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The Implicataions of the Second Vatican Council on Historic American Catholic Architecture

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The Implicataions of the Second Vatican Council on Historic American Catholic Architecture University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Theses (Historic Preservation) Graduate Program in Historic Preservation 2009 THE IMPLICATAIONS OF THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL ON HISTORIC AMERICAN CATHOLIC ARCHITECTURE Jenna Victoria Farah University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses Part of the Historic Preservation and Conservation Commons Farah, Jenna Victoria, "THE IMPLICATAIONS OF THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL ON HISTORIC AMERICAN CATHOLIC ARCHITECTURE" (2009). Theses (Historic Preservation). 130. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/130 A THESIS In Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2009 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/130 For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IMPLICATAIONS OF THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL ON HISTORIC AMERICAN CATHOLIC ARCHITECTURE Disciplines Historic Preservation and Conservation Comments A THESIS In Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2009 This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/hp_theses/130 THE IMPLICATAIONS OF THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL ON HISTORIC AMERICAN CATHOLIC ARCHITECTURE Jenna Victoria Farah A THESIS In Historic Preservation Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2009 ____________________________________ Advisor Randall Mason Associate Professor City & Regional Planning _____________________________________ Program Chair Frank G. Matero Professor of Architecture For Anthony and Aidan. I could never write enough words to tell you how much I love you. I couldn’t do this without either of you. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my advisor, Randy Mason for his guidance, patience and encouragement. Additionally I would like to thank the parish of Saint Francis de Sales and specifically Susan Weiler for speaking with me about the history of Saint Francis. Special thanks to Robert Venturi and the firm of Venturi Scott Brown and Associates, Inc. Through interviews and unfettered access to their project files, I learned more than I could have imagined about the Saint Francis project and appreciate the opportunity to interview Mr. Venturi, which I view as a great privilege. I would like to thank the Historic Preservation Department at the University of Pennsylvania and Suzanne Hyndman for keeping us on track with due dates and announcements over the last two years. Thank you to my classmates, my friends, and my family. Your unwavering support has meant more than you’ll ever know. iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………..iii Table of Contents.…...…………………………………………………………………. iv List of Figures.…………………………………………………………………………..v Introduction......................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1 – Literature Review………………………………………………………...5 Part I: Setting the Stage: A Review of Theological and Social Issues Facing the Church……............…………... 5 Part II: Ecclesiastical Documents……………………………...……………………….. 9 Part III: Vatican II Driven Reformation……………………………………………….... 11 Part IV: Secularly Driven Church Redesign……………………………………………. 13 Chapter 2- The Architecture of Catholicism………………………………………… 14 The Impact of Design on Experience……………………………………………………18 Material Considerations………………………………………………………………….23 It’s not the Vatican’s Fault? Modernism and Functionalism…………………………….26 Chapter 3- The Second Vatican Ecumenical Council ……………….…………….... 30 The Church as Crucible; the Council as Catalyst………………………………………. 30 Cultural Trends and Tension: A Catholic Response……………………….…………… 32 A lasting impact: Church in the 44 Years after Vatican II.……………………....……... 29 Mount Saint Michael, Spokane, Washington………………………………...… 36 Christ the Light Cathedral, Oakland, California……………………………..… 37 Saint John the Baptist, Tryon, North Carolina………………………...……...... 40 Chapter 4 - Case Study of Saint Francis de Sales, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania....…43 Parish History……………………………………………...…………………...…..…... 45 The Renovations Take Shape........................................................................................... 50 Physical Description of the Installation............................................................................ 51 Build What You Believe; the Aftermath........................................................................... 55 Latest News: Parish Pussyfooters......................................................................................56 Chapter 5 – Conclusion.……..…………………………...……………….…..........…. 58 Works Consulted………… ……………………………..........……..……...........…… 62 Index………………………………………………………………………....…....……. 66 iv List of Figures 1. Diagram of Christ’s Body/Floor Plan...……………………………………………… 16 2. Floor Plans of Blessed Trinity Roman Catholic Church, Buffalo, New York............. 17 3. Saint Bede Catholic Church, Williamsburg, Virginia……………………………….. 22 4. Notre Dame du Haute, Ronchamp, France.………………………………………….. 27 5. Sanctuary of Mount Saint Michael, Spokane, Washington………………………….. 37 6. Interior of Christ the Light Cathedral, Oakland, California……………………...….. 37 7. Exterior of Christ the Light Cathedral, Oakland, California…………………....…… 38 8. April 2003, Saint John the Baptist, North Carolina……………………………...….. 39 9. April 2009, Saint John the Baptist, North Carolina…………………………...…….. 42 10. Front elevation of Saint Francis de Sales church……..…..………………...…….... 43 11. Scout Sunday at Saint Francis de Sales…..………………………………...……… 44 12. Interior of Saint Francis de Sales pre -1965…...…………………………...………. 45 13. Vanna Venturi House.……………………………………………………...………. 50 14. Plan view of Venturi Installation…………………………………………………… 53 15. Sanctuary of Saint Francis de Sales, Venturi Installation…………………………... 54 16. Front View of Venturi Altar………………………...……………………………… 54 v Introduction The Catholic Church in America has complicated history due partly to the fundamental belief in the separation of church and state. From architecture to art, priests, parishioners, preservation professionals and the general public have unique relationships with historic sacred spaces. These relationships are further complicated when historic sacred spaces are community landmarks reaching beyond the faith community they serve. The Second Vatican Council’s liturgical and theological reforms add a layer of complexity and meaning to historic American Churches. Many Roman Catholic churches, specifically their interiors, were altered to conform to new ritual practice while simultaneously reflecting the architectural and social trends of the 1960’s and 1970’s. 1 The Council’s liturgical reforms reflect shifts in the way Catholicism has been practiced since that time and illuminate the intrinsic link between church architecture and the belief system of those who use it. The Second Vatican Council reformed liturgical practices, embraced new ideas with regard to the lay community’s role in the Church, and allowed for alteration of existing church buildings while encouraging new designs for future churches. However, the effect of these reformations transcended the Catholic community in America; the preservation community became interested in how the Vatican directives would impact historic churches, specifically the alteration of the interiors, as well as the removal of communion rails, altars, statues and other great works of art and architecture. 1 Throughout this thesis Church and the Catholic Church are used interchangeably. Additionally, this paper is only concerned with the Roman Catholic Church (as opposed to the Eastern Orthodox Church etc.) unless otherwise specifically noted. 1 Parishes and preservationists have not always seen eye to eye with regard to the treatment of historic church interiors. The writing of the following thesis draws on a platform of values-centered preservation to understand and give appropriate consideration to the interests of both parties. Values-centered preservation is a planning methodology that first seeks to understand the resource, whether it is a site, building, district etc. In this data collection phase a critical step is stakeholder identification. Stakeholders are groups of people who may have a shared history of the place or a vested interest in the future management of the place. When dealing with American Catholic Churches, the delineation of stakeholder groups is a difficult, but crucial step, especially when the church building is also a community architectural landmark. Decisions must be made as to which group’s values have the highest priority when making preservation decisions, is it the faith community that uses the space, the neighborhood residents, or the professional preservation community that seeks to maintain the work of notable architects? Each group has some interest in the way a historic church is handled.2 Drawing upon the assumption in values-centered preservation that there are multiple facets of significance and key stakeholder parties involved in historic Catholic churches, this thesis pursues an in-depth examination of the liturgical changes to historic Catholic churches derived from
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