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X, 4 Toncinic 23/7/09 18:24 Página 1447 X, 4 Toncinic 23/7/09 18:24 Página 1447 ZIEGELSTEMPEL RÖMISCHER MILITÄREINHEITEN IN DER PROVINZ DALMATIEN DOMAGOJ TONCINICˇ ´ In Tilurium, dem dalmatinischen Lager der legio VII bzw. VII Claudia pia fidelis, werden seit 1997 jährlich archäologische Grabungen durchgeführt (Sanader, 1998; 2000; 2001; 2002; 2003; Sanader & Tonˇcini´c, 2003; Sanader, 2004; 2004b; 2005; 2006). Aufgrund der dabei gemachten Funde von Ziegelstempeln römischer Militäreinheiten wurde das Studium von älteren Zufallsfunden aus Tilurium begonnen und auf die Erforschung von Ziegelstempeln römischer Militäreinheiten in der Provinz Dalmatien ausgedehnt. Bei dieser Gelegenheit werden die vorläufigen Ergebnisse zum ersten Mal vorgestellt 1. DIE FORSCHUNGSGESCHICHTE Die ersten Veröffentlichungen von Ziegelstempeln römischer Militäreinheiten in der Provinz Dalmatien gehen auf don Frane Buli´c zurück, der seit 1885 im Bullettino di archeologia e storia Dalmata regelmäßig die ins Archäologische Museum Split neu eingegangenen Ziegelstempel verzeichnet hat. In der Regel sind dabei kurz die Museumskatalognummer des Stempels, Fundort, die vorgeschlagene Lesung und vorhandene Ligaturen angeführt. Die schematischen Darstellungen lassen oft auf Aussehen und Erhaltungszustand des Stempels schließen. Über Merkmale der Ziegel existieren so gut wie keine Angaben. Unter den annähernd 1500 Ziegelstempeln, die bis 1923 auf diese Weise veröffentlicht wurden, finden sich auch Angaben über drei Stempel der legio XI Claudia pia fidelis, einen der legio IIII Flavia felix und 14 der cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum. Ein Stempel der legio XI Claudia pia fidelis stammt aus Salona (AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 1089 = Buli´c, 1905: 159, Nr. 1089), der zweite, der ohne genaue Prüfung nur als möglicher Stempel der legio XI Claudia pia fidelis zu bezeichnen ist, aus Dolac 1 Diese Ergebnisse sind aus dem Forschungsprojekt “Römische Militärlager in Kroatien” hervorgegangen, das vom Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Bildung und Sport der Republik Kroatien unterstützt wird. Das Projekt wird von Prof. Dr. Mirjana Sanader vom Lehrstuhl für provinzialrömische und frühchristliche Archäologie der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität in Zagreb geleitet. Es wurde 1997 und 2002 unter den Kennnummern 0130666 und 0130460 bewilligt und Ende 2006 erneut positiv bewertet. X, 4 Toncinic 23/7/09 18:24 Página 1448 1448 LIMES XX Gladius, Anejos 13, 2009 bei Tilurium (AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 401 = Buli´c, 1891: 117, Nr. 401) und der dritte von einem unbekanntem Fundort in Dalmatien (AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 507 = Buli´c, 1895: 219, Nr. 507). Der Stempel der legio IIII Flavia felix stammt aus Salona (AMS Kat Fa, Nr. 1309 = Buli´c, 1907: 136, Nr. 1309). Von den 14 Stempeln der cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum stammen 9 aus Andetrium (7 ohne Angabe der Katalognummer = Buli´c, 1885: 109; AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 280 = Buli´c, 1887: 193; AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 549 = Buli´c, 1896: 151 Nr. 549), zwei aus Salona (AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 952 = Buli´c, 1903: 199, Nr. 952; AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 1098 = Buli´c, 1905: Nr. 1098), ein weiterer wahrscheinlich aus Salona (AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 552 = Buli´c, 1897: 191, Nr. 552) und je einer aus Split (AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 585 = Buli´c, 1897: 191, Nr. 585) und Tilurium (AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 550 = Buli´c, 1896: 151, Nr. 550). Ziegelstempel römischer Militäreinheiten werden auch in anderen, im Bullettino veröffentlichten Beiträgen erwähnt, so ein weiterer Stempel der cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum aus Andetrium (Buli´c, 1884: 181, Nr. 56), ein Stempel der legio VIII Augusta aus Vitina (Glavini´c, 1888: 147), drei Stempel der legio VIII Augusta aus Asseria (Glavini´c, 1890: 6 Nr. 8), ein Stempel der legio IIII Flavia felix aus Asseria (Bersa, 1900: 164-165) und sieben Stempel der legio VIII Augusta sowie einer der legio IIII Flavia felix im Museum in Zadar (Bersa, 1903: 150). Mehrere Ziegelstempel römischer Militäreinheiten aus der Provinz Dalmatien hat auch Carl Patsch im vierten Teil seiner archäologisch-epigraphischen Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der römischen Provinz Dalmatien veröffentlicht (Patsch, 1900: 77-81, 95-97). Im Gegensatz zu den Veröffentlichungen von Buli´c finden sich bei Patsch keine Angaben über die Museumskatalognummer des Stempels, dafür aber oft sehr bestimmte Angaben über Fundort und Fundumstände sowie eine ausführliche Beschreibung des Stempels und eine Abbildung desselben. Darüber hinaus sind meistens auch Angaben über Dimensionen und Farbe der Ziegel sowie eine Beschreibung der Lehmbeimengungen vorhanden. Patsch hat versucht, die von ihm begutachteten Stempel verschiedenen Typen und Produktionsstätten zuzuordnen. Insgesamt finden sich bei ihm Hinweise auf 7 Stempel der legio XI Claudia pia fidelis, 7 der legio IIII Flavia felix und 3 der legio VIII Augusta. Ein Stempel der legio XI Claudia pia fidelis stammt aus Dalmatien, doch ist der genaue Fundort unbekannt (AMS Kat. Fa, Nr. 507 = Buli´c, 1895: 219, Nr. 507 = Patsch, 1900: 78-79, Nr. 7, Abb. 50), 5 stammen aus Burnum (Patsch, 1900: 77-78, Nr. 6, Abb. 48 und 49) und einer aus Tilurium (Patsch, 1900: 78). Ein Stempel der legio IIII Flavia felix stammt aus Burnum (Patsch, 1900: 79, Nr. 8, Abb. 51), zwei aus Smrdelji (Patsch, 1900: 79-80, Nr. 9, Abb. 52), drei aus Andetrium (Patsch, 1900: 80, Nr. 9a, Abb. 53; 1900: 80- 81, Nr. 9b, Abb. 54; 1900: 80-81, Nr. 9b, Anm. 1) und einer aus Vitina (Patsch, 1900: 81, Abb. 55 = Truhelka, 1895: 525, Abb. 59 = Patsch, 1895: 526-527, Nr. 1). Zwei Stempel der legio VIII Augusta stammen aus Smrdelji (Patsch, 1900: 95-97, Nr. 17, Abb. 67-68) und einer aus Bigeste (Patsch, 1897: 338, Nr. 1. = Patsch, 1900: 96-97, Nr. 17, Abb. 69). Patsch verweist auch auf zahlreiche Stempel dieser Legion aus Asseria (Patsch, 1900: 96 Anm. 3). Die Angaben in den erwähnten Veröffentlichungen wurden zum Teil in die CIL-Bände übernommen (CIL III, 6435, 10181, 10182, 13339, 14021, 14022, 14023, 15110; 232820, 2328178, 2329179). Die Ziegelstempel römischer Militäreinheiten aus der Provinz Dalmatien sind auch in der Année Épigraphique wiedergegeben (AE 1967, 347-351). In seinen Untersuchungen zur Militärgeschichte der römischen Provinz Dalmatien hat Artur Betz auf alle bis dahin veröffentlichten Ziegelstempel der legiones XI Claudia pia fidelis (Betz, 1938: 26), IIII Flavia felix (Betz, 1938: 46) und VIII Augusta (Betz, 1938: 51) hingewiesen. Als sehr hilfreich erweisen sich seine Zusammenstellung verschiedener Veröffentlichungen derselben Ziegelstempel und die Hinweise auf verschiedene Fehler in diesen Publikationen. X, 4 Toncinic 23/7/09 18:24 Página 1449 Gladius, Anejos 13, 2009 PANNONIA, NORICUM & ILIRIA 1449 Die erste Abhandlung, die sich ausschließlich mit der Verbreitung von Militärziegeln im römischen Dalmatien beschäftigt, wurde 1967 von Geza Alföldy veröffentlicht (Alföldy, 1967: 44-51). Alföldy ist auf Anzahl und Merkmale der Stempel bzw. Ziegel nicht eingegangen. Aufgrund der veröffentlichten Stempel konnte Alföldy schließen, dass vier Militäreinheiten gestempelte Ziegel in der römischen Provinz Dalmatien hinterlassen haben: Nämlich die legiones XI Claudia pia fidelis, VIII Augusta und IIII Flavia felix sowie die cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum. Die Stempel der legio XI Claudia pia fidelis (mit Funden aus Burnum, Salona, und aus Dolac bei Tilurium) können in die Zeit zwischen 42 und 69 n. Chr. datiert werden. Zu den Stempeln der legio VIII Augusta (mit Funden aus Burnum, Asseria, Smrdelji, Gradˇcine bei Bigeste) hat Alföldy auf die umstrittene Datierung des Aufenthaltes dieser Legion in Dalmatien und somit auch ihrer Stempel verwiesen. Letztlich hat er sich für die Möglichkeit ausgesprochen, dass sie in den Jahren 69/70 n. Chr. in Smrdelji hergestellt wurden. Die Stempel der legio IIII Flavia felix (mit Funden aus Burnum, Asseria, Smrdelji, Promona, Andetrium, Salona und Vitina bei Bigeste) können in die Zeit zwischen 70 und 86 n. Chr. datiert werden. Die Stempel der cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum (mit Funden aus Tilurium, Andetrium und Salona) können in den Zeitraum von der zweiten Hälfte des 1. bis zum 3. Jahrhundert datiert werden. Die Funde aus Smrdelji beweisen, dass hier in der Zeit zwischen 69 und 86 n. Chr. Ziegel der legiones IIII Flavia felix und VIII Augusta hergestellt wurden. Alföldy weist allerdings auf die Meinungen Patschs hin, dass diese Ziegelei bereits zur Aufenthaltszeit der legio XI Claudia pia fidelis in Betrieb war (Patsch, 1900: 96) und dass der Ziegel der legio IIII Flavia felix aus Vitina aus einer anderen Ziegelei stammt (Patsch, 1900: 81). Bis auf Asseria und Salona deutet Alföldy alle Fundorte entweder als militärische Stützpunkte (Burnum, Promona, Andetrium, Tilurium) oder als Orte in unmittelbarer Nähe militärischer Stützpunkte (Gradˇcine in unmittelbarer Nähe des Kastells Bigeste) bzw. als Orte im militärischen Territorium verschiedener Stützpunkte (Smrdelji in jenem des Legionslagers Burnum, Dolac in jenem des Legionslagers Tilurium und Vitina in jenem des Kastells Bigeste). Die Funde aus Asseria und Salona lassen sich als Lieferungen für öffentliche Bauten im Auftrag der Provinzverwaltung deuten (vgl. auch Wilkes 1979: 65-67). Im Vergleich zu den Provinzen an den Grenzen des Reiches –Britannien, Germanien und Pannonien– stammen aus Dalmatien verhältnismäßig wenige Militärziegel. Dies konnte nach Alföldy zum Teil mit der schwachen militärischen Besatzung erklärt werden, die in eine Zeit fällt, in der es noch nicht Brauch war, Ziegel mit Stempeln von Militäreinheiten zu versehen. Darüber hinaus konnte es auch mit dem Ausbleiben von Grabungen in römischen Lagern
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