BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. PRIMARY SOURCES

A. Manuscript Collections Adams, John Quincy. "Diary." Reels 35-37 of Microfilms of the Adams Papers. 608 reels, Boston, 1954. France. Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres. Archives des Affaires Etrangeres. Russie: correspondance, 1821. Vol. 161. Angleterre: correspondance, 1822. Vol. 615. -. Angleterre: correspondance, 1823. Vol. 616. -. Boislecomte, Charles Edmond, baron de. "Resume historique des congres de: Troppau, Laybach, et Verone." Signed: Verona, December 15, 1822. Vol. 720. Boislecomte (1796-1863) attended each of these conferences as a secretary of the French delegation. Disappointed in his ambition to write a history of French foreign policy during the Restauration, he deposited this diary and historical essay in the foreign ministry archives. -. Le congres de Verone, 1822: correspondance et protocoles. Vol. 721. -. Boislecomte. "Resume historique du congres de Verone." Signed: Verona, December 15, 1822. Vol. 722. In this volume, Boislecomte describes the meeting of the French delegation on November 8, 1822, an account which is missing from the text found in Volume 720; otherwise the two narratives are identical. -. France et les etats divers de l'Europe, 1822: Le congres de Verone. Vol. 723. This volume contains a collection of documents (dispatches, notes, proces• verbaux), relative to the negotiations at Vienna as well as Verona. Great Britain. Public Record Office MSS. Foreign Office. Austria: general correspondence, Castlereagh to Sir Charles Stewart, 1820. File 7, folio 148 (F.O., 7/148). -. Austria: general correspondence, Gordon to Castlereagh, Aug.-Dec., 1821. File 7, folio 164 (F.O., 7/164). -. Austria: correspondence, Gordon to Castlereagh, Oct.-Dec., 1821. File 120, folio 49 (F.O., 120/49). -. Austria: correspondence, Stewart to Bathurst and Canning, Sept.-Dec., 1822. File 120, folio 54 (F.O., 120/54). This folio contains the protocols and notes of the Congress of Verona on the Austrian war debt, the slave trade, and Italian affairs. Included, too, are 328 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Stewart's correspondence with Metternich, Wellington, and William Hamilton of Naples. -. Continent, Hanover Conference: Castlereagh's correspondence, Sept. 12- Oct. 20, 1821. File 92, folio 46 (F.O., 92/46). -. Continent, Hanover Conference: Castlereagh's notes and correspondence to Bagot, Gordon, Strangford, and Stuart, Sept. 22-0ct. 28, 1821. File 92, folio 47 (F.O., 92/47). -. Continent, Congress of Verona: Bathurst and Canning to Wellington, Sept. 14-Dec. 17, 1822. File 92, folio 48 (F.O., 92/48). -. Continent, Congress of Verona: Wellington to Canning, Paris, Vienna, and Verona, Sept. 21-0ct. 29, 1822. File 92, folio 49 (F.O., 92/49). -. Continent, Congress of Verona: Wellington to Canning, Nov. 5-22, 1822. File 92, folio 50 (F.O., 92/50). -. Continent, Congress of Verona: Wellington to Canning, Nov. 26-28, 1822. File 92, folio 51 (F.O., 92/51). -. Continent, Congress of Verona: Wellington to Canning, Paris and Calais, Nov. 29-Dec. 21,1822. File 92, folio 52 (F.O., 92/52). -. France: correspondence, Sir Charles Stuart to Canning, Sept.-Dec., 1822. File 146, folio 48 (F.O., 146/48). -. France: correspondence, Castlereagh and Canning to Stuart, June-Dec .. 1822. File 146, folio 50 (F.O., 146/50). -. France: correspondence, Stuart to Canning, Jan.-Mar., 1823. File 146, folio 51 (F.O., 146/51). -. France: correspondence, Stuart to Canning, Apr.-June, 1823. File 146, folio 52 (F.O., 146/52). -. France: correspondence, Canning to Stuart, Jan.-May, 1823. File 146, folio 55 (F.O., 146/55). -. France: correspondence, Canning to Stuart, June-Dec., 1823. File 146, folio 56 (F.O., 146/56). -. France: correspondence, Stuart and Granville to Canning, Nov.-Dec., 1824. File 146, folio 61 (F.O., 146/61). -. Great Britain and General: full powers and commissions, 1813-1822. File 83, folio 888 (F.O., 83/888). -. Great Britain and General: full powers and commissions, 1823-1834. File 83, folio 889 (F.O., 83/889). -. Howard de Walden Papers, July 1820-July 1821. File 360, folio 2 (F.O., 360/2). King's Letter Books: Austria, 1800-1827. File 90, folio 6 (F.O., 90/6). King's Letter Books: France, 1800-1828. File 90, folio 18 (F.O., 90/18). King's Letter Books: Italy, 1820-1827. File 90, folio 45 (F.O., 90/45). King's Letter Books: Russia, 1799-1828. File 90, folio 59 (F.O., 90/59). King's Letter Books: Spain, 1801-1828. File 90, folio 64 (F.O., 90/64). Miscellanea, Series I: Royal Letters, Instructions (South), 1814-1834. File 95, folio 453 (F.O., 95/453). -. Miscellanea, Series I: Royal Letters, Austria, 1814-1834. File 95, folio 658 (F.O., 95/658). -. Miscellanea, Series I: Royal Letters, Russia, 1816-1834. File 95, folio 676 (F.O., 95/676). BIBLIOGRAPHY 329

-. Miscellanea, Series I: Royal Letters, Sicily, 1814-1834. File 95, folio 680 F.O., 95/680). -. Russia: General correspondence, Lieven and Nicolay to Foreign Office, Aug.-Dec., 1821. File 65, folio 132 (F.O., 65/132). -. Russia: correspondence relative to Stratford Canning's special mission, Jan. 29-Apr. 17, 1825. File 65, folio 144 (F.O., 65/144). -. Russia: correspondence, Bagot to Foreign Office, 1821. File 181, folio 44 (F.O., 181/44). -. Russia: copies of correspondence, Strangford to Castlereagh, Sept.-Dec., 1821. File 181, folio 46 (F.O., 181/46). -. Russia: correspondence, Castlereagh and Canning to Sir Charles Bagot, 1822. File 181, folio 48 (F.O., 181/48). -. Russia: correspondence, Bagot to Canning, 1823. File 181, folio 50 (F.O., 181/50). -. Russia: correspondence, Canning to Bagot, Jan.-July, 1823. File 181, folio 52 (F.O., 181/52). -. Russia: correspondence, Bagot to Canning, Jan.-May, 1823. File 181, folio 55 (F.O., 181/55). -. Sardinia: correspondence, William Hill to Castlereagh, 1821. File 67, folio 63 (F.O., 67/63). -. Spain: correspondence, Canning to Sir William A'Court, Jan.-Sept., 1823. File 185, folio 91 (F.O., 185/91). -. Supplement to General Correspondence: France, 1822-1825, "Secret Diary of Mr. T. E. Darby, a British Spy in France." File 97, folio 168 (F.O., 97/ 168). The diary is in French, but Darby's reports are in English. -. Turkey: correspondence, Castlereagh to Strangford, 1821. File 78, folio 97 (F.O., 78/97).

B. Public Documents and Records

Austria. Osterreichische Staatsvertriige, England. Edited by Alfred F. Pribram. 2 volt. Vienna, 1913. Austria. Recueil des traites et conventions conclus par l' Autriche avec les puis• sances etrangeres depuis 1763 jusqu'ii nos jours. Edited by Baron Leopold von Neumann and Adolphe de Plason. 12 vols. Vienna, 1877-1888. Vol. IV (1822-1846). Britain and the Independence of Latin America, 18/2-1830: Selected Docu• ments from the Foreign Office Archives. Edited by Sir Charles K. Webster. 2 vols. London, 1938. British Diplomacy, 1813-1815. Edited by C. K. Webster. London, 1921. This volume publishes a collection of documents relevant to the Congress of Vienna. Canning, George. Selected Speeches of the Right Honourable George Canning. Edited by Robert Walsh. Philadelphia, 1835. "Documents: The Austrian, Prussian, and Russian Notes to Spain, and the Verona Circular of December 14, 1822," Annual Register, Vol. LXIV (1822). 330 BIBLIOGRAPHY

"Documents: Miranda and the British Admiralty, 1804-1806," American His• torical Review, Vol. VI (1900-01). "Documents: Protocols of the Conferences of Representatives of the Allied Powers Respecting Spanish America, 1824-1825," ibid., Vol. XXII (1916- 1917). English Historical Documents. Edited by David C. Douglas. 12 vols. London, 1953-1967. Vol. XI (1959). Foundations of British Foreign Policy from Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) or Documents, Old and New. Edited by H. W. V. Temperley and L. M. Penson. Cambridge, England, 1938. Great Britain. Foreign Office. British and Foreign State Papers. Edited by Lewis Hertslet. 183 vols. London, 1841-1958. Vols I (1812-1814), III-VI (1815-1819), VIII-XI (1820-1824). -. A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions and Reciprocal Regulations at Present Subsisting between Great Britain and Foreign Powers. Edited by Lewis Hertslet. 31 vols. London, 1827-1925. Vols. I-III. -. Parliament. Parliamentary Debates, New Series. Edited by T. C. Hansard. Vols V-X (1821-1824), XII (1825), and XIX (1828). Gusman, Don Juan. "Lettre aux Espagnols-Americains," Edinburgh Review, XIII (Jan. 1809). The Map of Europe by Treaty. Edited by Sir Edward Hertslet. 4 vols. London. 1875-1891. Vol. I. Nouveau recueil de traites d'alliance, de paix, de treve, ... des puissances et hats d' Europe. Edited by George Frederick Martens and Baron Charles de Mar• tens. 16 vols. Gottingen, 1817-1842. Recueil manuel et pratique de traites, conventions et autre actes diplomatiques. Edited by Baron Charles de Martens and Baron Ferdinand de Cussy. 7 vols. Leipzig. 1846-1857. Vol. III. Russia. Correspondance diplomatique des ambassadeurs et ministres de Russie en France et de France en Russie avec leurs governements de 1814 a 1830. Edited by Aleksandr A. Polovtsov. 3 vols. St. Petersburg, 1902-1907. Vols. II and III. -. Recueil des traites et conventions conclus par la Russie avec les puissances etrangeres. Edited by Fedor Fedorovitch Martens. 15 vols. St. Petersburg, 1874-1909. Vol. Xl. United States. The Public Statutes at Large of the United States of America. Edited by Richard Peters. 76 vols. Boston, 1848-1856. Vols. I-III (1789-1823). -. Congress. American State Papers: Commerce and Navigation. Edited by Walter Lowrie and Walter S. Franklin. 2 vols. Washington, 1832-1834. -. American State Papers: Foreign Relations. Edited by Walter Lowrie, Matthew St. Clair Clarke, et al. 6 vols. Washington, 1832-1859. Vols. IV andV. -. Fur Seal Arbitration: Proceedings of the Tribunal of Arbitration Convened at Paris, 1893. 16 vols. Washington, 1895. Vols. II and IV. -. Alaskan Boundary Tribunal. Proceedings. 7 vols. Washington, 1904. Vol. II. (Serial Set 4600-4605, Senate Doc. No. 162.) BIBLIOGRAPHY 331

C. Published Correspondence

Adams, John Q. Writings of John Quincy Adams. Edited by W. C. Ford. 7 vols. New York, 1913-1917. Vol. VII (1820-1823). Antioche, Adhemar, comte d'. Chateaubriand, ambassadeur a Londres (1822), d'apres ses depeches inedites. Paris, 1912. Bardoux, Agenor. "Le congres de Verone, d'apres Ie papiers de mme la duchesse de Duras," Seances et travaux de I'Academie des Sciences morales et politi• ques (Institut de France), Vol. CXLVII (1897). Bertier de Sauvigny, Rev. Guillaume de. "Un dossier de lettres inedites de Chateaubriand," Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, Vol. III, No.4 (Oct.-Dec., 1956). -. "Metternich et Chateaubriand en 1823: documents inedits," Revue d'histoire diplomatique, LXX (Sept. 1956). This article consists of a collection of dispatches drawn from the Vienna Staatsarchiv. Canning, George. George Canning and His Friends. Edited by Captain Josce• line Bagot. 2 vols. London, 1909. This collection contains most of Canning's private dispatches to Bagot while he was British ambassador at St. Petersburg and The Hague. -. Some Official Correspondence of George Canning. Edited by Edward J. Stapleton. 2 vols. London, 1887. This is a well-edited collection with many useful comments. CastIereagh, Robert Stewart, Second Marquess of Londonderry and Viscount. Correspondence, Despatches, and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh. Edited by his brother Charles W. Vane. 12 vols. in 3 ser. London, 1848-1853. Chateaubriand, Fran~ois Rene, vicomte de. Correspondance generale de Cha• teaubriand. Edited by Louis Thomas. 5 vols. Paris, 1912-1924. -. Lettres a Madame Recamier. Edited by Maurice LevaiIIant and E. Beau de Lomenie. Paris, 1951. Consalvi, Ercole Cardinal. Correspondance du Cardinal Hercule Consalvi avec Ie Prince Clement de Metternich, 1815-1823. Edited by Charles Van Duerm. Louvain, 1899. "Correspondence of the Russian Ministers in Washington, 1818-1825," Ameri• can Historical Review, Vol. XVIII, No.2 (Jan. 1913) and No.3 (Apr. 1913). Creevey, Thomas. The Creevey Papers. Edited by Sir Herbert Maxwell. 2 vols. London, 1904. Creevey was a Whig M.P. of the early nineteenth century, and his papers are a useful counterpoise to the Tory Croker Papers. These volumes are a composite of Creevey's journals and correspondence. His diary has not survived. Gabriac, Joseph Paul Fran~ois, marquis de. "Chateaubriand et Ia guerre d'Es• pagne, d'apres des documents inedits, Part I: les conferences de Vienne et Ie congres de Verone," Revue des deux mondes, CXLIII (1897). The author's father, the Marquis Joseph Alphonse de Gabriac (1792-1865) was La Ferronnays' private secretary at Verona. 332 BIBLIOGRAPHY

-. "Chateaubriand et la guerre d'Espagne, Part II: Chateaubriand: ministre des affaires etrangeres," ibid., Vol. CXLIV (1897). Gallatin, Albert. Writings of Albert Gallatin. Edited by Henry Adams. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1897. Gentz, Friedrich von. Depeches inedites du chevalier de Gentz aux hospodars de Valachie pour servir a l'histoire de la politique europeenne (1813 a 1828). Edited by Count Anton von Prokesch-Osten. 3 vols. Paris, 1876-1877. Great Britain, Historical Manuscripts Commission. Report on the Manuscripts of Earl Bathurst, Preserved at Cirencester Park. Edited by Francis Bickley. London, 1923. This volume contains an excellent collection of Bathurst's correspondence with Canning and Wellington. -. Report on the Manuscripts of the Late Reginald Rawdon Hastings, Esq., of the Manor House, Ashby de la Zouche. Edited by Francis Bickley. 4 vols. London, 1934. Vol. III. Huskisson, William. The Huskisson Papers. Edited by Lewis S. Benjamin. New York,1931. Lamennais, Hugues Felicite Robert de. Correspondance inedite entre Lamen• nais et Ie baron de Vitro lies, 1819-1853. Edited by Eugene Forgues. Paris, 1886. Lebzeltern, Ludwig, Count von. Un collaborateur de Metternich: memoires et papiers de Lebzeltern. Edited by Emmanuel de Levis-Mirepoix. Paris, 1949. -. Les rapports diplomatiques de Lebzeltern, ministre d'Autriche a la cour de Russie (1816-1826). Edited by Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovitch. St. Pe• tersburg, 1913. Lieven, Princess Dorothea. Correspondence of Princess Lieven and Earl Grey. Edited and translated by Guy Le Strange. 3 vols. London, 1890. -. Letters of Dorothea, Princess Lieven, during her Residence in London, 1812-1834. Edited by Lionel G. Robinson. London, 1902. -. The Private Letters of Princess Lieven to Prince Metternich, 1820-1826. Edited and translated by Peter Quennell. London, 1937. Moscati, Ruggero. II regno delle Due Sicilie e I'Austria: Documenti dal marzo 1821 al novembre 1830. 2 vols. Naples, 1937. This collection published many dispatches drawn from the Vienna ar• chives, especially the Metternich-Ficquelmont correspondence from 1821 to 1823. Nesselrode, Karl Robert, Count von. Lettres et papiers de chancelier comte de Nesselrode, 1760-1850. Edited by Comte A. de Nesselrode. 11 vols. Paris, 1908-1912. Vol. VI (1819-1827). Pailhes, Gabriel. La duchesse de Duras et Chateaubriand d'apres des docu• ments in edits. Paris, 1910. This volume is essentially a collection of the Chateaubriand-Duras private correspondence. The letters, however, are connected by brief, transitional paragraphs which are sometimes interpretive. Prokesch-Osten, Anton, Count von. Geschichte des Ab/alls der Griechen vom Tiirkischen Reiche im Jahre 1821 und der Griindung des Hellenischen Ko• nigreiches aus Diplomatischen Standpuncte. 6 vols. Vienna, 1867-1880. Volume III is a collection of documents from the Vienna State Archives given to Prokesch-Osten by Metternich. BIBLIOGRAPHY 333

Recamier, Jeanne Fran<;:oise Juliette. Souvenirs et correspondance tires des papiers de madame Recamier. Edited by Amelie Lenormant. 2 vols. Paris, 1859. Mme Charles (Amelie) Lenormant was the niece and adoptive daughter of Mme Recamier. Isaphene M. Luyster has translated this collection into English under the title: Memoirs and Correspondence of Madame Recamier (London, 1867). Serre, Pierre Fran<;:ois Hercule, comte de. Correspondance du comte de Serre, 1796-1824. Edited by Comte Fran<;:ois H. de Serre. 5 vols. Paris, 1876-1877. Vols. IV and V. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of. Despatches, Correspondence, and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K.G. Edited by his son Arthur Richard Wellesley, Duke of Wellington. 8 vols. London, 1867- 1880. Vols. I and II. Unlike the published correspondence of Chateaubriand, Metternich, and others, these papers of Wellington, despite his ultra-Tory bias, are com• pletely trustworthy.

D. Autobiographies, Diaries, and Memoirs Adams, John Quincy. The Diary of John Quincy Adams, 1794-1845. Edited by Allan Nevins. New York, 1929. Not an unabridged edition of Adams, "Diary," this volume publishes a selection of its most important entries. Buckingham, Richard Plantagenet Temple Grenville, Second Duke of. Memoirs of the Court of George IV. 2 vols. London, 1859. Capo d'lstria, Count J oannes. "Aper<;:u de rna carriere publique, depuis 1789 jusqu'a 1822," Sbornik Russkoe istoricheskoe Obschestvo [Collection of the Russian Historical Society]. 148 vols. St. Petersburg, 1864-1916. Vol. III (1868). This memoire was addressed to Nicholas I and signed in Geneva, Decem• ber 24, 1826. Castellane, Boniface. comte de. Journal du marechal de Castellane, 1804-1862. Edited by the comtesse de Beaulaincourt and P. Le Brethon. 5 vols. Paris, 1895-1897. Vol. I. Charles Albert, Prince of Carignan. Gli Seritti di Carlo Alberto sui moto pie• montese del 1821. Edited by Vittorio Fiorini. Rome, 1900. Chateaubriand, Fran<;:ois Rene, vicomte de. Le congres de Verone and La guerre d'Espagne. Vol. XII, Oeuvres completes de Chateaubriand. Edited by Charles A. Saint-Beuve. Nouvelle ed. 12 vols. Paris, 1929-1938. The memoirs of Chateaubriand are noted more for their egotism and brilliant literary style than for historical accuracy. Nonetheless, they are im• portant because the author was a plenipotentiary at the Congress and later became foreign minister. -. Memoires d'outre-tombe. Edited by Maurice Levaillant. Cent. ed., rev. 4 vols. in 2. Paris, 1949-1950. Gallatin, James. The Diary of James Gallatin (Secretary to Albert Gallatin, a Great Peacemaker), 1813-1827. Edited by Count James Francis Gallatin. New York, 1926. 334 BIBLIOGRAPHY

This alleged diary is a forgery, the work of James Francis Gallatin. For the denouement, see Raymond Walters, Jr., "The James Gallatin Diary: A Fraud?", American Historical Review, LXII (July 1957), 878-885. Gentz, Friedrich von. Aus dem Nachlass Varnhagen's von Ense: Tagebiicher von Friedrich von Gentz. Edited by Ludmilla Assing. 4 vols. in 2. Leipzig, 1873-1874. This diary is a vaIuable source for the history of the Congress, since Gentz was its general secretary and Mettemich's alter ego. George IV, King of England. Memoirs of George IV. Edited by Robert Huish. 2 vols. London, 1830. Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke. The Greville Memoirs. Edited by Henry Reeve. 3 vols. London, 1874-1887. Greville's diary is a valuable source for the history of British politics during the late Georgian and early Victorian eras. A Tory politician, Greville was clerk of the privy council for forty years. These volumes contain excerpts from his diary spanning the period, 1814-1860. Reeve, his successor at the privy council, not only suppressed many entries but also edited the text in order to soften it. -. The Greville Diary. Edited by P. W. Wilson. 2 vols. New York, 1927. These volumes publish additional selections from Reeve's copy of Gre• ville's diary, which is now in the Bodleian Library. The original manuscript is deposited in the British Museum. Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume, baron. Memoirs of Baron Hyde de Neu• ville: Outlaw, Exile, Ambassador. Translated and abridged by Frances Jack• son. 2 vols. London, 1913. Hyde de Neuville was at once a legitimist and a constitutional monarchist. A confidant of Chateaubriand and Villele, his memoirs shed light on their policies and rivalry. La Rochefoucauld, Louis Framrois Sosthene, vicomte de. Memoires de M. de La Rochefoucauld, duc de Doudeauville. Edited by F. Claude. 15 vols. Paris, 1861-1864. Vols. VI-VIII. La Rochefoucauld was Montmorency's son-in-law and a confidant of Mme du Cayla, the royal mistress. His memoirs are a valuable source for the domestic politics and court intrigues of the Restauration. Lieven, Princess Dorothea. The Unpublished Diary and Political Sketches of Princess Lieven, together with Some of Her Letters. Edited by Harold Tem• perley. London, 1925. Mettemich-Winneburg, Clemens Lothar Wenzel, prince de. Memoires, docu• ments, et ecrits divers laisses par Ie prince de Metternich. Edited by his son Prince Richard de Mettemich. 8 vols. Paris, 1880-1884. Vol. III. The memoirs of the Austrian chancellor are too egocentric and meager to be of much value for the Congress. The published private letters and documents, however, are useful. Neumann, Philipp, Baron von. The Diary of Philipp von Neumann. Edited and translated by E. Beresford Chancellor. 2 vols. London, 1928. Vol. I (1819- 1833). Neumann was the Austrian charge d'affaires in London. Pasquier, Etienne Denis, duc. La Restauration, 1820-1824. Vol. V of Histoire BIBLIOGRAPHY 335

de mon temps, memoires du chancelier Pasquier. Edited by Ie duc d'Audif• fret-Pasquier. Paris, 1893-1895. Pasquier held the post of foreign minister in Richelieu's Second Ministry. His are the most reliable, if not the best written, French memoirs of the period. Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, duc de. "Le Second ministere du duc de Riche• lieu: fragment d'autobiographie, 1819-1821," Revue historique. Edited by Felix Alcan, Vol. XXXVII (mai-aout, 1888). This brief autobiography was signed on January 2,1822. Rochechouart, Comte de. Souvenirs sur la Revolution, l' Empire et la Restau• ration. Paris, 1933. Rush, Richard. Memoranda of a Residence at the Court of London, 1819-1829. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1845. Rush's memoirs are valuable, but they must be used with caution for he edited them in retrospect. Talleyrand-Perigord, prince de Benevento, Charles Maurice de. Memoirs of Prince de Talleyrand. Edited by Albert, duc de Broglie and translated by Raphael Ledos de Beaufort and Mrs. Angus Hall. 5 vols. Boston, 1895. Vols. II and III. Villele, Jean Baptiste, comte de. Memoires et correspondance du comte de VilLe/e. 2nd ed. 5 vols. Paris, 1887-1890. Vols. II and III. In Volume III of these memoirs, the French premier gives the official account of the negotiations at Verona and publishes many important dis• patches to Montmorency and Chateaubriand. Villele, however, is discreet in his narrative. Vitrolles, Eugene d'Armand, baron de. Memoires et relations politique du baron de Vitrolles. Edited by Eugene Forgues. 3 vols. Paris, 1884. Vol. III.

E. Contemporary Works Aldobrandini, Prince Francesco Borghese. Requete de ... prince Aldobrandini au Roi, demandant l'intervention du gouvernement franflais pour lui faire restituer la propriete des salines de Creuznach et de Durkeim. Paris, March 2,1822. The prince privately published this petition in a bid to gain sympathy and support for his cause. Bignon, Louis Pierre :E:douard, baron. Les cabinets et les peuples, depuis 1815 jusqu' a la fin de 1822. 2nd ed. Paris, 1823. Buxton, Thomas F. The African Slave Trade and Its Remedy. London, 1840. Capefigue, Jean Baptiste Honore Raymond. Histoire de la Restauration et des causes qui ont amene la chute de la branche a/nee des Bourbons. 10 vols. Paris, 1831-1833. Vol. VII. Gerlache, :E:tienne Constantin de. Histoire du royaume des Pays-Bas, depuis 1814 jusqu'en 1830.2 vols. Bruxelles, 1839. The author was a member of the States-General. The narrative reflects his pro-Belgian bias. Gilly, William S. Narrative of an Excursion to the Mountains of Piedmont and Researches Among the Vaudois. London, 1824. 336 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dr. Gilly, an English clergyman, visited the Vaudois (Waldenses) in 1823 and founded a college at La Torre for them. Gorres, Joseph von. Die Heilige Allianz und die Volker, Auf dem Kongress von Verona. Stuttgart, 1822. Lamartine, Alphonse Marie Louis de. Histoire de la Restauration. 8 vols. Paris, 1851-1852. Vol. III. Marcellus, Andre Charles Demartin du Tyrac, comte de. Chateaubriand et son temps. Paris, 1859. Count Marcellus was first secretary of the French embassy in London while Chateaubriand was ambassador. The two men were life-long friends. -. Politique de la Restauration en 1822 et 1823. Paris, 1853. The private letters published in this volume are unreliable, because Mar• cellus deliberately falsified the dates and details of conversations. Smola, Karl, Baron von. Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Heinrich Grafen von Bellegarde. Vienna, 1847. Stapleton, Augustus Granville. George Canning and His Times. London, 1859. -. The Political Life of the Right Honourable George Canning. 2nd. ed. London, 1831. Stapleton was Canning's private secretary, but he is not always reliable. His narrative, moreover, is marred by an anti-Castlereagh and anti-Welling• ton bias. Wilberforce, Robert Isaac and Wilberforce, Samuel. The Life of William Wil• berforce. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1839.

F. Contemporary Newspapers and Periodicals Annual Register, Vols. LII (1810), LX (1818), and LXIII-LXV (1821-1823). Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, Vols. XII-XlII (1822-1823). Chambers' Edinburgh Journal, Vol. I (1832-33). Eclectic Review, New Series, Vol. III (1815). Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany: A New Series of the Scots Maga• zine, Vols. XI (1822) and XII (1823). Edinburgh Review, Vols. XIII (1809), XVII-XVIII (1811), XXVII (1816), XXXII (1819), XXXV (1821), XXXVIII (1823), and XLI (1824). The Edinburgh Review was the chief Whig organ of the early nineteenth century. England Goes to Press: The English People's Opinion on Foreign Affairs as Reflected in Their Newspapers since Waterloo. Edited by Raymond Postgate and Aylmer Vallance. Indianapolis, 1937. European Magazine and London Review, Vol. LXXI (1817). Foreign Quarterly Review, Vols. VIII-IX (1831-1832), and XII (1833). La Foudre, Vols. VII (Oct.-Dec., 1822) and VIII (Jan.-Mar., 1823). La Foudre (The Thunderbolt) was an ultra-Royalist journal. Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle, Vols. XCI-XCIII (182]- 1823). Le Moniteur universel, Vol. LXI (Nov. 1821-Dec. 1822). The Moniteur was the official organ of the French government in which royal ordonnances and documents were published. BIBLIOGRAPHY 337

Monthly Magazine, Vol. XXXVIII (1814). Monthly Repository, Vols. III (1808) and X (1815). Niles' Weekly Register, Vols. XXIII (Jan. 25, 1823) and XXIV (Apr. 5 and Aug. 2, 1823). Quarterly Review, Vols. XXVIII (Oct. 1822-Jan. 1823) and XXXVIII (July• Oct., 1828). This journal is the Tory response to the Edinburgh Review. Sainte-Beuve, Charles A., Causeries du Lundi. 15 vols. Paris, 1851-1862. Vol. XIV. This work is a collection of essays and reviews which appeared in the Constitutionnel between 1849 and 1852. The Times (London), Nov. 25-Dec. 7, 1846 and May 6, 1848-Mar. 10, 1849. Westminister Review, Vol. 1(1824).

II. SECONDARY ACCOUNTS

A. General Biographies Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. Edited by R. von Lilliencron and F. X. von Wegele. 56 vols. Leipzig, 1875-1912. Biographie universelle. Edited by Joseph Franc;:ois Michaud. Nouv. ed. 45 vols. Paris, 1843-1865. Dictionary of National Biography. Edited by Leslie Stephen and Sidney Lee. 22 vols. London, 1908-1909. Taylor, G. R. Stirling. English Political Portraits of the Nineteenth Century. Boston, 1929. Willson, Beckles. America's Ambassadors to France, 1777-1927. New York, 1928. Based on James Gallatin's diary, a proven forgery, the chapter on Albert Gallatin is almost worthless.

B. Specific Biographies Adams, Henry. Life of Albert Gallatin. Philadelphia, 1879. Aldington, Richard. The Duke: Being an Account of the Life and Achievements of Arthur Wellesley, First Duke of Wellington. New York, 1943. Alison, Sir Archibald. Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart. 3 vols. Edinburgh, 1861. Bardoux, Agenor. Etudes sociales et politiques: la duchesse de Duras. Paris, 1898. Bartlett, Christopher John. Castlereagh. New York, 1966. This biography is based entirely on published sources and accounts and is largely a synthesis of Webster's scholarly study of the foreign secretary. Berti, Domenico. Cesare Alfiere. Rome, 1877. Buchan, Susan. The Sword of State: Wellington after Waterloo. New York, 1928. Costa de Beauregard, Louis. La jeunesse du roi Charles Albert. Paris, 1889. Coupland, Reginald. Wilberforce: A Narrative. Oxford, 1923. 338 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Crousaz-Cretet, Leon de. Le duc de Richelieu en Russie et en France, 1766- 1822. Paris, 1897. Du Coudray, Helene. Metternich. New Haven, 1936. Fischer, E. L. Cardinal Consalvi. Mainz, 1899. Fourcassie, Jean. Villele. Paris, 1954. This study is based upon extensive research in Villele's private papers, drawn from the family archives, and in contemporary published sources. An annex publishes a number of new documents. Fulford, Roger. George the Fourth, 1762-1830. Capricorn Bks. ed. New York, 1963. This study attempts to rehabilitate the "royal rake" and contends that he was less dissolute and more talented than most of his biographers have sup• posed. Gleig, G. R. The Life of Arthur, Duke of Wellington. People's Ed. London, 1865. Gray, Denis. Spencer Perceval: The Evangelical Prime Minister, 1762-1812. Manchester, 1963. Griinwald, Constantin de. Metternich. Translated by Dorothy Todd. London, 1953. Guedalla, Philip. Wellington. New York, 1931. Herman, Arthur. Metternich. London, 1932. This biography is essentially an abridgment of Srbik's monumental study. Herriot, Edouard. Madame Recamier. Trans. by Alys Hallard. 2 vols. London, 1926. Hyde, H. Montgomery. Princess Lieven. Boston, 1938. Lane-Poole, Stanley. Life of the Right Honourable Stratford Canning, Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe, 2 vols. London, 1888. These volumes publish many of the private letters of George Canning to his cousin Stratford. Maggiolo, Adrien, vicomte. Corse, France et Russie: Pozzo di Borgo, 1764- 1842. Paris, 1890. Mann, Golo. Secretary of Europe: The Life of Friedrich Gentz, Enemy of Napoleon. Translated by William H. Woglom. New Haven, 1946. Marriott, Sir John A. Ransome. Castlereagh: The Political Life of Robert, Second Marquess of Londonderry. London, 1936. Maurois, Andre. Chateaubriand. Translated by Vera Fraser. London, 1938. Morton, Frederic. The Rothschilds: A Family Portrait. New York, 1963. Ouvaroff, Count S. S. "Stein and Pozzo di Borgo," Biographical Tracts (1832- 1861). Translated by D. Forbes Campbell. London, 1861. Pertz, George Heinrich. Das Leben des Ministers Freiherrn vom Stein. 6 vols. Berlin, 1849-1855. Vol. V (1815-1823). Petrie, Sir Charles. Wellington: A Reassessment. London, 1956. Srbik, Heinrich Ritter von. Metternich: Der Staatsmann und der Mensch. 3 vols. Munich,1925. This monumental biography is the basis for all recent studies of the chan• cellor. Srbik contends that Metternich was essentially a European rather than an Austrian statesman and that his political principles, though conservative, were not reactionary. BIBLIOGRAPHY 339

Sweet, Paul R. Friedrich von Gentz: Defender of the Old Order. Madison, Wis., 1941. This study, which is superior to Mann's biography, is based on extensive research in the Austrian, British, and German archives. Toye, Francis. Rossini: A Study in Tragi-Comedy. New York, 1947. Turquan, Joseph. A Great Coquette: Madame Recamier and Her Salon. Trans• lated from the French, no trans. London, 1913. Wright, G. N. Life and Campaigns of Arthur, Duke of Wellington. 4 vols. London, 1841. Vol. IV.

C. Histories and Monographs Acton, Harold. The Bourbons of Naples, 1734-1825. London, 1956. Albrecht-Carrie, Rene. A Diplomatic History of Europe since the Congress of Vienna. New York, 1958. Alison, Sir Archibald. History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon to the Accession of Louis Napoleon. 8 vols. Edinburgh, 1853. Vol. n. Allen, A. M. A History of Verona. London, 1910. Anderson, M. S. Britain's Discovery of Russia, 1553-1815. London, 1958. -. The Eastern Question. London, 1966. Artz, Frederick B. France under the Bourbon Restoration, 1814-1830. New York, 1963. -. Reaction and Revolution, 1814-1832. Vol. XIV of The Rise of Modern Europe. Edited by William L. Langer. New York, 1934. Bailey, Thomas A. America Faces Russia: Russian-American Relations from Early Times to Our Day. Ithaca, N.Y., 1950. Bancroft, Hubert H. History of Alaska, 1730-1885. San Francisco, 1886. -. History of the Northwest Coast. 2 vols. San Francisco, 1884. Bemis, Samuel F. John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. New York, 1949. Though an excellent monograph, this study sacrifices interpretation for detailed narrative. Bertier de Sauvigny, Rev. Guillaume de. Metternich et son temps. Paris, 1959. This recent study gives a favorable, though judicious, portrait of Metter• nich and publishes for the first time many of his dispatches. -. La Restauration. Paris, 1955. The Bourbon Restoration, translated by Lynn M. Case (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1966), is an excellent English version of the 1963 French edition of this scholarly study. Professor Case has provided an up-to-date, classified bibliography and a detailed index. The translation, commissioned by the Society for French Historical Studies, was prepared in close consultation with the author, "a clerical historian, sympathetic to the monarchical ideal" (p. vii) and to the regime. -. Un type d'ultra-royaliste: Ie comte Ferdinand de Bertier (1782-1864) et i'enigme de la Congregation. Paris, 1948. Bianchi, Nicomede. Storia documentata della diplomazia europea in Italia dall'anno 1814 all'anno 1861.8 vols. Turin, 1865-1872. Vol. II. Bonjour, Edgar. Swiss Neutrality, Its History and Meaning. London, 1946. 340 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bourgeois, Emile. History of Modern France, 1815-1913. 2 vols. Cambridge, England, 1922. Bourquin, Maurice. Histoire de la Sainte Alliance. Geneva, 1954. This study is the best recent general account of the subject. Boyce, Myrna. The Diplomatic Relations of England with the Quadruple Al• liance, 1815-1830. University of Iowa Studies in the Social Sciences, Vol. VII. Iowa City, 1922. Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783-1911. Edited by Sir Adol• phus W. Ward and George P. Gooch. 2 vols. New York, 1922-1923. Vol. II. Cambridge Modern History. Vol. X, The Restoration. Edited by A. W. Ward, G. W. Prothero, and Stanley Leathes. 13 vols. New York, 1902-191t. Chabrand, Jean-Armand. Vaudois et Protestants des Alps. Grenoble, 1886. This study contains many hitherto unpublished documents. Comba, Emilio. Histoire des Vaudois. Paris, 190t. Corti, Egon Caesar, Count. The Rise of the House of Rothschild. Translated by Brian and Beatrix Lunn. New York, 1928. Crawley, C. W. The Question of Greek Independence: A Study of British Policy in the Near East, 1821-1833. Cambridge, England, 1930. Cresson, W. P. The Holy Alliance: The European Background of the Monroe Doctrine. New York, 1922. While secretary of the American embassy in Petrograd after the March Revolution, 1917, Cresson had access to unpublished materials in the Russian Imperal Archives and Foreign Ministry Archives. Cunningham, William. Rise and Decline of the Free Trade Movement. London, 1905. Curtin, Philip D. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison, Wis., 1969. A scholarly statistical analysis, this study revises previously accepted figures on the volume of this traffic and reveals that abolitionist societies and even the British Foreign Office delib~rately exaggerated their estimates. Dangerfield, George. Era of Good Feeling. New York, 1953. Davidson, George. The Alaska Boundary. San Francisco, 1903. Demangeon, Albert and Febvre, Lucien. Le Rhin: problemes d'histoire et d'economie. Paris, 1935. Deschamps, Pere Nicolas. Les Societes secretes et la societe. 4th ed. 3 vols. Avignon, 1881. Driault, Edouard. La question d'Orient depuis ses origines jusqu'a la paix de Sevres. 8th ed. Paris, 192t. - and Lheritier, Michel. Histoire diplomatique de fa Grece de 1821 a nos jours. 5 vols. Paris, 1925-1926. Vol. I. Du Bois, W. E. B. The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870. New York, 1896. Duggan, Stephen P. H. The Eastern Question: A Study of Diplomacy. Co• lumbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, Vol. XIV, No.3. New York, 1902. Fadeev, Anatolii Vsevolodovich. Rossiia i vostochnyi krizis 20-x godov XIX Veka [Russia and the Eastern Crisis of the 1820's]. Moscow, 1959. This study is based upon extensive research in the Russian archives. Farrere, Claude. Histoire de la marine fran~aise. Paris, 1956. BIBLIOGRAPHY 341

Greenidge, C. W. W. Slavery. London, 1958. Grosjean, Georges. La politique exterieure de la Restauration et l'AUemagne. Paris, 1930. Guillon, Edouard. Les complots militaires sous la Restauration. Paris, 1895. Halevy, Elie. A History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century. Trans• lated by E. I. Watkin and D. A. Walker. 3 vols. New York, 1949. Vol. I. Hall, John R. The Bourbon Restoration. London, 1909. This study is a good older account which is almost entirely political in its treatment of the period. Hauranne, Duvergier de. Histoire de gouvernement parlementaire en France, 1814-1848.10 vols. Paris, 1857-1872. Vol. VII. A moderate liberal, Hauranne was one of the editors of the Globe. His account of the period, based upon extensive use of newspapers and un• published memoirs, is well-informed and perceptive. Heaton, Herbert. Economic History of Europe. New York, 1936. Henderson, W. O. The Zollverein. Cambridge, England, 1939. Hildt, John C. Early Diplomatic Negotiations of the United States with Russia. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Vol. XXIV, Nos. 5-6. Baltimore, 1906. Hinsley, F. H. Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations between States. Cambridge, England, 1963. Hyde, H. Montgomery. The Strange Death of Lord Castlereagh. London, 1959. Hyde contends that Castlereagh. indeed, was the victim of a conspiracy: blackmail for a homosexual act he did not commit. Unable to extract himself from the dilemma, he committed suicide. Isambert, Gaston. L'lndependance grecque et l'Europe. Paris, 1900. Jelavich, Barbara. A Century of Russian Foreign Policy, 1814-1914. Lippincott History Series. Philadelphia, 1964. J orga, Nicolas. Geschichte des Rumaenischen V olkes im Rahmen seiner Staats• bildungen. 2 vols. Gotha, 1905. Vol. II. Kaufmann, William W. British Policy and the Independence of Latin America, 1804-1828. New Haven, Conn., 1951. King, Bolton. History of Italian Unity, Being a Political History of Italy from 1814 to 1871. 2 vols. London, 1899. Kissinger, Henry A. A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812-1822. Boston, 1957. This book is a synthesis of the work of others, especially of Webster's two volumes on Castlereagh's foreign policy. Klingberg, Frank J. The Anti-Slavery Movement in England. New Haven, Conn., 1926. Knight, Charles. Popular History of England. 8 vols. London, 1867-1868. Vol. VIII. Kohn, Hans. Nationalism and Liberty: The Swiss Example. London, 1956. La Fuye, Maurice de and Babeau, Emile Albert. La Sainte-Alliance: 1815-1848. Paris, 1948. This work is sympathetic to Tsar Alexander's attempt to base great power relations on the tenets of Christianity. Lamb, Ivo Nikolai. Free Trade and Protectionism in Germany, 1868-1879. Wiesbaden, 1963. 342 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Laserson, Max M. American Impact on Russia, Diplomatic and Ideological, 1784-1914. New York, 1950. Before immigrating to the United States, Laserson was the Vice-Director of the Department of Nationalities in Russia's Home Ministry under the short-lived Kerensky government of 1917. Lenormant, Fran~ois. La Grece et les iles ioniennes, etudes de politique et d'histoire contemporaine. Paris, 1865. -. La question ionienne devant [,Europe. Paris, 1859. Levi, Leone. History of British Commerce and the Economic Progress of the British Nation, 1763-1878. London, 1880. Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei A. Russia and Europe, 1789-1825. Durham, N.C., 1947. -. Russia and Europe, 1825-1878. Ann Arbor, Mich., 1954. Martin, Henri. Histoire de France depuis 1789 jusqu'a nos jours. 2nd ed. 8 vols. Paris, 1878-1885. Vol. IV. A staunch republican politician, Martin in 1876 became a life Senator of France. Martineau, Harriet. A History of the Thirty Years' Peace, 1816-1846. 4 vols. London, 1877. Vol. I (1816-1824). Mathieson, William L. Great Britain and the Slave Trade, 1839-1865. London. 1929. Miliukov, Paul, Seignobos, Charles, et al. Les successeurs de Pierre Ie Grand. Vol. II of Histoire de Russie. 3 vols. Paris, 1932. Mitchell, Martin. The Maritime History of Russia, 848-1948, London, 1949. Nettement, Alfred Fran~ois. Histoire de la Restauration. 8 vols. Paris, 1860- 1870. Vol. VI. Based on extensive use of French archival material, this work, which is sympathetic to the regime, is the best multi-volume study of the Restoration. Nettement also consulted Montmorency's own account of the Congress of Verona before its disappearance. Okun, Semen Bentsionovich. The Russian-American Company. Edited by B. D. Grekov and translated by Carl Ginsburg. Cambridge, Mass., 1951. This study, first published in the Soviet Union in 1939, is based upon extensive use of Russian archival material. Perkins, Bradford. Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 1812-1823. Berkeley, Calif., 1964. This study is the third volume of a trilogy which won the 1965 Bancroft Prize Award. Perkins, Dexter. A History of the Monroe Doctrine. New ed. Boston, 1955. This work, the classic study of the Monroe Doctrine, is based in part on research in the British and French archives. Phillips, W. A. The Confederation of Europe. London, 1920. Pilder, Hans. Die Russisch-Amerikanische Handels-Kompanie bis 1825. Berlin and Leipzig, 1914. This study is the best account of the early activities of the company. Pinon, Rene. Histoire diplomatique, 1515-1928. Vol. IX, Histoire de fa nation franr;aise. Edited by Gabriel Hanotaux. 15 vols. Paris, 1929. Politovsky, N. Kratkoie Istoricheskoie Obozranie y Deistvie Rossiysko-Amerik BIBLIOGRAPHY 343

[Brief Historical Review of the Origin and Transactions of the Russian American Company]. St. Petersburg, 1861. Poniatowski, Michel. Histoire de la Russie d' Amerique et de I' Alaska. Paris, 1958. Probyn, John W. Italy from the Fall of Napoleon I in 1815 to the Year 1890. London, 1891. Rath, R. John. The Fall of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, 1814. New York, 1941. Renouvin, Pierre. Le XIXe siecie, Part I: De 1815 a 1871. Vol. V, Histoire des relations internationales. Paris, 1954. Rich, E. E. Hudson's Bay Company, 1670-1870. 3 vols. New York, 1961. Vol. III. Robertson, William S. France and Latin-American Independence. Baltimore, 1939. This excellent study is based on extensive research in the French foreign ministry archives. -. History of the Latin American Nations. 2nd ed. New York, 1932. -. Rise of the Spanish-American Republics. New York, 1942. Rose, J. Holland. William Pitt and National Revival. London, 1911. Schroeder, Paul W. Metternich's Diplomacy at Its Zenith, /820-1823. Austin, 1962. This study is a scholarly monograph based largely on unpublished material drawn from the Vienna archives. Schweizer, Paul. Geschichte der schweizerischen Neutralitat. Frauenfeld, 1895. Seton-Watson, Robert W. Britain in Europe, 1789-1914. Cambridge, England, 1938. Sorel, Albert. "L'Alliance russe et la Restauration," Essais d'histoire et de critique. 2nd ed. Paris, 1883. Soulsby, Hugh G. The Right of Search and the Slave Trade in Anglo-American Relations, 1814-1862. Baltimore, 1933. Spellanzon, Cesare. Storia del Risorgimento e dell'Unitii d'ltalia. 5 vols. Milan, 1933-1951. Vols. I and II. Tatum, Edward H., Jr. The United States and Europe, 1815-1823: A Study in the Background of the Monroe Doctrine. Berkeley, Calif., 1936. Tatum contends that the non-colonization clause of the Monroe Doctrine was aimed primarily at Britain, not Russia. Taylor, A. J. P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848-1918. Oxford, 1954. Temperley, Harold W. V. The Foreign Policy of Canning, 1822-1827. London, 1925. This classic study, based on extensive research in European archives, is the indispensable tool for any student of Canning's foreign policy. Thomas, Benjamin P. Russo-American Relations, 1815-1867. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Vol. XLVIII, No.2. Baltimore, 1930. Tikhmenev, P. Istoricheskoe Obozranie Obrazovanie Rossiysko Amerikanskoi Kompaniy [Historical Survey of the Formation of the Russian-American Company]. 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1861-1863. 344 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Trevelyan, George M. British History in the Nineteenth Centwy and After, 1782-1919. London, 1947. Vandenbosch, Amry. Dutch Foreign Policy since 1815: A Study in Small Power Politics. The Hague, 1959. Vayra, Pietro. La leggenda di una corona: Carlo Alberto e Ie perdidie austriache. Turin, 1896. Viel-Castel, Charles Louis, baron de. Histoire de la Restauration. 20 vols. Paris, 1860-1878. Vols. IX-XI. A diplomat himself, Viel-Castel focuses on the diplomatic questions which faced the restored Bourbon monarchy. This monumental work, based on materials drawn from the French archives, publishes many important docu• ments. It is, however, critical of the regime. Villanueva, Carlos A. La monarquia en America: la Santa Alianza. Paris, 1913. Waliszewski, Kazimierz. La Russie il y a cent ans: Ie regne d'Alexandre ler. 3 vols. Paris, 1925. Vol. III. Walpole, Spencer. A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815. New rev. ed. 6 vols. London, 1890. Vols. II and III. Ward, Sir Adolphus W. Aix-La-Chapelle to Verona, Vol. III of The Period of the Congresses. 3 vols. London, 1925. Webster, Sir Charles K. The Foreign Policy of Castlereagh, 1815-1822: Britain and the European Alliance. London, 1925. In this scholarly monograph, based on copius use of archival material, Webster does for Castlereagh what Temperley did for Canning. A lengthy appendix publishes many important notes and dispatches. -. The Art and Pratice of Diplomacy. London, 1961. Westermann, Johannes C. The Netherlands and the United States, Their Relations in the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century. The Hague, 1935. Whitaker, Arthur P. The United States and the Independence of Latin America, 1800-1830. Baltimore, 1941. Williams, William A. American-Russian Relations, 1781-1947. New York, 1952.

D. Professional Publications and Periodicals

Acton, John Emerich E. D., Baron. "Review of J. Franck Bright's A History of England, 1837-1880," English Historical Review, Vol. III (Oct. 1888). Andrews, Clarence L. "Russian Plans for American Dominion," Washington Historical Quarterly, Vol. XVIII (Apr. 1927). Aspinall, A. "The Canningite Party," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th Series, Vol. XVII (1933-1934). B., C. L. "Des rapports de la France et de l'Europe avec l'Amerique du Sud," Revue des deux mondes, 4th Series, Vol. XXXI (1838). Bertier de Sauvigny, Rev. Guillaume de. "Metternich et l'intervention fran!;aise en Espagne, en 1822," Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire moderne, Vol. LVII (1958), No.5. Bettanini, Antonio M. "Un disegno di confederazione italiana nella politica internazionale della restaurazione," Studi di storia dei traltati e politica inter• nazionale. Padua, 1939. BIBLIOGRAPHY 345

Checkland, S. G. "American versus West Indian Traders in Liverpool, 1793- 1815," Journal of Economic History, Vol. XVIII (Mar. 1958). Cleland, Robert G. "Asiatic Trade and the American Occupation of the Pacific Coast," Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1914, Vol. I. Engel-Janosi, Friedrich. "Austria and the Beginning of the Kingdom of Greece," Journal of Central European Affairs, Vol. I, No.1 (Apr. 1941). Farrar, Victor J. "The Reopening of the Russo-American Convention of 1824," Washington Historical Quarterly, Vol. XI (Apr. 1920). Fladeland, Betty. "Abolitionist Pressures on the Concert of Europe, 1814- 1822," Journal of Modern History, Vol. XXXVIII (Dec. 1966). Ford, W. C. "John Quincy Adams and the Monroe Doctrine," American His• torical Review, Vol. VIII (1902-1903). Furlani, Silvio. "La questione postale italian a al Congresso di Verona," Nuova rivista storica, Vol. XXX (1948). -. "La Santa Sede e il Congresso di Verona," ibid., Vols. XXXIX (1955) and XL (1956). Gentile, Panfilo. "Chateaubriand politico," Studi politici, Vol. IV (1956). Goebel, Dorothy B. "British Trade to the Spanish Colonies, 1796-1823," American Historical Review, Vol. XLIII (1938). Green, Captain John Eric Sidney. "Castlereagh's Instructions for the Confer• ences at Vienna, 1822," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 3rd Series, Vol. VII (1913). -. "Wellington, Boislecomte, and the Congress of Verona, 1822," ibid., 4th Series, Vol. I (1918). -. "Wellington and the Congress of Verona, 1822," English Historical Review, Vol. XXXV (1920). Grossmann, Karl. "Metternichs Plan eines italienischen Bundes," Historische Blatter, No.4 (1931). Kann, Robert A. "Metternich: A Reappraisal of His Impact on International Relations," Journal of Modern History, Vol. XXXII (Dec. 1960). Knapton, E. J. "The Origins of the Treaty of Holy Alliance," History, New Series, Vol. XXVI (1942). Lackland, H. M. "Wellington at Verona," English Historical Review, Vol. XXXV (Oct. 1920). Lingelbach, Anna Lane. "William Huskisson as President of the Board of Trade," American Historical Review, Vol. XLIII (July 1938). Lingelbach, W. E. "Saxon-American Relations, 1778-1828," ibid., XVII (Apr. 1912). Lloyd, E. M. "Canning and Spanish America," Transactions of the Royal His• torical Society, New Series, Vol. XVIII (1903-1904). Loreto, Baron de. "Reconnaissance de l'empire de Brezil par les puissances europeennes (1823-1828)," Revue d'histoire diplomatique, Vol. III (1889). Macmillan, Hugh. "A Glimpse of the Waldensian Valleys," British and Foreign Evangelical Review, Vol. XXXIII (1884). Martin, Thomas P. "Some Internal Aspects of the Anti-Slavery Movement, 1818-1823," Journal of Economic and Business History, Vol. I (Nov. 1928). Mazour, Anatole G. "The Russian-American and Anglo-Russian Conventions, 346 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1824-1825: An Interpretation," Pacific Historical Review, Vol. XIV (Sept. 1945). Meyer, Arnold O. "Der Streit urn Metternich," Historische Zeitschrift, Vol. CLVII (1938). Naf, Werner. "Die Schweiz im 'System' Metternichs," in Gesamtdeutsche Ver• gangenheit: Festschrift fur Heinrich von Srbik, Munich, 1938. Nichols, Irby C., Jr. "Britain and the Austrian War Debt, 1821-1823," The Historian, Vol. XX (May 1958). -. "The Congress of Verona, 1822: A Reappraisal," Southwestern Social Science Quarterly, Vol. XLVI (Mar. 1966). -. "The Spanish Colonial Question and the Congress of Verona," ibid., Vol. XL (June 1959). -. "The Eastern Question and the Vienna Conference, September, 1822," Journal oj Central European Afjairs, Vol. XXI (Apr. 1961). -. "The Russian Ukase and the Monroe Doctrine: A Re-evaluation," Pacific Historical Review, Vol. XXXVI (Feb. 1967). Nicolle, Andre. "Ouvrard and the French Expedition in Spain in 1823," Journal oj Modern History, Vol. XVII (Sept. 1945). Perkins, Dexter. "Europe, Spanish America, and the Monroe Doctrine," American Historical Review, Vol. XXVII (1921-1922). -. "Russia and the Spanish Colonies, 1817-1818," ibid., Vol. XXVIII (1922- 1923). Puryear, V. J. "Odessa, Its Rise and International Importance, 1815-1850," Pacific Historical Review, Vol. III (June 1934). Rath, R. John. "L'amministrazione austriaca nel Lombardo-Veneto, 1814- 1821," Archivio economico dell' unificazione italian a, Series I, Vol. IX (1959), Fasc. 1. Robertson, William S. "Metternich's Attitude toward Revolutions," Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. XXI (1941). -. "The Policy of Spain toward Its Revolted Colonies, 1820-1823," ibid., Vol. VI (1926). Rodkey, Frederick S. "The Attempts of Briggs and Company to Guide British Policy in the Levant in the Interest of Mehemet Ali Pasha, 1821-1841," Journal of Modern History, Vol. V (1933). Schellenberg, T. R. "The Secret Treaty of Verona: A Newspaper Forgery," ibid., Vol. VII (Sept. 1935). Schroeder, Paul W. "Metternich Studies since 1925," ibid., Vol. XXXIII (Sept. 1961). Shippee, Lester B. "Oregon and the Diplomacy of 1821-1827," Chap. III of The Federal Relations of Oregon, in the Oregan Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX (Sept. 1918). Srbik, Heinrich Ritter von. "Der Ideengehalt des Metternichschen Systems," Historische Zeitschrijt, Vol. CXXXI (1925). Sweet, Paul R. "Friedrich von Gentz and the Danubian Principalities: A Side• light on Austrian Policy in the Age of Metternich," Birmingham-Southern College Bulletin, Vol. XXVIII, No.6 (Nov. 1935). Tempedey, Harold W. V. "Canning and the Confederences of the Four Allied BIBLIOGRAPHY 347

Governments at Paris, 1823-1826," American Historical Review, Vol. XXX (1924-1925). -. "Canning, Wellington and George the Fourth," English Historical Review, Vol. XXXVIII (1923). -. "French Designs on Spanish-America in 1820-1825," ibid., XL (1925). Tobin, Richard L. "Slavery Still Plagues the Earth: An Editorial," Saturday Review, Vol. L, No. 18 (May 6,1967). Van Alstyne, Richard W. "The British Right of Search and the African Slave Trade," Journal of Modern History, Vol. II (1930). Webster, Sir Charles K. "Castiereagh and the Spanish Colonies, 1815-1818," English Historical Review, Vol. XXVII (1912). -. "Castlereagh and the Spanish Colonies, 1818-1822," ibid., Vol. XXX (1915). -. "Some Aspects of Castlereagh's Foreign Policy," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 3rd Series, Vol. VI (1912). -. and Temperley, H. W. V. "British Policy in the Publication of Diplomatic Documents under Castlereagh and Canning," Cambridge Historical Journal, Vol. I (1923-1925), No.2 (1924). Walters, Raymond, Jr. "The James Gallatin Diary: A Fraud?", American His• torical Review, Vol. LXII (July 1957). Weill, Georges. "Le financier Ouvrard," Revue historique, Vol. CXXVII (1918). Williams, Judith B. "The Establishment of British Commerce with Argentina," Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. XV (1935). Winkler, Arnold. "Metternich und die Schweiz," Zeitschrift fur schweizerische Geschichte, Vol. VII (1927). Correspondence, memoirs, and public documents published in the American Historical Review, the Revue des deux mondes, the Revue historique, and other periodicals are listed under the appropriate sections of the Bibliography.

E. Special References

Bouvier's Law Dictionary and Concise Encyclopedia. Edited by Francis Rawle. 8th ed. 2 vols. Kansas City, Mo., 1914. British Diplomatic Representatives, 1789-1852. Edited by S. T. Bindoff, E. F. Malcolm Smith, and C. K. Webster. Camden 3rd. Series, Vol. L. London, 1934. Cambridge Modern Atlas. Edited by A. W. Ward, G. W. Prothero, and Stanley Leathes. 2nd ed. Cambridge, England, 1924. Dictionary of English History. Edited by Sir Sidney Low and F. S. Pulling. New ed. London, 1928. Enciclopedia ltaliana. 36 vols. Rome, 1929-1939. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics. Edited by James Hastings. 12 vols. Edinburgh, 1908-1927. Vol. XII. La Grande Encyclopedie. 31 vols. Paris, 1886-1902. Muel, Leon. Gouvernements, ministeres, et constitutions de la France de 1789 ii1895. Paris, 1895. -. Les ministeres fran~ais de 1789 a1909. Paris, 1911. 348 BIBLIOGRAPHY

New Catholic Encyclopedia. 15 vols. New York, 1967. Robert, A., Bourloton, E., and Cougny, E. Dictionnaire des parlementaires fran~ais, 1789-1889.5 vols. Paris, 1891.

F. Unpublished Studies

Ellis, Robert Lee. "The United States and the British Reciprocity System, 1815-1825." M. A. thesis, North Texas State University, 1964. Hurst, James Willard. "The Slave Trade Question in European Diplomacy, 1807-1822." M. A. thesis, North Texas State University, 1966. Tarnawski, Ferdinand Franz. "Der Kongress von Verona." Ph.D. dissertation, University of Vienna, 1925. Ward, Richard Allen. "Great Britain and the Russian Ukase of September 16, 1821." M. A. thesis, North Texas State University, 1970. INDEX

A and Latin America, 139-140; and Met• Aachen. See Aix-la-Chapelle ternich, 257, 267, 274; and Sardinia• Abisbal, Henry O'Donnell, Count of, 27 Piedmont, 196; and Secret Treaty of A'Court, Sir William, 68-69, 311, 313, Verona, 318-319; and the slave trade, 314-315 164, 170, 179, 180-181, 185; and Spain, Acton, Lord John Emerich E. D., 277-278 44, 91, 94, 113; and Cardinal Spina, Adams, John Quincy: Anglophobia of, 207; and Strangford, 50, 53, 251; and 241; Latin America, 139n; North• Turkey, 8, 51, 105, 234-235; and Ukase western Question, 240-244; quoted on of September 16, 1821, 229-230, 232, the right of search, 171-172 234-235, 236; and Vienna conference Addington, Henry (Viscount Sidmouth), (1822), 40, 50, 66; and William Allen, 137 66. See also the Eastern Question, Ot• Adrianople, Treaty of (Sept. 14, 1829), toman Empire, and the Spanish Ques• 257 tion African Institution, 162, 163 Alfieri di Sostegno, Marquis Cesare d', African Society (London), 161, 172 195n Aix-Ia-Chapelle (Aachen), Congress of Alison, Sir Archibald, 17, 23, 284 (1818): 139; and Anglo-Russian es• Allen, William, 66, 67, 178 trangement, 324; and Austrian war Allgemeine Zeitung (Augsburg), 128 debt, 219; Declaration of (Nov. 15, Alopeus, Count David d', 8n; and Spain, 1818), 102; and France, 170; and Latin 28-29 America, 139; Portugal, 170; and the Amiens, Peace of (1802), 137-138,215 slave trade, 170-171, 179, 181 Ancillon, Johann, 8, 28-29 Alaska, 230-231, 235-236, 238; North• Andalusia, 27, 61 western Question, 240-244 Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance Aldobrandini, Prince Francesco Borg• (Feb. 19, 1810), 118n hese, 215 Angouleme, Louis-Antoine de Bourbon, Alessandria, 54, 196 Duke of, 158,267,278, 312 Alexander I, Tsar of Russia: and J. Q. Annual Register, quoted, 77 Adams, 236-242, 243n; and the Al• Apponyi, Count Anton, 203-204 liance, 11,244; and Charles Albert, 56, Argentina, 140, 159 193; and Castiereagh, 10-11; and Cha• Armee d'observation, 33, 270, 308, 315 teaubriand, 109,296,298,301,306; and Army of the Faith (Spanish), 30, 126 Circular of Mar. 15, 1823, 313; death Artois, Charles Philippe, Count of, 25, of, 322; and France, 47, 91, 109, 301; 38,270 and Greece, 5-6, 50, 254, 322; and Aspremont, Count of, 295 Prince Hohenlohe, 66; and Holy Al• Austria: passim; and Brazil, 152-154, 159; liance, 66n; and the Italian League, demography of, 205, 214, 274; and the 205-206; at Laibach conference, 5-6, 8; Eastern Question, 10, 48-53, 246, 257, 350 INDEX

322-323, 325; and Greek insurrection, Boyce, Myrna, 321 273-274; and the Ottoman Empire, 257- Brant, Mariscaldo Campo, 189 258; and Portugal, 152n; and Sardinia• Brazil: and French recognition, 146; and Piedmont, 195; treasury deficit of, 223, the Gameiro mission, 151-153; the 226; and war debt to Britain, 218-229. independence of, 118, 152n, 153-154, See also Francis J, Gentz, Metternich, 189-190; and the London conference, and the Spanish Question 153; slavery and the slave trade, 177, 178-179, 189n, 190n B Briggs, Samuel, 255 Bagot, Sir Charles, 8, 322 Brougham, Henry, 221, 314 Bailey, Thomas A., 234 Brunetti, Count, Austrian charge at Baring, House of, 227 Madrid, 90, 309 Bathurst, Henry, 3rd Earl, 23n, 159 Bubna von Lititz, General Count Ferdi- Beauchamp, Alphonse de, 303n nand, 194, 197 Beckwith, Colonel John Charles, 212 Bucharest, Treaty of (1812), 6 Belgium, 325, 326n Buenos Aires. See Argentina Bellegarde, Field Marshal Count Hein• Bulgary, Count, Russian minister to rich Joseph Johannes von, 196, 204 Spain, 120, 309 Bellune, Claude Victor-Perrin, Duke of Burghersh, General John Fane, Lord, 76 (Marshal Victor), 32 Bemis, Samuel F., 232, 234, 235 C Bentinck, Lord William, 202 Calabar River, 172, 179 Berlin, Congress of (1878), 324-325 Camereiro mission, 67n-68n Berlin, Treaty of (1833), 325 Canning, George: passim; and Adams; Bermudes, Zea de, 44n 240-241; and the African Institution, Bernstorff, Count Christian Gunther von: 162n; and Alexander, 235; and the Al• and Charles Albert, 57, 193; and the liance, 37, 317, 323; ascendancy of, 14; Eastern Question, 9; and France, 123; and Bagot, 322; and Black Sea com• and the Hanover conference, 9; illness merce, 247; and Brazil, 153-154, 178. of, 181-182; and Latin America, 148; 189-190; and British public opinion, 17, and Metternich, 123; and Spain, 45, 89, 281 ; and Castlereagh, 15 -17, 69-72, and 122-123. See also Prussia and the "come what may" dispatch, 71; and Spanish Question Congress System, 136; and Cuba, lIOn, Berry, Marie Caroline, Duchesse de, 33n 157; and the Eastern Question, 70, 247, Bettanini, Antonio M., 211 253, 257, 322-323; and Franco-Spanish Binder von Kriegelstein, Baron Friedrich, dispute, 104, 136, 157, 311, 313; and 56 French Royalists, 270; and Greece, 70, Blacas, Pierre Louis, Duke of, 57, 191, 253, 257; and Italy, 204; and Latin 289 America, 70, 137, 143-144, 144-145, Black Sea: Russian commerce in, 51, 247- 154; and Louis XVIII, 312; and Met• 249, 251, 256; Turkish restrictions on ternich, 257, 274; and the Monroe Doc• navigation in 51, 53. See also the trine, 232-233, 241, 244; and the Otto• Eastern Question and the Straits man Empire, 70, 253, 323; and policy Boislecomte, Charles Edmond, Baron de: of isolationism, 15-16, 274, 279, 315, diary of, 279; and La Ferronnays, 279, 322; and Portugal, 118n, 189-190; and 282; and popular sovereignty, 155; and Sardinia, 196-197; and the slave trade, Franco-Spanish war, 106; and Welling• 70-71, 176, 189-190; and Verona di• ton, 279 plomacy, 314; and Villele, 26, 37, 156- Boissy, Hilaire etienne, Count de, 295 157,269,271-272; and Waldenses, 211; Bolivar, Simon, 141n and Wellington, 24, 277-279, 281, 284 Bombelles, Count Heinrich von, 55 Canning, Stratford: and Adams, 241; and Bosphorus, the. See Straits, the Alexander, 235; and Northwestern Bourse, the Paris, 129 Question, 243 INDEX 351

Canosa, Prince Antonio di, 216 Albert, 54-55, 191-192, 193, 194-195; Canossa, Marchese di, 77 a nationalist, 194, 196, 212; and Pied• Capo d'lstria, Count Joannes: fall of, montese revolt, 54-55; and Waldenses, 40, 234; and the Russian Ukase, 233; 211-212 wants Turkish war, 8 Charte. the French, 56, 310 Carabobo, Battle of (1821), 141n Chateaubriand, Francois Rene, Viscount Caraman, Victor-Louis Charles, Marquis de: passim; and Alexander, 109, 2%, of, 40; and the Eastern Question, 246, 298, 301,306,311; ambition of, 111,288- 249-250; and Sardinian refugees, 214; 289, 290; anti-British bias, 109; and Can• opposes Spanish war, 107 ning, 188, 313; and Caraman, 289, 298; Carbonari: in France, 30; and in Italy, and Castlereagh, 188, 291; character, 206,216 286,289; and Charles Albert, 192; and Carlsbad Decrees (Sept. 20, 1819),205 Congress of Verona, 72-73, 80, 289- Casa Lorenzi, 77 293, 2%-299; and Mme Duras, 287, Cass, Lewis, 172 290-291, 294; becomes foreign minis• Castelcicala, Fabrizio Ruffo, Prince of, ter, ISO, 305-306; and French Royalist 311 press, 302-303; and Gentz, 298n; and Castiglione, Field Marshal Count de, Greece, 254; and La Ferronnays, 289; 326n recalls La Garde, 309; and Latin Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount America, 142-143, 149, 158; and (2nd Marquess of Londonderry): pas• Countess Lieven, 79, 297-298; and sim; and Alexander, 10-11; and Marie Louise, 80; and Metternich, 81, Austrian war debt, 22, 24, 218-220, 223, 216, 298, 311; and Montmorency, 110, 225; and Canning, 15-17, 69-72; com• 288, 290, 294, 295-2%, 298, 300, 306; mits suicide, 13; and Circular of and Naples, 202; and Pozzo di Borgo, January 19, 1821, 17; and Congress of 100,298,306,309; and Mme R6carnier, Aix-Ia-Chapelle, 19, 21, 170-171; and 286-287; 290-291, 294, 299-300; and Congress of Verona, 5, 19-23; and Sardinian refugees, 213; and the slave Congress of Vienna, 166-167; and trade, 182-184; 185; and Secret Treaty Eastern Question, 10, 16; and France, of Verona, 318-319; and Spain, 107, 34; and Greece, 20, 252; and the 109-110, 125, 300, 302, 309-311; and Hanover conference, 9-13; and Italy, Villele, 72-73, 111, 288-290, 292, 294- 22, 56; and Latin America, 19, 138, 295, 300, 307-308, 309-310, 316; and 140-141, 142-143; and the Neapolitan Wellington, 117, 188, 280, 282 revolution, 19n, 278; opposes Russo• Chateaubriand, Rene-Auguste, Viscount Turkish war, 20; policy of noninter• de (father of preceding), 182n vention, 19-20, 23; and the Russian Chile, 140, 141n Ukase, 22, 233; and the slave trade, 22, Christian Observer, 163 163-164, 173-174; State Paper of May Christina, Queen of Sardinia, 80, 297 5,1820,29,34,94-95,96,315 Circular of January 19, 1821 (British), 17, Catalani, Madame Angelica, 78 96 Catherine the Great, 6 Circular of March 15, 1823 (Russian), Cayla, Zoe Talon, Countess du, 26n, 291, 313 294 Circular of September 26,1822 (Russian), Central Rhine Commission, 261-262 51-52, 245-246, 251, 256 Charles of Spain, Count, 86-87, 86n Clanwilliam, Richard, 3rd Earl of,S, 76 Charles Albert, Prince of Carignan, 54- Clarkson, Thomas, 170n 58; and Congress of Verona, 191-195; Collier, Commodore George L., 173, 174 reconciliation with Charles Felix, 194- Colombia, 138n, 140, 144, 159 195; and Waldenses, 212 "Commission of Inquiry" (Italian), 205- Charles Felix, Duke of Genevois, and 208 King of Sardinia, 54,76; and Austrian Concert of Europe, 319, 325 occupation, 1%, 197-198; and Charles Congregation, the, 25n, 306 352 INDEX

Congress System, the, 4, 17, 321, 326; 11-12, 48, 245-257, 273-274; and the collapse of, 323-234; and Concert of Anglo-Russian rapprochement, 322- Europe, 325 323; and Austrian memorandum of Congress v. conference, 325 April 19, 1822,51; and Black Sea com• Consalvi, Ercole Cardinal, 206 merce, 247-249, 251, 256; and the Conservateur, 320n Congress of Verona, 245-256; and the Constitution of 1812 (Spanish), 27, 118, Four Points, 7, 250; genesis of, 5-8; and 122; and Canning, 311, 316; and the Hanover conference, 9-13; and Prussia, 122; and Russia, 28, 44, 120; the Miinchengratz conference, 325; and Sardinia, 54, 56; and Villele, 270, and the Russian Circular of September 308 26, 1822, 51-52, 245-246, 251, 256; and Constitutionnel, 304 Russo-Turkish dispute, 13, 15,244-245, Conyngham, Elizabeth Denison, Mar• 251-252; and Tatischev mission, 48, 48n. chioness, 13 See also Canning, Castlereagh, Danu• Corbiere, Jacques Joseph, Count de, 25, bian Principalities, Greece, Metternich, 288, 305 Ottoman Empire, and Strangford Cordon sanitaire, 29-30, 33 2cho jram,;ais, 317 Corsini, the Senior, Prince Neri,76, 193; Egypt,255 criticizes "Commission of Inquiry," Eldon, John, 1st Earl of, 159, 281n 206-207; defends Tuscany, 209-210 Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 79, 290 Cortes (Spanish), 27-28, 31, 34, 38, 122, England. See Great Britain 265, 308, 311, 316 Eroles, Joaquin Ibanez, Baron de, 30 Cotta, Baron Johann Friedrich, 128 Esperey, Franchet d', 33 Courrier jram,;ais, 304, 317 Espoz y Mina, General Francisco, 27, 126 Cracow Affair (1846), 326n Esterhazy von Galantha, Prince Paul Cromwell, Oliver, 211 Anton, 40, 279, 290, 317 Cruce, Emeric, 326 2toile, 303 Cuba, 155, 157, 157n, 269, 272; and Europe: balance of power in, 245, 273; pirates, 156; and the slave trade, 172n, and the Greek revolt, 254, 256; liberal• 177 ism and nationalism in, 262, 321; post• Curtin, Philip D., 165 war depression in, 186, 258-259, 321; and the Verona Circular, 264-266 D Europe, Confederation of, 265 Dalberg, l!meric-Joseph, Duke of, 56 "European Pentarchy," 8, 81, 135, 326; Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and attempts to revive, 325; and liberal Wallachia), 7, 48-49, 51, 244, 246, 256 opinion, 319 Dashkoff, Andre, 49 F Della Torre, General. See La Tour, Count Family Compact, the Bourbon, 43, 135 de Federal Act (June 8, 1815), the German, Denmark, 163 65 Dessolle, Jean Joseph, Marquis de, 1'40 Ferdinand I, King of Naples, 58-59, 76, Diplomatic Revolution of 1826, 322-323 311; wants Austrian guard, 200, 203; Divine right, doctrine of, 311-312 death,203 Dom Pedro. See Pedro I Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Drapeau blanc, 302-303 55, 193 Druzhenin, A. Y., 236 Ferdinand VII, King of Spain: captivity Diirkheim, 215 of, 31; duplicity of, 32; and Spanish Duras, Claire de Kersaint, Duchess of, Colonial Question, 139, 156, 158, 322; 111,286,287,290-291,294 and Spanish Constitution of 1812, 27 Fernan-Nufiez, Carlos Jose Francisco E Gutierrez de los Rios, Count of, 138 Eastern Question, the: and Alexander I, Ficquelmont, Count Karl Ludwig, 201, 60, 322; and Anglo-Austrian mediation, 216, 325 INDEX 353

Florence, Congress of, 3-4, 11 Gameiro, Manoel, 77, 151-154 Foreign Enlistment Act (1819), 36, 141 Gazette de France, 303,317 Forsyth, John, 28, 28n Genevois, Duke of. See Charles Felix Foudre, 303 Gentz, Chevalier Friedrich von, 40: and F ourcassie, Jean, 316 Brazil, 152; and Greek revolt, 254-255; France: passim; and the Alliance, 170, impartiality of, 128; and Solomon 309, 321; Anglophobia in, 28, 36; Rothschild, 127-128; and Spanish rivalry with Austria, 73-74, 196, 200, Question, 96, 121; and Verona Circular, 204; and Brazil, 74, 159, rivalry with 154-155, 264; and Wellington, 283 Britain, 74, 104, 143, 197, 272; influ• George IV, King of Great Britain and ence of court coterie, 293, 299, and Hanover: and Canning, 14, 279; visits Charles Albert Affair, 192; disunity Hanover, 9, 12; and Latin America, within ministry, 91-92, 305, 307; dis• 159; and Spain, 313n-314n; and Verona unity within Verona delegation, 107- Circular, 266 111, 114; insurrections in, 30; and Italy, Ghica, Prince Gregory, 48 73, 196, 200, 204; and Latin America, Gilly, Dr. William S., 212 74, 140, 143, 156-157, 158-159; and the Golovnin, Captain Vasilii M., 236 Liberal press, 304; and Naples, 202- Gomez, Valentin, 140n 203; nationalism in, 135, 307; navi• Gordon, Sir Robert, 40; and the Austrian gation of the Rhine, 260-261; opposes war debt, 220-221, 224-227; and the right of search, 170; fear of Russia, 74, Vienna conference, 45-46, 67 272-273; adheres to St. Petersburg Great Britain: passim; influence of abo• Protocol (1826), 323; and the slave litionists in, 178,273; and the Alliance, trade, 36, 168-169, 172-175, 184; and 12, 321, 323-324; Anglo-Dutch con• Spain, 27-34, 35, 158, 271, 308-309; vention (May 4, 1818), 169-170; Anglo• decline of state bonds, 129; and the Portuguese treaty (Jan. 22, 1815), 167; ultra-Royalist press, 302-303. See also Anglo-Portuguese treaty (July 28, Chateaubriand, Montmorency, and 1817), 169; Anglo-Spanish treaty (July Villele 5, 1814), 164-165; and Austrian inter• Francis I, Emperor of Austria: and vention in Naples, 106; Austrophobia Austrian war debt, 225; attends Con• in, 221, 228; and Black Sea commerce, gress, 65, 75; and Miinchengriitz con• 53, 247-249, 251, 256; and Brazil, 159, ference, 325; pacifism of, 127; and 189-190; and the Eastern Question, lO• Spain, 88 ll, 20, 48,244-245, 273-274; European Francis I, King of Naples, 203 market of, 258; rivalry with France, 74, Francis IV, Duke of Modena, 55, 76; 104, 143, 197,271-272; and Greece, 20, and Charles Albert, 191, 193; reaction• 70, 252-253, 257, 322; and policy of ary rule of, 210; and Spina, 207 isolationism, 15-16, 274, 277, 279, 315, Frederick William, Crown Prince of 322, 324; and Latin America, 19, 21, Prussia, 325 70, 137-138, 141-142, 147-149, 150-153, Frederick William III, King of Prussia, 157, 322; manufacturing in, 141; mo• 76 tives, distrust of, 135-136; and Italy, Freyre, General Manuel, 27 22, 201, 204; and Northwestern Ques• Frimont, General Count Johann Marie, tion, 237, 238-239, 240-244; and Otto• 204 man Empire, 20, 70, 253, 323; and G reciprocity system (commercial), 142; Gabriac, Joseph Alphonse, Marquis of, and self-interest, 273; and the slave 28n; quoted on Chateaubriand, 296- trade, 161, 164-165, 167-170, 188, 273; 297 and Spain, 19-20, 34,71,94-95,96, 104, Gabriac, Joseph Paul, Marquis of, 136, 138, 157, 311-313; Verona di• quoted, 32 plomacy of, 273, 314. See also Canning, Gallatin, Albert, 184n-185n Castlereagh, George IV, Strangford, Gallinas River, 174, 179 and Wellington 354 INDEX

Greece: passim; and Anglo-Russian co• Humboldt, Baron Friedrich Alexander operation, 322; and Canning, 70, 253, von,40 257; and Castlereagh, 20, 252; and Con• Huskisson, William, 177. 177n gress of Verona, 252-256; proclaims Hyde de Neuville, Jean Guillaume, independence, 253; and Metternich, Baron, 286-287, 292 254-255, 257, 323-325; and Ottoman Empire, 6-7, 48, 51, 253; and philliel• I lenic societies, 254, 256; and Russian Ionian Islands, 245 policy, 6-7, 48, 250; and St. Petersburg lphigenia, 174 Protocol (1826), 323; Senate of Argos, Italian affairs. See specific issues 253; and Verona Circular, 265; War Italian League, the: Metternich's plan for for Independence, 6-7, 48, 253, 322- an, 205-211 323. See also, Eastern Question, Otto• Italy: passim; British policy toward, 273; man Empire, Russia, and Strangford Habsburg hegemony in, 217; and the Greek Question, the. See Greece Verona Circular, 264-265. See also Green, John Eric Sidney, 103n; and Tern- various Italian states and Metternich perley, 97; and Wellington, 278-279 ltineraire iz Jerusalem, 290 Gregory, Patriarch, 6, 244 "Grito do Ypiranga," 152n Guriev. Count D., 230n J Janizaries, 8, 244 John VI, King of Portugal, 153; and Brazil, 154, 189-190; and the slave H trade, 167, 169-170 Habsburg Monarchy. See Austria Jouffroy, Count Achille Franc;:ois de, 303; Haiti. See Santo Domingo quoted on Castlereagh's death, 181; Hamid Bey, 49n and Knights of Malta, 215 Hamilton. Lord Archibald, quoted, 264 Jourdain, Francis: Verona mission, 253- Hamilton. William R., 68 Hanover, 258, 266 255 Hanover Conference (1821). 8-13; and Journal des Debats, 303 Austrian war debt, 219-220 July Revolution, 159 Hansa cities. 258 Hardenberg. Prince Karl Augustus, 76 K Harrowby. Dudley Ryder. lst Earl of, Kaufmann, William W.: quoted, 16 281n, 313n-314n Knapton, E. J.: cited, 66n Hatzfeldt, Prince Franz Ludwig von, 40; Knights of the Annunziata, 195 and Eastern Question, 246, 250; and the Knights of the Faith (Chevaliers de la slave trade, 181, 185; and the Spanish Foi),25n Colonial Question, 150 Knights of Malta, 215 Havana: and the slave trade. 169, 172, Kreuznach, 215 173 Krlidener, Baroness Julie von, 66n Hervey, Lionel C., 68-69 Kuchuk Kainarji, Treaty of (1774), 6 Hesse. Grand Duchy of, 215, 216n Hesse-Darmstadt, Landgraviate of, 216n L Hill, William. 56,212 Lackland, Miss H. M.: defends Welling• Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsftirst, ton, 280-282, 284 Alexander Leopold Franz. Prince of, La Ferronnays, Pierre-Louis Ferron, 66 Count de, 40, 266; astuteness of, 98-99, Holland. See Netherlands, the 100; and Boislecomte, 279, 282; and "Holy Alliance," 66, 318; Lamennais Italian affairs, 202, 207-208; a national• quoted on, 303; revival of, 325-326 ist, 11'4; and Sardinian refugees, 214; Holy See. See Papacy and the Spanish Question, 91-92, 98, Hudson's Bay Company. 238, 240-241 107 INDEX 355

La Garde, Augustin Pelletier, Count de: 313; and the Straits, 247; and Welling• goes to Madrid (1821), 30; and Villele's ton, 23 policy, 307-308; recalled, 309 Liverpool Ship Owners Association, 21n Laibach Circular of May 12, 1821 Lobanov-Rostovsky, Andrei A., 234, 287 (Austrian), 208 Lomenie, E. Beau de, 287 Laibach, Conference of (1821). See Trop- London, Treaty of (July 6,1827), 323n pau-Laibach, Conference of Londonderry, Frances Anne, Marchion- Laibach Protocol (Feb. 20,1821),202 ess of (Lady Stewart), 79 Laibach resolution (Feb. 25, 1821), 3, 41 Louis X, Grand Duke of Hesse, 215, Lamartine, Alphonse de, 277 216n Lamb, Sir Frederick James, 76 Louis XVIII, King of France: and Lamennais, Felicite Robert de, 302-303 Chateaubriand, 288, 305; and minis• La Plata. See Argentina terial crisis (Dec. 1822), 305-306; and La Rochefoucauld, Louis Fran~ois Sos• Montmorency, 25, 25n, 26n, 305; and thene, Viscount de, 25n, 26n, 291, 293 the slave trade, 167-168; and Spain, 32, Latin America. See Spanish Colonial 39, 270; speech from throne (Jan. 28, Question 1823), 311-312; and Villele, 26, 305 La Tour, General Count Victor Amadeus Louis Philippe, King of the French, 159 de, 55, 76; and Charles Albert, 193; Uitzow, Count Rudolph, 7 protests Metternich's Italian schemes, 206-207; and evacuation of Piedmont, M 195, 198-199; and Sardinian emigres, Macaulay, General Kenneth, 178 212-214; and Waldenses, 211-212 Macaulay, Zachary, 163 La Tour du Pin, Frederic Seraphin, Mar• Macdonald, James, 314 quis de, 28-29, charge at Turin, 56 Mackenzie River, 238, 243 La Tour-Maubourg, Florimond de Fay, Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Marquis de, 36 Empire, 6, 48, 257 Laval, Adrien de Montmorency, Duke Mainz, Act of (March 31, 1831), 261-262 of, 28, 30,289,290 Maltzahn, Baron von, 305 Lebzeltem, Baron Ludwig von, 9, 40; and Mann, Golo, 70 Eastern Question, 246n; drafts Italian Mannheim, Act of (1868), 262 circular, 208, 209 Mansi, minister of Lucca, 207 Legations, the Papal, 209 Marai'l.on, Antonio (The Trappist), 30 Legitimacy, 311; and Brazil, 151; and Marcellus, Andre Charles Demartin du Charles Albert Mfari, 192; doctrine of, Tyrac, Count de, 69, 280; and Canning, 55; and Latin America, 147, 149; re• 312-313; and Chateaubriand's Verona strains Paris cabinet, 160 mission, 287, 292-293; and the Secret Leopoldina, Empress of Brazil: Austrian Treaty of Verona, 317-318 archduchess, 152 Marches, the, 209 Levaillant, Maurice, 287 Marie Louise, Archduchess of Parma, 76; adultery of, 80; marriage to N eipperg, Liberal press (French): influence of, 307 80 Lieven, Count Christophe de, 9, 317; and Maria Theresa, Princess of Carignan, 194 Greece, 323; and the Hanover confer• Martainville, Alphonse Dieudonne, 302 ence, 9, 11; and the Russian Ukase, Martens, Fedor F., 278 232,239; goes to Verona, 65 Martin, Henri, 277 Lieven, Countess Dorothea: and Anglo• Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco, 30-31 Russian rapprochement, 322; and Mataflorida, Marquis of, 30 Chateaubriand, 79, 297-298; and Met• Maurois, Andre, 287 ternich, 9, 79, 79n; and Wellington, 280 Maximilian I (Max Joseph), King of Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Bavaria, 215, 264n, 267 Earl of: and Canning, 14, 159, 281n; Mazour, Anatole G., 234 and the slave trade, 163; and Spain, Medici, Luigi de, 203-204 356 INDEX

Memoires d'outre-tombe, 286 Miranda, General Francisco, 137, 138n Mends, Commodore Sir Robert, 174 Miroir, 304 Menshikov, Prince Alexander S., 66 Mocenigo, Count Georges de, 56 Mercy, Andreas, Count von, 201 Modena, Duchy of, 55, 210 Metaxas, Count Andrew: mission to Mohammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt, 255 Verona, 253-255 Mohammed Sadik, 7, 48 Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Lothar Moldavia. See Danubian Principalities Wenzel, Prince von: passim; and Mole, Count Louis Mathieu, 159 Alexander I, 11-12, 44-45, 257, 267, Molza, Marquis Filippo de, 76, 210 274; and the Alliance, 100, 325; and Monarchie selon la charte, De la, 307 the Austrian war debt, 220-229; and Moniteur universel, 303, 308 Brazil, 152-154; and Canning, 17, 257, Monroe, President James, 241-242 274; and Castlereagh, 4-5, 13; and Monroe Doctrine, 232-233, 241-242, 244 Charles Albert, 55-58, 191-192, 194- Monsieur. See Artois, Count of 195; and Chateaubriand, 81, 127, 216, Montcalm, Marquise Arrnande de: 298-299, 306, 311; and Congress of quoted on Chateaubriand, 286 Verona, genesis of, 4; congresses, atti• Montmorency, Mathieu Jean, Viscount tude toward, after 1822, 320; and de: passim; and the Alliance, 107, 303; constitutional government, 214; du• and Chateaubriand, 110, 288, 289-294, plicity of, 44-45, 52, 112; and the 295-296, 298, 300, 306; and colleagues, Eastern Question,S, 10, 11-12, 48, 51, 25-26, 108, 114; and the Congress of 245-257, 273-274, 325; and France, 45, Verona, 66, 107-108, 119, created duke, 92, 117, 200, 310-311; Greece, policy 268n; becomes French foreign minister, toward, 254-255, 257; and Hanover 25; violates his instructions, 87, 89; and conference, 9-13; and Italian schemes, Latin America, 140, 143, 145-146, 147; 205-208, 210; and Latin America, 148, and Metternich, 43; resigns from 155; and the Liberal press, 214; and ministry, 305; Royalist press (French). Max Joseph, 65,267; and the Metaxas 303; and the slave trade, 177-178; and mission, 254-255; moderation of, 12-13, the Spanish Question, 25, 31-32, 42-43, 43-45, 93, 98, 216-217; Miinchengriitz 85-87, 93-94, 94-96, 98, 107, 113, 268, conference, 325; and Naples, occu• 271, 305; and the Urgel Regency, 33; pation of, 201, 203-204; and Papacy, and the Vienna conference, 25, 40, 42- 208-209; and St. Petersburg Protocol 43; and Villele, 25-26, 72, 74, 108, 111, (1826), 323; and Sardinia-Piedmont, 126, 133,268, 302, 305; and Wellington, evacuation of, 195-198; and Sardinian 102-103, 106, 271, 283 refugees, 213; and the Secret Treaty of Verona; 318-319; and the slave Morning Chronicle (London), 317, 319n trade, 181, 185; and the Spanish Ques• Miinchengratz, Conference of (1833), 325 tion, 29, 43, 44-46, 82, 84-85, 93, 101, Munich Gazette, 264n, 267 121, 127; and Strangford, 50, 52; and Muraviev, General Nicholas N., 237n Switzerland, 212-214; and Tatischev, Mylnikov Company, 230 48, 48n, 52; Verona diplomacy, 273; and Wellington, 23, 96-97, 283 N Mexico, 140,146,156,159 Naples: passim; British policy toward, Meyendorff, Baron Peter, 81 201-202; evacuation of, 54, 58-59, 200- Michaud, Joseph Fran~ois, 302 204; hires foreign mercenaries, 202- Middleton, Henry, 233, 243 203; poverty of, 200; revolt in, 3, 56. Milan, Convention of (May 28, 1825), See also Ferdinand I, Medici, Metter• 203,204 nich, and Ruffo Minciaky, Russian consul general for Naples, Convention of (Oct. 18, 1821), Principalities, 51, 257 201 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (French), Napoleon I: abdication of, 163; death, 80; 306n and the Hundred Days, 167; and the INDEX 357

Knights of Malta, 215; and the Penin• Oscar, Crown Prince of Sweden, 77 sular War, 138 Osmond, Rene-Eustache, Marquis d', National, 317-318 168n National Assembly (French): votes mili• Ottenfels, Baron Franz von, 251n tary credits, 312; and the slave trade, Ottomon Empire, the: passim; and 36, 168 Austria, 51, 257-258; and Christian Nationalism: in France, 307; in Italy, 217 minority in, 244; decline of, 258; and Navigation laws (American), 21n-22n Great Britain, 11-12, 20, 48, 70, 247, Navigation laws (British), 142; and Latin 253,257,273-274, 322-323; and Greece, America, 21, 22n 5-7, 48, 51, 253, 257, 322-323; and Navigation laws (Spanish), lIOn, 138 Miinchengratz conference (1833), 325; Neipperg, Count Adam Adelbert von, partition of, 234; and Russia, 8, 13, 15, 76; marries Marie Louise of Parma, 48-49, 51-52, 105, 234-235, 244-246, 80; reform program of, 210 251-252, 256, 325; and the Straits, 6, Nesselrode, Karl Robert, Count von: 48, 52-53, 247-249, 251, 256. See also passim; and the Congress of Verona, Alexander I, the Danubian Principal• genesis of, 4; and the Eastern Question, ities, the Eastern Question, and Strang• 51-53, 245-246, 247-249, 251, 256; and ford Greece, 323; and the Miinchengratz Ouvrard, Gabriel Julien, 77, 127, 130; conference (1833), 325; and Pozzo di attends the Congress of Verona, 131; Borgo, 46; and the Russian Ukase, 238- supplies French army (1823), 132; mis• 239; and the slave trade, 180-181, 185; leads Wellington, 132 and the Spanish Question, 100, 104, 113, 120-121; and the Vienna conference P (1822), 40, 46; and Wellington, 106 Pailhes, Gabriel, 287 Netherlands, the: and British trade, 258; Palazzo cappellari, 77 and the navigation of the Rhine, 259- Palermo, 202 262; and the slave trade, 164, 169-170, Palmella, Marquis Pedro de, 167 175 Papacy, the: opposes Austrian policy, Nettement, Alfred F., 283 206-208, 209-211; and the Secret Treaty Neumann, Baron Philipp von, 69, 228, of Verona, 317. See also Pius VII and 283 Spina New Archangel. See Sitka Paris Ambassadors' Conference, the: and Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 322; and the French separatism, 309; and Latin Alliance, 323; and the Miinchengratz America, 139; and the Spanish Ques• conference (1833), 325 tion, 302, 305 Nicolay, Baron Paul A., 69 Paris, First Treaty of (May 30, 1814), 163 Niebuhr, Barthold G., 266 Paris, Second Treaty of (Nov. 20, 1815), Nootka Sound Incident (1790), 137, 240· 168, 324 241 Parkinson, John, 174 Northwest Company, 240 Parliament (British): and the Austrian Nouveau Cynee, 326 war debt, 219, 227; composition, 141; Novara, Convention of (July 24, 1821), and the Eastern Question, 244 195-196 Pasquier, Etienne-Denis, Baron (later Duke): and Chateaubriand, 306; and o the Piedmontese revolt, 56; and the Odessa: center of Russian wheat trade, Russian alliance, 111; Spanish policy, 6,49,257 28-29; and war with Spain (1823), 310 O'Donnell, Henry. See Abisbal, Count of Paul I, Tsar of Russia, 230-231 Okun, Semen B., 234 Pedro I, Emperor of Brazil, 151, 151n- Onis, Don Luis de, 143 152n, 154; marries Archduchess Leo• Opposition (British): and the Austrian poldina, 152; and the slave trade, 189- war debt, 219, 220-221, 228 190 358 INDEX

Pellico, Silvio, 216 Proces-verbal of November 17, 1822, Pelly, Sir J. H., 238n 114-115; and Vill~le, 125, 268, 271-272 Perceval, Spencer, 162 Prussia: passim; Treaty of Berlin (1833), Perez de Castro, Evaristo, 28 325; and Charles Albert Affair, 56, 57, Perkins, Dexter, 232, 233n; quoted on the 193; and Eastern Question, 9, 52, 250, Holy Alliance, 151n 323, 325; and France, 123; and the Petitpierre, George F., 56, 193 Mtlnchengrlitz conference (1833), 325; Petrarch, Francesco, 217; quoted on and navigation of the Rhine, 260-261; Germans, 191 and the St. Petersburg Protocol (1826), Petrie, Sir Charles, 284 323; and the Sardinian refugees, 213- Phillips, W. A., 284 214; and the Spanish Question, 89, 122- Piedmont. See Sardinia-Piedmont 123; and the Zollverein. 259. See also Pinheiro, Marquis Silvester de, 175 Bernstorff and Hatzfeldt Pilorge, Hyacinthe, 287, 291, 292, 295 Public opinion (American): enmity to• Pini, Russian consul general at Bucha- ward England, 241-242; and the Con• rest, 51 gress of Verona, 319 Piracy (West Indian), 144-145, 148, 156- Public opinion (British): and the Austrian 157; and Cuba, 269; and the slave war debt, 218, 228; fickleness of, 273; trade, 170, 185 and foreign policy, 16-17; Franco• Pisani, Russian consul general at Jassy, phobia, 313; opposes Franco-Spanish 51 war, 314; and Greek independence, Pitt, William, the Younger, 15, 22n; and 252; and Latin America, 140, 142; Latin America, 137-138; and the slave political power of, 228-229; and the trade, 182 Quintuple Alliance, 220-221 Pius vn, Pope, 191; and the Metaxas Public opinion (French): and Britain's mission, 254-255 Spanish policy, 271; and Chateau• Planta, JOIepb, 255 briand's ascendancy, 306; and the slave Poland, 326n trade, 36, 166, 176, 183; and war with Poletica, Count Pierre de, 2300 Spain, 126, 304, 310 Polignac, Prince Jules de, 150 Puerto Rico, 148n, 157, 157n, 272 Polignac Memorandum (Oct. 9, 1823), 158 Q Quarterly Review: and the Oregon Politique de la Restauration en 1822 el boundary question, 241; quoted on the 1823, 317-318 slave trade, 172, 174 Pope, Alexander, 277 Quasi-Quintuple Alliance, the, 14-15 POPham. Captain Sir Home, 138 Quesada, General Vicente Jenaro de, 30 Porte, the. See Ottoman Empire Quintuple Alliance, the, 8, 262, Britain Portugal: and Canning, 313; Great excluded from, 106; Canning quoted Britain, treaties with, 118, 162, 167, on, 315; and the Congress of Verona, 169; Revolution of 1820 in, 118, 152n, 320-321; disunity of, 61-62, 315; fall 184n; and the slave trade, 166-167. of, 159, 321-324; admission of France, 178-179; unrepresented at Verona, 183 170; and the French press, 302-304; Pozzo di Bargo, Count Charles Andre: and the Greek Question, 257; and the passim; and Chateaubriand, 287, 297- Sardinian refugees, 213. See also Con• 298; and the French ministry, 46; and cert of Europe, Congress System, and Latin America, 139; and the Spanish European Pentarchy Question, 29, 98, 100-101, 307; at the Quiroga, Colonel Antonio, 27 Vienna conference (1822), 40, 46; un• Quotidienne. 302 popularity at Verona, 81; and the Verona Circular, 305; and Vill~le, 46, R 307,309 Rainer, Archduke of Austria and Viceroy Pralormo, Count de, 194, 195 of Lombardy-Venetia, 77 INDEX 359

Rauzan, Henri Louis, Duke of, 295 Royalist press (French), influence of, 307 Rayneval, Count Fran~ois-Gerard de, Ruffo, Prince Alvaro, 58-59, 76; and 140n foreign mercenaries, 202-203; and Recamier, Jeanne Fran~oise Juliette, 73; government of Naples, 202; and occu• and Chateaubriand, 286-287, 290-291, pation of Naples, 200-201 294, 299-300 Russell, Lord John, 221 Reid-Irving, House of, 227 Russia: passim; Anglo-Russian Con• Rezanov, Nikolai, 230 vention of 1825, 243; army, size of Rhine River, navigation of, 258-262 (1823), 234n; breaks with Austria on Ribeaupierre, Russian ambassador to Eastern Question, 257, 322; Black Sea Turkey, 257 commerce, 247-248; boyars, income of, Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Duke of: 236; and Brazil, 159n; and Charles fall of his second ministry, 25; con• Albert Affair, 57; Constitution of 1812 ceives Franco-Russian alliance, 111; (Spanish),28, 120; and freedom of the and the La Tour du Pin mission, 28-29; seas, principle of, 236; policy toward and the right of search, 170; and the Greece, 3,6-8,49, 51,250, 322-323; use slave trade, 168, 179; Spanish colonies, and protection of Greek ships, 247-248, 139-140; Spanish policy of, 28-30 257; Latin American policy, 148-149, Rieben, Hans, 12 160; and the MUnchengriitz conference Riego y Nunez, Colonel Rafael del, 27 (1833), 325; and the Northwestern Right of search (visit), the: and Anglo- Question, 234-235, 240-244; opposes American relations, 172n; Chateau• right of search, 170-171; and the Roth• briand denounces 184, 188; and the schild loan, 128, 319; Russo-American Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, 170; and Convention of 1824, 243; Russo-Ameri• France, 168, 170-171, 177, 179; and the can friendship, 236; Russo-Turkish dis• Netherlands, 169-170; and Portugal, pute, 8, 13, 15, 48, 51, 105, 234-235, 169; and Russo-American policy to• 244-245, 251-252, 322-323; the St. ward, 170-171; and Spain, 169 Petersburg Protocol (1826), 323; and Risorgimento, the, 217 Sardinia, 56, 213. See also Alexander River Bonny, 172-173, 174 I, the Eastern Question, Nesselrode, Robinson, Frederick J. (later Viscount and the Spanish Question Goderich and 1st Earl of Ripon): and Russian America. See Alaska the Austrian war debt, 227; and navi• Russian-American Company, 230-231, gation of the Straits, 247; and the 235,236,238,242,243 Spanish Colonial Question, 144 Rossini, Gioacchino, 77, 296; and James S Rothschild, 13On; provides music for Sainte-Beuve, Charles A.: quoted on the Congress, 78-79 Chateaubriand, 288-289 Rothschild, Amschel, 130 St. Petersburg Protocol of April 4, 1826, Rothschild, Carl, 77; and Naples, 204; at 323 Verona, 130 Saint-Roman, Count of, 303n Rothschild, James, 77, 129; receives San Carlos, Don Jose Miguel de Carvajal, Order of St. Vladimir, 128; and Ros• Duke of, 164 sini, l30n; underwrites French invasion San Lorenzo, Evaristo Justino-Fernan• of Spain, 130 dez, Duke of, 155, 309 Rothschild, Solomon, 77; finances Aus• San Miguel, Colonel Evaristo de, 31, 34, trian invasion of Naples, 127; and the 309 Austrian war debt, 226-227, 228; and Santarosa, Santorre di, 54 courier service of, 129; and Gentz, 128; Santo Domingo (Saint Domingue), 146, and Metternich, 130, 226, 228, receives 164 Order of St. Vladimir, 128; and Rus• Sardinia-Piedmont: passim; and Austria, sian loan, 128, 319 194-195, 206-207; emigres in Switzer• Rotterdam, 258 land, 212-214; evacuation of, 54-58, 360 INDEX

195-200; Revolution of 1821, 54-56; Slave Trade Resolution (Nov. 28, 1822), and the Straits, 247, 249; and Walden• the Verona, 185 ses, 211-212. See also Charles Albert, Somerset, Lord Fitzroy James Henry Charles Felix, La Tour, and Metter• (later Baron Raglan), 278; Madrid nich mission, 312n, 313 Sannento, De Moraes, 118 Spain: passim; Anglo-Spanish convention Savoy, House of, 54-55, 58 of September 23, 1817, 169; Anglo• Savoy-Carignan, House of, 192 Spanish treaty of December 10, 1822, Schepeler, Bartholomaus, Prussian char- 175; and Britain, 147, 157, 309; colonial ge at Madrid, 122; recalled, 309 commercial monopoly, 156; and Schroeder, Paul W.: quoted on Austrian France, 27-34, 158; plan for invading, demography, 205; quoted on Metter• 88, 278; Radicals, ascendancy of, 31; nich and constitutions, 66; cited on Revolution of 1820, 27, 30, 120-121, opposition to Metternich's Italian 308; and the slave trade, 164-165, 175, schemes, 211; interpretation of Villele's See also Ferdinand VII, the Spanish Spanish policy, 74n Colonial Question, the Spanish Ques• Senate of Argos, 253, 255 tion, and the Urgel Regency Serre, Pierre Francois Hercule, Count de, Spanish Colonial Question, the: passim; 37 and the fall of the Alliance, 321-322; Seton-Watson, Robert W., 284 and Canning, 70,137,143-144,144-145, Seward, William H., 172n 154, 157-158, 159; and Castlereagh, 19, Shelikov, Grigory I., 231n 138, 140-141, 142-143; and Chateau• briand, 142-143, 149, 158; and the Shelikov-Golikov Company, 230 Congress of Aix-Ia-Chapelle (1818), Sicily: Austrian evacuation of, 201-202; 139-140; and the Congress of Verona and Bentinck, 202 (1822), 147-151, 154-155, 160; and the Sierra Leone, 173n eastern courts, 148-149, 159, 160; and Sitka (New Archangel), 231, 237n, 243 Ferdinand VII, 139, 156, 158, 322; and Slave Trade Question, the: passim; influ- legitimacy, 144; and Louis Philippe, ence of British abolitionists, 164, 178, 159; and Metternich, 5, 155, 158, 159; 186, 273; and Alexander I, 163, 177, and Montmorency, 145-147; origins of. 180-181; and Brazil, 177, 178-179, 189n, 137-144; and piracy, 145, 148, 159, and 1900; and Canning, 70-71, 176, 189- Richelieu, 139-140; and the Verofta 190; Castlereagh, 22, 163-164, 173-174; Circular, 154-155; and Villele, 74, 145- and the Congress of Aix-Ia-Chapelle 146, 155-156, 158, 160; and Wellington, (1818), 170-171; and the Congress of 144-145, 147-148, 154 Vienna (1814-1815), 166-167, 185; and Spanish Question, the: passim; Alexander the Congress of Verona (1822), 176- I demands casus foederis. 99; British 188; and Denmark, 163; and France, policy toward, 19-20, 69, 71, 90, 101, ~1~1~1~1~1~1~1~1~ 269, 271-272; and the Congress of 188, 19On; and Havana, 169, 172, 173; Verona, 88-89, 119, 320; forces which and the Netherlands, 164, 169-170, 175; influenced, 133; and French policy to• origins of, 161-165; and piracy, 170, ward, 31-34, 73, 74; and French press, 171n, 178, 179-180, 181, 183, 185; and 302-304; and Montmorency, 25, 31-32, Portugal, 166-167, 175, 178-179; and 42-43,85-87,93-94,94-96, 98, 107, 113, the right of search, 168-169, 170-172, 268, 271, 305; and the Proces-verbal 177, 179, 184, 188; and Spain, 164-165, of November 17, 1822, 114-116; a 175; and Sweden, 163; and the United retrospect, 133-136; and first Villele• Nations, 19On; and the United States, Wellington interview, 3'4-36; and 161-162,165,171-172, 172n, 173n, 174n, second Villele-Wellington interview 175, 187; and Wellington's Six Points, 268-272. See also various powers of 179-180, 184; and Wilberforce, 161, Europe, their rulers, and ministers 162, 163, 178, 186, 189 Spielberg, the, 216 INDEX 361

Spina, Giuseppe Cardinal, 77; and Tarragona, Archbishop of, 30 Alexander I, 207; and Austria, 208-209; Tatischev, Count Dmitri, 38, 40; and the and Francis IV of Modena, 207; and Eastern Question, 50,246; and Spanish Metternich's Commission of Inquiry, America, 139; and the Spanish Ques• 206,211 tion,46 Spinoza, Benedict: quoted, 301 Tatum, Edward H., Jr., 241-242; cited on Srbik, Heinrich Ritter von, 12 the Monroe Doctrine, 242, 244 Stadion, Johann Philipp, Count von, 58n, Tegemsee conference (October, 1822), 65 196; and the Austrian war debt, 220- Temperley, Harold W. V.: cited on Can• 221, 223-224, 226, 227; and the occu• ning's foreign policy, 315; evaluation pation of Naples, 201 of Chateaubriand, 299, 316; interpre• Stapleton, Augustus G.: quoted, 60; and tation of the Monroe Doctrine, 232- Alexander's pacifism, 235 233; quoted on the reconquest of State Paper of May 5, 1820 (British), 29, Spanish America, 151n; interpretation 34,94-95, 96, 315 of Wellington's note of October 30, Stein, Baron Heinrich vom: cited on 1822, 96-97, 135; defends Wellington, Metternich, 81 280-281 Stewart, Lord Charles (3rd Marquess of Thugut, Baron Franz de Paula, 218 Londonderry), 6, 42; and the evacu• Toplitz, Conference of (1835), 326 ation of Piedmont, 199-200; and the Tolstoy, Countess: and Chateaubriand, Sardinian refugees, 213; and the 79,287,296 Spanish Question, 106, 112; retires from Trenchard, Captain Edward, 175 the Vienna embassy, 67, 267n Trevelyan, George M.: evaluation of Stock Exchange (London), 228 Castlereagh and Canning, quoted, 18; Stourdza, Prince J onitza, 48 cited on British sympathy for the Straits, the: closure of, 49; navigation of, Greeks, 252-253 6, 48, 52-53, 247-249, 251, 256 Trocadero, the, 194 Strangford, Percy Smythe, Viscount, 7, Troppau-Laibach, Conference of (1820- 40, 67; and conference of August 27, 1821), 3-4,42, 45, 62, 95, 105-106, 221, 1822, with Reis-Effendi, 49-50; and 325; and disunity of the Alliance, 14- Metternich, 49-50, 52-53; reprimanded, 15, 17, 324; and Metternich's Italian 251; and Russo-Turkish dispute, 52; league idea, 205 and the Straits, 247-248, 251; and Troppau Protocol (Nov. 19, 1820), the, Stroganov, 7, 52; tactlessness of, 50, 12, 60; Britain challenges, 17, 324; 52-53; Turkophile bias of, 50; Welling• reassertion of, 326 ton, 53,248,251 "Truman Doctrine," the, 258 Stroganov, Baron Gregory A.: severs Tschaousch-Bachi, Gianib, 49 relations with the Porte, 6-7, 244; and Turin, 54, 55 Strangford, 7,52 Turkey. See Ottoman Empire Stuart, Sir Charles: mission to Brazil, Turko-Persian War (1821-1823), 49n 153-154; protests La Tour du Pin's Tuscany, Grand Duchy of, 55; opposes mission, 28; cited on Parisian public Austrian policies in Italy, 204. See also opinion, 304; and Villele, 26, 37-38, Corsini and Ferdinand III 155-156 Two Sicilies, Kingdom of the. See Naples Sweden: abolishes the slave trade, 163 Sweet, Paul R.: quoted, 44 U Swiss Confederation. See Switzerland Ukase of July 8,1799,231 Switzerland: gives asylum to Sardinian Ukase of September 16, 1821, 229-231; emigres, 212-214 and Anglo-American relations, 240- Sylph, La, 173 244; and Anglo-Russian relations, 243- T 244; and the Congress of Verona, 238- Talleyrand-Perigord, Prince of Beneven• 239; withdrawal of, 233, 237-238, 240 to, Charles Maurice de, 166 Ukase of September 25, 1821, 232 362 INDEX

United American Company, 230 Victor Emmanual II, 193 United Nations, 326 Vida, Marco Girolamo: quoted, 3 United Nations Human Rights Commis• Vienna, Conference of (1822), 4-5, 11; sion,190n and Austrian war debt, 221; convenes, United States, the: passim; Anglo-Ameri• 40-42; and the Eastern Question, 48- can relations, 241-242; and the British 53; and Italian questions, 54-59; a reciprocity system, 21n-22n; and the retrospect, 59-62; and the Spanish China trade, 231; and Latin America, Question, 42-48 139-140, 147; and the Monroe Doc• Vienna, Congress of (1814-1815): the trine, 232, 241-242, 244; and the North• German Federal Act, 65; and House of western Question, 240-244; opposes Savoy-Carignan, 192; the Legations right of search, 170-171, 172n; abolish• and the Marches, 209n; and the slave es the slave trade, 161; declares slave trade, 166-167 trading piracy, 171n; and the War of Vienna Protocol of February 8, 1815: 1812, 162 denounces the slave trade, 167, 185 Urgel Regency, the, 30,45; appeals to the Vienna, Treaty of (Jan. 22, 1815), 118n, Congress of Verona, 86; fall of, 126; 167 and Ouvrard, 131 Vienna, Treaty (Final Act) of (June 9, 1815): and the Aldobrandini affair, V 215; and Malta, 215; and navigation of Vaudois. See Waldenses the Rhine, 260-261 Velikiye Luki, Treaty of (1812), 28 Villele, Jean Baptiste Joseph, Count de: Venice, 266-267 passim; fears Alexander I's ambition, Verona Circular (Dec. 14, 1822), the, 154- 27; dislikes Alliance, 27; Anglophobia 155, 264-266 of, 156, 269; and Brazil, 146; and Verona, Congress of (1822): passim; British expedition to Cuba, 156; Can• agenda, 62, 82; arrival of delegations, ning's appraisal of, 37; supports 75-76; and the Austrian war debt, 222- Charles Albert, 73; and Chateaubriand, 226; and Brazil, 151-154; and British 72-73, 74, 108, 111, 288-292, 293-294, foreign policy, 278-279; British re• 300, 307-308, 309-310, 316; reinforces action to, 314-315; and the Charles Al• cordon sanitaire, 33; and the Eastern bert Affair, 191-195; exodus, 266-267; Question, 36-37; supports evacuation and French reaction to, 302-305; and of Piedmont, 196; and the French disunity among great powers, 81, 96- press, 302-304; instructions for the 99, 103, 135; and liberal opinion, 319; Congress, 72-74; Italian policy, 38; the and liberalism and nationalism, 262; La Garde dispatch, 308; Latin Ameri• main currents at, 272; Montmorency's can policY, 74, 136, 143, 145-146, 155- appraisal of, 314; origins of, 3-5; public 156, 158, 160; and Mexico, 146; and reaction to, 266; and the Quintuple Montmorency, 25-26, 72, 74, 108, 111, Alliance, 320-321; a retrospect, 272- 126, 133, 268, 302-303, 305, 306-307; 274; and the slave trade, 176-188; and and Ouvrard, 131; political views, 26- the Spanish dispatches, 105, 120-123, 27; becomes premier, 25-26; and 135; Spanish reaction to, 315; and the Proces-verbal of November 17, 1822, Turko-Greek question, 252-256; and 125, 268, 271-272; and James Roth• the Ukase of September 16, 1821,238- schild, 130; and the slave trade, 36; 239; and the Waldenses, 211-212. See Spanish policy, 31-32, 35-36, 37, 39,73- also various questions and personali• 74, 74n, 125-126, 133, 136, 155, 307- ties 308,310; denounces Tatischev, 38; and Verona, Secret Treaty of: a forgery, 317- the Urgel Regency, 73, 131; badly 319 served at Verona, 74,108,111; and the Victor, Marshal. See Bellune, Duke of Vienna conference (1822), 38, 72; Victor Emmanual I, King of Sardinia• yields to war party, 310; and Welling• Piedmont: abdication, 54; death, 195 ton interviews, 34-36; 267-272 INDEX 363

Vincent, Baron Karl von, 305 November 17, 1822, 114-115, 271-272; Vitrolles, Eugene d'Arroand, Baron de, and the Rhine, navigation of, 260-261; 320 and the Russian Circular of September Vo!konsky, Prince Nikita, 66 26, 1822,53,246,251; and the Russian Volkonsky, Princess Zenaide, 79 Ukase, 238-239; and the slave trade, 71,179-180,181; and the Spanish Ques• W tion, 34-36, 61, 88, 94-96, 101-102, 116, Waldenses, 70, 211-212; Edict of Emanci- 268-272, 280-281, 285; St. Petersburg pation (1848), 212 mission, 322-323; and Sardinia-Pied• Waliszewski, Kazimierz, 287 mont, evacuation of, 197-198; and the Wallace, Thomas, 22n, 142 Straits, 53, 248, 250; and Strangford, Wallachia. See Danubian Principalities 53,248,251; high TOrYism, 24, 88, 145; War of 1812, 162 Verona diplomacy, 134-135, 278-279, Ward, Sir Adolphus W., 59 284-285; and the Vienna conference Webster, Sir Charles K.: cited on the (1822), 23, 42, 47, 53, 67; Villele con• Austrian war debt, 220, 229; interpre• versations, 34-36, 267-272; and Walden• tation of the Vienna conference (1822), ses, 211-212 59; and the vindication of Wellington, Werther, Baron Heinrich Wilhelm von, 282 69, 317 Webster, Daniel: quoted, 19 West Indies (British): and abolition of the Wellesley, Sir Henry (Baron Cowley), 28, slave trade, 177, 189 34, 155, 155n; and the Spanish slave Westmoreland, John Fane, 10th Earl of: trade, 164-165 opposes Canning's Latin American Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of: policy, 159; attempts to overthrow passim; and Alexander I, 47, 124; and Canning, 281n; supports French in• William Allen, 67; and the Austrian vasion of Spain (1823), 313n-314n war debt, 221-226; and Britain's with• Wilberforce, William, 161, 162, 178, 186; drawal from the Alliance, 324; and and Canning, 189; and French abo• antipathy toward Canning, 24, 284; lition, 163 and Canning's ascendancy, 14; accused William I, King of the Netherlands, 259n, of disloyalty to Canning, 277-279; at• 261, 326n tempts to overthrow Canning, 281 ; William I, King of WUrttemberg, 267 criticizes Canning's publicity program, Williams, William A., 241 17,314; and the Charles Albert Affair, Wortley, Stuart, 314 192; and Chateaubriand, 117, 188,280, Wright, G. N., 284 282; and the Gameiro Mfair, 153; and George IV, 14, 284; illness of, 23, 41n, Y 61; and La Foudre, 303; and the Ypsilanti, Alexander,S Spanish Colonial Question, 140-141, Ypsilanti, Demetrios, 5 144-145, 147-148, 154, 159; and Louis XVIII, 37, 267-268, 272; and Metter• Z nich, 23, 96-97, 124, 283; and Naples, Zichy, Count Stephan, 41 evacuation of, 201; recalls Peninsular Zollverein, the, 259 War, 88; and the Proces-verbal of