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Raphael Falk Zionism and the Biology of Jews History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences Raphael Falk Zionism and the Biology of Jews History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences Volume 19 Editors Charles T. Wolfe, Ghent University, Belgium Philippe Huneman, IHPST (CNRS/Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne), France Thomas A.C. Reydon, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany Editorial Board Marshall Abrams (University of Alabama at Birmingham) Andre Ariew (Missouri) Minus van Baalen (UPMC, Paris) Domenico Bertoloni Meli (Indiana) Richard Burian (Virginia Tech) Pietro Corsi (EHESS, Paris) François Duchesneau (Université de Montréal) John Dupré (Exeter) Paul Farber (Oregon State) Lisa Gannett (Saint Mary’s University, Halifax) Andy Gardner (Oxford) Paul Griffiths (Sydney) Jean Gayon (IHPST, Paris) Guido Giglioni (Warburg Institute, London) Thomas Heams (INRA, AgroParisTech, Paris) James Lennox (Pittsburgh) Annick Lesne (CNRS, UPMC, Paris) Tim Lewens (Cambridge) Edouard Machery (Pittsburgh) Alexandre Métraux (Archives Poincaré, Nancy) Hans Metz (Leiden) Roberta Millstein (Davis) Staffan Müller-Wille (Exeter) Dominic Murphy (Sydney) François Munoz (Université Montpellier 2) Stuart Newman (New York Medical College) Frederik Nijhout (Duke) Samir Okasha (Bristol) Susan Oyama (CUNY) Kevin Padian (Berkeley) David Queller (Washington University, St Louis) Stéphane Schmitt (SPHERE, CNRS, Paris) Phillip Sloan (Notre Dame) Jacqueline Sullivan (Western University, London, ON) Giuseppe Testa (IFOM-IEA, Milano) J. Scott Turner (Syracuse) Denis Walsh (Toronto) Marcel Weber (Geneva) More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8916 Raphael Falk Zionism and the Biology of Jews Raphael Falk Department of Genetics & Program of History and Philosophy of Science The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel RESLING הציונות והביולוגיה של היהודים Edited, updated translation of Hebrew version Publishing House, 2006. Danacode 585-235 (no isbn). ISSN 2211-1948 ISSN 2211-1956 (electronic) History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-57344-1 ISBN 978-3-319-57345-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-57345-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017937542 © Springer International Publishing AG 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland In memoriam: Lisa and Walter Falk, Rivka and Benjamin Auren (Aharonovich), Zionists. Contents Preface............................................................................................................... xi Acknowledgments............................................................................................ xv 1 Introduction.............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Humans Vary; Are Jews Distinct?................................................... 7 1.2 Who Is a Jew?................................................................................. 9 1.3 From Anthropology and Eugenics to Population Genetics............. 12 2 From Emancipation to “Scientific Racism”.......................................... 17 2.1 Jews as a Distinct Entity................................................................. 22 2.2 The Biologization of Race.............................................................. 24 2.3 Anti-Semitism................................................................................. 31 2.4 Judaism as a Historic Entity........................................................... 34 3 Heredity or Environment?...................................................................... 37 3.1 Heredity or Society?....................................................................... 43 3.2 Racism............................................................................................ 44 3.3 Eugenics.......................................................................................... 45 4 The Response: Zionism........................................................................... 49 4.1 Theodor Herzl................................................................................. 55 4.2 Max Nordau.................................................................................... 57 4.3 Zeev Jabotinsky.............................................................................. 61 4.4 Martin Buber................................................................................... 63 4.5 Arthur Ruppin................................................................................. 65 5 A Jewish Race Notwithstanding?........................................................... 71 5.1 The Zionist Claim........................................................................... 75 5.2 People of the Middle-East?............................................................. 79 5.3 A Political-Social Perspective........................................................ 86 vii viii Contents 6 Eidoth........................................................................................................ 93 6.1 The Middle Eastern Jew: The Jewish Prototype?........................... 97 6.2 On Khazars and Ashkenazim 100 6.3 The Merger of Eidoth: Assimilation or Amalgamation?................ 104 6.4 Jewish Diseases............................................................................... 108 6.5 Immigrants and Natives.................................................................. 113 7 Pioneers as Eugenic Agents..................................................................... 119 7.1 Hebrew Work – An Insurmountable Challenge.............................. 124 7.2 Education and Racial Hygiene........................................................ 126 7.3 Jewish Intelligence (and Disease)................................................... 133 7.4 The “Demographic Issue”............................................................... 137 8 The Inagathering of Exiles...................................................................... 143 8.1 Medical Anthropology and Population Genetics............................ 145 8.2 Common Relatives versus Common Genes.................................... 151 8.3 The Genetics of the Israeli Melting Pot.......................................... 162 8.4 From Single-Genes to Systems Polymorphisms............................. 171 9 From DNA to Politics............................................................................... 175 9.1 Similar but Different....................................................................... 177 9.2 The Trail of Y-Chromosome Haplotypes........................................ 182 9.3 Towards Genome-Wide Association Studies.................................. 188 9.4 DNA Sequence Analyses................................................................ 193 9.5 Politics versus Science.................................................................... 195 9.6 Common Origins or Common Network?....................................... 197 10 Coda: Zionism and the Biology of the Jews Tomorrow........................ 203 10.1 A Jewish State or a State for the Jews?........................................... 207 Bibliography..................................................................................................... 211 Index.................................................................................................................. 227 List of Figures Fig. 2.1 Lavater’s characterization of nationals by physiognomy (Lavater 1984)................................................................................... 19 Fig. 2.2 Characterization of Jewish facial patterns using Galton’s technique of superimposing film negatives (Efron 1994)...................................................................... 28 Fig. 3.1 The title page of Theodor Herzl’s Altneuland (1902)....................... 47 Fig. 6.1 Classification of human types by three criteria (Sheldon 1954).................................................................................. 96 Fig. 6.2 From Ruppin’s (1930a) gallery of Jewish types: Albert Einstein (“Mediterranean impact”); Lord Reading and Sir Herbert Samuel (England); and a Jewess, the daughter of a Sephardic father and an Ashkenazi mother, born in Jerusalem.....................................................................................
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