DOCSLIB.ORG

Languoge Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Languoge Study Longuageond Content-' aa/b-( Discipline-ond Content-Based Approachesto LanguogeStudy Merle Krueger, Editor Frank Ryan, Editor BothoJ the Center Jor ktnguageStudies, BrownUniversity D. C. Heathand Comltatty Lexingtor.i,N'lassachusettsToronto Ml&-Z F Ghapter I Resituating Foreig n Lang ua g es in the Curriculum Me e Kruegerond FrcnkRyan CentetJot languageStudies, Bt own Untuersi|y In the over two hundred years since rhe eshblisbmenr ot fie country's firsr modem languagedeparam€nt ar rhe College of william and Mary foreign language curricula at American coll€ges and universities have become righlly linked wirh pr€paring stud€nb to read and interpret liteEry masl€rwork. Today,joining lan- guagestudy and literaturesludy within the sameacademic depanmenr is lagely iaken for granted. "knguage" departmenrs typically struclure rheir requirem€nts for th€ Ilujor, and hence most courses after the fourth or liffi semester,around yql literary history and lheory To be sure, definitions ot rhe canon have chang€d dramatically in responseto evolving crirical merhods and h€ightened sensiaivity to issu€sof gender,Iace, class, and erhnicily.Still, studenr who wish to pursuelan- guagestudy beyond the int€rmediatelevel must generallychoose from courses organizedon the basisofliterary genres,perio&, or criricalapproach€s, regardless of their major or fi€ld of interest.This arrangementassumes thar, beyond the intermediatelevel, literary texts provide the most appropriatesubject marter for developingin all studentsthe communicarivecomperence now widely acceptedas lhe primary goal of languag€instruction. This is a problematicassumplion for severalreasons. As we becomemore and more consciousof the imDortanceo[ foreignlanguaSe compet€nce In dlsclpllnesLhroughout lhe unilersily,we needro ask whetherstudents would prolit mor€ from combining lor€ignlanguag€ srudy with rh€subj€ct matter of thosefields. Al rhesame rime, we needto examinemore closelyrhe didacticimplicarions lor learningany subjectmarrer (including lir€n- ture) in fte m€diumofa secondlanguage and rhe secondlanguagc rhrough orher disciplines.The purposeol tbis book is to summarizewhar knowledgewe haveof theseissues and !o stimularefunher discussionof rhem in rhe furure. Callsfor curricularaltemarives lo rhe lmditional ori€rlarion towardsliterature havebuilt to crescendoin recentyears. Several conrribLuors ro lhis volumesuggesl lhat thereis much to be gainedby openingthe foreigr languagecurriculum to a kriirxdrintFo,r,tr tnnSx!8$D rr,rCxnrrrlnxr 3 lb -t broader array ot disciplines.tf srudenrscan study a foreign languagerhtough lot greater {1 literary texts and lireraturein a loreign language,can they not alio siudy othir probably ne subjecrsthrough alorcign languageand foreign Ianguagethrough orher subjecrs2 time they c Whar are the ben€lirsand delicirsof such "conlenl ba;d" insr-rucrion?How can sP€akersin I ihis idea be implenenredin univcrsily coursesand study malerials?Inleerarins Behind foreign languagesrudy and arademic discipline., whi(h for reasonsdisiussei dppltcations furth€r on we reler to as "discipline-based"approaches to languagestudy poses cation betw, qu€srionsthat go ro the heartol our professionalenterptise aid c-hallenqeslone functional ir establishednotions about the academicdisciptine in which *" thi seventies al esays.in thii book des.ribe .everal ongoing experimentsin "."Ameri;a; "ng"j"d. higher l€aming lan Foucauonwnrch sugjafst some lenrative answers. lntellectual Good reasons . undoubledlyexisl tor rh€ tradilionatmarriage ot languageand understandl literarysrudies in modem languagedepaitmenrs. rhe accenton individualiiy and mountrnS (l crealivily in iilerary expressionreveals the potenrialiry,Ilexibilit, and aesihetic nomrc Pr€o h"aut) ol l:!ngua8eusc much moreeftecrivety rhan, say. ihe rvpi< at iusirre.s repon leaders argt The purvicwo[]irerirrre embr:l.c< vi Uallyjll of hunlanexperience and imagi_ part at leas narion, a criti.al anridotelo rhc alienatingelfecrs of arad€micand professional cems and b speiializarion I uflherrnore,a country! hest aurhors are k€enly <ensitive observ.r. of lhe cusroms,freiudices. idioslncra.ies. and (oncerns of its people.I h€irworks ability to st (r€)crearerhe uniqu?.ullure of their tirneand place,and assuch are invaluable for occupat documents for developingcro.s-culural a*aieness and an apprecialion lol humanisticvalues The quesrionis not whether liretarurehas a_lieyplace in a tinue to [o. liberal education.nor wherherleatning a foreign languageis necessarylot Inre -eue"n understandingo[ the lireraturein rhat-languagi,not wherher the srudy ol political are literatureis a legilimarer€ason lor learninga loreignIanguage. As languageeduca- as rmpottar tors we mustask ourqelves rarher, whether pFparing <ruden6lo read,disiuss, and cative" aPl_ interpretliterary t€xtsshould continue to be the overridingprinciple b€hind the include pr, organization_o[ the cuniculum and the governanceo[ modem languagedepart- guages," as ments at collegesand universities- ments at m Sinceat leastrhe earlyseventies, foreign languagescholars have beenadvo_ r€s€rrch h cating virtually unisonothat classroomlnstruction stressthose skills leamers matedals,I actuallyneed in order to communicateellectively *ith adult native sDeak€rsin ment of ar, real.lile siruations.The emphasisupon "communicariuecompetence" ilas served to dillerentiateuse-oriented, student-centered. contexr-embedded instruction trom d€termine what was perceived as an inordinate concem with formal structures and Eram promote s mari(al rules. presenredwith minimal allenrion ro communicativefuncttoi and wotld cou drilled wirhout relerenceto discemibly meaninglul conrexts.Foreign language l pf staggednSr lacully havr quile righlly rej.cted pedagogicalapproaches and methodologles ' drawn iml whrchlaughl sluden6 how lo conjugaleconecrly rhepast subjunctir,e ol irregulal which culr slem-changingverbr but l.k rh€mar a tossro buy a prlr otsocks.Sruns bv cri"tical (Krarnsch sludies and gov€mmentalreporrs ihat documentedrhe deplorableslre of lan- guaSeproticiency among high school and college srudenrs (ct Grossel99t: 195), in the pas and even amongundergraduare language majors (Canoll 1967), educarors dc facd and restructured their courses,de-emphasizing rote memorizationof abstract$ammar effectivel) principl€sand concentraringinstead on the ability to convey and comprehend meaninglulutterances. Lowering demands for grarnmaticalprecision in e;change tence for 4 Chaprcr1 60/64 uge throuSh for greaterlluency teacherslearned to acceprlh€ norion thar deir srudenrswould I stqdy other probably never b€ laken for nalive speakerso[ the rarg€r language;at rhe same her subjec6? time they came ro expec! them ro be able to negoriaremeaning wirh native )n? How can sp€ak€rsin the lar8etlanguage. ? lnt.graling Behindrhis shifr in perspecrivelay a renewedemphasis upon lh€ real-world n5 discussed applicationsof foreignlanguages, rheir usevalue as a meansofgenuine communi, study, poses carionbetween people of diflerenr linguisricand cuhural communiri€s,and their tllenges long funcrionalimporlance in $e corporale,govemm€n!, and academicworlds. In rhe rnSaged.The sevenliesand eighties, educarorsincr€asingly invoked pragmaricpurpos€s for rican higher leamin8languages, rather rhan suchbroad jusrilications as lheir importanceas an inrellectualexercise, as exposure lo a foreign cuhure, as paths r; inrernarional anguageand understanding.or as a pillar of a humanisriceducarion. The VieroamWar and /iduality and mountlng rradedeficirs brought home rhe point rharAmerica's polilical and eco, nd aestheric nomic predominanceafter World War II waswaninq. GovernDrenrand business iinessreport. leadersarguerl thar rhe naron! erodnrgcompeurivines" couU bc arrnbur(Jrr 3 and imagi part al leastto the poor languageskills o[ irs cirizens.Spuned on by th€secon- professional cernsand by slumpingenrollmenrs in languageclasses, educalors launched inlia- tivesro improv€language instrucrion in schoolsand universities.Increasingly, lhe Their works abilily to speakone or more loreign languageswas routed as an imponant asser € invaluable for occuparionaland professionalsuccess. eciation for World events--and the presenlationof theseevents in lhe ma55media-con- f place in a dnue !o foslerth€ conviction (hat our societymust developgreater international sry for lrue awarenessin order ro competeefl€crively in fie globalmarketplace and rhe world &e study of politicalarena. In this environmenr,loreign languages ar€ viewedmore and more iuage educa- as imponanr,even essenlialskills tor professionalsin many fields. ..Communi- discuss,and cative" approachesrecognize and promorelanguage in use. Addirional effons : behind lhe include programsto expand the srudy of so-called"less commonly taughr lan- rage depart- guages," as well as the reinsritution and righrening of foreign languag€ rcquire- mentsat manycolleges and universiaies.A substandalamounr ofscholarshiD and b€en advo- r€searchha been devored lo developtngclassroom m€lhodologtes, r.rihing ills leamers materials,and lechnologicalinnovalions rhar expos€l€amers ro a rich environ, speakers in ment of aulhenriclanguage and crealemore opporruniri€sfor praclcing genuine ' has sewed communicadonin the second languag€.Research sludies havebeen desiqned ro uction fmm derermineuhrch rnsrrucrional lechniques, envrronmenls, and nulerials eff;crvely I and gram- promotesecond language acquisition as nreasuredby proticiencyskills in real- world communication tasks (s€e Fre€d l99l). From caretul analysisot th€ In Enguage staggetln8lyromplex
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IS LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM an EMPIRICALLY TESTABLE Hyp01l{F.5IS?
    ~,lqwolA..,q,.208(l:009~]27_)'<1 IS LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM AN EMPIRICALLY TESTABLE HYP01l{f.5IS? HELEN DE CRUZ I. Lm,uurit:lkterminism Intuitively, language seems 10 be an important and necessary part of our everyday thinking. SNdics reporting introspective awa.renes$ indicarethat people experience IS much as 50% of their Ihoughts in 'inner speech' (Hurl- butt, 1990). Lanauage might shape cognitive processes by providing IU wilh I strocrured medium to coocepru.alize the ...."OIld, giving humans a degree of cognitive lIexibility 001 found iDOIheranimals. This ide3.goes back at least lODesc:attes·Mldirationsanditappearsinthe ...."OIl;:ofse,-en.lCOIIte:mpo- rary philosophers of mind (e.g., Carruthers, 20(3). If language detc:rmines or at the very least innuences cognition. we e:qleCt speali::en of different lan- guages 10 have divergenlconceprua.liz.a.tioDliofthe .....orld-asthelinguis! WhOIf(19j6. p. 213) pul it 'We diuect nature along lines laid out by our nativclanguage'. The claims thai language sbapes the way we see the world, and thai 8$' reSUlt, speaken of different languages conceptualize reality differently will here be referred 10 ulingllink dererminum. Linguistic determinism comes both in sltOng vmions(i.e., languagedelenuines thought cntmo,ly) and in wealcer forms (i.e., language influellces cognition 10 an important extent). It bua:enerated a subsuntill bodyofresean:h over the past half century. though many cognitive 5cientists (e.g., Bloom, 2000) remaio skeptical and think that lanpageonly serves a purcly communicative function. According to them, its role in cognition is restricted rotbeatquisitionofinfotmation: Ollcetheinformationisacquired.cognitivepfQCe~sesaredecidedlynonlin- guistic.ThiaviewisbackeduphySludiesthatindicalehigh.levelcognition in the absence oflangUl.ge: prelingwstic infants and non-human an.ima.ls can make high-level categorizations.
    [Show full text]
  • In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies
    In Praise of Fluffy Bunnies Copyright © 2012, Richard Forsyth. Background Reading John Lanchester's Whoops!, an entertaining account of how highly paid hotshot traders in a number of prestigious financial institutions brought the world to the brink of economic collapse, I was struck by the following sentence: "In an ideal world, one populated by vegetarians, Esperanto speakers and fluffy bunny wabbits, derivatives would be used for one thing only: reducing levels of risk." (Lanchester, 2010: 37). What struck me about this throwaway remark, apart from the obvious implication that derivatives were actually used to magnify risk rather than reducing it (doubtless by carnivores ignorant of Esperanto), was its presumption that right-thinking readers would take it for granted that Esperanto symbolizes well-meaning futility -- thus highlighting the author's status as a tough-minded realist. This is just one illustration that disdain for Esperanto in particular, and auxiliary languages in general, pervades intellectual circles in Britain today, as in many other countries. And if you dare to raise the subject of constructed international languages with a professional translator or interpreter be prepared not just for disdain but outright hostility. Of course professional interpreters are among the most linguistically gifted people on the planet, and can't see why the rest of us shouldn't become fluent in half a dozen natural languages in our spare time. (Not to mention the fact that a widespread adoption of Esperanto, or one of its competitors, would have a seriously negative impact on their opportunities for gainful employment.) Thus Esperanto has become a symbol of lost causes, to be dismissed out of hand by practical folk.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of the Iroquoian Languages
    <' -^ ^j IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 i ^ IS I.I CIHM/ICMH CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Collection de Series. microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques H Tachnical and Bibliographic Notas/Notat tachniquas at bibiiographiquas T t( Tha Inttituta has attamptad to obtain tha bast L'Institut a microfilm6 la mellleur exemplaire original copy avaiiabia for filming. Faaturas of this qu'il lui a At4 possible de se procurer. Les details copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua, de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-Atre uniques du which may altar any of tha imagas in tha point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier raproduction, or which may significantly changa une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une T tha usual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. modification dans la mAthode normale de filmage P sont indiqu6s ci-dessous. o fi Colourad covars/ Coloured pages/ n Couvartura da coulaur I I Pages de couleur b Covars damagad/ Pages damaged/ tl I I I I Couvartura andommagia Pages endommagtes si o Covers rastorad and/or laminatad/ Pages restored and/orand/oi laminated/ fi I I D Couvartura rastauria at/ou palliculte Pages restauries et/ou pellicul6es si o |~~1 Cover title missing/ r~p\ Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/foxe< Le titre de couverture manque Pages dicoiortes, tacheties ou piquies Coloured maps/ Pages detached/ I I T D Cartes gtographiques en couleur Pages ditachdes si T Coloured inic (i.e. other than blue or black)/ [~71 Showthrough/ w D Encra da
    [Show full text]
  • 1St INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
    1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, April 9-10, 2018 URBAN LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY 1st INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences April 9-10, 2018, Moscow Urban Linguistic Diversity: Materials of the 1st International conference / Reviewed by Vladimir M.Alpatov, Natalya V.Vasilyeva. – Moscow: Institute of Linguistic RAS, 2018. – 52 pp. ISBN 978-5-6041117-0-3 Design: Jury Koryakov, Marina Raskladkina Copyright © 2018 by authors. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................................ 5 Urban variants of Russian ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Vladimir Belikov The civic university and urban language diversity: Multilingual Manchester as a model for participatory research ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 Yaron Matras Why cities matter in Sociolinguistics .............................................................................................................................. 9 Dick Smakman Ethnolinguistic problems in Russian republics: Social and educational aspects ..................................................... 11 Ekaterina Arutyunova Unwelcomed and invisible: migrants’
    [Show full text]
  • Longuoge Study
    Languoge.andContent 6\21't Discipline-ond Content-Bosed Approachesta LonguogeStudy Merle Krueger, Editor Frank Ryan, Editor BothoJ the Center Jor Language Studies, BrownUniversity D. C. Heathand Compauy Lexington,\4assachusettsTorot]to llzt'z i::', - chaRter f Resitu ati ng Foreig n !-ang uages in the Curriculum Merle Kruegerand FrqnkRyon CenlerIor laryuage Studiet,Btofln Untu.rsity In the over rwo hundred years since lh€ establishm€nr of !h€ counrry's firsr modem languagedeparrmenr ar rhe College of William and Mary, foreign language curricula et American colleg€s and universilies have become righrly linked with preparing stud€nts to read and inErprct lirerary masrerworks. Today,joining lan- guage sludy and lit€rature srudy within rhe same academic depanment is largely "Language" taken for granted. d€panmenrs rypically structure their requiremenrs for the major, and hence most courses after the founh or fifrh semester,around y4'l literary history and th€ory To be sure, definitions of rhe canon hav€ chang€d dramatically in responsero evolving crirical merhodsand heighrened sensitivity lo issuesof gender,race, cla55, and €rhnicily Still, studenrswho wish ro pursuelan- guage srudy beyond the int€rmediatelevel musr generallychoose from courses organized on lhe basis of literary genres, periods, or cdrical approacbes, regardless of &eir major or field of interest.This a[angement assumesrhat, beyond rhe intermediat€level, literarytexts provide the mos! appropriatbsubject marter for d€velopingin all studentslhe communicarivecomp€tenc€ now widely acceptedas the primary goal of language inslruction. This is a problematic assumprion for sev€ral reasons. As we become more and more conscious of lhe imDortance of Ioreitn languaSecompetence In d|5ctplineslhroughour the universiry,we needro ask whether studentswould prolit nrore from combiningforeign lantuage srudy with the subjectmatr€r of thosefields.
    [Show full text]
  • Tomasz Morus
    1 W IEŻY BABEL □ o JĘZYKA. KOSMITÓW MARIAN JURKOWSKI ■* 0 JĘZYKACH SZTUCZNYCH UNIWERSALNYCH 1 MIĘDZYNARODOWYCH O ES o ej KRAJOWA AGENCJA WYDAWNICZA BIAŁYSTOK 1986 Opracowanie graficzne TADEUSZ GAJL R ysunki ELŻBIETA MAGNER R edaktor ELŻBIETA LAGUNIONEK HALINA SANIEWSKA Redaktor techniczny JA N PU SK O BOGDAN RAJEWSKI K orekta ZESPÓL © Copyright by Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza Białystok 1986 VW YJEMY W CZASACH NIEZWYKŁEGO OŻYWIENIA j kontaktów między mieszkańcami wszystkich krajów naszej Planety. Tysiące międzynarodowych spotkań, zjazdów konferencji, sympozjów oraz innych imprez o charakterze politycznym, gospodarczym, kulturalnym, naukowym czy sportowym, miliony publi­ kacji w setkach języków, coraz gwałtowniejszy rozwój komunikacji, międzynarodowej wymiany handlowej i turystyki — wszystkie te czyn­ niki spowodowały, że świat nasz zmalał. Coraz bardziej odczuwamy brak uniwersalnego, międzynarodowego języka, wspólnego dla wszystkich mie­ szkańców Ziemi, języka, który pozwoliłby jeszcze bardziej zacieśnić więzi między narodami, języka, który by ludzi łączył, a nie dzielił. J u ż Platon powiedział, że bogowie najbardziej uszczęśliwiliby ludz­ kość, gdyby obdarowali ją jednym wspólnym językiem. Taki wspólny, uniwersalny język istniał już zresztą — według biblijnej legendy — aż do czasów budowy Wieży Babel, kiedy to Jahwe ukarał pychę ludzką, mieszając wszystkie języki. Od tego niemal momentu datują się próby stworzenia ponownie języka ogólnoświatowego. Prób takich były setki w historii ludzkości, niestety większość z nich jest albo zupełnie niezna­ na, albo po prostu nieudana. O jednym z najciekawszych projektów ta­ kiego języka pisał znany polski językoznawca i jednocześnie gorący zwo* lennik języka uniwersalnego, prof. Zenon Klemensiewicz: „Wśród do­ tychczasowych prób powołania do bytu sztucznego języka międzynaro­ dow ego — a było ich kilkaset — stanowi esperanto zdobycz najbardziej 6 udaną i najpowszechniej stosowaną.
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Directory
    Language | Technology | Business RESOURCE ANNUAL DIRECTORY EDITORIAL ANNUAL INDEX 2006 What buyers and suppliers of language services want SURVEY 0011 RResourceesource DirectoryDirectory RD07RD07 LW1091LW1091 1 11/10/07/10/07 22:32:20:32:20 PMPM 002-032-03 aadsds RRD.inddD.indd 2 11/10/07/10/07 22:36:15:36:15 PMPM Why Buy GMS Software? Software as a Service (SaaS) is revolutionizing other industries. Localization is next. Welcome to Freeway! With no server or desktop software to purchase and instant Where will Freeway take you? connections to leading CMS solutions, companies of all sizes are already accelerating their translation projects on Freeway. www.GetOnTheFreeway.com Don’t pay for yesterday’s technology. Access the latest tools for Free. FAST • CONNECTED • FREE 002-032-03 aadsds RRD.inddD.indd 3 11/10/07/10/07 22:35:59:35:59 PMPM GEPP AZ0044 Lemoine LLemoineemoine indd RD.inddRD.in 2dd 4 22 11 200611/10/07/10/0 12:00:147 22:36:49:36:4 Uhr9 PMPM About the MultiLingual 2007 Resource Directory and Editorial Index 2006 any readers tell us that they keep their back issues of MultiLingual for reference. And throughout the year, they look for resources — the people, products and services they need to connect with in the language industry. Every year in the language industry is a busy and fast-changing one. The year Up Front M2006 saw many moves, mergers and acquisitions as well as the introduction of new technolo- gies and new uses for “traditional” tools. Using this resource directory and index, you can easily locate language-industry companies as well as information published in the pages of MultiLingual during 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • The Essential Scholarly Literature in Interlinguistics and Esperantology
    Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems 13(2), 200-215, 2015 HOW NOT TO REINVENT THE WHEEL … THE ESSENTIAL SCHOLARLY LITERATURE IN INTERLINGUISTICS AND ESPERANTOLOGY Detlev Blanke* Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik Berlin, Germany DOI: 10.7906/indecs.13.2.2 Received: 18 June 2014. Regular article Accepted: 26 June 2014. ABSTRACT Studies of interlinguistics written in ethnic languages – particularly research on planned languages – are often insufficiently grounded in the essential scholarly literature. English-language studies frequently fail to consider scholarly literature in German, Russian, French, and other languages. An important part of this specialized literature is written in planned languages (particularly Esperanto) and all too frequently remains unknown. For lack of knowledge of actual planned-language praxis, misunderstandings arise, for example on the relations between a language and a language project, a language and a language community, language and culture, expressibility in planned languages, and so on. For scientifically valid studies, specialized materials written in planned languages (approximately 95 % of them in Esperanto) are essential. This article provides an overview of the principal accessible sources of scholarly literature on interlinguistics and Esperantology and, inter alia, gives information on specialized libraries and archives, bibliographies, major monographs, anthologies, conferences and conference proceedings, university studies and dissertations, periodicals, internet materials, and handbooks
    [Show full text]
  • On Tone and Morphophonology of the Akan Reduplication Construction
    Alan Reed Libert & Christo Moskovsky 27 Journal of Universal Language 16-2 September 2015, 27-62 Terms for Bodies of Water in A Posteriori and Mixed Artificial Languages Alan Reed Libert & Christo Moskovsky University of Newcastle, Australia Abstract In this paper we look at words for bodies of water (e.g., words for ‘lake’ and ‘river’) in a large number of a posteriori and mixed artificial languages. After presenting the data and briefly discussing some of them, we analyze some aspects of them, including which meanings seem to be more basic than others. For example, words meaning ‘river’ appear to be unmarked with respect to words meaning similar, but smaller, bodies of water (e.g., ‘brook’), since some artificial languages derive the latter from the former, but no languages in our sample derive the latter from the former. This sort of analysis can be applied to other semantic fields in artificial languages. Keywords: a posteriori languages, mixed languages, lexicon Alan Reed Libert School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Phone: 61-2-49215117; Email: [email protected] Christo Moskovsky School of Humanities & Social Science, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia Phone: 61-2-49215163; Email: [email protected] Received August 11, 2015; Revised September 22, 2015; Accepted Septermber 25, 2015 28 Terms for Bodies of Water in A Posteriori and Mixed Artificial Languages 1. Introduction1 Looking at specific areas of the vocabulary of artificial languages (henceforth ALs) can give one an idea of the nature of such languages, at least with respect to the lexicon and perhaps also concerning derivational morphology.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dictionary of the Grebo Language in Two Parts
    º *** º º - Z "ºsº.º.º.º. - . —" * * * - -- - A .* .D I C T I O N A R Y #} \ - of the º G R E B O L A N G U A G E Hº - - 2 - - TWO PARTS, - | W - - - - - º PRINTED AT The PREss, of THE A. B. C. F. Missl ON, -- FAIR HoPE, cAPE PALMAS, º West Afrtic A. º: 1839. --- ººº-ºº: - fºxocº " *~ Excist:< - II i. CLE: Cº-Prº -º L. : "Aſ & DEC 30 '40 * ~ IN ("Q9.) U CTION In settling the Orthºgraphy ºf the Grebo language, a sc rious difficulty has been eacou;tered, in tº e great diversity cf pronuncia ion which prevails. In relati u to a very large pro portion of the words ºf the language it would be a didicult, iſ not an impractica's!e task, to find any two individuals in the same community, who wºuld pronºurce the same w a d in pre cisely the same way; and what is still inore reinar', a 'le, the saine individual would not be likely to pronounce the same word in the same way on two different occasions. This diversity in pronunciation arises in part from the contunta'le nature of a large number of their consonant sounds, and partly, from the want of a written standard. And to this latter cause, may be : atti ibuted the great number of dialects which are to be met with in Africa. In every separate cornmunity there is a tende:icy to the formation of a new dialect; and these dialects will c ºn ti:lue to multiply until they are restrained by the introducti, n of written systeins.
    [Show full text]
  • Sentations for Low Resource Neural Machine Translation
    Under review as a conference paper at ICLR 2020 EXPLOITING GENERAL PURPOSE SEQUENCE REPRE- SENTATIONS FOR LOW RESOURCE NEURAL MACHINE TRANSLATION Anonymous authors Paper under double-blind review ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose a Neural Machine Translation with General Purpose Sequence Representations (NMTwGSR) system for low-resource machine trans- lation. The proposed system does not have explicit encoder as is the case for gen- eral encoder-decoder based NMT systems, instead, it exploits readily avail- able pre-trained sequence representations. The decoder as well takes the input from the masked BERT model and train further to learn encoder-decoder attentions be- tween source and target language. The proposed system with the general-purpose sequence representations is more practical in low resource settings. Especially, if there are no auxiliary high-resource language pairs or monolingual data available to pre-train the NMT system. We evaluate the proposed NMT system on four low-resource language pairs (Ro-En, Fi-En, Tr-En, Lv-En) and empirical results show that our approach is efficient in handling the low resource translation task. For instance, on the Ro-En parallel corpus, our system attains 5.68 BLEU points improvement compared to the competitive NMT system which does not exploit these sequence representations in low a resource environment (one percent of the full corpus). 1 INTRODUCTION Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has achieved near human-performance on several language pairs with the help of abundant parallel training data (Wu et al., 2016; Hassan et al., 2018). However, it is difficult to gather such large-scale parallel data for all the language pairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Romania in the World. Contacts and Reception (Full PDF)
    © Cover picture: Paul Nanu (2006) © Department of Romanian Language and Culture http://www.utu.fi/fi/yksikot/hum/yksikot/romania/Sivut/home.aspx University of Turku Finland This publication is in copyright. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form without permission in writing from the Department of Romanian Language (University of Turku). Contact: [email protected] ISBN: 978-951-29-5670-8 DEPARTMENT OF ROMANIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE UNIVERSITY OF TURKU FINLAND ROMANIA IN THE WORLD CONTACTS AND RECEPTION Paul NANU (Ed.) TURKU 2014 Table of contents Editor’s foreword .............................................................................................................................. 7 Alexandra Crăciun Romania: Sketches for a Brand Identity ............................................................................................ 9 I. European Cultural Interferences Georgeta Orian Romanian Presences in the Spanish Literary Landscape after World War II. The Case of Romanian Writer Vintilã Horia and the Journal „Destin” (Madrid) ................................................................. 19 Laura Bădescu Strategies to Promote Romanian Culture. Diplomats as Writers in Lusitanian Space .................... 29 Gabriela Chiciudean Pavel Dan and Cesare Pavese – Two Literary Destinies ................................................................. 41 Florin Oprescu The Anxiety of Cultural Influence. The Exponential Case of Benjamin Fondane .......................... 57 Andra Bruciu-Cozlean Filimon’s
    [Show full text]