ArgonneNationalLaboratory JEROME HUDIS PETER C. STEVENSON BrookhavenNationalLaboratory UniversityofC alifornta(Livermore) EARL HYDE LEO YAFFE UniversityofC slifornia(Berkeley) McGU1 University CONSULTANTS NATHAN BALLOU JAMES DeVOE NavalRadiologicalDefenseLaboratory
    [Show full text]
  • Genesis and Evolution in the Chemistry of Organogermanium, Organotin and Organolead Compounds
    CHAPTER 1 Genesis and evolution in the chemistry of organogermanium, organotin and organolead compounds MIKHAIL G. VORONKOV and KLAVDIYA A. ABZAEVA A. E. Favorsky Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1 Favorsky Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia e-mail: [email protected] The task of science is to induce the future from the past Heinrich Herz I. INTRODUCTION ..................................... 2 II. ORGANOGERMANIUM COMPOUNDS ...................... 5 A. Re-flowering after Half a Century of Oblivion ................. 5 B. Organometallic Approaches to a CGe and GeGe Bond ......... 6 C. Nonorganometallic Approaches to a CGe Bond ............... 11 D. CGe Bond Cleavage. Organylhalogermanes ................. 13 E. Compounds having a GeH Bond ........................ 14 F. Organogermanium Chalcogen Derivatives .................... 17 G. Organogermanium Pnicogen Derivatives ..................... 26 H. Compounds having a Hypovalent and Hypervalent Germanium Atom .................................... 29 I. Biological Activity ................................... 32 III. ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS ............................. 33 A. How it All Began ................................... 33 B. Direct Synthesis ..................................... 36 C. Organometallic Synthesis from Inorganic and Organic Tin Halides ... 39 D. Organotin Hydrides .................................. 41 E. Organylhalostannanes. The CSn Bond Cleavage .............. 43 The chemistry of organic germanium, tin and lead compounds —Vol.2 Edited by
    [Show full text]
  • Roc Background Document for Lead and Lead Compounds
    FINAL Report on Carcinogens Background Document for Lead and Lead Compounds May 8, 2003 Prepared for the: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service National Toxicology Program Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Prepared by: Technology Planning and Management Corporation Canterbury Hall, Suite 310 4815 Emperor Blvd Durham, NC 27703 Contract Number N01-ES-85421 05/08/03 RoC Background Document for Lead and Lead Compounds FOREWORD The Report on Carcinogens (RoC) is prepared in response to Section 301 of the Public Health Service Act as amended. The RoC contains a list of all substances (i) that either are known to be human carcinogens or may reasonably be anticipated to be human carcinogens and (ii) to which a significant number of persons residing in the United States are exposed. The Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, has delegated responsibility for preparation of the RoC to the National Toxicology Program, which prepares the Report with assistance from other Federal health and regulatory agencies and nongovernmental institutions. Nominations for listing in or delisting from the RoC are reviewed by a formal process that includes a multi-phased scientific peer review and several opportunities for public comment. The review groups evaluate each nomination according to specific RoC listing criteria. This Background Document was prepared to assist in the review of the nomination of lead and lead compounds. The scientific information in this document comes from publicly available peer-reviewed sources. Any interpretive conclusions, comments, or statistical calculations made by the authors of this document that are not contained in the original source are identified in brackets [ ].
    [Show full text]
  • Structure, Properties and Preparation of Perovskite-Type Compounds
    STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES AND PREPARATION OF PEROVSKITE-TYPE COMPOUNDS BY FRANCIS S. GALASSO United Aircraft Research Laboratories PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD . LONDON · EDINBURGH · NEW YORK TORONTO . SYDNEY . PARIS · BRAUNSCHWEIG Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford 4 & 5 Fitzroy Square, London W.l Pergamon Press (Scotland) Ltd., 2 «& 3 Teviot Place, Edinburgh 1 Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fair view Park, Elmsford New York 10523 Pergamon of Canada Ltd., 207 Queen's Quay West, Toronto 1 Pergamon Press (Aust^) Pty. Ltd., 19a Boundary Street, Rushcutters Bay, N.S.W. 2011, AustraUa Pergamon Press S.A.R.L., 24 rue des Écoles, Paris 5® Vieweg&Sohn GmhH, Burgplatz 1, Braunschweig Copyright © 1969 Pergamon Press Inc. First edition 1969 Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 68-21881 PBINTBD IN HUNQABY 08 012744 4 PREFACE SINCE 1945, when the ferroelectric properties of barium tita­ nate were reported by von Hippel in the United States and independently by workers in other countries, ABO3 com­ pounds with the perovskite structure have been studied extensively. These studies have resulted in the discovery of many new ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials. Most of the Literature written on perovskite-type compounds has been concentrated on these properties. In addition, a number of solid-state chemists devoted many years to producing new ternary perovskite compounds of all kinds and studying their structures. By 1955 it appeared that most of the possible combinations of large A cations and smaller  ions needed to form perovskite-type compounds had been tried. At that time, as part of a thesis problem at the University of Connecticut, I found that new perovskite- type compounds could be prepared by introducing more than one element in the  position of the perovskite structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Lead: Properties, History, and Applications Mikhail Boldyrev¹*, Et Al
    WikiJournal of Science, 2018, 1(2):7 doi: 10.15347/wjs/2018.007 Encyclopedic Review Article Lead: properties, history, and applications Mikhail Boldyrev¹*, et al. Abstract Lead is a chemical element with the atomic number 82 and the symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum). It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is silvery with a hint of blue; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and concludes three major decay chains of heavier elements. Lead is a relatively unreactive post-transition metal. Its weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature; lead and its oxides react with acids and bases, and it tends to form covalent bonds. Compounds of lead are usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group. Exceptions are mostly limited to organolead compounds. Like the lighter members of the group, lead tends to bond with itself; it can form chains, rings and polyhedral structures. Lead is easily extracted from its ores; prehistoric people in Western Asia knew of it. Galena, a principal ore of lead, often bears silver, interest in which helped initiate widespread extraction and use of lead in ancient Rome. Lead production declined after the fall of Rome and did not reach comparable levels until the Industrial Revolution. In 2014, annual global production of lead was about ten million tonnes, over half of which was from recycling.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharos Project : Materials : LEAD COMPOUNDS Accessed November 3, 2017
    Pharos Project : Materials : LEAD COMPOUNDS Accessed November 3, 2017 Building Chemicals and Certifications CompAIR Dashboard Logout Dashboard / Chemicals and Materials / LEAD COMPOUNDS Products Materials LEAD COMPOUNDS General Information Hazards Compound Group Members Compound Groups Process Chemistry Research GreenScreen C2C Compound Group Members (567): [69011-06-9] (1,2-BENZENEDICARBOXYLATO(2-))DIOXOTRILEAD [22441-40-3] (2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenyl)sulfanyl-triphenylplumbane * [63619-76-1] (2-fluoro-5-nitrosophenoxy)-triphenylplumbane * [500317-00-0] (3-chlorophenyl)-trimethylplumbane * [1441-24-3] (4-chlorophenyl)sulfanyl-triphenylplumbane * [2177-16-4] (4-ethenylphenyl)-triphenylplumbane * [38186-05-9] (4-fluorophenyl)sulfanyl-triphenylplumbane * [2034-14-2] (4-nitrophenyl)sulfanyl-triphenylplumbane * [512-26-5] 1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-, lead(2++) salt (2:3) [6838-85-3] 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, lead(2++) salt (1:1) [37288-57-6] 1,3,2-[nitrooxy(diphenyl)plumbyl]-4,5-dicarbonitrile, 2,2-dimethyl- [62560-44-5] 1,3,2-Benzodithiaplumbole, 2,2,5-trimethyl- * [62703-65-5] 1,3,2-Dithiaplumbolane, 2,2-dimethyl- * [62560-43-4] 1,3,2-Dithiaplumbole-4,5-dicarbonitrile, 2,2-dimethyl- * [12275-07-9] 1,3,5,7,9-Pentaoxa-252, 452,652,852-tetraplumbacyclotridec-11 -ene-10,13-dione, (Z)- [15245-44-0] 1,3-BENZENEDIOL, 2,4,6-TRINITRO-, LEAD SALT [73070-87-8] 1-Cyclohexylamino-3-(naphthyloxy)-2-propanol * [63027-34-9] 1-O-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[(2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2- yl]-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]
    [Show full text]
  • BY 0.K.5I.E. ATTORNEYS 3,671,187 United States Patent Office Patented June 20, 1972
    June 20, 1972 E. A. CUEVAS 3,671,187 REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED LEAD FROM ALKALI METAL CHLORIDE CONTAINING SOLUTIONS Filed July 13, 1970 INVENTOR PARA/M. A. Cue VAS BY 0.k.5i.e. ATTORNEYS 3,671,187 United States Patent Office Patented June 20, 1972 1. 2 be prepared only by virtually removing the lead ions from 3,671,187 solution before crystallizing the lithium chloride. REMOVAL OF DISSOLVED LEAD FROM ALKALI METAL CHLORIDE CONTAININGSOLUTIONS THE PRESENT INVENTION Ephraim A. Cuevas, Corpus Christi,Tex., assignor to In accordance with the present invention a method of PPG Industries, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. 5 precipitating lead, dissolved inorganic lead in particular, Filed July 13, 1970, Ser. No. 54,406 from aqueous solutions is provided. The invention in nt. C. C01d3/04, 11/02 volves contacting alkali metal chloride solutions contain U.S. C. 23-89 6 Claims ing contaminating quantities of dissolved lead compounds O with alkali metal sulfide to thereby convert the lead com ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE pounds contained in the solution to lead sulfide. In par A process is described for the removal of lead from ticular the invention provides an extremely efficient alkali metal chloride containing solutions by precipi method of removing dissolved lead from lithium chloride tation of the lead ions as a lead sulfide. The method in containing solutions having dissolved lead therein by the volves utilizing an alkali metal sulfide as the precipitat 5 addition thereto of lithium sulfide. The quantity of al ing agent in lieu of hydrogen sulfide. The use of alkali kali metal sulfide utilized is usually slightly in excess of metal sulfide as the precipitating agent precipitates the that stoichiometric quantity necessary to precipitate all lead in large particle sizes rendering filtration easy.
    [Show full text]