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Results and Discussion Forschungsdepartement Ökologie Lehrgebiet Systematik und Ökophysiologie NATURAL VARIABILITY OF ZOOPLANTON AND PHYTOPLANKTON IN OUTDOOR AQUATIC MICROCOSMS Susanne Maise Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) genehmigten Dissertation. Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. A. Melzer Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. Univ.-Prof. Dr. W. Huber 2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. J. Schwoerbel, i. R. Universität Konstanz Die Dissertation wurde am 12.10.2001 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch die Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Landnutzung und Umwelt am 12.11.2001 angenommen. I dedicate this thesis to Professor J. Schwoerbel with respect and gratitude TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................12 1.1 Ecological Risk Assessment Procedure ................................................................ 12 1.2 What are we trying to protect?................................................................................ 13 1.3 Natural Variability..................................................................................................... 14 1.4 Ecosystem Disturbance........................................................................................... 15 1.5 What constitutes an effect?..................................................................................... 18 1.6 Objectives................................................................................................................. 19 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................................................21 2.1 Microcosms .............................................................................................................. 21 2.1.1 Definition................................................................................................................ 21 2.1.2 Guidelines.............................................................................................................. 21 2.1.3 Testing facility ........................................................................................................ 21 2.1.4 Inoculum ................................................................................................................ 21 2.1.5 Water circulation .................................................................................................... 22 2.2 Study design ............................................................................................................ 24 2.2.1 Investigation of Natural Variability in the CONTROL group .................................... 24 2.2.2 Disturbance Factors ............................................................................................... 24 2.2.3 Light/ Shadow ........................................................................................................ 25 2.2.4 Mixing/ Turbulence................................................................................................. 26 2.2.5 Surface Runoff ....................................................................................................... 27 2.2.6 Diazinon................................................................................................................. 27 2.2.7 Assignment of tanks to treatment groups ............................................................... 29 2.2.8 Time schedule for treatments................................................................................. 30 2.3 Endpoints and Sampling in 1997 ............................................................................ 31 2.3.1 Endpoints: Choice of structural parameters............................................................ 31 2.3.2 Time schedule for sampling of organisms .............................................................. 31 2.3.3 Sampling and Conservation of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton............................. 31 2.3.4 Measurement of Macrophytes................................................................................ 32 2.3.5 Taxonomic identification and counting of zoo- and phytoplankton .......................... 32 2.3.6 Functional parameters............................................................................................ 32 2.4 Zooplankton Sampling in 1996 and 1998................................................................ 32 2.5 Data evaluation and interpretation.......................................................................... 32 2.5.1 Choice of Descriptive and Statistical Methods........................................................ 32 2.5.2 Coefficient of Variation ........................................................................................... 33 2.5.3 Levels of Precision................................................................................................. 33 2.5.4 Variance: Mean Relationship.................................................................................. 33 2.5.5 Maximum Density................................................................................................... 34 2.5.6 Transformation of data for statistical analysis......................................................... 34 2.5.7 Diversity Index ....................................................................................................... 34 2.5.8 Dominance Curves................................................................................................. 34 2.5.9 Dunnetts´s Test...................................................................................................... 35 2.5.10 Matrices of Similarity Coefficients ........................................................................ 35 2.5.11 Hierarchical Clustering......................................................................................... 35 2.5.12 Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) ...................................................... 36 2.5.13 Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM)........................................................................... 36 2.5.14 Principal Response Curves (PRC)....................................................................... 37 2.5.15 Data Analysis on different taxonomic levels ......................................................... 38 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................39 3.1 SYSTEM-INHERENT VARIABILITY OF ZOOPLANKTON........................................ 39 3.1.1 Zooplankton Taxa .................................................................................................. 39 3.1.2 Interreplicate variability of Zooplankton .................................................................. 40 3.1.3 Seasonal Variability of Zooplankton ....................................................................... 47 3.1.4 Zooplankton Year-to-Year Variability for 1996, 1997 and 1998 .............................. 51 3.2 DISCUSSION OF SYSTEM-INHERENT VARIABILITY OF ZOOPLANKTON........... 53 3.2.1 System-inherent variability of zooplankton in microcosms is comparable to variability in natural ecosystems............................................................................. 53 3.2.2 Interreplicate variability was high for many small populations and therefore precision levels were not satisfactory for most taxa................................................ 55 3.2.3 Inter-replicate variability within the control group increased through time ............... 57 3.2.4 Zooplankton community structure was strongly dominated by few species throughout the study .............................................................................................. 58 3.2.5 Investigation of the year-to-year variability showed weaknesses in the test design: many population densities close to zero..................................................... 60 3.3 Disturbance effects ON ZOOPLANKTON ............................................................... 61 3.3.1 Coefficients of variation for zooplankton in the treatment groups............................ 61 3.3.2 Dominant Zooplankton Taxa in Treatment Groups................................................. 64 3.3.3 Univariate Testing for Effects on Zooplankton Density and Species Diversity ........ 68 3.3.4 Cluster Analysis for Zooplankton............................................................................ 69 3.3.5 Multi Dimensional Scaling For Zooplankton............................................................ 72 3.3.6 Analysis of Similarities for Zooplankton.................................................................. 73 3.3.7 Principal Response Curves for Zooplankton........................................................... 75 3.3.8 Analysis of Zooplankton at different taxonomic levels ............................................ 79 3.3.8.1 PRCs for Zooplankton at 3 taxonomic levels ................................................. 79 3.3.8.2 Contribution of orders and dominant species to total zooplankton density..... 82 3.4 DISCUSSION OF DISTURBANCE EFFECTS ON ZOOPLANKTON......................... 85 3.4.1 The Zooplankton community structure was clearly affected by the application of DIAZINON and did not recover by test end ............................................................ 85 3.4.2 The Zooplankton community was affected by the TURBULENCE
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