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Araucanian Wars Kingdom of Chile THE GRAND Araucanian Wars (1541-1883) IN THE Kingdom Of Chile THE GRAND Araucanian Wars (1541-1883) IN THE Kingdom Of Chile Eduardo Agustin Cruz Copyright © 2010 by Eduardo Agustin Cruz. Library of Congress Control Number: 2010902908 ISBN: Hardcover 978-1-4500-5529-1 Softcover 978-1-4500-5528-4 Ebook 978-1-4500-5530-7 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. This book was printed in the United States of America. To order additional copies of this book, contact: Xlibris Corporation 1-888-795-4274 www.Xlibris.com [email protected] 64623 Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................9 The earliest documents relating to Chile and the Araucanians or Mapuches ............15 Part One Abstract ...........................................................................................................................25 The Goals of This Paper ...............................................................................................28 The Mapuche People and Monte Verde Sites ..............................................................29 The Mapuches .............................................................................................................31 The Incas......................................................................................................................37 Religion ........................................................................................................................48 Language and Culture ................................................................................................69 The Mapuche Military Components ..........................................................................79 1. The Mapuche Infantry “namuntu-linco” linco: army, namun: feet ...........79 Division of the Araucanian State: Its Political Form and Civil Institutions ..............96 The Mapuche Infantry “namuntu-linco” linco: army, namun: feet .........................99 List of Mapuche Toquis .............................................................................................111 Chilean Martial Arts ..................................................................................................114 Kollellaullin, the Mapuche Karate ...........................................................................119 2. The Mapuche’s Techniques of War Marshes of Lumaco-Puren, called by the Spaniards “the Rochela” .......................................................126 3. Mapuche’s Offensive Weapons (See chapter in volume 2 Cavalry Weapons) .............................................143 4. The Mapuche’s Defensive Arms .................................................................148 5. The Mapuche’s Tactics and Strategy: The Mapuche Mounted Infantry ......151 6. The Mapuche’s Fortification (Pucará) ......................................................163 The Siege of Concepcion and the Mapuche Fort or Pucará ..................................178 The Kingdom of Chile, Royal Troops in Chile ........................................................186 Spanish Infantry Small Arms—Tactics .............................................................190 The Kingdom of Chile: Description of the Frontier of Chile .................................199 The Spanish Military Components...........................................................................209 1. The Spanish Infantry Company .................................................................209 2. The March ...................................................................................................217 Spanish Armor and Weapons ...................................................................................221 Plate Armor ................................................................................................................223 The Spanish Conquistadores Sword ........................................................................230 Expert Opinions ........................................................................................................234 Verdadera Destreza Is a Spanish Type of Fencing ...................................................243 Spanish Armor and Weapons ...................................................................................246 Spanish Artillery ........................................................................................................262 The Spanish Mortar ..................................................................................................264 Conflicts in which Grapeshot and Bomb (Alcancias) Are Famously and Effectively Used ...................................................................268 Breech Loaders From The Early History Of Artillery .............................................268 Fortifications in Chile: Forts, Fortresses, and Fortifications ...................................276 Fortifications in Valdivia Spanish Forts, Fortresses, and Fortifications ..................281 Fortifications ..............................................................................................................288 The Spanish fort of Puren San Juan Bautista Fort of Puren...................................299 Fortress Paicavi, Angol, and the Castle of Arauco ...................................................301 La Frontera ................................................................................................................303 Elements of Spanish Tactical Superiority in the Beginners of the Conquest of Chile ......................................................307 The Principles of War................................................................................................307 The Mapuches at the Peak of the Spanish Conquest: Alonzo de Ercilla’s View ......313 1. Pedro de Valdivia’s View on the Military Tactics of the Mapuches ..........323 2. Don Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza’s View on the Military Tactics of the Mapuches ....................................................342 Ceremony Called Pruloncon, or the Dance of Death ...............................................357 Defeating the Spanish Army Using the Mapuches Tercios Formation ..................360 Father Valdivia and the Defensive Warfare ..............................................................363 The Views of Charles Darwin (August 3, 1833) about the Mapuche Mounted Infantry.............................................................371 Geography of Chile in the Sixteenth Century: Mapuches Jungle ..................380 Legend of the Origin of the “Copihue” ...................................................................384 Ciudad de los Césares or City of the Caesars ...................................................386 Trips Of Exploration Of Nahuel Huapi ...........................................................391 The Legend of El Dorado .................................................................................396 The Legend of the Fountain of Youth ..............................................................399 THE Hockey CHUECA OR Palin GAME .................................................................412 Mapuche Women: In the Conquest of Chile XVI JANEQUEO or YANEQUEN .......415 Glossary ........................................................................................................................421 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................433 List of References Cited ..............................................................................................441 Part two The Mapuche Cavalry ..................................................................................................447 The introduction of the horse into the Mapuche Culture and the Indians military superiority over the Spanish army .............................447 Introduction .................................................................................................................449 Formations for Maneuver Sixteenth Century ..........................................................463 Weapons for the Spanish cavalry ..............................................................................469 Swords for Heavy or Line Spanish Cavalry ..............................................................474 Squadron....................................................................................................................476 Toqui Lautaro (Leftraru) “Traro Veloz” the great organizer of the Mapuche army. .......................................................477 Battle of Marihueño 26-ll 1554 and the second destruction of Concepcion .........482 The three campaigns of Lautaro against Santiago ..................................................488 Mapuche weaponry included: ...........................................................................500 Defensive Arms ............................................................................................519 The Mapuche Cavalry .................................................................................520 The Spanish horses (andalusian type) .......................................................534 Toqui Codehuala (Grey duck) and Nancunahuel—(eagle-tiger) or Nongoniel the organizer of the Mapuche
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