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River Crossings and Roman Auxiliary Forts: the Evidence from the River Cetina

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River Crossings and Roman Auxiliary Forts: the Evidence from the River Cetina Coll. Antropol. 42 (2018) 1: 5 3 -6 3 Original scientific paper River Crossings and Roman Auxiliary Forts: The Evidence from the River Cetina Nikola Cesarik Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Institute for Historical and Social Sciences in Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia ABSTRACT The author provides a new evidence of the potential Roman auxiliary forts located in the hinterland of Salona - a capital of the province of Dalmatia. The first fort is located at the site called Ograde, near the hamlet of Zivaljici in the village of Gardun. It controlled the crossing over the river Cetina from the area of Vojnic and Gardun towards Caporice. The second fort is located above the karstic plateau of Turjacki Podi, on the hilltop known as Radasusa, which controlled the natural route that connected Salona with Aequum. The evidence of these two forts provide a better knowledge of the overall organisation of the garrison in the hinterland of Salona, and by connecting the previous data, it is now evident that this garrison was organised as a complex system of control of the entrance to the main port on the Eastern Adriatic. Key words: Roman military garrison, Tilurium, Salona, river Cetina, Roman auxiliary forts, river crossings, Pons Tiluri, Roman roads, Gardun, Turjacki Podi, Aequum, Andetrium Introduction Recent development in the knowledge of the disposition cavalry ala and infantry cohort, as well as a specialized of Roman auxiliary forts along the river Krka1’2, opened a unit of archers2. different variety of questions regarding the organisation Further Development: The Question of the Gar­ of the Dalmatian military garrisons during the first cen­ rison in the Hinterland of Salona tury AD. A total of three auxiliary forts, located along the line from Ivosevci to Raducic, were built for the control of The dispersion of the military presence across the Li­ river crossings over the travertine barriers of upper Krka. burnian frontier opened a question regarding the organ­ Together with legionary fortress, these forts controlled the isation of another military garrison in the province of entrances into Liburnia from the Delmataean side, and Dalmatia - the one in the hinterland of Salona, along the together with smaller outposts positioned on key junc­ river Cetina (Figure 1). So far, research of the military tions, they formed a complex system of military control of presence in the outback of Dalmatia’s capital, was focused the Liburnian frontier. The key objective was evidently the on the archaeological excavations of the legionary fortress control of newly established road network, which provided of Tilurium3 9, situated in the village of Gardun, above the an exploit of natural resources from the newly conquered city of Trilj. The legionary fortress of Tilurium provided province. excellent control of the natural crossing over the river New evidence of Roman auxiliary forts on the upper Cetina; and with that, it controlled one of the key entranc­ Krka has also resolved some old questions regarding the es towards the colony of Salona. Considering the large movements of auxiliary units of the garrison of Burnum amount of inscriptions of active soldiers, it is evident that during the first century AD. It is evident now that the the members of legio VII, known as legio VII Claudia Pia military garrison on the Liburnian frontier was at the Fidelis after AD 42, occupied the fortress of Tilurium10. same time occupied by a considerable military force, con­ However, according to the epigraphic evidence, it is evi­ sisting of one legion and most probably of three auxiliary dent that the garrison along the river Cetina also con­ units, which were shifted in larger contingents than previ­ sisted of several auxiliary forts as well6. The inscriptions ously thought. It is also evident that these forts were in­ have been mostly published in large epigraphic corpora, tended for a different variety of auxiliary units, such as such as Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL), works of Received for publication: February 20, 2018 53 N. Cesarik: River Crossings and Roman Auxiliary Forts: Cetina, Coll. Antropol. 42 (2018) 1: 53-63 2744, 2745, 2746, 9782, 14950), Andetrium also housed a legionary detachment, most probably of legio VII Claudia Pia Fidelis (CIL III, 14951), which, together with auxilia­ ries, controlled the entrance to Salona from the direction of Mucko polje. The strategic importance of the area of Andetrium is especially highlighted by Tiberius’ inscrip­ tion from AD 16/17 (CIL III, 3198a + 3200 = 10156a + 10158), which records that the members of legio VII have viam Gabianam ab Salonis Andetrium, aperuit et munit. The outpost at Dugopolje had a similar function16’17. It controlled the entrances from two directions towards Klis, which further led to Salona (Figure 3). The first of the entrances was from the direction of the colony of Aequum, near today’s city of Sinj, which led over Dicmo towards Dugopolje. The second entrance was from the direction of Fig. 1. The position of legionary fortresses ofBurnum and Tilurium, which led over the plateau of Vojnić and Kru- Tilurium (source: Google Earth). jvarsko polje and further to the area of Kapela in today’s Dugopolje. Besides the legionary from legio VII (AE 1994, Anna and Jaro Sasel (ILJug)1113, or journals such as 1355), the epigraphic evidence records the presence of sev­ LAnnée épigraphique (AE). Judging by the three auxil­ eral auxiliary soldiers in the outpost at Dugopolje. Two of iary forts on the Liburnian frontier, it is logical to assume them were Syrian archers from cohors II Cyrrhestarum that the military garrison in the back of the provincial (AE 1994, 1357-58), while the third was an Ubian horse­ capital should be organised in a rather similar manner. man from ala Tungrorum (AE 1994, 1356 = AE 2002, However, such forts were, thus far, never perceived in the 1118)18. field. The distribution of inscriptions of soldiers in the hin­ terland of Salona, shows that the legionaries and auxilia­ ries were scattered across several outposts, which pro­ vided essential control of natural routes, just like the case of the garrison at Bur num. So far, besides Tilurium and Salona10, the inscriptions of Roman legionaries and aux­ iliaries were found on very important junctions, such as Klis (legionary: ILJug 2028; auxiliary: CIL III, 8746, IL­ Jug 2006, 2007), which controlled the only two natural entrances to Dalmatia’s capital; the one from the area of Mucko polje, and the other from the direction of Dugopolje (Figure 2). Both of these areas provided the epigraphical evidence of Roman soldiers as well. In the area of Mucko polje, there was an auxiliary fort, known as Andetrium14’15, which took the name from one of the last strongholds of the Delmatae during the great Illyrican War of AD 6-9 Fig. 3. The location of the military outpost at Kapela in (Cass Dio 56.12.3). Besides auxiliary soldiers (CIL III, Dugopolje (source: Google Earth). The presence of legionaries (CIL III, 2733, 9761,14946, Aequum AE 2008,1058, ILJug 748) and auxiliaries (CIL III, 9760, Mućko ILJug 1963) is also recorded in the wider area of the Clau- Sinjsko polje dian colony of Aequum (todays Citluk near Sinj)19,20. Ac­ cording to some recent epigraphic discoveries, it is evident Dicmo that the veterans were settled in the area of Aequum even before AD 42 and the Claudian deduction of the veteran Kapela colony21. The main objective of the soldiers dispatched to the area of Aequum was evidently the control of the cross­ ing over the river Cetina, which was a vital point of the great itinerary road that connected Salona with the valley of the river Sava in Pannonia. The Crossings over the River Cetina Goo'gle Earth ¡MSMMSÿter-Airbus The strategic layout of the garrison in the back of Dal­ Fig. 2. The location of the military outpost at Klis matia’s capital was quite obviously organised with the (source: Google Earth) control of the entrances towards Salona in mind. Again, 54 N. Cesarik: River Crossings and Roman Auxiliary Forts: Cetina, Coll. Antropol. 42 (2018) 1: 53-63 the key elements were crossings over the river Cetina. According to ancient itineraries (especially Tabula Peutin- geriana), as well as the terrain configuration, it is clear that there were three major river crossings over the Ceti­ na. One of them was located near the colony of Aequum, at a place called Mostina (literally meaning »The Bridge«) between Glavice and Obrovac Sinjski22. The other two were located around Tilurium. The first crossing was part of the road that connected Salona with Central Bosnia, and further with Argentaria23. The second crossing was part of another important road that connected Salona with the colony of Narona24, in the valley of the river Neretva. The station at this second crossing was also known as Pons Tiluri (or Ponteluri) in the itineraries (Rav. Cosm. IV 16 = 210.13; It. Ant. 337.5). Fig. 4. The layout of the first auxiliary fort (source: Google Maps). Considering the layout of the communicational net­ work around the hinterland of Salona, especially the river from the rest of the structures in the wider area. It was crossings, it was natural to assume that a significant also noticeable that this drystone wall structure encloses military force would control such a network, particularly a total area of about 1.9 hectares, which perfectly fits with during the first century AD. Besides a legionary encamp­ analogies from the river Krka. Like the auxiliary forts ment, such a force must have been organised with several from the river Krka, this enclosure is also situated on a auxiliary forts as well. After recent developments, the level terrain with rounded corners, which perfectly suits main comparanda in the search of auxiliary forts on the the classical ‘playing-card’ layout of the auxiliary forts river Cetina, become the forts located along the upper from the Participate.
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