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Antiqua Revue internationale d'archéologie anatolienne

XXV | 2017 Varia

The excavation at / 2016: preliminary report

Martin Seyer, Alexandra Dolea, Kathrin Kugler, Helmut Brückner and Friederike Stock

Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/anatoliaantiqua/458 DOI: 10.4000/anatoliaantiqua.458

Publisher IFEA

Printed version Date of publication: 1 May 2017 Number of pages: 143-160 ISBN: 978-2-36245-066-2 ISSN: 1018-1946

Electronic reference Martin Seyer, Alexandra Dolea, Kathrin Kugler, Helmut Brückner and Friederike Stock, « The excavation at Limyra/Lycia 2016: preliminary report », Anatolia Antiqua [Online], XXV | 2017, Online since 01 May 2019, connection on 19 December 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/anatoliaantiqua/458 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/anatoliaantiqua.458

Anatolia Antiqua

TABLE DES MATIERES

N. Pınar ÖZGÜNER et Geoffrey D. SUMMERS The Çevre Kale Fortress and the outer enclosure on the Karacadağ at Yaraşlı 1

Abuzer KIZIL et Asil YAMAN A group of transport amphorae from the territorium of : Typological observations 17

Tülin TAN The hellenistic of Eşenköy in NW 33

Emre TAŞTEMÜR Glass pendants in Tekirdağ and Edirne Museums 53

Liviu Mihail IANCU Self-mutilation, multiculturalism and hybridity. Herodotos on the Karians in (Hdt. 2.61.2) 57

CHRONIQUES DES TRAVAUX ARCHEOLOGIQUES EN TURQUIE 2016

Erhan BIÇAKÇI, Martin GODON et Ali Metin BÜYÜKKARAKAYA, Korhan ERTURAÇ, Catherine KUZUCUOĞLU, Yasin Gökhan ÇAKAN, Alice VINET Les fouilles de Tepecik-Çiftlik et les activités du programme Melendiz préhistorique, campagne 2016 71

Çiğdem MANER Preliminary report on the forth season of the Konya-Ereğli Survey (KEYAR) 2016 95

Sami PATACI et Ergün LAFLI Field surveys in Ardahan in 2016 115

Erkan KONYAR, Bülent GENÇ, Can AVCI et Armağan TAN The Van Tušpa Excavations 2015-2016 127

Martin SEYER, Alexandra DOLEA, Kathrin KUGLER, Helmut BRÜCKNER et Friederike STOCK The excavation at Limyra/Lycia 2016: Preliminary report 143

Abuzer KIZIL, Koray KONUK, Sönmez ALEMDAR, Laurent CAPDETREY, Raymond DESCAT, Didier LAROCHE, Enora LE QUERE, Francis PROST et Baptiste VERGNAUD Eurômos : rapport préliminaire sur les travaux réalisés en 2016 161

O. HENRY et D. LÖWENBORG, Fr. MARCHAND-BEAULIEU, G. TUCKER, A. FREJMAN, A. LAMESA, Chr. BOST, B. VERGNAUD, I. STOJANOVITC, N. CARLESS-UNWINN, N. SCHIBILLE, Ö.D. ÇAKMAKLI, E. ANDERSSON 2016 187 CHRONIQUES DES TRAVAUX ARCHEOLOGIQUES EN TURQUIE 2016 Anatolia Antiqua XXV (2017), p. 143-160

Martin SEYER, Alexandra DOLEA, Kathrin KUGLER, Helmut BRÜCKNER and Friederike STOCK*

THE EXCAVATION AT LIMYRA/LYCIA 2016: PRELIMINARY REPORT

The 2016 Campaign at Limyra commenced on edge of the urban development of Limyra during August 8th 2016 with the permission granted by the the is, however, symptomatic for Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. Due to the archaeological investigation of Lycia, since the the early termination of the Austrian excavations by situation is similar in the other large cities of this re- the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of gion. The importance of Limyra in early Hellenism Turkey it had to be finished on August 31st. We is testified mainly by the impressive remains of the would like to express our thanks to the state repre- Ptolemaion of the first half of the 3rd century B.C.2, sentative Çaylan Ulutaş of Museum. by several fragments of a monumental building of the Ionic order reused as spolia in the Late Antique/ear- RESEARCH FOCUS ly Byzantine city wall of the East City3, as well as “URBANISTIC STUDIES IN LIMYRA” by several blocks decorated with depictions of bu- (M. Seyer) crania, some of which also were reused in the same city wall (Fig. 2)4. A huge foundation which was With the approval of the scientific project “The found in the area of the Byzantine West Gate in Urbanistic Development of Limyra in the Hellenistic 2012 and which has been assigned experimentally Period” for three years by the Austrian Science to a peripteros has to be mentioned in this context Fund (FWF) (P29027-G25), the research program either, since due to the pottery discovered it should on urbanism that had already been conducted for be dated in the early Hellenistic period5. Together several years1 could be intensified in 2016. Particular with the impressive archaeological finds, the rich focus should be given to the development of Limyra epigraphic evidence of this epoch not only allows especially in the period under consideration, whereby conclusions regarding the importance of the city, the extent, the structures, and the urban image of but also the existence of various buildings not the eastern Lycian city of Limyra from the time of localised so far6. Ptolemaic rule in the 3rd century B.C. until the early Therefore, it is remarkable that during numerous Imperial period will be studied in their historical excavations at various places in Limyra, only very context. scant Hellenistic phases have been found. This is The extent and the character of Zẽmuri/Limyra striking mainly for the excavations in the West City (Fig. 1), after its expansion into a seat of royal close to the classical city wall7 and in the residential power by the dynast Pericles at the beginning of the area at the lower slope of the hill8, as es- 4th century B.C., have been adequately studied pecially in these areas Hellenistic strata and building through many years of excavation. The scant knowl- phases were to be expected. At the moment the im-

*) M. Seyer and A. Dolea, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Vienna; K. Kugler, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich; H. Brückner and F. Stock, Institute of , University of Cologne. 1) Seyer 2013 : 59-63; Seyer, in press. For the results of the field campaigns from 2011-2015 at Limyra see the regular preliminary reports in “Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı” as well as in “News of Archaeology from Anatolia‘s Mediterranean Areas”. 2) Cf. recently Stanzl 2012, 2016. 3) Cavalier 2012. 4) Dinstl 1993. For a short list of further architectural evidence of the early Hellenistic period: Marksteiner 2012: 202. 5) Seyer and Schuh 2013: 407-408; 2013a : 87. 6) Wörrle 1977, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015. 7) Konecny and Marksteiner 2007 : 26. 8) Seyer 1991/92, 1993, 1997. 144 MARTIN SEYER et alii

20 m so far, but together with the results of the geo- physical survey conducted in 2013 and 2014 (Fig. 5)11 it forms one of the basic elements which provide new ideas about the general lay out and the urbanistic development of the city of Limyra. The realisation that the area of Limyra was enlarged in the early Hellenistic period, most probably built to modern standards, constitutes a first important step within the investigation of the Hellenistic city. As the next step, based on the (preparatory) re- search during the last years, a scientific project con- cerning the urbanistic development of Limyra in the Hellenistic period was worked out. With a term of three years this project will attempt to answer questions concerning the extension and the borders of the city in the time under consideration, a more precise dating of the urban expansion, a possible uniform orientation and a street grid of the developed areas, architectural constituents of Limyra (type and chronology of the buildings), a classification of the numerous fragments of sacred buildings, and a ty- pological chronology of the findings, just to mention a few of the aims. In order to achieve the ambitious goals for the 2016 season several excavations12, geoarchaeological and geophysical surveys, architectural and epigraphic studies, an intraurban survey, and a project to study Fig. 1 : Limyra, city plan (Plan: C. Kurtze). the numerous architectural blocks used as spolia in the Late Antique city-walls were planned. However, just a small part of these research projects could be portance of Limyra in the Hellenistic period is carried out. The geoarchaeological survey could be testified mainly by the above mentioned monuments. conducted as planned, archaeological excavation Our knowledge of the urban development is still could take place for three weeks in one of the very sparse. The restoration and partial reconstruction planned areas, and the study of the Classic and Hel- of the damaged classical fortifications9 could be lenistic pottery could be started. Due to the early viewed as the only testimony of the Hellenistic and unexpected termination of the excavation by period in Limyra that could be understood as an ur- the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs the remaining banistic measure in the broadest sense. investigations could not take place and had to be During excavations in 2012, close to the Byzantine postponed. West Gate of Limyra (Fig. 3), however, a section of the Hellenistic fortification wall was found (Fig. 4). THE PRELIMINARY RESULTS This wall indicates that Limyra was enlarged for OF 2016 LIMYRA EXCAVATION CAMPAIGN approx. 80 m to the South in the Early Hellenistic (A. Dolea) period, as according to the pottery found in the foundations the wall can be dated in this epoch10. The excavation in the West city of Limyra started The fortification wall has been excavated only for on the 8th of August 2016 with the purpose of

9) Marksteiner 1997: 69‒73, 199-201. 10) As first studies show, the material contains mainly fragments of the so called ‟Streifen- und Wellenbandkeramik” and black- glazed-ware, both of the Classical period: cf. the contribution of K. Kugler below and Kugler, in press. 11) Seyer, in press. 12) The first sector was considered in the area close to the Byzantine West Gate, where the results of the geophysical survey show a structure which we might interpret as a city gate (Seyer, in press). Another excavation was planned in the area north to the Cenotaph of C. Caesar (see the contribution of A. Dolea below). Finally, a small sondage was scheduled close to the SE corner of the East City where the geophysical results suggest a part of a city wall which seems to mark the eastern limit of the Hellenistic city. THE EXCAVATION AT LIMYRA/LYCIA 2016: PRELIMINARY REPORT 145 (Plan: U. Schuh). Georadar (Plan: C. Kurtze. Measurements: S.S. Seren). Georadar Fig. 3 : Limyra, plan of the excavation at the West Gate West Fig. 3 : Limyra, plan of the excavation at Fig. 5 : Limyra, plan of the Lower City with the results of the City with the results Fig. 5 : Limyra, plan of the Lower (Photo: R. Hügli). (Photo: R. Hügli). Fig. 4 : Limyra, section of the Hellenistic city wall Fig. 2 : Limyra, block with the depiction of a bukranion 146 MARTIN SEYER et alii verifying the results of the Ground Penetrating Radar three to five rows of large stones, the upper three (GPR) undertaken in 2013 in the area to the north of rows being more carefully arranged, the lower rows the Cenotaph of and to the east of the protruding beyond the upper arrangement lines. It is West gate of the Late Antique city wall13. This area very probable that the upper rows were the ones ex- was interpreted as a central point (maybe a plaza) posed, while the lower ones are a part of the sub- with a circular structure in the middle14. Also, a structure. To the east, the structure changes its com- street was identified as starting from the previously position as visible at the exterior, by displaying one mentioned structure and running to the east. The or two rows of large stones lying on top of a filling orientation of the assumed square and of the street layer composed of soil mixed with very small stones suggests that the regular orientation of the city plan, and ceramic construction material fragments. which was established in the Hellenistic period, was It seems that this structure functioned in a late abandoned due to reasons which are as yet unknown. phase of the West City’s chronological framework, As this area therefore plays a key role in the under- not only due to the type of construction, but also standing of the urbanistic development of Limyra in due to the fact that its installation is built (at least the late Hellenistic/Early Imperial period, an exca- partly) on top of a stone slab pavement (probably a vation should help to clarify the approximate date street) and also dismantles a part of a wall. This dis- and perhaps the reason of this change. The position mantled wall is part of a construction which continues of the trenches was chosen in order to capture as to the east and seems to be built before the stone much information as possible concerning the street, plate pavement found in SO 02 - SO 05, but after the square and the round building at the immediate the stone pavement from SO 01. junction of these three structures (Fig. 6). The stones of the pavement uncovered in the The surface of the sector was split in six trenches NW part of SO 01 seem to be used more intensively (SO 01 - SO 06) measuring 4 x 4 m with 1 m and are approximately 0.30 m deeper than the one distance in between. Excavation began simultaneously uncovered in SO 02. The only analogy we could in all of the six trenches, in order to obtain an im- provide concerning its orientation and composition mediate overview of the entire situation (Fig. 7-8) is the Imperial/Late Roman period street that starts As mentioned above, the excavation was limited from the West Gate to the east15. As mentioned to three weeks; it consisted in proceeding with the above, this pavement terminates in an irregular form work on the field and in the depot. In all the trenches to the east and it seems that it was disturbed by the the uppermost layers were interpreted as recent installation of some wall structures (Fig. 10-11). humus depositions and modern interventions, such as foundations for the greenhouses which were built Sondage 02/16 (SO 02) on the site in the 1970s (Fig. 9). In SO 01 and 02 a To the south of SO 01 the documentation of the plastic water pipe and electric cables had caused round structure continued. Its exterior diameter is severe damage, especially to an ancient circular ca 7 m; the interior diameter ca 3.30-3.50 m, and construction mentioned above. The pipes and wires the walls’ thickness varies between 1.50-1.80 m. were removed. In the other trenches (SO 03 - SO The construction was severely damaged by modern 06), modern interventions (i.e. the construction interventions, but also by a pit documented in the S- remains of greenhouses and other agricultural features) E area of the trench. The pit affected the circular could be observed as well. Below them, layers with construction itself, but also partly dismantled the mixed material and ancient layers and structures stone pavement situated in the SE corner of the were reached. trench. In an earlier phase, the round structure has three Sondage 01/16 (SO 01) to five rows of stones visible on the outer façade. SO 01 contains the NE quarter of the round The later intervention/reparation has one row of structure which is made of large stones at the exterior stones on top of a filling layer composed of earth and smaller stones at the interior. All of them appear mixed with small size stones and fragmentary ceramic rather rough and they are joined with mud mortar construction material. These details suggest that the mixed with small stones. The northern façade has round structure was still in use until a later date

13) We express our gratitude to the following collaborators: S. Anton, J. Hangartner, K. Kainz,.H. Lotz,. B. Orakçılar. 14) Seyer 2014 : 73-75; Seyer, in press. 15) Seyer and Schuh 2013a : 85-87. THE EXCAVATION AT LIMYRA/LYCIA 2016: PRELIMINARY REPORT 147 (Photo: ÖAI). excavation season (Photo: C. Kurtze). C. Caesar in 1980s. View from NE from View in 1980s. C. Caesar Fig. 9 : Greenhouses installed north of the Cenotaph Fig. 9 : Greenhouses Fig. 7 : Drone photography of LiPW16 at the end 2016 Fig. 7 : Drone (Plan: C. Kurtze). (Plan: Lynn Karkouki, ÖAI). (Plan: Lynn localisation of the LiPW16 excavation Fig. 8 : LiPW16 excavation plan Fig. 6 : West city of Limyra, plan and geophysical scan with the West Fig. 6 : 148 MARTIN SEYER et alii

(Late Antiquity/Early Byzantine), especially due to Sondage 04/16 (SO 04) the latest intervention that is of poorer quality than This trench provides a better understanding of the main construction. This secondary intervention the architectural and urbanistic features and reveals was identified, for now, mostly to the east and more details concerning the chronological relation south-east exterior line of this structure. between the above-mentioned structures. The un- At the current stage of research, it is not possible covered pavement reaches the western wall of a to recognize a function for the round structure, since building, the NW of which was partly revealed. its interior filling(s) could not be excavated during This indicates that the pavement is contemporaneous the 2016 season. The inner line of the circular or later than the construction of the walls. Also, the structure is worked very carefully, made of rectangular walls continue to south and east forming, most prob- stones joined with hydraulic lime mortar. This detail ably, a room; however its south limit was not reached indicates a water-related use. Still, the fact that the this year. On top of these structures a layer of geophysical scans indicate a depth of the structure collapsed roof tiles covering especially the inner of approximately 1.80-2 m, the possibility of a area between the walls was found (Fig. 14). storage construction (i.e. for cereals)16, while the use of hydraulic lime mortar only on the interior Sondage 05/16 (SO 05) line of the structure can be explained as a measure against dampness (Fig. 12). In the NW corner of this trench the continuation The stone pavement uncovered in the east half of the pavement revealed in SO 02 - SO 04 is of the trench is either part of a street (which comes visible. As in SO 04, it is limited by a wall that runs from south, most probably from the Cenotaph of C. NNE - SSW. Probably the wall marks the continuation Caesar area, but ends to the north in a double wall of the archaeological features uncovered in SO 04. from SO 3), or a part of a larger pavement of a At its uppermost preserved layer a re-used threshold plaza/square, which was affected by later interventions, with heavy traces of usage was identified. such as the circular structure and the above mentioned Immediately to the east of the above-mentioned pit. The pavement’s orientation is SSE - NNW and wall, there is a parallel wall without any connection it was identified in SO 02 - SO 05, starting under towards its north end; it extends into the south the round structure and stopping in wall structures profile. Although a relative chronology could not towards east and north (Fig. 8). yet be established, it seems this wall is related to a later phase of the city, when the above-mentioned Sondage 03/16 (SO 03) structures were already out of use and covered with a mud floor/walking horizon. On top of the mud The situation in SO 03 raises many questions of floors a layer of collapsed roof tiles was documented interpretation concerning the urbanistic development in the east half of the trench. As in the case of SO in the West City of Limyra. Along with a cumulation 04, the excavation and documentation of this trench of structures which appear to be built in different stopped also on a mud floor layer (Fig. 15). periods, the end of the stone pavement traced in SO 02 - SO 05 was identified and it stops in a double Sondage 06/16 (SO 06) wall (see above). In this area the excavation was discontinued The wall structures uncovered inside this trench after revealing some earlier wall structures which indicate a rather Late Antique construction and func- seem to have been dismantled and levelled, then tion due to the building technique and the presence covered with a mud floor. This technique was fre- of a large, reused block. This block reaches into the quently employed in the Late Antique period, espe- west profile and marks probably an installation of cially for changing the organization of a building, an access way towards the east (Fig. 17). the functionality of an area etc. The contour of a pit Large quantities of Late Antique pottery sherds which seems to disturb at least two wall structures and small finds were collected from mud floors and was also identified (Fig. 13). filling layers which were documented in this area.

16) Similar, but smaller, structures were uncovered at Histria (RO), where they were initially considered as being (bread) ovens, and Tropaeum Traiani (RO), where the most probable functional interpretation was given as “small depots for cereals”, Barnea, 1979: 83, n. 5; Panaite et al. 2009 (2010): 13; Gămureac 2010: 204-205. THE EXCAVATION AT LIMYRA/LYCIA 2016: PRELIMINARY REPORT 149

Fig. 10 : Drone photography of the West Gate Fig. 11 : SO 01 at the end of the excavation excavation, LiPW16 and the Cenotaph campaign (Photo: C. Kurtze). (Photo: C. Kurtze).

Fig. 12 : SO 02 at the end of the excavation Fig. 13 : SO 03 at the end of the excavation campaign (Photo: C. Kurtze). campaign (Photo: C. Kurtze). 150 MARTIN SEYER et alii

Fig. 14 : SO 04 at the end of the excavation Fig. 15 : SO 05 at the end of the excavation campaign (Photo: C. Kurtze). campaign (Photo: C. Kurtze).

Fig. 16 : SO 05 - 2/3 of a Tunisian amphora of a Fig. 17 : SO 06 at the end of the excavation Late Roman type fixed in a mud floor. campaign (Photo: C. Kurtze). View from W (Photo: A. Dolea). THE EXCAVATION AT LIMYRA/LYCIA 2016: PRELIMINARY REPORT 151

Also, a collapsed roof was identified over almost if its upper part was removed during a post-antique the whole surface of the trench, indicating that the phase, in order to be reused as a depository place or density of their spread is concentrated in between perhaps as a “trash can”, or if it was affected by the the walls. agricultural interventions mentioned above. It con- tained many pottery shards which came from different Chronology and small finds ceramic vessels, also some bronze fragments that seem to have formed a small bowl. The possibility During this short campaign 255 bronze of a recycling of the amphora is very probable since were found, a remarkable quantity compared with the fragments found inside it were considerably previous years. The great majority come from well- larger than the average Late Antique amphorae rim documented contexts such as mud floors or fillings, diameters, so it is to be presumed that the top was especially from SO 05 and SO 06. removed prior to the vessel being used as such21. The coins were found in layers which indicate the final phases within the uncovered wall structures. Ceramic building material A small part of the material could be primarily re- stored17, but, due to the sudden end of the excavation During this campaign an extensive study on the season, it was not possible to complete their docu- ceramic construction material was initiated by A. mentation. From a chronological point of view, the Dolea. According to the methodology, the study finds correlate to the rest of the finds, falling begins with statistics on different types of the given between the 5th and the 7th c. A.D. As every year the material, which is divided not only by form and coins were brought to the Antalya Archaeological fabric, but also by traces of production in terms of Museum where they will be studied by a numisma- the straightening technique of the upper surface. tist. This type of material has been the focus of at- The preliminary information indicates a Late tention by other specialists working in Limyra, such Roman-Early Byzantine majority of finds. Based as P. Bes who had already made a sample selection on the pottery, the latest ancient layers which were from Late Roman contexts in 201422. The previous least affected by modern interventions could be and recent analyses will be assembled in order to dated in the 6th c. A.D., while earlier layers and create a more complete image. finds belong to the second half of the 5th c. A.D.18. The preliminary information from the ceramic The oil lamps found during the excavation belong building material gathered from SO 03 - SO 06 to different types, but the ones which are at least shows a very compact material from the typological almost complete are wheel made and conform to point of view (a great majority of Laconian pan- the so-called Bailey lamp Q3339, which has been and cover-tiles), but with differences concerning identified earlier in Limyra excavations, and also at the fabric. This year, it was possible to identify other sites such as and , and also eleven fabrics only from a part of the cover-tiles further afield in Sicily, Ravenna, Alicante or Cyprus. discovered in SO 06. The chronological frame for these finds is between At present we can suppose that this ceramic the 6th and 7th c. A.D.19. Furthermore, the amphora construction material was used in the Late Antique fragments (especially some Pontic carrot shards) period, most probably for roofing private buildings. seem to provide interesting information that fits The majority of Laconian-type roof tiles used and with similar finds from previous excavations at the the variety of their fabrics indicate either a certain East Gate of the East City and West Gate of the number of production centres in the or a West City20. series of small reparations of the roof. A more Another noteworthy find is the lower part of a extended hypothesis would be that the material was Tunisian amphora of Late Roman type which ap- deposited from an earlier period in a particular place parently was fixed in a mud floor. It was positioned in the vicinity or maybe within Limyra. A storage on the south limit of SO 05. (Fig. 16) It is not clear containing ceramic building material purchased from

17) We would like to thank B. Alıcı for the restoration of some of the coins in such a short time. 18) We would like to express our gratitude to P. Bes for providing chronological and typological information through his pottery studies. 19) Vroom 2004: 304-305, fig. 8; 2005: 250, fig. 2; Marksteiner, Lemaître and Yener-Marksteiner 2007: 270, 273, Plate 23-D1. 20) Bes 2015: 79. 21) We would like to express our gratitude to P. Bes for this information. 22) Bes 2015: 80. 152 MARTIN SEYER et alii different craftsmen would explain the variety of with a very probable change in the Late Antique/Early fabrics. Still, if the pieces were purchased for an Byzantine period (Fig. 6-8). actual use, the similarity of the types would have The importance of this year’s campaign consists been the main interest of the buyer. In order to in bringing to light new information concerning the confirm these hypotheses, or provide new explana- urbanistic development of Limyra in the Late Antique tions, the study needs to be extended. period, together with a very detailed documentation During the next season this research will continue, of the stratigraphy correlated with the structures re- with gathering and documenting all the above-spec- vealed and associated finds. ified material. By correlating the archaeological For the next campaign it is planned to continue layers and finds to the information gained through and to extend the excavation and the documentation this research, new information concerning antique in this sector in order to obtain the maximum amount architecture, economy and production of Limyra of information concerning urbanistic development and Lycia could be revealed. Another important from the Hellenistic until the Late Antique periods, aspect would be the comparative analyses between together with find analyses that could provide ideas the fabrics selected from pottery (which is considered regarding functionalities. to be of regional production) and selected fabrics of the ceramic building material, in order to establish LATE CLASSICAL - EARLY similarities and/or differences. Since such research HELLENISTIC POTTERY has not been done in the Lycian area yet, this study (K. Kugler) represents pioneering work for this region. During the 2016 campaign, the processing of Conclusions older excavation material was started, because within the scope of the excavation campaign no Hellenistic Due to the unforeseen termination of the exca- layers had been reached. vation, Hellenistic and Roman Imperial layers could At first, the material from the former excavation not be reached. In any event, the excavation provided at the West Gate, which took place in 2011 and valuable information regarding Limyra in the Late 2012 under the responsibility of U. Schuh, was re- Antique period. viewed. In total, the find numbers 064 to 144 were It was possible to document at least two phases examined and approx. 320 diagnostic pieces were of construction for the circular structure and its selected for further investigations. These shards stratigraphic relation with the surrounding features. were all drawn, photographed and analysed. Initial At this stage of research, it can be stated that the studies show that the material differs merely in earliest structures identified seem to show some some points from the West City material of the ex- Roman features (opus caementicium), but these are cavations of 2002- 2004, which was examined by J. few and only partly preserved, reused in later con- Gebauer in 2003-2005. The so-called “Streifen-und structions. It seems that the stone slab pavement Wellenbandkeramik”, which is mainly dated to the running NNE - SSW was installed after the con- 6th and 5th century B.C., but nevertheless in some struction of the wall structures revealed in the cases can extend to the 4th century B.C. in the trenches. The latest antique building appears to be Lycian area, constitutes a large proportion within the circular structure and its late reparation affected the West Gate material. (Fig. 18) Characteristics of the street by partially removing some slabs. this class are the bright clay as well as a bright slip, The geophysical scans from 2013 seem to indicate and the dark painting in the form of broad stripes that the wall structures identified during this campaign and waves. The colour of the painting ranges between could be some annexes of an earlier larger building dark brown, dark reddish-grey and dark reddish- (situated to the east) and that they could have been brown. Mostly, it shows a matte surface and is sin- placed on top of a street, as we can see in the case of gle-coloured. In some cases, the painting becomes the West Gate excavation23. For now, we can only glossy or even metallic glossy. Within this material, state that the probable street might overlap previously there is only one single shard with bichrome painting; built constructions that seem to follow a regular the remaining “Streifen-und Wellenbandkeramik” urban system. In this manner, it will be possible to is solely monochrome. Until now, conclusions re- document the Hellenistic/Roman urban network, garding the spectrum of forms are difficult; never-

23) Seyer and Schuh 2012: 62; 2013a: 86, Fig. 4. THE EXCAVATION AT LIMYRA/LYCIA 2016: PRELIMINARY REPORT 153

Fig. 18 : West Gate excavation, “Streifen- und Wellenbandkeramik” (Photo: R. Hügli). theless, it appears that it broadly coincides with the spectrum of the western city excavation. Among this large volume of material, only a few red-figured fragments appeared. This is one of the differences Fig. 19 : West Gate excavation, black-glazed- th th in comparison to the West City excavation; another ware, dated to the 5 and 4 century B.C. one is the absence of black-figured fragments. The (Drawings: K. Kugler). black-glazed-ware clearly constitutes the largest pro- portion besides the “Streifen-und Wellenbandkeramik”. can be assigned to the eastern Sigillata. Finally, Initial studies show that we are dealing with the only two shards of Hellenistic relief ware appear in typical and well-known forms of this ware this find complex. Hellenistic relief ware obviously (Fig. 19). The painting of this black glaze varies be- did not play a significant role in Limyra because it tween deep, thick black through greenish black to appears only in small numbers, or not at all, in the sloppily applied glaze. Within this ware only a few various find complexes. This is an aspect that needs fragments show decoration and when they do, mostly to be explored in further investigations. so-called “Strahlenbänder” and ovuli can be observed. Beside this work, the ceramic from the drilling One single shard with a stamped palmette can be cores was examined. These fragments were sighted, recognized. Black-on-Red-Ware is missing completely, counted and first investigations were made. which is also a big difference in comparison to the western city excavation. In contrast, the lack of GEOARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN typical Hellenistic relief ware is consistent with the LIMYRA western city material. (F. Stock and H. Brückner) Additionally, the ceramics from the excavations around the Xñtabura- were examined Introduction and approx. 80 selected pieces were chosen for further studies. Despite some difficulties with the Geoarchaeology is an interdisciplinary science reconstruction of the provenance due to missing in- at the interface between Natural Sciences (e.g. formation from the actual excavation work in the geology, geomorphology, geophysics, biology, hy- 1970/80s, it is a very interesting complex of finds. drology, climatology) and Social Sciences (e.g. ar- Within this spectrum, the black-glazed-ware clearly chaeology, human geography, history)24. It focuses dominates, and preliminary studies show that it also on the reconstruction of ancient landscapes and on includes the typical and well-known shapes of this human-environment interactions25. Until the 1990s, ware. There are some sporadic shards with dark only scattered joint projects involved the collaboration reddish-brown or dark grey slip and a few shards between Natural Sciences and Humanities26. Geoar-

24) Brückner 2011. 25) e.g. Rapp and Hill 2006. 26) Marriner et al. 2010. 154 MARTIN SEYER et alii

Fig. 20 : Location of drill cores in the city of Limyra (Satellite photo: ÖAI. Edited by H. Brückner). chaeologists have since intensively investigated cores have neither been studied with geochemical Holocene environments surrounding ancient settle- and sedimentological analyses nor radiocarbon ments in order to document natural and human- (AMS-14C) dated, an intensive geoarchaeological induced environmental changes. In Turkey, geoar- research project was started in 2015 in the framework chaeological studies have been conducted in the en- of a cooperation between the Austrian Archaeological virons of ancient cities such as Troia ()27, Mile- Institute (ÖAI) and the University of Cologne36. Its tos28, in the environs of Pergamon29, Ephesos30, and main aims are to reconstruct (i) the environment, on settlement sites such as Barcın Höyük31, Ilıpınar especially during the Classical to Late Roman mound32, Çukuriçi Höyük33 and Kinet Höyük34. periods; (ii) the geohydrological situation; (iii) the For Limyra and the plain, E. Öner35 had thickness of the settlement layers; (iv) the maximum contributed very valuable preliminary results on the extension of the former lake; to reveal (vi) the earth- evolution of the landscape. However, since these quake chronology and (vii) the spatio-temporal shifts

27) Kraft et al. 2003. 28) Brückner et al. 2006, 2014. 29) Schneider et al. 2014. 30) Brückner 2005; Brückner et al. 2008; Kraft et al. 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007; Stock et al. 2013, 2014, 2016. 31) Groenhuijzen et al. 2015. 32) Kayan 1995. 33) Stock et al. 2015. 34) Beach and Luzzader-Beach 2008. 35) Öner 2013. 36) Brückner et al. 2016. THE EXCAVATION AT LIMYRA/LYCIA 2016: PRELIMINARY REPORT 155 in the coastline. The geoarchaeological research strata, may be explained by earthquakes with co- design is according to H. Brückner37 and H. Brückner seismic subsidence. G. Rantitsch42 already demon- and R. Gerlach (2011)38. strated with a palaeo-hydrogeological model that Sediment coring provides a complete high-reso- subsidence occurred at Toçak Dağı. In consequence, lution stratigraphy of the sediment archive39. The the groundwater table rose. chronostratigraphy is generally well constrained, The overlying sediments consist of fluvial sands using a combination of three methods: (a) archaeo- with a fining-upward sequence (gravel at the base, logical dating (e.g. diagnostic pottery), (b) radiocarbon covered by sands and alluvia). They provide infor- (AMS-14C) dating, and (iii) optically stimulated lu- mation about changing river channels. The uppermost minescence (OSL) dating. A suite of analytical tech- 4 m are rich in cultural layers with ceramic shards, niques is applied to extract information about pa- brick and bone fragments, charcoal, as well as core- leo-environmental changes (e.g. grain size, mineralogy, filling layers of edged stones (esp. limestones). - geochemistry, macro- and microfauna). viously people started to settle when the river changed its channel. In order to date the first Study area settlement layers, diagnostic ceramic fragments and 14C age estimates are needed. Limyra is located at the foothills of the . To the west, it is bordered by the - Sediment cores outside the ancient city (Lim 13 Fault Zone40. Thus, earthquakes are quite and Lim 20) (Fig. 22) common and already known since antiquity41. Several Lim 13 (3.39 m a.s.l.; depth 10 m) southeast of karstic springs occur in the direct environs of the the ancient city and 50 m to the east of the river city. Therefore, a considerable amount of water per- Limyros confirms the sediment layers of drill core manently flows through the ruins. Especially in the Lim 4. The base of the core shows sediments of the eastern part of the city, the groundwater level is high. lake, followed by a fluvial facies (fining-upward se- quence, sands, alluvium). Despite one ceramic sherd Results found at a depth of 3.40 m b.s. (probably transported As yet, 21 sediment cores (Lim 1 - Lim 21) by the river), anthropogenic layers are absent. It is have been retrieved from Limyra’s city centre and highly probable that the lake originated from an its environs (Fig. 20). First results show that the city initial lagoon. When the latter was closed, it quickly had been built on top of former lake sediments. turned to fresh-water due to the continued strong in- Coring Lim 4 reveals the typical stratigraphy in the flow from the karstic springs at the foot of the city area, Lim 13 and 20 the stratigraphy outside the Taurus Mountains. However, until now, no brackish city. or marine fossils have been found. For 2017, a deep drill core is planned in order to solve this question. Sediment core in the city area: Lim 4 (Fig. 21) Seawards of Lim 13, E. Öner noted a structure Lim 4 is located in the southwestern part of the which can be interpreted as beach barrier43. Lim 20 east city (surface 4.32 m above sea level (a.s.l.); (0.41 m a.s.l.; depth 6 m) was carried out in order to total depth 10 m). The lowermost part of the core verify this assumption. On top of fluvial sediments consists of homogeneous light greyish clay and silt follow homogeneous sands (contact at 5.34 m b.s.). void of macrofauna (10-6.70 m b.s.; below surface). The stratigraphy most likely represents the uppermost These are sediments of a former lake. Three peat layers of a beach barrier which is overlain by dunes. layers of maximum 60 cm are intercalated (so-called Thus, the explanation that the origin of the lake was “floating peats”); they represent the onset of the sil- a lagoon is the most probable one. It must have tation of the lake. The reactivated lake phases, ex- been deep, since even in the deepest drill core44 no pressed in the rapid transitions from peat to lake marine or brackish fossils were found.

37) Brückner 2011. 38) Brückner and Gerlach 2011. 39) Goiran and Morhange 2001. 40) Hall et al. 2014. 41) Akyüz and Altunel 2001; Karabacak et al. 2013 42) Rantitsch et al. 2016. 43) Öner 2013. 44) see Öner 2013: down to 15 m. 156 MARTIN SEYER et alii

Fig. 21 : Drill core Lim 4 (Photo: H. Brückner).

Fig. 22 : Drill core Lim 13 with facies interpretation. The core is located ca 500 m south of the ancient city (Photo, plan, drawings: F. Stock). THE EXCAVATION AT LIMYRA/LYCIA 2016: PRELIMINARY REPORT 157

Drill cores in the eastern city Five drill cores are located in the Episcopal Church; Lim 3, 8 and 9 in the north-eastern part and Lim 10 and 11 in its southwestern part (Fig. 2). The upper 2.20 m of Lim 11 are rich in artefacts (ceramics, marble, bricks, and glass) and stones. Below this layer, the swampy environment had been consolidated with a limestone pavement. The archaeological strata cover a former river channel which had been trans- formed into an oxbow lake. This may be attested by the graded bedding with fining-upward sequence. The river eroded lacustrine sediments, into which two peat layers are intercalated. In order to better understand the shift of the river channels and the settlement history, Lim 4 was drilled to the north of the çardaks (i.e. the sleeping huts of the excavation’s collaborators), and Lim 5, 6 and 7 on the so-called “Steingarteninsel”. Lim 5 and 7 reached depths of 9-10 m, Lim 4/1, 4/2 and 6 only 1.40 to max. 3.40 m b.s. (drilling process was stopped due to massive limestone layers). All sediment cores are dominated by lake sedi- ments from the base to 5-6 m b.s. Peat layers are in- tercalated and represent the starting siltation process. Then follow fluvial sands with a fining-upward se- quence (gravel at the base, overlain sands and alluvia). The strata provide information about shifting river channels. Anthropogenic layers form the top part of the core. Only Lim 7 is an exception: no fluvial sediments were detected and cultural layers start already at 4.72 m b.s.

Drill cores between the western and the eastern city Drill cores Lim 12 and 16–19 between the Fig. 23 : Cross section of the cores in the eastern and the western city were of special interest western city of Limyra (Cross section: F. Stock). for verifying (i) the hypothesis of a former river course in this area; (ii) the maximum extension of the former lake; and (iii) the earthquake chronology. 5.60 m b.s. The stones seem to have been intentionally Lim 12 shows at the base lake sediments with inter- deposited. It seems that people settled at the lake calated peat. Then follow sands (up to 5.60 m b.s.). shore. The peat layer on top may represent the A sharp contact separates them from pebbles. They changing hydrology and co-seismic subsidence. The are overlain by peat with a thickness of ca 25 cm, fluvial sediments support the assumption of a former limnic strata, fluvial layers with pebbles and a stone river course. The uppermost 3 m are cultural layers. setting (2.95-2.88 m b.s.). The uppermost part of the drill core is dominated by cultural layers. Drill cores in the western city (Fig. 23) This sediment sequence, especially at a depth of Lim 21 was drilled in the Hellenistic city. Pleis- 5-6 m, was also confirmed in Lim 16, Lim 17 and tocene slope debris occurs from 4.40 to 2.77 m b.s. Lim 19 (Lim 18 only reached a depth of 3 m, Then follows a transition zone (2.77-2.70 m b.s.), drilling was stopped due to a massive stone): lake and cultural layers follow up to the surface. They sediments, large pebbles and edged stones as well reveal that people settled directly on top of the slope as peat. The lakeshore always occurs at a depth of debris. 158 MARTIN SEYER et alii

Lim 15 (max. depth 7.45 m b.s.), located close cultural layers start at 5.73 m b.s. In this part of the to a wall, is dominated by limestones. The transition city sediments of the palaeo-lake were not encountered. to the slope debris was not clearly visible. The base Obviously, the former lake shores were more sea- of Lim 14 is characterised by fluvial and wards. limnic/swampy sediments. With a sharp contact, M.S. et al.

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