Urban Fighting in Lebanon See Page 8

PB 17-00-4 July-August 2000 Saddle Up... Tonight We Ride

It’s 0600 hours, dark, early, and the commander is tired The wives of mounted soldiers have a history as long and groggy — Stand To. A crying child approaches, fe- and storied as their husbands. Over a hundred years ver raging. The commander, the spouse of a deployed ago, wives waved goodbye to cavalrymen on western tanker or cavalryman, initiates an all-too-familiar battle frontiers, and today they do the same, bidding farewell to drill — the emergency room. Moving quickly she wakes, tankers and cavalrymen off to Kosovo, Bosnia, SW Asia, dresses herself and four children, preps a snow and ice- and Korea. We slink out the door for TDYs and deploy- laden vehicle, and crosses the LD. As she nears the ments confident that our spouses will keep the home objective, one child sprays windshield de-icier into the fires burning, visiting emergency rooms, battling TRI- eyes of his brother. Calmly she instructs the spraying CARE, fixing the car, taking care of the lawn while rais- victim to, “Hang tight, we are almost at the hospital.” ing our children. While comforting the child with the fever, driving the car, We ask a great deal of our wives; we ask them to leave and applying her makeup, she settles another border family and friends to follow us; we ask them to relocate dispute between siblings before sliding into the hospital’s every two or three years, and endure the destruction of icy parking lot. Her actions at the objective are a marvel their treasured belongings by movers contracted at the of efficiency: she conducts an informal triage with the lowest bid; and we require them to run our home during emergency room staff, settles kids into activities, and long work hours and frequent separations. These are begins planning for Class I. And you thought qualifying a special women indeed, so ARMOR will take a moment to tank or conducting a zone recon was tough. both salute and thank the wives of the men of the Not long ago I glanced down at my calendar to discover mounted force — thanks very much, ladies. I for one will that May 12 was not only a Friday but also Military do better next year. Spouse’s Day. Not sure where I got the information or We think you’ll find an eclectic collection of articles in what inspired me to annotate it, I announced the day’s this issue of ARMOR. In an interesting bit of timing that significance to the magazine’s staff and drew little re- coincides with recent events in the Middle East, we sponse. What actions are required on Military Spouse’s chose CPT James Leaf’s article on the Israel approach Day — a gift, flowers, or is there some sort of ritual or to MOUT in the 1982 Lebanon campaign for our cover. festival involved? Ignorance is not always bliss. This is the season for Annual Training and we feature It’s getting difficult to track the plethora of recognition two pieces on the National Guard and Reserve which days and months. Honestly, how many of you knew 12 attempt to answer the questions: “What to Make of Na- May was Military Spouse’s Day, and for those of you tional Guard Tankers?” and “Can the One Team Con- who did (both of you), what did you do to honor your cept Mean One Equal Team?”. Also, a defining moment spouse? My course of action was simple: do nothing and approaches for the Interim Brigade, as the Platform Se- hope (normally not a method). Declaring a day “Military lection Process will soon designate a vehicle for the mo- Spouse’s Day” as a means to check the block and rec- bile gun system, and CPT Francis Park makes a case for ognize this outstanding group is a gross injustice — they a second look at the Armored Gun System. have earned and deserve much more. — D2

By Order of the Secretary of the Army: Official:

ERIC K. SHINSEKI JOEL B. HUDSON General, United States Army Administrative Assistant to the Chief of Staff Secretary of the Army 0013305

The Professional Development Bulletin of the Armor Branch PB 17-00-4

Editor-in-Chief Features MAJ DAVE DAIGLE 8 MOUT and the 1982 Lebanon Campaign: The Israeli Approach by Captain James D. Leaf Managing Editor JON T. CLEMENS 12 A Second Look at the Armored Gun System by Captain Francis J. H. Park

Commandant 16 Fort Knox Opens Urban Training Site MG B. B. BELL 19 1975-2000: 25 Years of Master Gunner Training by Sergeant First Class Ira L. Partridge 22 The Hidden Risks of High-Intensity, Multiechelon ARMOR (ISSN 0004-2420) is published bi- Battle-Focused Lane Training monthly by the U.S. Army Armor Center, 4401 by James M. Coffman Vine Grove Road, Fort Knox, KY 40121. 25 Change of Command Inventory 101 Disclaimer: The information contained in AR- by Major Pat Flanders MOR represents the professional opinions of the authors and does not necessarily reflect 30 A Rite of Passage the official Army or TRADOC position, nor 32 Depleted Uranium — the truth and nothing but the truth does it change or supersede any information by Mike Sheheane presented in other official Army publications. 34 Tips on Mentoring a CTLT Cadet Official distribution is limited to one copy for each armored brigade headquarters, armored by Captain Keith A. McKinley cavalry regiment headquarters, armor battalion 35 Contingency Contracting — A Commander’s Logistics Force Multiplier headquarters, armored cavalry squadron head- Major John Shannon Womack quarters, reconnaissance squadron headquar- ters, armored cavalry troop, armor company, 38 The United States Army, National Guard, and Reserves: and motorized brigade headquarters of the Can the One-Team Concept Mean One “Equal” Team? United States Army. In addition, Army libraries, by Captain Michael L. Scholes, Sr. Army and DOD schools, HQ DA and MACOM staff agencies with responsibility for armored, 41 The 49th AD Ships Out direct fire, ground combat systems, organiza- tions, and the training of personnel for such 42 What to Make of National Guard Tankers? organizations may request two copies by by First Lieutenant Jim Sosnicky sending a request to the editor-in-chief. 45 Riding To the Sound of the Guns: Authorized Content: ARMOR will print only Leadership in the XXI Century — Digital Age those materials for which the U.S. Army Armor by Major Scott L. Efflandt Center has proponency. That proponency includes: all armored, direct-fire ground com- 49 Wounded Knee — What Really Happened bat systems that do not serve primarily as by Major Mark A. Farrar infantry carriers; all weapons used exclusively 57 Uniform Discipline: A Good Indicator of a Unit’s Deeper Problems? in these systems or by CMF 19-series enlisted by Command Sergeant Major Kenneth O. Preston soldiers; any miscellaneous items of equip- ment which armor and armored cavalry or- Back New M1A2 SEP Tanks Are Fielded ganizations use exclusively; training for all SC Cover At 3-67 Armor, Fort Hood 12A, 12B, and 12C officers and for all CMF- 19-series enlisted soldiers; and information Departments concerning the training, logistics, history, and leadership of armor and armored cavalry units at the brigade/regiment level and below, to 2 Contacts include Threat units at those levels. 3 Letters 6 Commander’s Hatch Material may be reprinted, provided credit is 58 Book and Software Reviews given to ARMOR and to the author, except where copyright is indicated. Periodicals Postage paid at Fort Knox, KY, and additional mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Editor, ARMOR, ATTN: ATZK-TDM, Fort Knox, KY 40121-5210. Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. July-August 2000, Vol. CIX, No. 4 USPS 467-970 Directory — Points of Contact

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ARMOR Editorial Offices U.S. Army Armor Center

Editor-in-Chief Commanding General (ATZK-CG) MAJ Dave Daigle 2249 MG B. B. Bell 2121 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Managing Editor Deputy Commanding General (ATZK-DCG) Jon T. Clemens 2249 BG James J. Grazioplene 7555 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Editor Chief of Staff (ATZK-CS) Vivian Oertle 2610 COL George Edwards 1101 E-mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Production Assistant Command Sergeant Major (ATZK-CSM) Mary Hager 2610 CSM Carl E. Christian 4952 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Staff Illustrator Directorate of Force Development (ATZK-FD) Mr. Jody Harmon 2610 COL Joe Hughes 5050 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Directorate of Training and Doctrine Development (ATZK-TD) COL Matthew L. Smith 8247 U.S. Army Armor School E-Mail: [email protected] TRADOC System Manager for Force XXI (ATZK-XXI) Director, Armor School (ATSB-DAS) COL Brett H. Weaver 4009 COL Robert T. Gahagan 1050 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] TRADOC System Manager for Abrams (ATZK-TS) Armor School Sergeant Major (ATSB-CSM) COL James H. Nunn 7955 CSM Terry McWilliams 7091 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: Mounted Maneuver Battlespace Battle Lab (ATZK-MW) NCO Academy (ATSB-NC) COL Richard T. Savage 7809 CSM Kevin P. Garvey 5150 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] Office, Chief of Armor (ATZK-AR) 16th Cavalry Regiment (ATSB-SBZ) Aubrey Henley 1272 COL John Antal 7848 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] FAX 7585 1st Armor Training Brigade (ATSB-BAZ) Special Assistant to the CG (ARNG) (ATZK-SA) COL William J. Blankmeyer 6843 COL D. Allen Youngman 1315 E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]

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2 ARMOR — July-August 2000

The May-June 2000 issue marked a new tactics instead of logistics, and shame on us. Close Look Shows milestone for ARMOR with the first electronic But before we face the grieving parents, I’d Merkava’s Pluses and Minuses submission of the magazine to our contract hope that we could at least articulate a com- printer. Of course, as some of you may have pelling reason to justify the expenditure. noticed, it was not a totally smooth transition. Somehow, the urgency of “doing it on my Dear Sir: Because of a font compatibility issue be- watch” falls rather short. “What’s the best tank in the world?” My tween our equipment and the printer’s, we Yankee impulses prompt me to vote unhesi- had a problem with some of our quotation CHESTER A. KOJRO LTC, AR, USAR (Ret.) tatingly for the M1A2 Systems Enhanced marks and long dashes. We apologize for Package, the most advanced main battle any inconvenience to our authors and read- tank of the U.S. fleet. I am not at all surprised ers. – Ed. Main Battle Tank Rankings: at the level of response, however, to the relative rankings of tanks compared in the More Perspective Was Needed IBCT “Armored Car” Acquisition July-August 1999 issue of ARMOR. Beauty contests like this always seem to rankle Squanders Millions in Research Money Dear Sir: someone. If you do not believe me take a look at the discussion, also in this forum, Dear Sir: Although being pleased to read and very agreeable with Herr Klenke’s letter (Jan-Feb over what are the best all-time tanker movies As I read the “Commander’s Hatch” of the 2000 issue) concerning the “ranking” of the or the fuss created when VH-1 selected the March-April 2000 issue, I am disturbed by world’s MBTs, I would comment on three top 100 rock and roll songs of all time. the “…Chief of Staff of the Army’s decision to specific aspects: the ranking concept itself, a I am particularly not surprised at the wave field an initial Brigade Combat Team at Fort country’s MBT selection, and the application of defenders who rose up to argue that the Lewis.” There is an obvious flaw in the pur- or use of such a report. Israeli Merkava III was wholly undeserving of suit of an interim fighting vehicle for the initial its bottom ranking. I agree. Having said that, brigade combat team. Main battle tanks must be designed to, and be measured by, a fixed set of standard I am not sure where it should be ranked, but Of course, future technology will permit us performance characteristics — frequently certainly not dead last. I was sufficiently im- to develop a combat platform with greater referred to as the “...ilities.” These range pressed with it during my two-year tour as firepower and protection while being lighter, from survivability, lethality, mobility, main- the TRADOC Liaison to the Israeli Defense more reliable, faster, etc., than the M1A2 tainability, durability, transportability, etc., Forces to tell folks that, if pressed, I would SEP Abrams. Any historic reading of science etc. Each of these performance characteris- rate it just after the Abrams and the German and technology suggests nothing else. Work- tics, in turn, is affected by vehicle weight, Leopard II. To caveat that judgment, I should ing with Army Materiel Command and using fuel load, ammo types, sights, etc. These are say that it is based on what I know, and the Mounted Maneuver Battle Lab along with normally weighted by the designer as to there is a lot I do not, especially with regard virtual prototypes and fighting them on virtual priority or importance. While some of these to classified data such as armor composition terrain is exactly the way the development characteristics were broadly mentioned, it etc. In fairness, I should also note that my process is supposed to work. We’d be fool- seemed to be, as was pointed out in his tour of duty was 1995-1997. In terms of ish to do otherwise. Even hosting a perform- questioning of the low Merkava rating, more technical innovations, that could be consid- ance demonstration at Fort Knox to survey subjectively than objectively. Therefore, ered an eon ago. At that time, the Merkava the capabilities of “off-the-shelf” platforms since power-to-weight ratio only affects IV, with its more powerful engine, was a made some sense. I contend that it could mainly one minor determinant of mobility prototype. There is one thing I will say with have been achieved by simply reviewing (acceleration), of only one measurable confidence and that is this: the Merkava is commercially published reference books, but “...ility, ” does this really move an MBT “rank- the best tank in the world available to the if the “boss” needs to touch and feel before ing” from say a 5 to a 10? Israelis. It was designed based on the IDF’s deciding, fine. combat experiences and for the conditions of Herr Klenke briefly mentions the purchase its most probable conventional battlefield, However, I cannot comprehend the state- of one MBT over another by a non-MBT de- the Golan Heights. ment, “We are going to learn a great deal signing/producing country. While he sug- from this fielding and apply those lessons gests that such decisions are additionally I will not recount the arguments of either toward the development of the future combat determined by business arrangements such the Merkava’s champions or detractors. I platform that will have the characteristics as offsets, there is the allusion that the Leo 2 will, however, offer a few first-hand observa- already mentioned.” was compared to and outperformed the tions. Some affirm while others counter the “M1A1/M1A2” in the Netherlands, Switzer- accolades afforded the Merkava III by LTC What lessons? We are already ignoring land, and Sweden. In actuality, the first two Eshel, IDF Retired, in the last issue of nearly a century’s worth of armored and countries made their Leo 2 purchases in ARMOR. I owe much to LTC Eshel; his mechanized combat experience when we March 1979 and August 1983, respectively works were a great source of information opt for light armored cars in lieu of main — well before the 120mm M1A1 was avail- prior to my LNO assignment. I can’t say, battle tanks. We can develop and practice able. however, that I have ever read a critical word any new tactics with existing tanks, armored in any of them and I note that his publica- fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, Lastly, as a member of the Armor Associa- tions are almost invariably reviewed by the and tactical wheeled vehicles. By buying tion since 1972, and having previously seen IDF Spokesman’s Office. He is an Israeli these interim armored cars now, we are the full text of the original tank “ranking” patriot. That is not a bad thing, just worth simply squandering millions in procurement thesis, I was initially somewhat disappointed noting. Many of us, in our Army, have been money that should be spent for the future to see it published in an abbreviated context, brought up on admiring accounts of the IDF technology once it becomes available. and without greater editorial comment. But — they literally could do no wrong. My tour the purpose of ARMOR Magazine is “...to with the IDF sobered me of this notion. I Let us not fool ourselves. The rationale be- surface controversy and debate among pro- realized that they were every bit as chal- hind this “charge to lightness” is a perceived fessionals in the force,” and the scope of lenged by resources, bureaucracy, and the lack of competence in deploying and logisti- your readership is proof of success. And the tendency to be captive to one’s own experi- cally supporting and sustaining heavy forc- professionals know that events like Desert ence, however real that experience may be, es. If we send tankers and troopers into Storm prove our tanks’ success. as any other nation and army. combat in thin-skinned, under-armored, un- der-gunned, and road-bound wheeled vehi- J. C. HARP I had the good fortune to observe, ride, and cles, it is because leadership is focused on Utica, Mich. fire several IDF tank variants in various field ARMOR — July-August 2000 3

conditions. I was able to tour the Merkava’s am not sure the Israelis have gained much in ARMOR, March-April 2000) is squarely on production facilities hosted by MG (Ret.) fire crew safety by going to an electric, ver- target. It raises many issues that go straight Israel Tal, a man who stands among the sus hydraulic, turret. It seems that advances to the heart of the morale and combat readi- giants in armored warfare history and who is in lubricants and other features have miti- ness of our Army. As a National Guard offi- the driving force behind the design and pro- gated the Abrams risk. What is clear, how- cer, I would like to bring the perspective of duction of the tank. Finally, I was present at ever, is the relatively slow slew rate of the my own National Guard service to the table. exercises in which USMC M1A1 tankers Merkava turret. It took 12 seconds for full trained alongside a Merkava III tank platoon. rotation. I would say 3-4 times longer than One of the true strengths of National Guard that of the Abrams. The Merkava’s main gun units, especially combat arms battalions, is First, I would like to randomly note some of rounds are in the rear of the hull in 49 sepa- that they are de facto organized more like the more “nifty” attributes of the Merkava and rate canisters, a design meant to eliminate traditional regiments than any other units in IDF tank design that I have not seen printed secondary explosions. This presents two the Army. Citizen-soldiers in these battalions here as yet. The Merkava III was designed problems. One, having dismounts on board often serve their entire careers in a single with survivability as priority #1. No surprise is a trade-off. They occupy the same space battalion. Noncommissioned officers have then, it is a supremely survivable tank. Its as the removable canisters. Two, except for literally “grown-up” with their unit and feel modular armor is easily replaced and selec- ready rounds in the turret, the main gun must personally responsible for its success. Sen- tively upgraded. The laser early warning de- be forward positioned to access the hull ior noncommissioned officers are often re- vices that LTC Eshel described are, in fact, ammunition. spected members of their communities and terrific survivability enhancers. The Merkava bring a wealth of human and institutional III has a simple, but highly effective suspen- Finally, while I was impressed with the knowledge to their military jobs, which would sion system. It provides a smooth firing plat- “BAZ” auto-tracking fire control system, I was be impossible to match in units made up of form. Additionally, it is cleverly designed so not overly so. At the time I served in Israel, soldiers in constant transition. Many National that its components provide additional sur- the IDF tank corps held an annual competi- Guard soldiers enjoy the unique feeling of vivability, especially against chemical (en- tion for the best tank platoon representing camaraderie that arises from serving with ergy) rounds. A combined arms concept is each of its regular army tank brigades. The friends, neighbors, and even family mem- integral to the tank’s design. The tank has IDF M60 Patton tank variants were always bers. Career progression and the need for space for six dismounts in the rear of the competitive with the Merkava. In fact, in one varied experiences dictate that officers be hull. It has an integrated 60mm mortar; a of my two years, the oldest M60 variant beat periodically reassigned to other companies design common to most IDF tank variants. It out all others, to include the Merkava III tank or batteries within the battalion. However, has a reduced thermal signature, at least in platoon. This says something about the crew most officers serve for long periods of their comparison to the Abrams. This is due, in and training, but it also diminishes, if only a career within the same battalion or brigade. part, to the manner in which exhaust is little, my estimation of the Merkava III. I have This gives National Guard officers a similar channeled from the front-mounted engine. no doubt, whatsoever, that the advance rep- sense of camaraderie as that enjoyed by The gunner and TC may fire the coaxial resented by the 2nd generation FLIR on the enlisted soldiers. I can personally attest that machine gun simultaneously with or sepa- M1A2 SEP will do more to revolutionize in trying times the unique camaraderie, the rate from the main gun. The computer solu- lethality than any automatic target tracker feeling of being a respected member in a tion is for the main gun, however, which may ever can. “band of brothers,” is what has kept me in make for some erratic machine gun fire I must conclude by restating my admiration uniform. This mutual reliance and trust can when fired simultaneously. IDF tank variants for the Merkava III. The fact that a young and only translate into superior unit cohesiveness have separate daylight and thermal sights. resource-poor nation like Israel could build a and enhanced combat power. I should add The thermal image is very high quality al- revolutionary tank product line is an amazing that the system is not impermeable. People though I believe Israelis train less with it than feat in itself. There is no equal in SWA, save sometimes relocate for personal reasons or we do and discourage its use except when the Abrams tank, to the Merkava tank, and because of their civilian careers. But this limited visibility requires it. There is a “TV” that is enough. I am not a technical expert “natural” attrition coupled with retirements sight that allows an impressively broad and and so I am unable to speak that language and occasional reassignments outside the clear view outside the tank from within the with the authority of a well researched indi- battalion or brigade keep the units from be- turret. In the event of intercom loss, the TC vidual like LTC Eshel, nor am I smart enough coming too ingrown and stale. can pass instructions to the driver using to program the computer inputs to obtain simple indicator lights to include speed up/ Another intangible morale-builder is the tank comparisons like the study that ignited down, turn right/left, and reverse. The auto- sense of history maintained by National all this discussion. I am, however, confident matic target tracker works as advertised, I Guard units. The flags of the two infantry in the accuracy of what my eyes observe watched a Merkava destroy a drone helicop- battalions and one artillery battalion in which and what my simple brain, trained to assess ter in flight at a simulated range of 3,000 I have been privileged to serve have been training, concludes. meters. MG Tal reported that it had achieved literally covered by campaign streamers 80-90% first round hits against moving tar- MAJ KEVIN WRIGHT ranging from the Civil War to World War II. gets at ranges in excess of 3,000 meters. Former LNO to the IDF Many soldiers recall when their fathers, The Merkava IV prototype was fitted with a HQ, USAARMC grandfathers, or uncles served in the very much needed, more powerful 1400-hp en- Fort Knox, Ky. units in which they now serve. Frequently, gine of German manufacture. MG Tal mementos of the hometown unit’s war ser- vice, such as captured cannon or public claimed the tank was revolutionary versus (The Editor is declaring a unilateral cease- evolutionary in design. When fielded, he memorials, are prominently displayed at fire on further comments about the tank town squares or local museums. said, it would look like a new tank and actu- ranking survey article in our July-August ally be a lighter tank. All this was not appar- 1999 issue. – Ed.) All these positive points do not mean that ent from a casual observation of the proto- there are no problems in the system. Yes, type, but I have no reason to doubt it. there are cases of cronyism, the proverbial Now, I will pass a few rounds of ammo the A “Regimental System” of Sorts “good ol’ boy” networking, and cases where way of the Merkava’s detractors. Notwith- Thrives in the National Guard sub-standard, or problem soldiers are re- tained or tossed from one company to an- standing LTC Eshel’s defense, the Merkava other. But, in my experience, these have is grossly under-powered; and it accelerated Dear Sir: slowly, especially on inclines. Our Abrams been few and far between. In addition, the tankers easily outpaced the Merkava platoon The article by COL Guy C. Swan III (“It’s constant enforcement of “the Army standard” in a road march across the desert. Second, I Time for a True Regimental System” in all things, from the APFT to battle drills to 4 ARMOR — July-August 2000

the staff Military Decision Making Process 2000 issue of ARMOR. His article is well for the whole Army.... The authors suggested (MDMP), has served as an objective quality written and researched. I must add — and I that regiments could actively recruit only control tool that has served to increase the emphasize I am not correcting Lieutenant within their own areas and should supply professionalism of units immeasurably. An- D’Amato’s article — that Starry attempted recruiting personnel as part of the U.S. Army other, subtler, quality control measure is the more than a revolution of the Army with doc- Recruiting Command in these regions. In genuine desire of the overwhelming majority trinal, technological, and educational re- each region, the regimental headquarters of soldiers to live up to the highest traditions forms. He also attempted to evolve the latter would be established and colonels of regi- of their battalion/regiment and not “lose face” three institutions that compose the Army with ments would be authorized. The study did amongst one’s peers. This internal motiva- dramatic changes in the personnel system.... support the current, centralized recruit train- tion is often far more powerful than any ex- It was a system that Starry stated was an ing system. ternal coercion because once an officer or “anachronism,” and the last remaining Army NCO loses the respect of his/her regimental institution that needed to be “fixed.” The study emphasized the adoption of the peers he or she loses all moral authority. regimental system, which makes the regional Starry was doing this as he had done with basing of units more significant. If building Again, I applaud COL Swan for raising a doctrine: he brought smart people in, gave regiments with a strong tradition and a sense much-needed and often unwanted or un- them a mission-style order with a clear end of history is important, regional recruiting or heeded voice on behalf of the need to substi- state, and continually checked it. Unfortu- regional defense districts should be consid- tute the Army’s faceless individual replace- nately for the Army, the personnel system ered. Otherwise, regimental pride and asso- ment system for a working regimental sys- was the one institution that was so en- ciation with a specific headquarters are not tem. From my perspective, I would like to trenched that even the energy and brilliance important in a system with nationwide re- see the National Guard leadership officially of Donn Starry could not penetrate it.... By cruiting and where units are arbitrarily head- solidifying and cementing the traditions of the end of the 1970s, and in the beginning of quartered. our regimental system. Furthermore, I invite 1980s, the Army, led by Chief of Staff Gen- The proposed regimental system would my Active Component (AC) colleagues to eral “Shy” Meyer, began extensive studies to also have a strong tie to the Army National dialogue with members of the National implement a unit-based personnel system.... Guard and Army Reserve, where regiments, Guard on our experiences with our “regimen- The first study was conducted at TRADOC brigades, and divisions have been linked to tal” system. The “lessons learned” from under the direction of General Starry. The regions for years. Specific units have oper- these experiences may well benefit the mo- second one was conducted with the guid- ated in specific areas for over a hundred rale and combat effectiveness of the Total ance of General Meyer by the Inspector Army. years. (The 29th Infantry Division, which General, Lieutenant General Richard Trefry. served proudly in World War II, is composed MAJ PRISCO R. HERNANDEZ, ARNG (Starry’s) proposal was a copy of a Euro- of units from Virginia and Maryland and can 4th Bde, 75th Div (TS) pean regimental system adapted for the trace its origin to the Civil War. The three Ft. Sill, Okla. United States, but the latter program at- regiments of the Massachusetts Army Na- tempted to establish a smaller program tional Guard have existed since 13 Decem- ber 1636.) New Sensor System Will Be within the larger, individual-focused person- nel system, and as a result was doomed to Under TRADOC Faith/Ross the entire per- Fielded in Greater Numbers failure. Starry opposed this compromise, but sonnel system warranted reform. Manage- the bureaucracy ground him down.... Upon ment practices would become more regimen- Dear Sir: assuming command of TRADOC in 1979, tally oriented for both promotion and posting General Starry began examining ways to of enlisted soldiers. The TRADOC Faith/Ross I would like to set the record straight and implement a regimental system and replace clarify some misconceptions in the article study recommended the elimination of the the individual personnel system with a unit “up-or-out” promotion system, to be replaced “Reconnaissance and Security Forces in the replacement system. He asked liaison offi- New Heavy Division Structure” Pages 26-29 with an “up-or-stay” promotion system for cers from the United Kingdom and Canada both the officer and enlisted ranks. This in the March-April 2000 issue written by to undertake a detailed study of their coun- Major Michael C. Kasales. promotion system would be decentralized, tries’ systems and suggest how these could with more trust being placed in the hands of He mistakenly reported the current fielding be incorporated in the U.S. Army. After a the regimental commander. schedule for the LRAS3, or Long-Range year of extensive study, the Allied officers — Advance Surveillance System, as one per Lieutenant Colonel P.W. Faith of the British The TRADOC Faith/Ross study recom- scout platoon. The correct fielding rate is one Army and Lieutenant Colonel R. I. Ross of mended that regimental commanders should per scout platform in each mech infan- the Canadian Army — returned with an ex- play an important role in selecting enlisted try/armor battalion scout platoon. Instead of cellent regimental plan for the U.S. Army personnel for assignments away from the a scout platoon only receiving one LRAS3 called the “Application of the Regimental regiment, such as serving on higher staffs, per platoon there will be a total of six per System to the United States Army’s Combat recruiting, or as an instructor at a branch platoon (one per platform). Arms,” referred to as the TRADOC Faith/ school. Increased personal attention to indi- Ross Study.... This proposal was a true reg- viduals in a decentralized system would lead The LRAS3 is a superb sensor and will give imental system that involved more than rotat- to better retention rates, and foster an at- scouts a great advantage on the battlefield. ing units: it concentrated on unit cohesion, mosphere where the best individual, not the best file, would be promoted. SSG DANIEL R. GASTELUM with all its inherent complexities of recruiting, Directorate of Force Development, Ft. Knox sustaining, training, personnel policies, and Finally, the TRADOC Faith/Ross plan ad- tradition. LRAS3 Project NCOIC dressed officer management interwoven with The TRADOC Faith/Ross study suggested the regimental system, instead of separate from it. Like the enlisted promotion system, it Starry Also Attempted a grouping of regiments from all combat arms by state, or states. Each grouping had recommended abolishing the “up-or-out” pro- Personnel Reform on His Watch to ensure a minimum population base of five motion system because of its disruption of

million supporting four regiments. A more cohesion. It also stated that “up-or-out” cre- Dear Sir: detailed study would have been required to ated a lack of experienced officers by con- My compliments to First Lieutenant Martin adjust the base figure to national recruiting stantly moving them from one position to J. D’Amato’s article “Vigilant Warrior: Gen- trends. The regimental system would create eral Donn A. Starry’s AirLand Battle and an image of the regiment that could not fail How it Changed the Army,” in the May-June to improve community and public relations Continued on Page 54 ARMOR — July-August 2000 5

Major General B. B. Bell

Commanding General U.S. Army Armor Center

Getting There From Here: The Mechanized Force Modernization Plan

The Army, and our mechanized force ing to identify the way ahead for the deployability, sustainability, and flexi- in particular, face a modernization/ mounted force. The ICT developed a bility of lighter forces. This moderniza- transformation program that is un- strategic framework, proposed a mod- tion strategy has three key tenets: precedented in history. Meeting the ernization plan in the context of the • challenges to America’s national inter- Army transformation, and laid out the Transform now to interim capability in order to meet immediate war-fight- ests demands a robust set of land power way forward. This was a significant ing requirements, particularly in small- options to face the uncertain opera- undertaking, and was accomplished tional environment of the 21st century. only because we had the full participa- scale contingencies. Decreased in size since the Persian tion of each schoolhouse, TRADOC, • Maintain legacy war-fighting capa- Gulf War, the U.S. Army remains the and the Army staff. bility through overmatch, digitization, premier land force in the world today Army Transformation and Mod- and re-capitalization as a strategic and plays a pivotal role in carrying out ernization Strategy. The Army leader- hedge while the Army undergoes the the national security strategy. Despite turbulence of modernization and trans- the Army’s preeminence, our leader- ship, with our Armor and Cavalry forces formation. at the core, is pursuing “a strategically ship has recognized the need to trans- responsive force that is dominant • Focus science and technology to en- form the force to meet new challenges in a world that continues to change. across the full spectrum of operations.” able timely fielding of the Objective The goals are lofty. Strategic respon- Force. None of this should be news to any of siveness is defined as being able to you. The Army vision has been widely deploy a combat-ready brigade any- The long-term goal is to field an Ob- disseminated. We at the Armor Center where in the world in 96 hours, a full jective Force that harnesses technologi- fully embrace the vision. We have not, division in 120 hours, and five divi- cal advances in a Future Combat Sys- however, openly discussed the means sions in 30 days. In today’s terms, full tem (FCS) that is lighter, more strategi- by which the Army intends to achieve spectrum dominance at every point on cally and tactically mobile, and that transformation of our current force into the spectrum of operations requires requires less sustainment, yet offers the the Objective Force. In the previous leveraging capabilities that are resident relative combat overmatch capabilities issue of ARMOR, I gave you a due-out in uniquely specialized parts of today’s in lethality and survivability that heavy on the Mechanized Force Moderniza- force (light forces must be deployed to forces enjoy today. tion Plan (MFMP). The MFMP is in- meet time standards for responsiveness Realization of that goal could elimi- tended to be the bridge from today’s and heavy forces must be deployed to legacy force and the Objective Force. meet the dominant overmatch standard nate the sharp distinction we now see between heavy and light forces. But The MFMP will provide the strategic in most METT-T conditions). The until the Objective Force and the Future framework to synchronize mechanized Army has embarked on a transforma- force modernization with Army trans- tion campaign that will enable its or- Combat System are realities, the Army must maintain both the dominant com- formation, as well as the investment ganizations and equipment to better bat overmatch the legacy force offers, strategies to achieve both. meet both requirements. and the capability to employ deploy- For the past five months, a TRADOC At the heart of the Army’s Force able interim forces to fight wars. To do formal Integrated Concept Team, under Modernization Vision is a new kind of so, it must retain a legacy force of the the direction of BG James J. Grazio- force that combines the lethality, sur- right numbers of heavy platforms and plene, the Armor Center’s Deputy vivability, and tactical agility of the organizations, modernize or re-capi- Commanding General, has been work- heavy forces with the responsiveness, talize them, and continue to product- 6 ARMOR — July-August 2000

improve them to counter the most dan- gerous threats to the nation’s freedom of action and well being. The Role of Heavy Forces in Trans- formation. Transforming selected bri- gades to interim capabilities will re- solve many of the challenges facing the Army today, but heavy forces will still be required during transformation. No other component of the force provides the capabilities that they bring, particu- larly to the higher end of the spectrum of conflict. They represent the indisput- able hammer for Army offensive and counter-offensive operations. Until their capabilities can be replaced, to- day’s heavy forces are the nation’s in- surance policy for deterring major thea- ter wars and, should deterrence fail, tion of the Army to the Objective Force required to sustain lethality overmatch provide the dominant land force for through recommended solutions in the through ammunition development to winning them, decisively and quickly. areas of Doctrine, Training, Leader De- ensure superiority against Threat pro- This makes them a vital part of the stra- velopment, Organizations, Materiel and tection and survivability technologies, tegic hedge required to mitigate risk in Soldier issues (DTLOMS). such as explosive reactive armor (ERA) the Army Transformation Campaign and Active Protection Systems (APS). Plan. The Mechanized Force Moderniza- tion Plan: • Assesses requirements and alterna- The most recent genesis of the MFMP • tive solutions for command and control was the Army’s submission of an initial Proposes adjustments to the heavy (C2) on the move. Also, recommends Armored Systems Modernization Re- force (M1, M2, and M3) modernization programs consistent with acceptable and assesses solutions to address the port (ASMR) to Congress in 1999. A inability to negotiate complex obstacles resulting element of that change was in levels of risk in order to preserve re- and gaps on the battlefield due to recent the number of vehicle systems and the sources to the Future Combat System (FCS) Research, Development, Testing, resource decisions affecting Grizzly methodology the Army uses to field and Wolverine. these systems. For example, the tank and Evaluation (RDT&E) effort. fleet in 1990 was sized at over 13,000 • • Assesses re-capitalization efforts Identifies prudent risk in recom- throughout the force in order to reduce platforms, while ASMR specified a mending appropriate levels for our ar- requirement of 7,640 in 1999 and an mored forces in the FYDP commensu- overall Operational and Support (O&S) end state of 5,526 platforms. The Army costs and assures legacy equipment rate with transformation and refinement remains fit to fight. has also moved from fielding individ- of AC / RC roles and missions. ual systems to fielding a system of sys- • Assesses mounted force training • Proposes and assesses reductions in tems, focusing on unit capabilities strategy and requirements. rather than platform capabilities. selected “out of position” Army Pre- positioned Sets (APS) commensurate The Mechanized Force Modernization Mechanized Force Modernization with the Transformation Strategy and Plan provides a blueprint to ensure the Plan (MFMP). In light of evolving Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP), United States maintains the combat goals and objectives, the modernization as another means of conserving re- overmatch that will deter its enemies plan for the entire mechanized force is sources and posturing our strategic re- from acting contrary to its interests and, undergoing significant revision, affect- sponse capability. should deterrence fail, ensures victory ing all maneuver, maneuver support, • Assesses adequacy of current pro- in defense of U.S. national interests. and maneuver sustainment elements. The central role of Fort Knox and the The MFMP examines the threat faced grams to provide a suitable platform for Armor Center in this effort provides by the heavy force, identifies warfight- scouts and recommends a way ahead. Pays particular attention to lethality and assurances that the lethal and decisive ing requirements (from the Army Uni- nature of mounted combat, along with versal Task List or AUTL) for meeting survivability requirements. the elan and esprit-de-corps for which the threat and key programs that must • Integrates ARNG divisions and En- our branch is renowned, will be imbed- be preserved, and codifies issues where hanced Separate Brigades (ESBs) into ded in the Objective Force, as well as lack of overmatch or vulnerabilities the modernization strategy commensu- in the “battle wagon” our future Armor will place U.S. forces and interests at rate with RC re-missioning and new and Cavalry Warriors will ride into risk. The plan recommends adjustments roles. combat. to the requirements laid out in the original ASMR, studies changes in as- • Assesses Army efforts to produce sumptions and requirements, and pre- the Tank Extended Range Munition FORGE THE THUNDERBOLT… sents a program that allows transforma- (TERM) and other critical munitions AND STRIKE FIRST! ARMOR — July-August 2000 7

MOUT and the 1982 Lebanon Campaign: The Israeli Approach

by Captain James D. Leaf

MOUT (Military Operations in Urban Terrain) is a topic much discussed cur- rently within the profession of arms. The growing consensus is that U.S. forces can expect to conduct MOUT routinely in future operations, though there are still a few who doubt this.1 Some analysts go so far as to predict that MOUT will dominate future opera- tions.2 Whatever the future holds, MOUT will be of increasing importance in future U.S operations. Analysis of past urban battles, therefore, is required. Humans have fought in cites since be- fore Joshua and the Israelites breached Jericho’s walls. Cities are important, to people, governments and, therefore, armies. Americans have been fighting in or over cities since the revolution, Early versions of the Israeli Merkava tank were used in the Lebanon invasion. and examining U.S. operations since the early 1980s reveals MOUT to be a significant component of each opera- Throughout the campaign, the IDF would advance into Lebanon.7 These tion.3 The future structure of the Army, faced a paradox: move rapidly through units would move rapidly. The advance as envisioned by the Chief of Staff of urban and mountainous terrain to con- elements would bypass resistance and the Army, Gen. Shinseki, ensures that form to a political timeline, yet inflict follow-on forces would reduce by- operating in urban terrain will be a minimal casualties, minimize collateral passed enemy strongpoints. In the common aspect of operations. The damage, and sustain few casualties.5 course of this drive north, the IDF force envisioned will operate as a These constraints affected how the IDF would fight in three significant urban CONUS-based, technologically ad- would conduct the campaign and espe- areas: Tyre, Sidon, and Beirut. vanced, rapidly deployable force. It cially MOUT. Attrition battles like Ma- nila or Aachen would not be possible.6 The first major urban battle of the would most likely deploy to airfields, campaign was in Tyre. (See Map 1) ports or both. This trend is already un- To achieve its objectives within the Located on a narrow peninsula, Tyre is derway.4 These facilities, with rare ex- parameters, the Israelis would use a combination of surprise, mass, and tac- a densely populated coastal city in ceptions, are located in cities. Soldiers southern Lebanon ringed on the east and their leaders should realize the tical flexibility. Generally, this ap- with PLO camps, considered the most proach proved successful. changing status of urban terrain. No likely location of PLO resistance. longer something to be avoided or en- In this campaign, the IDF fought the tered reluctantly, urban terrain will be PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organiza- The camps and the close proximity to like any other, possessing unique char- tion) and the Syrian Army. The PLO Israel made Tyre a certain objective of acteristics and requiring some special- was a well-financed and armed guer- the IDF. Though lasting less than two ized approaches, but no longer consid- rilla organization. It was equipped with days, it illuminated how IDF MOUT ered any more unusual than desert or a variety of Western and Soviet Bloc tactics evolved. other more “traditional terrain.” small arms, anti-tank weapons, and The Israeli Defense Force (IDF) 1982 various artillery pieces, mortars, and An entire division attacked Tyre, sur- Lebanese campaign is a historical ex- even a few aging tanks. The Syrian rounding it on the first day of battle. ample relevant to the U.S. Army. This Army was a relatively modern, Third Attacking on multiple axes in conjunc- campaign pitted a mechanized, techno- World army equipped with Soviet tion with an amphibious landing; the logically advanced, casualty sensitive equipment. The IDF’s goal was to drive PLO defenders were rapidly over- First World army against conventional the PLO out of Lebanon and neutralize whelmed. Most fell back in disorder and unconventional opponents in a me- Syria’s influence in Lebanon. To ac- offering limited resistance, and what dia-saturated, Third World urban envi- complish this, nine heavy (tank and remained was located in the PLO ronment. mechanized infantry) IDF divisions camps. With Tyre surrounded, the IDF 8 ARMOR — July-August 2000 SIDON MEDITERRANEAN SEA

TYRE indirect fires. This method spared most Map 1 areas from potential destruction. The Israeli advance on the coastal city of PLO defenses were similarly disorgan- Tyre, Lebanon. ized and piecemeal in Sidon as in Tyre. Unlike Tyre, PLO resistance when it did occur was fierce. Ambushes occurred along the coastal road south of the city. Civilians were again used to mask PLO movement and positions. These actions slowed the IDF advance and increased the intensity of the fight- ing. IDF attacks into Sidon would be slow and deliberate. Despite the IDF’s NAHARIYA reputation as being a tank-oriented force, Sidon was a combined arms op- Israeli Israeli Urban eration. Dismounted infantry led the Advances Positions Areas way, backed by tanks, self-propelled artillery, combat engineers, indirect fires, and CAS. Fires were selective, targeting only known enemy areas. In would clear the PLO camps slowly and the IDF advance and providing cover Sidon, smoke was used extensively for systematically. for withdrawing PLO forces. The urban the first time by the IDF. The Israelis areas and the restrictive ROE (Rules of moved slowly, block by block, through The few remaining PLO positions Engagement) governing their clearing the narrow streets and alleys of the old would be cut off and reduced using meant a slow, deliberate pace. This was city. In two days, the city was cleared, infantry, direct fires from tanks and at odds with the politically-necessitated without a single IDF soldier killed. One self-propelled artillery, indirect fires, rapid maneuver campaign. MOUT pre- casualty was the timetable. Unable to naval gun fire and CAS (close air sup- cludes rapidity. The PLO would exploit move faster due to concerns for civilian port). Fires would be discriminate, tar- this. In one instance, the crowds wel- and friendly casualties, as well as geting specific enemy locations, limit- coming IDF forces into their village, clogged roads, the IDF resorted to us- ing collateral damage and civilian loss were in fact concealing a PLO ambush. ing helicopters to move forces north of of life. Due partly to the impact of the civil- the city. ians, the PLO fighters in Tyre escaped Despite the rapid seizure of Tyre, the the IDF to fight another day. The PLO camps slowed the advance. IDF encountered problems as it moved While Sidon may have been secured, into the built-up areas. Initially, the Sidon was the next major urban area the defenders in the camps dug in.9 The infantry advanced mounted in M113 the IDF encountered. (See Map 2) A Israelis adapted to this change in PLO APCs, in order to keep up the pace of large coastal city, Sidon was the capital tactics. Unlike in the city, when the the advance. PLO AT (anti-tank) teams of south Lebanon and the PLO regional IDF went into the camps around Sidon, ambushed a paratroop battalion south headquarters. Like Tyre, heavy fighting the tanks led the way.10 Despite the of Tyre, wreaking havoc in the unit and had taken place in Sidon during the narrow congested camp streets being the timetable. Soon IDF infantry would 1976 Lebanese civil war. The PLO had potential AT ambush kill zones, the only move dismounted in urban areas; inflicted heavy casualties upon attack- IDF believed the tanks would be APCs were quickly relegated to support ing Syrian forces attempting to seize needed to break through the outer de- roles. They would ferry supplies to Sidon and, in response, the Syrians fenses. forward units but not venture close to razed much of the Palestinian inhabited elements in contact. areas. Neither outcome was feasible for Once inside the camps the dismounted the Israelis. infantry took the lead. Direct and indi- This was not the only factor that rect fires were used liberally in the slowed the advance. In Tyre, Israeli The IDF would use similar tactics as it camps to reduce PLO positions than in civil affairs and PSYOPS were ineffec- used in Tyre except on a larger scale. the cities. Despite being disorganized tive. Before moving into the city, leaf- Instead of one division, three converged and lacking cohesion, the PLO held out lets and loudspeakers announced any on Sidon with one conducting a divi- for 5 days. Because of this, casualties impending IDF advance and advised sion-size amphibious landing north of and property damage were much higher inhabitants to move to the beaches to the city. Sidon and the nearby PLO than in Tyre. Additionally, the PLO avoid fighting. Despite this, the IDF camps were attacked from three direc- stand inspired further PLO resistance. made no provisions for caring for the tions and rapidly surrounded. Once this refugees or controlling their movement. was accomplished, a slow and deliber- Beirut was fought on a scale even lar- Thirty thousand refugees left the city, ate clearing of each was conducted. ger than Tyre or Sidon. (See Map 3) It only to return to it days later.8 These Enemy positions were further sub- was large, 50 square km, with over a movements clogged the roads, slowing divided and reduced using direct and million inhabitants.11 The skyline was ARMOR — July-August 2000 9

Beirut

Mediterranean Sea

tions. These so-called “salami” tactics, Amphibious Landing Map 2 named because they sliced off small LEBANON pieces of PLO-controlled territory, ac- Sidon The Israeli advance on Sidon. complished their goal of pushing the PLO into an ever-shrinking area.13 The ground activities, combined with the most intense CAS and artillery fires of the campaign, made the PLO, after many cease-fires and negotiations, agree to leave Lebanon. The campaign SYRIA was over but the IDF would remain in Tyre Lebanon. As of January 2000, the IDF continued to operate in a buffer zone along the Lebanese-Israeli border. Though outfitted both technologically and doctrinally for high-intensity war- fare in the open terrain of the Golan ISRAEL and the Sinai, the IDF was able to adapt to the MOUT mission of the 1982 Lebanese campaign. Despite being a studded with modern skyscrapers. PLO the IDF had the PLO in Beirut isolated heavy force, the IDF proved that such a forces in Beirut were the largest yet and could bring all its pressure on force could operate in an urban envi- encountered, 10-15,000 plus 2-5,000 them. Piecemeal, limited ground at- ronment. Where other armies failed, the Syrian troops.12 The IDF was faced tacks, led by company-sized teams of IDF did not, due to its flexibility, with the daunting prospect of operating infantry; tanks and self-propelled artil- adaptability, training, and small unit inside a large modern city against a lery pieces were used in these opera- leadership. well-armed, committed foe.

The IDF objective in Beirut was not a building-by-building fight to destroy the PLO. Instead, it was more limited: Seaport not the destruction but the withdrawal of the PLO from Lebanon. Therefore, the IDF limited the scope and duration East Beirut of the ground fighting in Beirut. Fire- West Beirut power played a more prominent role here than earlier in the campaign. Bei- rut was too big to overwhelm with Beirut numbers. Actual ground fighting was limited strictly to PLO-held areas. PLO HQ Beirut R. These areas, like before, would be iso- lated and then thoroughly saturated by fire before any ground forces advanced. Stadium The destruction was greater than that inflicted earlier in the campaign, but Sabra & Shatila the casualty-conscious IDF determined Refugee Camps it could not afford to do otherwise. IDF operations in Beirut lasted ap- proximately three months. Fighting was mainly in the southern and western PLO Strongpoints parts of the city. Early on, the IDF and Green Line Syrians fought for control of the main east-west route out of the city, the Bei- The Green Line separated rut-Damascus highway. Once secure, factions in Beirut

Map 3 Airport The Israeli advance on Beirut. Israeli forces push north

10 ARMOR — July-August 2000

The vulnerability of lightly armored APCs, like this M113, in the Lebanon invasion led the IDF to develop engi- neer vehicles adopted from obsolete tanks as troop carriers.

The IDF experience in Lebanon’s ur- spent large sums of money and effort to an Army that uses ROEs: fighting means death ban warrens raises vital questions for equip its armies with heavily armed but and destruction and in MOUT, one is fighting in the U.S. Army. Some units in the IDF lightly armored IFVs (Infantry Fighting areas inhabited by non-combatants. The Syrians, did better than others in MOUT. The Vehicles). The IDF, with considerably Serbs, or Russians may not experience the moral and tactical difficulties that the IDF or U.S. Army difference lay in pre-invasion training. more recent combat experience deems might face in an urban fight. Those units that trained in some of the it more prudent to favor armor over 6 captured villages in the Golan and the speed or firepower. Those who plan the Each lasted for weeks, killed thousands on all sides and left the respective cities little more than Sinai were more prepared than those future of the mounted force should bear rubble. that did not. This training was con- this in mind. 7 ducted in small villages that were nec- M. Thomas Davis, “40 Km into Lebanon,” essarily not representative of the large (National Defense University Press, Washington Notes DC: 1987) p. 78. modern cities of Lebanon, but MOUT 8“Operation Peace for Galilee,” MOUT Home- training can be conducted successfully 1 See CPT Robert L. Bateman, Review of page, p. 5. in relatively modest training areas; ARMOR “Fighting for the Future,” , September- 9 large city-sized structures are not nec- October 1999, p. 60. CPT Bateman states the R.D. McLaurin, “Technical Manual 13-89: essary. What matters most is for sol- view that the oft-predicted dominance of MOUT Battle of Sidon,” (Abbott Associates, Inc: 1989), diers and leaders to learn the has yet to come about. p. 31. 10 fundamentals of operating in and 2See Ralph Peters, Fighting for the Future in McLaurin, p. 31 around structures. the chapter entitled, “Our Soldiers, Their Cities.” 11R.D. McLaurin and Paul A. Juredini, Techni- Peters lays out a grim view of a future dominated cal Manual 1-86: Battle of Beirut, (U.S. Army Another important subject concerns by numbing, brutal urban warfare. Human Engineering Laboratory, Aberdeen Prov- the use of armor in urban areas. As 3From America’s first war, the Revolution, to ing Ground, Aberdeen, Md.: 1986) pp. 13-14. stated, tanks could operate relatively present-day contingencies in the Balkans, Ameri- Richard A. Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee- safely in urban areas in conjunction can operations have revolved around cities. Our The Israeli-PLO War in Lebanon, (Hill and with dismounted infantry. Thinner- wars may begin in the desert or the jungle but end Wang, New York: 1984) pp. 47-59. skinned APCs were found vulnerable to in places like Hue and Kuwait City. For example, 12McLaurin and Juredini, p. 44. the memoirs of one of America’s most distin- AT fire and were withdrawn from 13“Operation Peace for Galilee,” MOUT Home- guished WWII combat commanders, LTG James fighting. To protect infantry on the page, p. 10. Gavin, were called “On to Berlin,” not “On to the move, the IDF began using armored 14 engineer vehicles; this is a good exam- Central Plain.” Carlo D’Este, “Decision in Normandy,” ple of IDF flexibility.14 Other armies in 4Recent operations have begun in cities and (Harper Perennial, New York: 1983) p. 389. fighting continued in cities throughout the ops. British Army LTG Richard O’Connor, Eighth similar circumstances have tried similar Corps CG, experimented with mounting his in- adaptations before.15 Recent battles in Grenada began in Point Salinas airport, Panama in places like Rio Hato and Panama City. Peace- fantry in armored self-propelled gun carriers Chechnya and Somalia amply demon- keeping operations like Haiti or Bosnia revolved when faced with a similar situation during the strate the danger thin-skinned vehicles around urban areas. grim fighting in and around Caen during the Normandy campaign. The idea did not take hold, face in the modern urban environment. 5 The history of armored vehicles has The Palestinians, Lebanese, or Amnesty Inter- due mainly to a lack of desire by the artillery to national might not agree that the Israelis were transport infantry. shown a general trend of progressively discriminate in their use of fires. The IDF was 15 greater and greater armor protection. certainly more careful in their operations than the LTC David Eshel, “Armored Anti-Guerilla With this in mind, it is worthwhile to Syrians in their 1976 attack on Sidon or the de- Combat in South Lebanon” ARMOR, July-August posit whether there is any such thing struction of the Syrian town of Hama, (See Tho- 1997, pp. 26-28. The article shows that faced anymore as “light” armored vehicles. mas Freidman, “From Beirut to Jerusalem”) with the proliferation of AT systems, the IDF has Small, disorganized PLO AT teams where thousands were purposely killed. Certainly increased the armor protection of its vehicles, savaged IDF APCs near Tyre, and many civilians were killed during the IDF cam- especially older tanks and APCs. Chechen rebels routinely destroy Rus- paign in Lebanon. However, these casualties were the by-product, not the objective, of the sian armor formations. As the IDF has campaign. The Serbs in Bosnia or the Russians in fought in Lebanon over the years, its CPT James D. Leaf, a Special Chechnya or Sherman in Georgia targeted civil- Forces officer, is currently attending infantry rides in a variety of “battle ians specifically. The IDF went so far as to make taxis” made from converted tanks.16 maps listing every building in Beirut to aid in the Armor Captains Career Course. Modern western armies, including the accuracy. That the IDF caused civilian casualties He is a graduate of Virginia Poly- British, American, and German, have encapsulates the difficulty posed by MOUT for technic University. ARMOR — July-August 2000 11 United Defense Photos

A Second Look at the Armored Gun System This tracked candidate for the Medium Gun System role offers unique strengths by Captain Francis J. H. Park

The current focus on improving the ble entry capabilities to the airborne jumped either as a single item of equip- deployability of today’s armor force division. ment or as a tandem load due to its has brought a number of systems to the weight.1 None of the aforementioned forefront with the establishment of the Until 1997, the 82d Airborne Division systems are truly usable in the infantry had its own light armor battalion in the new Interim Brigade Combat Team 3d Battalion (Airborne), 73d Armor. support role (e.g., destroying bunkers) (IBCT) at Fort Lewis. Among the re- without quickly depleting valuable (and quirements for the IBCT is a medium The removal of the M551A1 Sheridan scarce) ammunition that may be re- (due to lack of repair parts and the age gun system (MGS), one that would of the platform) as well as the cancella- quired against a mechanized threat. provide the brigade a highly mobile, direct fire anti-armor capability. Such a tion of the AGS (then-type classified The anti-armor assets available from XM8) dealt the airborne division a con- corps for forcible entry operations are vehicle, with its specified requirement siderable loss in its ability to perform just as limited in their utility. Corps- to fit inside a C-130 tactical lift aircraft, could also benefit current light infantry its primary mission of forcible entry. level attack aviation is available in the Other anti-armor systems exist within form of AH-64 Apaches, with the same and airborne organizations. The devel- the division, but none have the same limitations as divisional aviation assets. opment of the IBCT has brought the M8 Armored Gun System (AGS) back kind of immediacy that a direct fire gun One asset available from the 3d Infan- system brings into the fight. try Division (Mechanized) is the Im- into consideration as a possible MGS mediate Ready Company (IRC). The platform — for which doctrine already While aviation (primarily the OH-58D exists. The capabilities of the AGS and Kiowa Warriors in the attack helicopter IRC consists of four M1A1HC tanks, four M2A2ODS Bradleys, two M113s, its rapid deployability would make it an battalion and reconnaissance squadron) and a CSS slice of HEMTTs. This ca- option for both the IBCT as well as enjoys superior mobility, its ability to traditional light infantry organizations, remain on station and its survivability pability, however, is handicapped. The IRC (which requires ten C-17 airframes and it deserves a second look. under sustained fire are inferior to that to move), must airland off a C-5 or C- of a light armor unit. The M966 TOW If the future of the Army is to transi- HMMWVs found in the anti-armor 17. Such operations require both a se- cured runway (particularly so for the C- tion light infantry divisions to some- companies can be dropped with the 5, which requires a lengthy takeoff and thing based on the IBCT or its succes- initial assault force, but lack the rapid sor, fielding a mounted gun system to fire, ready magazine capacity, and landing), as well as the offload time required for the vehicles themselves. the light infantry and airborne divisions shock effect inherent to an armored would be a logical transition. gun. Finally, the Javelin missile sys- Unfortunately, employment of the tem, while extremely lethal, cannot be IRC overlooks three basic considera- In the meantime, however, a mounted delivered with the initial assault force tions. First, if an enemy counterattacks gun system, and more specifically, a except as part of a door bundle or as before the IRC can be airlanded, there revival of the light armor battalion, has secondary cargo on a vehicle or pallet is no way to introduce the IRC. In addi- utility now. Such an organization would configured for low-velocity airdrop. tion, if the airfield has an aircraft dramatically increase the combat power The Javelin command launch unit can maximum on ground (MOG) of less of light infantry divisions, and more be safely jumped in an ALICE pack. than four, the time required to intro- importantly, reintroduce further forci- However, the missile cannot be safely duce the IRC increases dramatically. 12 ARMOR — July-August 2000

“The powerpack can be rolled out to the rear of the vehicle using its OVE tools in five min- utes. The pack can be replaced using those same tools in five minutes....”

Second, the IRC is totally unavailable magazine allows the AGS to in the conceivable possibility that the store and accurately fire WP, initial assault force needs armor just to a capability that the M1, secure the objective. Finally, the re- with its horizontal ammuni- sponsibility to maintain an IRC (in tion stowage, lacks. FORSCOM Regulation 525-5, Alert Force Requirements and Response One important safety fea- Standards) also details a heavy force ture in the AGS is a firewall splitting the turret down the IRC as well. Given the amount of airlift center. Although the gunner required just to move the initial assault to a forcible entry (or the “early entry” force as well as the IRC, not to mention can access the breech, he does so through a trap door. This automatically envisaged in the IBCT mission state- the possible requirements of a heavy switches off the autoloader — eliminat- ment)6 operation, or the possible sepa- force during a contingency operation, ration of a light division’s supply trains the IRC may not even be available. In a ing the hazard of inadvertently crushing body parts. In addition, every crewman, from an initial lodgment, the ability of worst-case scenario, light forces will to include the gunner, has his own a system to conduct sustained combat need their own light armor.2 hatch — an important issue when dis- operations becomes preeminent. A detailed overview of the AGS ap- mounting in a hurry.3 pears in now-MAJ John Nagl’s article One unique feature of the AGS is the AR- A preeminent safety issue for any ar- ability to accept add-on armor packages in the July-August 1992 issue of mored vehicle, however, is survivabil- MOR, but several points are worth when the mission dictates the need for highlighting in light of its utility to ity, and the AGS uses, notably, a additional armor. The vehicle can only tracked suspension. Paul Hornback, in forces today. be dropped from a C-130 in its Level I his March-April 1998 article, “The configuration, but additional armor pack- One of the notable features of the Wheel Versus Track Dilemma,” notes ages of Level II bolt-on plates and AGS is that it shares commonality of that “The primary reasons for a tracked Level III reactive tiles can be mounted components with a number of systems vehicle’s compactness are reduced sus- in theater.7 Such improved armor pack- that are already in the inventory. From pension clearance, wheel turning clear- ages may mean survival in an environ- its weapons, suspension, engine, and ance, and the absence of multiple trans- ment where RPGs and heavier belt-fed electronics, this commonality of hard- fer cases and drive shafts that are inte- weapons may be present. RPGs used in ware (particularly LRUs) would also gral to the design of multi-wheeled 4 large numbers brought down MH-60 facilitate the training of soldiers in vehicles.” In addition, tracked vehicles helicopters in Somalia. Similar tactics maintaining and operating the AGS. A have the unique capability of pivot will probably be employed against force equipped with the AGS would be steering, a significant survivability en- ground vehicles. able to use the vast stocks available of hancement, particularly on narrow M1, Bradley, M113, and HEMTT (to roads or in built-up areas. The power train of the AGS is geared name a few systems) Class IX already Although a wheeled chassis inherently towards battlefield sustainability. The in the inventory, which eases having to AGS engine shares over 90% common- establish the stocks of Class IX parts has a faster road speed and quieter per- formance than its tracked counterpart, a ality of parts with the HEMTT family required to sustain the system. tracked chassis is more resistant to of vehicles and uses a standard Bradley The AGS main gun is an XM35 low- small arms fire, as well as grenade and Fighting Vehicle transmission. Gen- recoil 105mm gun with autoloader. artillery fragments. Run-flat tires may erating 550hp using JP8 fuel, the en- Although the 105mm APFSDS round’s offer some ability to “limp home” from gine delivers a higher power-to-weight armor penetration is inferior to its a fight, but if a future combat force ratio than the M1. The powerpack can 120mm counterpart, there are other takes sustained small arms fire enroute be rolled out to the rear of the vehicle 105mm rounds that have immediate to its objective, as the 3d Battalion, using its OVE tools in five minutes. utility on the battlefield and are not 75th Ranger Regiment encountered in The pack can be replaced using those available to the 120mm gun, such as Mogadishu, to “limp in” is of little same tools in five minutes.8 The entire white phosphorus smoke (for marking benefit. The LAV-25, for example, has powerpack can be removed and re- targets as well as suppressing infantry), a range of only five miles when all placed in an hour, and ground hopping anti-personnel beehive, and high explo- eight tires are running flat, or 25 miles the engine requires no disconnection of sive plastic (for use as a bunker de- when four are flat.5 This reduced capa- fluid lines. Not having to wait for a feat/obstacle reduction munition as well bility is unacceptable in light of the recovery vehicle to lift an engine out to as against soft-skinned vehicles). In- length of the operations (e.g., Somalia, conduct maintenance on the pack, not deed, the vertical storage of the main Bosnia) any force may have to conduct. to mention eliminating the need for gun rounds in the AGS ammunition Given the limited PLL/ASL available such a vehicle to arrive early, reduces ARMOR — July-August 2000 13

the overall airlift requirements for a force equipped with the AGS.

Like the M1A2, the AGS uses a MIL- STD-1553 data bus. This data bus is one of the standard protocols for the Army Tactical Command and Control Systems (ATCCS), among which is FBCB2 (Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below), the latest genera- tion of the appliqué systems in use at Fort Hood. Any future combat vehicle will integrate FBCB2, and the IBCT draft doctrine covers FBCB2 TTPs in detail. Indeed, information manage- ment for the IBCT integrates FBCB2 throughout. Additionally, some of the product up- grades that have been introduced for the M1A2 (particularly the improved LRUs in use with the M1A2SEP) may see some “trickle-down” to the AGS, partly due to the 1553 data bus, but also because of its view to compatibility “One possible distribution of the AGS to units would be with existing government off-the-shelf similar to the earlier employment of the light armor battal- systems. For example, the AGS as originally produced uses the same TIS ion in the 82d Airborne Division, with one light armor bat- and laser rangefinder as the M1A1. talion to each light infantry or airborne division....” However, the AGS can also use the greatly improved FLIR from the M1A2SEP in lieu of the original TIS, as well as the M1A2SEP eye-safe laser for an assault gun or light armor battal- One other organization that would rangefinder (ESLR). This improvement ion in the forcible entry or early entry benefit from the capabilities of the in capabilities is tremendous, and as the role. Further light armor battalions AGS is, of course, the 2d Armored M1A2SEP enters the force, its LRUs could be organized at corps to augment Cavalry Regiment (Light). Prior to the could very easily be fitted to the AGS. the divisional light armor battalions. cancellation of the AGS, it was to be the regiment’s primary anti-armor plat- Last, but certainly not least, anyone These battalions would have four who has operated in conjunction with companies, one operating in direct sup- form, in lieu of its TOW HMMWVs. dismounted infantry will recognize the There is little room for comparison port to each of the three maneuver bri- between the AGS and the M966. Not need for an infantry phone. The M60 gades, with a fourth available as a divi- series tanks had them, M1 tankers have sion TCF or reserve. These companies, only is the AGS more survivable (par- had to jury-rig TA-1 field phones into ticularly in the economy of force mis- organized around three platoons of four sions the light ACR could conceivably AM-1780 amplifiers as a very imper- AGSs, should have their own mainte- fect substitute. The MGS requirements nance sections. Such a task organiza- perform), it has considerable deterrent for an infantry phone and a 105mm gun value in peacekeeping or peace en- tion would greatly facilitate the decen- forcement, both missions which 2ACR point to the AGS as a logical choice, tralized operations that they would and the requirement to support infantry (L) has performed in the past. 10 conduct, a lesson learned from hard in the close fight also lends itself ex- experience in 3-73 AR. Sheridans from 3-73 AR played key tremely well to integrating the IBCT roles both in Panama and Haiti. In Pa- MGS vehicle into existing light and The battalion would have its own nama, the 152mm main gun was devas- airborne infantry organizations. scout platoon of ten M1025/6 scout tatingly effective against walls and build- One possible distribution of the AGS HMMWVs and a towed mortar platoon ings, leveling sniper and small arms to units would be similar to the earlier of six towed 120mm mortars. Although positions, and destroying armored ve- employment of the light armor battal- some may see such organizations as hicles.11 When the 10th Mountain Divi- ion in the 82d Airborne Division, with superfluous when the bulk of the light sion (Light Infantry) assumed peace- one light armor battalion to each light armor battalion operates in direct sup- keeping duties in Haiti, Sheridans per- infantry or airborne division. The tre- port to a light infantry brigade, such formed security and screening mis- mendous combat power in the air as- organizations also allow the battalion to sions.12 Fielding the AGS to 2ACR(L) sault division’s three AH-64 attack conduct independent operations in sup- would be a giant step in making the helicopter battalions obviates the need port of division missions. light cavalry regiment a truly effective 14 ARMOR — July-August 2000 “The rapid deployability of the light infantry division and airborne division is all for naught if those forces lack the combat power to survive...”

force without sacrificing the deploy- division is all for naught if those forces 8Nagl, pp. 28-29. ability which sparked its inception. lack the combat power to survive early 9Ibid, FMC. or undertake forcible entry operations As prior operations have shown, the 10The online IBCT overview also contains the against what could very easily be a basic requirements for the MGS. value of a tracked gun system (com- mechanized or motorized threat. Over pared to its wheeled counterparts) is 11CPT Scott Womack, “The AGS in Low- considerable, not only in forcible entry the long term, the introduction of these vehicles to light forces will assist in Intensity Conflict: Flexibility Is the Key to Vic- operations, but also in the inevitable developing the kind of tactics and battle tory,” ARMOR, March-April 1994, p. 42. stability operations that would follow. 12Wunderle, p. 16. The doctrine for such a role already drills that the Army will need into the coming century. exists in FM 17-18, Light Armor Op- erations, and the draft version of FM The author wishes to thank MAJ Bill Wunderle, S3, 1-505 PIR, and Mr. 17-15-1, The MGS Platoon covers op- Notes erations both in conjunction with light Herb Muktarian, UDLP, for their assis- infantry and with other light armored 1The missile itself does fit in the existing tance. forces. In addition, FM 17-15-1 covers Dragon Missile Jump Pack, but is too heavy for stability operations as well as urban most jumpers to use without causing a weak door operations in depth. exit, inducing either a partial or complete para- CPT Francis J. H. Park is a 1994 chute malfunction. Distinguished Military Graduate of At the personnel level, the light armor 2MAJ William D. Wunderle, Forced In, Left the Johns Hopkins University with battalion would open new horizons for Out: The Airborne Division in Future Forcible armor crewmen. The initial proposal a Bachelor of Arts degree in his- Entry Operations, Monograph, U.S. Army Com- tory. He was commissioned in for 3-73 AR was to open the battalion mand and General Staff College School of Ad- up to MOS 19K soldiers, giving these vanced Military Studies, First Term AY97-98, Armor and served as a tank pla- soldiers the opportunity to attend the pp. 26, 29-31. toon leader, scout platoon leader, basic airborne, jumpmaster, and rang- 3John A. Nagl, “The Armored Gun System: assistant S3, and cavalry troop er courses, professional development Sheridan Replacement Offers Better Firepower XO in the 1st Squadron, 7th Cav- courses normally unavailable to those Plus Worldwide Mobility,” ARMOR, July-August alry, 1st Cavalry Division, and as troops. In addition, cross-pollination of 1992, p. 28. an assistant plans officer in G3 19K armor soldiers to light units would 4Paul Hornback, “The Wheel Versus Track Di- Plans, 82d Airborne Division. He be a vital first step in bridging the gap lemma,” ARMOR, March-April 1998, pp. 33-34. is a graduate of the Armor Officer between what has ultimately become 5A presentation comparing wheels to tracks can Basic, Scout Platoon Leader, Ba- two largely separate entities, one light, be found online at http://www.knox.army.mil/ the other mechanized. sic Airborne, Jumpmaster, and In- center/dfd/WVTbrf1.htm. fantry Officer Advanced Courses, The tremendous firepower of today’s 6An IBCT overview can be found online at and the Combined Arms and Ser- armored and mechanized infantry divi- http://www.knox.army.mil/center/mwfi/ under vices Staff School. He currently sions is of little use if those forces are “Draft Brigade Organization.” commands A Troop, 1st Squad- too heavy to deploy in a timely manner. 7FMC Corporation (now United Defense, L.P.) , Conversely, the rapid deployability of AGS System Technical Overview, 16-17 Novem- ron, 17th Cavalry, 82d Airborne the light infantry division and airborne ber 1993. Division. ARMOR — July-August 2000 15 ARMOR CONFERENCE 2000

Fort Knox Opens Urban Training Site

All Photos by Robert Stevenson

A highlight of this year’s Armor Conference at Fort Knox was the dedication of a new, $17.2 million “city” to train mounted warriors and their infantry counterparts. It has been named in honor of 2LT Ray- mond Zussman, whose heroic actions leading a tank/infantry task force in a French city in 1944 led to the award of the Medal of Honor. Following MG B. B. Bell’s dedication speech, Conference attendees observed a force-on-force combat demonstration by Fort Knox’s 1-16 Cavalry Regiment and 3-502 Infantry from Fort Campbell, Ky. The 26-acre site is specifically designed to train mounted soldiers in cooperation with infantry. Special ef- fects, developed with the cooperation of experts at MGM Studios, add to the realism with exploding gaso- line pumps, cars and buildings engulfed in flames, fallen power lines, and a sewer system that permits infil- trators to maneuver underground. The buildings include a walled embassy compound, hotel, town houses, school, a fire station, churches and homes, slums, and an industrial area. A tall “water tower” is actually an observation point for trainers and exercise controllers.

Bradley crew, at left, waits by the church for the ex- ercise to begin.

At far left, a tank moves out and infantrymen bound ahead to clear the street.

16 ARMOR — July-August 2000

Range Chief F. L. Andrews, in baseball cap, above, welcomes Armor Conference visitors to the urban combat site. At left, he leads a tour group through some of the many buildings in the training complex, which is located about 20 miles outside the main post area near the reservation’s northern boundary.

Left, tanks and infantry move to flush out in- surgents as the dem- onstration develops. Above left, one of the buildings that is equipped with smoke and flame generators “burns” after being hit. Above right, a HMMWV crewman takes the in- surgents under fire.

ARMOR — July-August 2000 17

At right, Armor leads the way. Insurgent parking vio- lations are treated harshly in this model city!

MG B. B. Bell, Fort Knox com- mandant, thanks some of the soldiers who helped conduct the demonstration for Armor Con- ference visitors. Buses shuttled the conference participants on 45-minute trips to the remote site.

18 ARMOR — July-August 2000 1975-2000: 25 Years of Master Gunner Training

by Sergeant First Class Ira L. Partridge

Photo by Robert L. Stevenson

Calendar year 2000 is not only the attempt was made to close by maneuver. that usually won, and that armor unit dawn of the new millennium, it’s also These “all-tank” units would charge readiness and tank gunnery proficiency the 25th anniversary of the master gun- from online formations without any type are tremendously important on the bat- ner program. Since the first three pilot of overwatching fire, expecting defend- tlefield. Tank crew proficiency at every classes in 1975 — for the M60A1, ers to break and run at the sight of level is essential; sufficient force, good M551 Sheridan, and the M60A2 tanks charging tanks. In the opening battles of equipment, and sound methods of em- — the program has produced 3,871 mas- the 1973 war, these tactics left the ar- ployment in themselves are not enough.2 ter gunners. The influence of the master mor-pure formations susceptible to anti- gunner on Armor unit readiness during tank hunter-killer teams because the This analysis prompted senior officers at the Armor School to conduct a staff the last 25 years cannot always be quan- tanks lacked infantry support, resulting study to determine the best way to im- tifiably measured, but since the pro- in a 50 percent loss rate. However, com- gram’s inception, the master gunner has manders soon realized that the problem prove Armor unit readiness and gunnery proficiency. The study included visits been the one to call when a tank has any was the “all-tank” formation, so they with commanders in the field, and de- kind of problem. switched back to tactics employing tanks, artillery, and infantry in coordi- termined that each unit should have a tank expert to assist the commander and Where it all began nated combined arms maneuver. Tank- advise him in developing and executing ers were also forced to re-learn “posi- The master gunner program was cre- tion improvement,” the use of terrain to his gunnery program. Thus was born the ated following the Middle East War of master gunner concept for the American October 1973, a struggle that included mask movement, and movement by Armor Force. bounds under the cover of other tanks, the first major tank-versus-tank fighting instead of wildly “charging” defensive Drawing on a British Army tradition, since the end of World War II. The war caused many senior leaders to analyze positions. The cost of learning this les- the term master gunner is derived from son of combined arms warfare was a the phrase “master of gunnery,” with a U.S. Army doctrine and tactics based on staggering price in blood, and victory master being defined as a workman lessons learned. Israeli tank doctrine leading into that conflict was mistakenly was only achieved by incredible luck (NCO) qualified to teach apprentices 1 and improvisation. (armor crewman) and to carry on his based upon armor-pure formations, a trade independently. Gunnery is defined doctrine validated by the fighting in the In early 1974, senior U.S. Army lead- Sinai during the 1967 Mideast War, ers had begun to analyze these armor as the art and science of constructing and operating guns. In the British Army where victory was obtained by deep battles, knowing that American armor highly skilled noncommissioned officers penetrations and rapid envelopments might face the same type of combat. The using tanks. Incorrectly identifying the Army was drawing down from its Viet- were selected to attend specialized gun- nery instruction at the Royal Armoured reason for success, these assumptions nam-era, jungle/guerrilla warfare mental- Corps Gunnery School, at Lulworth, elevated dependence on the tank to the ity and the senior leadership was looking point of excluding the other ground for a new focus. One lesson learned England. forces, leading to “all-tank” units by from the 1973 war was that the tank that After TRADOC favorably reviewed 1973. Additionally, in early battles, no fired first with accuracy was the tank the staff study, the Armor School was ARMOR — July-August 2000 19

directed to develop a program of instruc- Course students receive. The first of two These two sets of prerequisites com- tion. The Chief of Staff of the Army, essential elements is an expert cadre that prise what was thought to be the neces- General Creighton W. Abrams, directed possesses the needed knowledge and sary baseline skills that a master gunner the Armor School to conduct a “Master experience. Master gunner instructors would need. Throughout the history of Gunnery Course” on a one-time-only are experts on the subject being pre- the course, prerequisites have remained basis, teaching advanced gunnery sub- sented and they professionally present similar, but not without change. The jects on the M60A1, M551, and M60A2 that subject. These instructors know not rank requirement changed (automatic tank systems. The Armor School’s pilot only the answers to the questions stu- waivers are authorized by the Chief of for the M60A1 graduated 12 students on dents raise, but often the answers to the Armor) to allow promotable sergeants to May 16th, the M551 course graduated questions that students don’t usually ask. attend. Being “handpicked” was re- 10 students on October 3rd, and the placed by a requirement for a battalion The second essential element is a stu- M60A2 course graduated five students dent trained up to baseline proficiency commander interview. Two year stabili- on December 18, 1975. Teaching these zation was amended to an option avail- courses were NCOs selected from recent on the fundamentals of the tank system. able to the unit, with a 10-month service These two elements combine to com- ANCOC graduates and instructors as- plete the concept of master gunner train- retention becoming the requirement. signed to the Armor School’s Mainte- Added to the original prerequisites was a nance and Weapons Departments who ing, taking a soldier who is proficient in minimum GT score of 105, CO score of his tank, and turning him into an expert. possessed tank systems expertise. The Course entrance prerequisites epitomize 110, and graduation from BNCOC. As initial quotas of 12 students per class stated, all prerequisites were selected for were divided equally between CONUS the baseline of training, each prerequi- the specific skill they represent, and to site selected for the specific skills it and USAREUR. represents. For instance, an SSG without distinguish the top 10 percent of all Ar- mor NCOs. An Armor School Update, published tank commander (TC) experience, who after the 1974 Armor Conference, an- has never qualified a tank from the TC nounced the Master Gunner Course as position, cannot relate, train, or have Credibility is the Bottom Line one of the new courses being designed:3 credibility with TCs when training proper Key to initial approval of the Master “These courses which we are proposing qualification procedures. Prerequisites Gunner Program was the credibility will, we feel, have great application in also identify the top 10 percent of Ar- established by those first master gunners helping to solve some of the training and mor Force NCOs, which is the target who took the knowledge out of the maintenance problems in armor and personnel resource base for master gun- school and into the field. Graduates who cavalry units today. The Master Gunner ner candidates. share their acquired knowledge and train Course should fill the need for seasoned, other tankers and tank crews are master experienced, and trained NCOs to ad- The original prerequisites for the gunners. Graduates who fail to impart vise, train, and supervise unit gunnery courses were:4 this knowledge become highly trained programs. The purpose of this course is • Active or Reserve tank commanders or platoon sergeants. to prepare highly selected NCOs in the Regardless of the position the master • Rank of SSG to SFC mastery of the weapons systems of the • gunner is filling, he must pass on this M60A1/A3, the M551, and the M60A2 Minimum two years as TC • Passed TCQC (Tank Crew Qualifi- acquired knowledge to maintain the and to provide a thorough understand- credibility of being a master gunner. ing of tank gunnery techniques and pro- cation Course, predecessor to Credibility has been, and should always grams. Master gunners will be stabilized TCPC) • Volunteer be, an essential element for the contin- for two years. We are hopeful they will • ued success of the Master Gunner Pro- be able to maintain the continuity of “Handpicked” by the battalion com- gram. Without that credibility in the professional gunnery training within our mander • Secret Clearance field there would be no Master Gunner units, which are often subject to person- • Program. Quality, not quantity, is at the nel turbulence at critical times. The con- “After completion of the course be heart of master gunner credibility. cept for the course has been approved eligible for retention in his unit for a minimum of two years in the duty by the Chief of Staff, and we expect to Information flow to and from the field train enough master gunners to provide position of Master Gunner” via articles, newsletters, the Master Gun- a master gunner for each battalion/ Prerequisites for these initial courses, ner Homepage,6 and new master gunners squadron in FY 75 and one for each announced in ARMOR Magazine, were add to this credibility. In the early company/troop within two years after slightly different:5 1980s, ARMOR Magazine carried a that .” • Highly motivated “Master Gunner Corner.” In one of • these,7 the Master Gunner Program was Based upon the success of the first 11E (pre-19 series tankers) volun- described as a “tool for getting the graduate master gunners and numerous teers E6 and above comments from Armor unit command- • Qualified on Table VIII within the knowledge out of the school and into field units, a highly technical course ers, Department of the Army approved past 24 months requiring above average intellect and the Master Gunner Course in February • Selected by the commander 1976. On March 2, 1976, the first Mas- • Two years retention by the unit that motivation. Its brisk pace of instruction does not allow for students who cannot ter Gunner Class began and graduated sent the individual to school after keep up.” 15 students on May 21, 1976. completion of the course • Security clearance (SECRET) The issue of credibility leads to two Distinguishing the Program • “Master Gunner candidate must be reasons why students are dropped from There are many reasons for the contin- an individual who will be respected the course for not meeting academic ued success of the program and the su- by his peers and listened to by his standards. First, to ensure that the master perb training that all Master Gunner superiors” gunner graduate is capable of producing 20 ARMOR — July-August 2000

the results expected by his unit com- During the M1A2 Transition Course, quantity, is the goal of the program. mander. After all, the master gunner is the student receives four weeks of train- The demands of the job and what is the linchpin for gunnery proficiency in ing on those areas specific to the M1A2 expected of a master gunner are great; Armor units. He has the knowledge that tank. With 160 total course hours, of if the master gunner is not held to this ties the three areas of a tank gunnery which 16 are administrative, 105 hours high standard or prepared to meet the program together, which are turret main- encompass maintenance training, cov- challenge, then the quality of the Ar- tenance, advanced gunnery techniques, ered on Exam I, and 39 hours encom- mor force suffers. and gunnery training management. Sec- pass gunnery training, covered on Exam The Master Gunner Program is a major ondly, to protect the credibility of the II. The course standards remain 100 contributor to why the American Armor master gunner, all master gunners cur- percent to pass hands-on performance rently serving in the field, and all the tests, and 90 percent to pass written force is the most respected in the world. New technologies and new training master gunner’s that served before. To tests. Written tests, again, are usually techniques will only make the program graduate students for political congenial- 10-question free response tests, covering ity is not maintaining the high standards the particular subject area. better, not simply produce more gradu- ates. It continues to produce high qual- of the course and is a disservice to the ity, knowledgeable, and credible master Master Gunner Program and master Into the Future gunners. gunners. The master gunner has, for the The future of the Master Gunner Pro- past 25 years, been sought out to an- gram holds bold and interesting devel- swer any tank-related question, or when Jobs and Tanks opments in the training of new master something just had to get done! The From the beginning — until March gunner students. In the near term, sol- future should hold no less. Readiness of 1985 — the master gunner’s job descrip- diers in M1A2SEP units will continue to the Armor force is the goal of the Mas- tion was relegated to the status of an get additional training during the M1A2 ter Gunner Program. Let others pay in additional duty. He was slotted as a pla- Transition course. Eventually, all transi- blood for their lack of readiness. toon sergeant or operations NCO. Serv- tion students will learn both the M1A2 ing in either of these positions often and M1A2SEP. Further down the road Notes distracted the master gunner from his the M1A1 Master Gunner Course will do primary mission of training tank crews the same with the M1A1 and M1A1D. 1MAJ Edwin L. Kennedy, “The Failure of Is- and advising his commander. Currently, Beyond that, the Master Gunner Course raeli Armored Tactical Doctrine, Sinai, 6-8 Octo- TO&E authorizes a SSG position in the will ultimately return to its original con- ber 1973, “(ARMOR, Nov-Dec 1990), pp. 28-31. headquarters platoon as company master figuration by dual-tracking the M1A1/ 2LTG John R. Deane Jr., Keynote address: gunner, with a go-to-war mission as the M1A1D course with a separate M1A2/ “Armor Today and the October War,” (ARMOR, company commander’s alternate TC. M1A2 SEP course. But new technology Jul-Aug 1974), p. 35. Battalions are authorized an SFC for has not been limited to the vehicles; it’s 3Armor School Update, (ARMOR, Jul-Aug battalion master gunner, with a go-to- continually being incorporated and util- 1974), p. 45. war mission of augmenting the battalion ized to improve the training that master 4Master Gunner Courses, (1975 U.S. Army Ar- maintenance section; battalion com- gunner students receive. New technol- mor School, Self Study for Commission on Oc- manders have another SFC as alternate ogy, like computers and the internet, are cupational Education Institutions), POI for Courses 020-F1 (M60A1/A3), 020-F3 (M60A2), TC. being used to increase the amount of and 020-F2 (M551). information available to master gunners, 5” Current Training Configuration and the Armor force, in the field. Forging the Thunderbolt – Master Gunner,” The master gunner student is being (ARMOR, Jan-Feb 1975), p. 8. trained to be the commander’s tank gun- Sometimes new ideas are developed 6Master Gunner Homepage: http://147.238.100. or proposed on how to better train mas- nery table technical advisor. He will 101/school/16cav/mastgun/mgindex.htm ter gunners. Some are interesting ideas 7 assist the commander and staff in plan- SFC James Barnes, Master Gunner Branch ning, developing, conducting and moni- that deserve further development and Chief, “Master Gunner’s Corner: Only the Best inclusion, and some deserve to fade toring the unit’s tank gunnery tables Qualify to be Master of Gunnery,” (ARMOR, from view as bad ideas. With the dawn Nov-Dec 1981), p. 11. program, to include turret maintenance programs to ensure proper readiness of the new millennium, many things are changing with the constant expansion posture is maintained. of the Internet, and the expanded use of SFC Ira L. Partridge received his To become a master gunner, the stu- computer-based training utilizing CD- initial Armor training at Fort Knox, dent faces 11 weeks or 55 days of the ROMs. Using this media can help to Ky., in 1985. He graduated from the most academically challenging training develop a better trained master gunner. Master Gunner Course in 1993. His that armor noncommissioned officers However, one mission cannot change assignments as a master gunner can face. The course includes 441 total — the continuous effort to maintain the include one year as a company hours, of which 36 hours are administra- high standards of the Master Gunner master gunner and three years as tive, 178 hours are maintenance training Program. Since the course’s inception, battalion master gunner for 5-77 covered in Exams I through III, and 227 these high standards have remained the AR, 1st AD, Mannheim, Germany, hours are gunnery training and training foundation for all training. Unfortu- moving with the unit in 1994 and re- management covered in Exams IV nately, high standards mean that not through VII. The course standards have every soldier can become a master gun- designating to 1-32 AR, 2nd ID, always been 100 percent to pass hands- ner, and this can be unpopular when Fort Lewis, Wash. He is currently on performance tests and 90 percent to soldiers are sent back to their units for serving as the newsletter editor, pass written tests. Written tests are usu- failing to meet the standard. But a high webmaster, and operations ser- ally 10-question free response tests, standard should always be the primary geant for the Master Gunner School covering each subject area. mission. Remember that quality, not at Fort Knox, Ky. ARMOR — July-August 2000 21

The Hidden Risks of High-Intensity, Multiechelon Battle-Focused Lane Training

FACT: 73 percent of fatal accidents occur outside the established training lane.

by James M. Coffman

The Army’s emphasis on realism in training at Army installations and agement is a five-step hazard identifi- its high-intensity, battle-focused lane Combat Training Centers (CTC). The cation and reduction process Army training sometimes results in training centers offer Army leaders and their leaders have embraced and used with fatalities despite leaders’ efforts to man- soldiers the most realistic combat great success. However, as I investi- age risk. But surprisingly, more soldiers training available by enabling a unit to gated one fatality after another, the are killed in accidents outside the train- train repetitively to standard against a accident scenarios continued to illus- ing lane than during the lane training tough, competent enemy, commonly trate that serious accidents resulting in itself. referred to as the Opposing Forces fatal injuries were occurring most of- outside Mental fatigue, or letting down your (OPFOR), and to conduct extensive ten the training lane, an area live fire exercises. where the balancing act of mission mental guard, is an accident causal essential tasks and risk-taking in the factor that accounts for a large major- These training centers generate a ity of training fatalities outside the large percentage of the soldier fatali- combined arms fight is most challeng- ing for Army leaders. training lane. However, neither mental ties that take place during training. fatigue nor where or when a fatality This perhaps is not alarming consider- It’s true: tough training does not occurs in relation to the training lane ing the sustained continuous opera- come without risk, and at times sol- or phase of an operation appears as a tions that are prevalent during the diers’ lives are lost during the rigors primary cause or factor as a part of the training, simulating combat condi- of training while mastering skills that Army accident investigation process. tions. To further explain events that will keep them alive to someday fight This information is critical to support leaders face in these training events, our nation’s battles and win the na- the Army’s proactive accident preven- one need only look at the multitude of tion’s wars. Therefore, training must tion program. In order to reduce the responsibilities these individual lead- be tough, realistic, and challenging — number of fatalities resulting from ers and soldiers must assume in order training as we intend to fight. As Gen- mental fatigue, the Army, its leaders, to be successful in obtaining necessary eral Douglas MacArthur said, “In no and soldiers must first recognize men- combat skills. Their responsibilities other profession are the penalties for tal fatigue as a present and credible are endless, ranging from ensuring employing untrained personnel so ap- hazard during high-intensity, multi- their personnel have adequate ammu- palling or so irrevocable as in the mili- echelon, battle-focused lane training. nition to provision for medical care. tary.” (FM 25-101, Battle Focused Training The Army employs lane training to All must be synchronized to continu- ) ously sustain the force. A more realis- train primarily company team-level tic training environment does not ex- One could presume that training and smaller units on a series of se- lanes offer perhaps the highest degree lected soldier, leader, and collective ist, as I view it. of risk a leader and their soldiers face, tasks using specific terrain. Lanes are As a tactical safety specialist, I’ve not only during training but also in generally formatted to fit specific ter- had the opportunity to observe Army combat where the enemy is most rain and unit mission-essential tasks. units, both in training and during real likely to be. But the data collected Lane training accommodates a wide world deployments, conducting train- from our nation’s wars and conflicts range of training scenarios, dependent ing utilizing the high-intensity, battle- contradicts this assumption. Studies of upon training objectives for particular focused lane-training concept. I’m U.S Army casualty rates illustrate that units to be trained. Unit composition often awed at the ability of the Army accident losses experienced in combat ranges from squad-size elements to leadership to manage the complexities are no different than losses experi- multiple company-sized elements. The associated with safely deploying and enced during peacetime training. Fur- combination and mix of forces trained training thousands of soldiers at one thermore, accidents account for more using this technique are endless and time. My experience has culminated casualties than those casualties in- vary substantially. However, varia- over the past six consecutive years flicted from enemy action in every war tions are based primarily on unit observing rotations at the Army’s from World War I to Desert Shield/ equipment, heavy for mechanized various Combat Training Centers. Desert Storm. The exception is the infantry and armor (tracked vehicles) Korean War. (http://safety.army.mil/ As a part of my involvement in these program.html) and light for infantry units with rotations, I’ve observed hundreds of wheeled vehicles. hours of lane training focusing primar- A review of Army installations’ and High-intensity, battle-focused lane ily on the integration of safety risk CTCs’ pre-accident, accident, and post- training is the foundation of Army management into training. Risk man- accident phase narratives from the pre- 22 ARMOR — July-August 2000 Army Safety Center Photo This fatal Bradley rollover occurred at night with NVGs. What the driver saw as a “shallow ditch” ahead was actually a 15-foot depression. vious five years of fatal accident re- extensive resources on proactive pre- to focus on where the enemy is most ports reveal that 73 percent of all fatal vention efforts to reduce and possibly likely to raise its ugly head and kill it. accidents occur outside the established eliminate recurrence of these tragic Therefore, it’s logical to assume that a training lane. (Phyllis Moon, Fatal losses. However, the current mecha- great deal of effort in terms of plan- Accident Reports) Further, research nism used to identify hazards that ac- ning and executing the events in the into recent non-fatal accidents at the count for training fatalities does not lane is taking place, including the National Training Center (NTC), Fort specifically address where deaths oc- management of risk. This planning Irwin, California, the Army’s premier cur in relation to the training lane, process is an extremely complex and CTC, reveals 63 percent of all nonfatal during what phase of an operation they demanding effort. This is a process accidents occurred outside the estab- occur, or the effects of mental fatigue. which, I believe, may be producing lished training lane as well. (Depart- These attributes significantly impact tremendous mental fatigue that con- ment of the Army, Headquarters, Plans causal factors applied to human error tributes to unplanned events resulting and Operations, Operations Group, rates. Currently, the accident report in the loss of equipment, soldier capa- National Training Center, Fort Irwin, used to collect pertinent accident data bility, or life. This ultimately degrades California, Safety Incidents for Rota- utilizes an array of codes fed into a unit effectiveness, commonly referred tion 99-01) This suggests that leaders computer database for retrieval at a to as loss of combat power by Army and their soldiers experience a lower later date. The system is set-up to al- commanders. In the safety business, accident rate inside the training lane, low safety professionals and Army this is also known as an accident. As where the highest risks are perceived. leaders to search the database, based LTC Michael M. Grant said in Army Therefore, an assumption can be made, on specific fields, or search criteria, Trainer Magazine, September 1993, based on the current data, that Army which assists them in identifying acci- “The most credible associated hazard leaders are clearly identifying high risk dent trends encountered during train- is not the obvious.” He also concluded operations and applying adequate con- ing. This information is critical in that most accidents occur when and trol measures inside the lane, reducing supporting safety professionals and where you least expect them, and that risks to their soldiers, equipment, pro- Army leaders, and proactive accident leaders who let their guard down will tecting the force, and accomplishing the prevention programs. Without it, pro- continually gamble with ever-present training mission. Make no mistake fessionals and leaders have no mecha- risks associated with realistic training. about it, they are! nism to identify trends, or retrieve data This may not be a novel conclusion, that specifically addresses the hazard but when it consumes soldiers’ lives, The reasons for these training fatali- potential of the three factors. novelty is not at issue. ties outside the lane are broad and varied. Statistics from the U.S. Army The events that frequently generate What causes leaders to focus so Safety Center reveal the majority of training fatalities are not primarily much attention on the training lane? accidents are a result of human error indicative, or a direct result of, what The challenge is in balancing leader — 48 percent individual, and 18 per- takes place in the training lane. The emphasis and soldier focus beyond the cent leader. The U.S. Army expends expectation is for leaders and soldiers lane, where risk continues to produce ARMOR — July-August 2000 23

Leaders who push the mental envelope achieve the pur- suit of skilled performance and precision in the training lane, but this results in the buildup of mental fatigue, risking greater error at a later time outside the lane.

greater accident rates, whether these dent experience shows that mission- Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., risks are perceived as credible or not. stopper accidents occur when victims November 1998, FM 100-22, Installation Man- Safe training results from systematic are ignorant of hazards and the coun- agement. p. 16-4. management of inherently dangerous termeasures, or when directed coun- Web Sites training risks. (FM 25-100, Training termeasures are ignored. (FM 100-22, http://safety.army.mil/program.html the Force) Lanes are established to Installation Management) closely emulate combat; therefore, it’s Memorandums logical to assume that the greatest po- Understanding the complexities of mental fatigue and its effects on lead- Department of the Army, Headquarters, Plans tential of risk lies therein. Perhaps this ers and soldiers during high-risk op- and Operations, Operations Group, National logic, and the effects of mental fa- Training Center, Fort Irwin, California, 18 Oc- tigue, is causing leaders and soldiers erations outside the training lane will tober 1998, SUBJECT: Safety Incidents for help protect our most precious re- Rotation 99-01. to dismiss the real apparent hazards source (soldiers). This new awareness outside the lane. Statistically, accident E-mail investigations have proven leaders and will ensure the appropriate level of leader involvement to mitigate risk Moon, P. (1998, October). A copy of all fatal their soldiers focus their undivided throughout the lane, not just in it. That training accidents investigation reports that attention to the lane and the immediate have occurred in the past five years at U.S. mission at hand. As a result, far fewer is not to say that our leaders are not addressing hazards, but perhaps their Army Installations and Combat Training Cen- accidents occur inside the lane as op- emphasis should shift to equally ters [20 accident files]. Restricted availability: posed to outside. Requests must follow Freedom of Information distributed leadership throughout the Act protocol to [email protected]. Leaders who push the mental enve- lane. Increasing emphasis is not the lope achieve the pursuit of skilled per- cure-all for reducing fatalities. Indi- Abbreviations formance and precision in the training vidual discipline, and training to stan- CONOPS - Continuous Operations lane, but this results in the buildup of dard form the foundation required to CTC - Combat Training Center mental fatigue, risking greater error at address the trend. Safe training is a CSS - Combat Service Support a later time outside the lane. predictable result of performing to established tactical and technical stan- OPFOR - Opposing Forces Dr. Gerald J. S. Wilde, a research dards. (FM 25-100, Training the Force) NTC - National Training Center psychologist who has long studied the effects of mental fatigue, has deter- By developing and maintaining this awareness, leaders and soldiers will be mined that with ever-increasing com- better equipped mentally, not only for James M. Coffman is currently plex tasks, human error increases as a the hazards they face during high-in- the Explosives and Range Safety direct result of mental fatigue. (Gerald Program Manager for U.S. Army , Target Risk) tensity multi-echelon battle-focused lane J. S. Wilde This could be training, but also the hazards of war. Forces Command, Ft. McPher- a contributing factor in lane training son, Ga., and was the Deputy fatalities, a factor that should be ac- knowledged by Army leaders at all Safety Director for the U.S. Army, levels. References Ft. Carson, Colo., when he wrote this article. He holds certifications Convincing warfighters that the great- Books as a Quality Assurance Specialist est risks are the ones imposed by them- Wilde, Gerald J. S. (1994). Target Risk, PDE (Ammunition Surveillance) and selves, not the enemy, is a difficult Publications, pp. 4-1 thru 4-4. teaching point to absorb. Proposing that Radiological Protection Officer, leaders and soldiers alike take a hard Journals with over 15 years experience in look at how we perceive risk through- the explosives, toxic chemical, Lenhart, Michael M. LTC (Spring 1993). “Con- conventional, large rocket/guided out the various levels of training and tinuous Operations and Risk Management,” war may be the necessary approach. Army Trainer Magazine, pp. 13-15 missile, and tactical/operational This must first be acknowledged at safety fields. He deployed with senior levels before it’s recognized as a Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 23 military units to several major credible factor when considering and April 1998, FM 100-14, Risk Management. p. 1-2. training areas throughout the managing risk in the future. Soldiers U.S. and real world contingency Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 30 are not often in the position to fully deployment missions both during perceive or understand the risks inher- September 1990, FM 25-101, Battle Focused ent in the tasks they are directed to per- Training. p. 4-1. Desert Storm and most recently form. They depend on their leaders to Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., No- to Kuwait as an operational/tac- ensure that they are protected from vember 1998, FM 25-100, Training the Force. tical safety risk management ad- potentially hazardous situations. Acci- p. 4-3. visor. 24 ARMOR — July-August 2000

Change of Command Inventory 101 Tips on Counting Your “Stuff” Before You Sign

by Major Pat Flanders

Getting off on the right foot for your substantial amount of property, depend- 3161), Report of Survey (DA Form tour as commander starts with signing for ing upon the size of your unit. Make sure 4697), Cash Collection Voucher (DD your organization’s property. As the that the Noncommissioned Officer Form 362), or Statement of Charges (DD commander, you are financially liable for (NCO) that you put in charge of this is Form 362). In addition, loss of a sensitive your unit’s property — ALL of it. Army well versed in proper supply procedures. item may require you to conduct a 15-6 Regulation (AR) 735-5, Policies and Non-Appropriated Fund Property. In investigation. A sensitive item is anno- Procedures for Property Accountability tated on the AMDF with a Controlled covers your responsibilities, but this arti- USAREUR, this office issues supplemen- Item Inventory Code (CIIC) of “1-9”, tal items purchased with “non-appropri- cle describes, in layman’s terms, the ated” funds from the community account. “$”, “N”, “P”, “Q”, “R” or “Y.” types of property, responsibilities of in- coming and outgoing commanders, and Normally, these are items to improve Bottom line: Don’t lose a non-expend- morale for soldiers, such as pool tables, able item. Someone is going to buy it! tips to help you conduct a successful in- weight sets, and microwaves. ventory. • ARC “D” – Durable item. These are items classified as “not consumed during Account Requirements Code (ARC) Types of Property Accounts use.” Although they do not require prop- Army property is classified for account- erty book accountability, they do require Normally, you will hold property book ability purposes as expendable, durable, hand-receipt control from you, the com- accounts with several different offices. The document that you will sign to estab- or non-expendable. The Account Re- mander, to the user. Examples of “dura- quirements Code (ARC) is a one-position ble” items include most hand tools, soft- lish you as the responsible officer for code listed in the Army Master Data File ware in excess of $100, and fabricated your unit’s property is called a “primary hand receipt.” You may be surprised at (AMDF) for every National Stock Num- items similar to durable items (drip pans ber (NSN) to identify the specific classi- for pot-belly stoves). how many different accounts for which fication and the degree of accountability you will sign. Here are the ones I encoun- Who can order an item with ARC of tered: that you must apply. AMDF information “D”? Normally your unit supply room is published on FEDLOG compact disk- Organizational Property. This is the ettes on a monthly basis by the Defense will have a durable document register and you will be able to order them yourself. property with which you are probably Logistics Agency. The ARC is the single In some units, however, the durable most familiar. It consists of all your “go most important code that you will refer- to war” Modified Table of Organization ence during your inventory. Here is a run- document register is maintained by the battalion S4. If your unit does have a and Equipment property (MTO&E), and down on the three types of ARC: battalion-level durable document register, in divisional units, the Division Property • Book Office (DPBO) issues it to you. ARC “N” – Non-expendable item. your local SOP may require you to con- These are the “major end-items” that you solidate your requests and submit them Installation Property. The Installation will formally sign for from the different through battalion. If you have the ULLS- Property Book Office (IPBO) normally types of property book offices that I men- S4 system, you should have your own issues you Table of Distribution and Al- tioned above. This is the “big stuff” that durable document register. lowance (TDA) equipment. This equip- you absolutely cannot be missing. What if I’m short an item with ARC of ment is non-deployable and normally Who can order an item with ARC of “D”? As the company commander, you consists of items like desks, file cabinets, safes, and other commercial office “N”? The document register for non- are responsible for determining liability expendable items is maintained by the for loss of durable items if the loss per equipment. accountable officers (the PBOs), so the total incident is less than $100. If it is Training Area Support Center Prop- only way you can order one of these greater than $100, you are required by erty. This is commonly referred to as items is through them. If you try to order regulation to initiate a Report of Survey TASC property and normally consists of an ARC “N” item with your Unit Level (See AR 735-5, Para. 14-24). items used strictly for training purposes. I Logistics System – Ground (ULLS-G) Bottom Line: Don’t lose durable items. signed for a megaphone and some other document register (in your motor pool) or training aids that I kept at my company your Unit Level Logistics System – S4 Someone almost always buys them. on a permanent basis. Most of your busi- (ULLS-S4) document register (in your • ARC “X” – Expendable item. Ex- ness with TASC, however, will be in the Supply Room), it will be automatically pendable items are classified as repair form of temporarily borrowing training cancelled. parts or items that are consumed in use or aids (training films, overhead projectors, What if I’m short an item with ARC of that are not otherwise classified as dura- televisions, etc.). ble or non-expendable. Examples include “N”? To get your property book officer sandpaper, light bulbs, Class IX items, Civilian Furniture Management Of- to remove one of these items from your fice Property. This office, also known as primary hand receipt, you will need proof and fixtures. CFMO, will issue you all your barracks of: Turn-In (DD Form 1348), Lateral Who can order an item with ARC of furniture and linen. It can add up to a Transfer to Another Unit (DA Form “X”? It normally depends upon the class ARMOR — July-August 2000 25

of supply. Class of supply can be deter- mined by the first position of the Supply Category Materiel Code (SCMC) on the AMDF. Your unit motor pool will nor- mally maintain the expendable document register for Class IX, and these items will be ordered through the ULLS-G com- puter. Class II, IIIP, & IV expendable items are normally ordered through the unit supply room (ULLS-S4) or in some units through your BN S4 (just like for durable items). What if I’m short an item with ARC of “X”? As the company commander, you are responsible for determining liability for loss of expendable items. Normally, if it’s short/consumed, you can just order another one. Be watchful, however, for losses of expendable items that are recov- erable, such as HMMWV starters and alternators, or that are pilferable (CIIC of Figure 2-2. Example “J”), such as office supplies and “Chem of an ULLS-S4 sub- Lights.” Recoverable and pilferable items hand receipt (not require additional supply and issue con- signed). trols and a loss may require you to initiate a report of survey or a formal investiga- tion, depending upon the circumstances. You can tell if an item is recoverable by You are required to have all COEI and What if I can’t identify an item based on its Recoverability Code (RC) on the BII on-hand or on-order. You are re- the nomenclature on the property book? AMDF. An RC of “A”, “F”, “H”, “D”, or quired to have AAL on-hand once it has Try looking up the NSN on the AMDF. “L” requires that you turn in an unserv- been issued to you, but ordering shortage This will often give a better description iceable item in order to order a new one. AAL is normally left to the discretion of than the property book print-out. the commander. Commander’s Hint: Your supporting Commander’s Hint: You may find Material Management Center (MMC) How do I know if an item has compo- cases where the item you are inventory- will monitor your requisitions for recov- nents? You have to check the TM or SC. ing is not on the AMDF or has no identi- erable items and require you to report a You can tell if an item has a TM or SC fying data plate, brand name, or other reason for all mismatches (you ordered a governing it by looking up the NSN or markings. If you are nervous that what new item without turning in the unserv- Line Item Number (LIN) on DA Pam 25- you are looking at may not be what you iceable) on a monthly basis. The MMC 30 (Consolidated Index of Army Publica- are supposed to be signing for, take a will distribute a monthly list for you to tions and Blank Forms). DA Pam 25-30 photograph of the item and write a reconcile. The list is called the Overage is produced by the U.S. Army Publica- memorandum to document the problem. Recoverable Item List (ORIL) in units tions and Printing Command (USAPPC) Provide a copy of the photo and the supported by warehouses utilizing the on CD ROM. Be sure to look up NSNs memorandum to your PBO. Standard Army Retail Supply System – for TMs for non-expendable COEI, too. Objective (SARSS-O). Don’t give these Sometimes the components have com- Types of Hand Receipts reports “lip service.” In my division, turn- ponents (for example, the “Torch Outfit” that is a component of the “No. 1 Com- The Army “form” used for creating in of this report had commanding general manual hand receipts is the DA Form visibility. mon Shop Set”). 2062. Most active duty units, however, Bottom Line: Monitor the use of ex- Commander’s Hint: If DA Pam 25-30 are now using ULLS-S4 to account for pendable items. Contrary to popular be- property. ULLS-S4 is a great tool, but it lists no TM or SC for an item, be sure to is only as good as the data that is input to lief, someone may be required to buy document it. I recommend that you do them if not used properly. this on a weekend prior to starting your it. Basically, ULLS-S4 allows you to make a sub-hand receipt showing all the inventory. Get a copy of your non- property for which each sub-hand receipt Sets, Kits, and Outfits and Items expendable hand receipts and look up with Components every line on DA Pam 25-30. If there are holder will sign, instead of using a DA Form 2062. It also allows you to create Every non-expendable item should have no references to inventory by, or if you component hand receipts for each item can’t locate a copy of the correct TM/SC, a Technical Manual (TM) or Supply with components. Catalog (SC) that lists Components Of then create component hand receipts for the End-Item (COEI), Basic Issue Items these items by identifying everything that is on-hand. Write a memorandum list- Sub-Hand Receipts, Shortage Annexes, (BII), and Additionally Authorized List and Component Hand Receipts items (AAL). You MUST have the ap- ing all of your findings, stating that “to propriate TM or SC in order to properly the best of your knowledge all compo- A DA Form 2062 or its ULLS-S4 inventory and account for your property. nents were present.” equivalent can be prepared as either a 26 ARMOR — July-August 2000

sub-hand receipt, shortage annex, or a component hand receipt. It is imperative that you understand the fundamental dif- ferences and the regulatory requirements for preparing each of these. I’ve listed them below: Sub-Hand Receipts. A sub-hand re- ceipt is a listing of all major end-items for which a sub-hand receipt holder will sign. • You will issue property to your sub- hand receipt holders using sub-hand receipts. • When a person signs a sub-hand re- ceipt, he/she accepts responsibility for the end-items and all of their compo- nents. The sub-hand receipt holder is financially liable for all components, except those listed as short on ac- companying shortage annexes or that are signed for using compo- nent hand receipts. Figure 2-3. Example of a DA Form 2062 shortage annex (not signed). Figure 2-2 depicts an ULLS-S4 gener- ated equivalent of a DA Form 2062 sub- • It makes no difference whether the BREAKBULK/CONT TRANSPORT- hand receipt. person receiving the item is a supervi- ER, 22 TON” shown in Figure 2-3. sor or a user. Administrative Adjustment Reports Shortage Annexes. A shortage annex • The person signing for the property (AARs). Minor adjustments to your pri- lists only what is “short” from an end- only signs for “what is there.” mary hand receipt are requested from the item that has components. • PBO using a DA Form 4949 (Adminis- • The person issuing the property ac- trative Adjustment Report). Examples of A shortage annex is prepared at the cepts liability for the items that are level where document registers are annotated as short. minor adjustments include spelling mis- kept. Its purpose is to document what takes, minor serial number changes for is authorized to be short. Figure 2-4 depicts a DA Form 2062 pre- non-sensitive items, and errors in size, • pared as a component hand receipt for the make, and model. During your inventory, Your PBOs will issue you shortage same “SEMITRAILER FLAT BED: you will probably encounter some errors annexes for the non-expendable com- ponents that are short from your ma- jor end-items. • You may in turn utilize shortage an- nexes to document shortages when is- suing items below you to the “super- visors of end-users.” • You CANNOT use a shortage annex to document shortages when issuing items to the end-user (the soldiers); you must use a component hand re- ceipt (See AR 710-2, Para. 2-10h(1)). Figure 2-3 depicts a DA Form 2062 prepared as a shortage annex from the PBO for the non-expendable components that are missing from the “SEMI- TRAILER FLAT BED: BREAKBULK/ CONT TRANSPORTER, 22 TON” on the sub-hand receipt in Figure 2-2.

Component Hand Receipts. A com- ponent hand receipt lists all compo- nents of an end-item – you sign for what you have “on-hand.” • A component hand receipt can be prepared by any person issuing prop- erty. Figure 2-4. Example of a DA Form 2062 component hand receipt (not signed). ARMOR — July-August 2000 27

• Prepare “assumption of command” orders for each property book office. • Ensure that all adjustment documents are initiated by the outgoing commander.

Before You Start the Inventory Before beginning your change-of-com- mand inventory, there are several things you should do in order to ensure success. 1. Sit down with the outgoing com- mander and come up with a plan. Try to do this at least eight weeks out from the day of the change-of-command. Be sure to address the following: • A schedule for in/out-briefings with each Property Book Office (DPBO, IPBO, CFMO, TASC, etc.) and the bat- talion commander or next level com- mander. Be sure to make appointments! - Ask the outgoing commander if he thinks 30 days will be enough time. If he knows it isn’t, ask the battalion com- Figure 2-5. Example mander if he can afford to give you an of an AAR to change extension. What are his feelings about it? a serial number (not signed). - If you can, try to “freeze” your prop- erty book accounts during the 30 days of inventory. This way you won’t have to worry about accepting new major end- which will require AARs to correct. Fig- • Account for all Class IX recoverable items from your supporting warehouses ure 2-5 shows an AAR to change a serial items as depicted on the Overage Recov- or any lateral transfers to/from other number on a 5-ton truck. erable Item List (ORIL). units. This will allow you to focus on the • Turn-in all unserviceable property. inventory. Other Forms You Need To Know • Prepare and submit all adjustment Commander’s Hint: Remember, you Change Documents. A DA Form 3161 are NOT the commander, yet. You can (Request For Issue Or Turn-in) or its documents created during the inventory (i.e. Administrative Adjustment Reports, make suggestions and recommendations, ULLS-S4 equivalent, used to document Reports of Survey, etc.). but you cannot “direct” the outgoing additions and deletions to hand receipts, commander to do anything. Don’t get off is called a change document. Your supply The Incoming Commander. on the wrong foot by trying to tell him/ sergeant will document issues and turn- • Receive briefings from Property Book her how things “will” be done. Cooperate ins to and from your sub-hand receipt and work together as a team. holders using these forms. Change docu- Officers. Get copies of all PBO primary hand receipts and non-expendable short- • A schedule for the actual inventory. ments should be filed with the sub-hand age annexes. receipts until they are updated. Sub-hand - Try to leave one day per week as a receipts should be updated every six • Reconcile sub-hand receipts and an- make-up day. Use this day to work with months. nexes to the primary hand receipts prior the supply sergeant, update changes to to conducting the actual inventories. sub-hand receipts, review upcoming sub- Responsibilities – Whose Job Is It? • Conduct a 100% inventory to include hand receipts, and to re-inventory any Here are the major responsibilities of the all BII, COEI, and AAL items on-hand. problem areas. incoming and outgoing commanders: - Verify all serial numbers. - Ask to schedule the hardest sub-hand The Outgoing Commander. receipts first; this gives you more time to - Use current publications to inven- resolve problems. • Schedule the change-of-command tory. - Recommend to the outgoing com- briefings with the next level commander • and the various property book offices. Inspect OCIE (TA-50). mander that you inventory entire sub- • Inspect absentee baggage. hand receipts at one time, instead of do- • Create the inventory schedule. ing bits and pieces. Ensure that before • • Recall all unit property loaned out. Inspect and accept responsibility for you walk away, the sub-hand receipt all recoverable items depicted on the holder signs for the property again • Update change documents to all sub- Overage Recoverable Item List (ORIL). from you. Resolve differences later, but hand receipts. • Prepare new DA Forms 1687 (Signa- get that signature. • Reconcile sub-hand receipts and an- ture Cards) to allow designated personnel Commander’s Hint: You may hear that nexes to the primary hand receipts. to sign for property on your behalf. it’s best to inventory “like” items on a 28 ARMOR — July-August 2000

single day in order to keep dishonest for a reason, but it tends to be easily for- 649 steel “flex” pallets to inventory in my people from borrowing items to make up gotten. When I took command, I was warehouse platoon. They all looked the shortages during your inventory. For ex- afraid to get rid of anything that was in it same and were located in various places ample, scheduling a special day to count because I thought it might be important. throughout the battalion. Other compa- all Basic Issue Items (BII), camouflage I’m embarrassed to admit this, but half- nies in my battalion also signed for these nets, and General Mechanics Toolboxes. way through my tour as commander, I same types of pallets. I painted an orange In my opinion, this is NOT a good idea. found a $740 check that was two years “dot” on each of my pallets so I would If someone is going to be dishonest, they old! It was payment for work that the know which ones I counted as mine. I will still get around your efforts to keep soldiers had done at a community festi- lost my count several times throughout them from borrowing equipment by go- val. The money was supposed to be used the process, but because I had painted ing outside of the company. It’s more for buying items to improve the bar- them, I knew which ones that I had al- important to keep sub-hand receipt integ- racks... but of course, the check was no ready counted. rity and get the sub-hand receipt holders longer good. • to sign for property on the day that you Blank DA Form 2062s. Use these for - Be sure to publish your inventory creating component hand receipts for finish inventorying it. There are only a schedule on the unit training schedule. items that you find “off the books” during few “bad apples” out there and you will catch them in the long run. This means it has to be done at least six your inventory. weeks out. • - Don’t forget to schedule a day for a A tape measure. Use this to help iden- - Discuss the “order” in which items tify components. Clothing Issue Facility (CIF) property will be laid out for inventory. For exam- layout. Although you will not personally Commander’s Hint: Don’t be the guy sign for the CIF, you need to ensure that ple, will items with components be laid who measures the Band-Aids in the first out in the order of the Technical Man- the soldiers have all their TA-50 and that ual/Supply Catalog or in the order of the aid kits. The tape measure is for measur- CIF hand receipts have been updated. ing hard to identify items that look alike component hand receipt — they are usu- (like the myriad of pry-bars on the M936 - Schedule a time to inventory absentee ally not the same. I recommend that you baggage, if you have any. Absentee bag- lay out in the order of the component wrecker). Don’t get too wrapped up about things like the lengths of screw- gage consists of individual’s belongings hand receipts. This makes the inventory drivers and punches, either. A 3.5-inch placed in temporary storage due to tem- process much faster. porary absence (i.e., AWOL, short de- long #2 screwdriver can do the same job - Discuss how early you can get copies as a 4-inch long #2 screwdriver 99% of ployment, etc.). of the updated sub-hand receipts and all the time. Don’t waste someone’s money - Schedule a Personnel Asset Inventory TMs/SCs. You NEED them not later than buying another one just because it doesn’t (PAI). The PAI is simply an inventory of the Friday before the week when you will perfectly match the description in the TM your soldiers. Get an alpha roster from actually inventory that sub-hand receipt. or SC. your S1 and have the soldiers file past This gives you a weekend to review • Copies of an “initial counseling” you in a line. Check ID cards and dog them. When you review component hand tags and ensure you have proper account- receipts, be sure to compare them to the statement for all of your sub-hand receipt holders. ability for everyone. Inventorying people SCs and TMs. Look for mistakes, espe- may seem ridiculous, but believe me, this cially with non-expendable and durable Commander’s Hint: You really need to is necessary! property. spell out the duties of a sub-hand receipt Commander’s Hint: You can “make a - Ask if there is any equipment on loan, holder in your unit. Tell them exactly how you plan to do business and outline lot of money” with a well planned PAI. If in calibration, or at Direct Support (DS) the rules that you plan to live by. An “ini- you can, schedule it in the morning on the maintenance. Try to go see it. If you day before you take command. Use it as can’t, discuss how you will handle this. tial counseling” memorandum is a good way to do this. an opportunity to update Soldier Readi- 2. Prepare an “inventory kit” of supplies ness Files (SRF) and Family Care Plans. • A notebook computer with a CD Have your motor officer reprint copies of that you will need to execute your inven- ROM drive. Use this to look up NSNs on tory. Include the following: all your soldier’s drivers licenses with the DA Pam 25-30 CD ROM during your your signature block on them. Sign them • Copies of all primary hand receipts inventory. It’s nice to be able to look up and issue the updated licenses to your from your supporting property book of- NSNs on the spot. soldiers as they come through the PAI. fices (DPBO, IPBO, CFMO, etc.). • A brief case or duffel bag to carry it You won’t need to update the weapon • and mask cards (DA Form 3749, Equip- Copies of all non-expendable shortage all in. annexes from your supporting property ment Receipt). The old commander’s book offices. These shortage annexes list During the Inventory signature is still good (see AR 710-2-1, Para. 5-5,b). the non-expendable components that you If you follow my recommendations, by are authorized to be missing. the time you actually start your inventory - Schedule a half-hour to inventory any you should be well on the road to suc- • A camera for photographing items bulk fuel or fuel coupons your unit may with no identifying data plates. cess. Here are some recommendations for have. You don’t want to find out that you once you actually start counting: can’t account for 600 gallons of fuel 30 • A can of spray paint. 1. Keep track of who is signed for what. days after the change-of-command. It Commander’s Hint: You may or may Write the name of each NCO and the may take a report of survey to correct the shortage. not need the spray paint. I used spray sub-hand receipt number next to each paint to mark items that were difficult to - Schedule a half-hour to inventory the inventory, so that I would know that I company safe. Stuff gets put in the safe already counted them. For instance, I had Continued on Page 44 ARMOR — July-August 2000 29

A Rite of Passage

At the End of a Long Journey, These Men Are Now Tankers

After spending six days and five nights in the field, where they practiced the theory they learned during OSUT train- ing, E Company, 2-81 Armor, road marches 15 kilometers back to their battalion area for a ceremony that will wel- come them into the Armor Force.

At the battalion parade field, new 19 Kilos form up to receive congratulations along with their new tanker brass, Army Ser- vice Ribbons, regimental crests, and Army Values tags. On their return to their barracks, each new trooper finds a brand new pair of tanker boots under his bunk. The ceremony rein- forces the 81st’s regimental history, which began at Fort Knox in 1941, before the unit shipped out to fight at Normandy and the European Theater.

Photos by Robert L. Stevenson

30 ARMOR — July-August 2000

After receiving a range ori- entation and safety briefing by the Range Safety Officer, right, OSUT troopers mount their tanks for familiariza- tion on the 120mm main gun and the tank’s three machine guns.

ARMOR — July-August 2000 31

DEPLETED URANIUM  the truth and nothing but the truth

by Mike Sheheane

(Reprinted from the January 2000 issue of Army Chemical Review)

Silver bullet! The unstoppable force! Medical/Chemical Review Conference greater protection than solid steel, alloys, The immovable object! The best armor- recommended that a joint effort be initi- or laminates, and they can defeat most piercing munition available! The best ar- ated to revise the DU training materials to currently fielded, non–DU antitank mu- mor protection available! All these state- more accurately reflect health and safety nitions. ments have been used to describe de- hazards. pleted uranium or DU. Negative state- Several weapons systems use DU. The ments also have been made about DU What Soldiers Should Know most common DU round fired by the and the hazards associated with it. The Army is the 120mm M829-series round following paragraphs relate what I be- Soldiers in the field need to understand for the main gun of the Abrams tank. For lieve every soldier should know about two important points that justify the use those who appreciate minutia, the official DU. Keep in mind, I write from a training of DU: terminology is Armor–Piercing Fin Stabi- lized Discarding Sabot (APFSDS), but developer’s perspective and not as a sci- • DU is the best armor-piercing mate- entist, so readers who are sticklers for rial available for use in a variety of ki- most people call it the “sabot round” detailed data may be disappointed. Hope- (Figure 1). The dart-like penetrator rod is netic energy anti-armor munitions. This is fitted with an oversized non-metallic col- fully, those of you who just want the facts because DU is a very dense material (one will get some satisfaction from what is and a half times the density of lead), and lar that ensures a proper fit in the gun presented here. barrel. The collar falls away as the round it “self sharpens” as it penetrates. This leaves the barrel, which allows the pene- self-sharpening characteristic makes DU Background better than tungsten, which mushrooms trator to travel at an extremely high ve- locity and retain considerable downrange During Operation Desert Storm U.S. as it penetrates. Additionally, DU is py- energy. Older versions of the Abrams rophoric, which means that as the pene- military forces used DU munitions and trator self-sharpens, the small particles tank fire a 105mm DU round. The armor in combat for the first time. The M2/M3 Bradley fires a 25mm round in effectiveness of both the munitions and that flake off can ignite spontaneously in the Bushmaster cannon. the air. The sparks produced often ignite the armor were unmatched by anything fuel or munitions contained inside the Other services also use DU rounds. The available to allies or opposing forces. Figures available indicate that thousands target, giving DU rounds the capability to Air Force A-10 Thunderbolt uses a cause explosions without being an explo- 30mm DU round in its main gun while of Iraqi tanks and other vehicles were sive. the Marine AV-8 Harrier fires a 25mm damaged or totally destroyed by DU mu- nitions fired from U.S. tanks, fighting • DU provides the best armor protection round. The Navy uses DU in a 20mm round fired by the Phalanx gun system. vehicles, and aircraft. Not a single U.S. available. This is because of the density tank and only a half dozen fighting vehi- of the material. Plates of DU are sand- Tests and combat action have demon- cles were lost to Iraqi fire. wiched between outer and inner steel strated the value of DU as an effective After the war, a government-sponsored plates on “heavy armor” versions of the enhancement to the armor of the M1- M1A1/A2 Abrams tank and provide series tank (Figure 2). DU plates inserted report stated that most U.S soldiers were not fully aware of the potential hazard associated with DU residue found on the battlefield. To rectify this deficiency, the U.S. Army Chemical School was tasked to assume the lead in developing a train- ing program. This effort, done in coordi- nation with the U.S. Army Ordnance Center and School, was completed in 1996, and training was implemented early in 1997. During and subsequent to the development of the DU training mate- rials, several medical and scientific stud- ies were conducted to analyze the effects of DU on the health of personnel wounded by or exposed to the effects of DU. After analyzing the results of Figure 1. The M829-series 120mm rounds come in a variety of forms. All can be fired from these reports and studies, the 1998 the M1A2 tank. 32 ARMOR — July-August 2000 Location of between regular steel armor on the front DU armor of the turret can defeat most known non- DU armor-piercing munitions. The Problem Since DU is the best weapon and the best armor, what’s the problem? DU is a slightly radioactive heavy metal. It is 40 percent less radioactive than natural ura- nium. DU is primarily an alpha emitter, but it also emits small amounts of beta, gamma, and X-rays. The heavy metal aspect makes it chemically toxic, like lead. Ingesting a large amount of DU residue into the body by either breathing it into the lungs or swallowing it into the M1A2 Tank digestive tract is a primary hazard. Tests show that the only time this is likely to Figure 2 occur is when a soldier is: (1) in or near an armored target that is struck by a DU round; (2) in or near a heavy armored tank that is breached by any kind of Protective Measures the potential health effects of DU on vet- round; (3) near a fire involving DU muni- Inhaling or ingesting DU in amounts erans who were exposed during the Gulf tions; or (4) frequently entering vehicles War. To review this data, go to web site that have been hit by DU rounds or have experienced in battle does not pose an (http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/library/rand DU armor that was breached. immediate health risk and must not pre- rep/du/cover.html) vent a soldier from saving his buddy’s and access “A Review Soldiers who handle bare DU penetra- of the Scientific Literature As it Pertains life or from continuing the fight. Wearing to Gulf War Illness: Volume 7, Depleted tors found on the battlefield also are ex- an M40 protective mask is the easiest and posed to significant amounts of DU. (Of most effective way to prevent inhalation Uranium” (RAND Report). course, every soldier knows it is inappro- of DU dust and residue suspended in the An extensive effort has been completed priate to handle any type of battlefield air or in smoke from a DU munitions fire. recently to provide updated, accurate data debris unless directed to do so.) I do not Other types of respiratory protection are to all soldiers concerning the potential discuss embedded fragments because being evaluated for maintenance person- hazards of DU and protective measures medical personnel treat these injuries in nel who must work for extended periods that should be taken by those exposed to much the same manner as wounds from inside damaged armored vehicles. To DU dust and residue. Data show that DU any type of shrapnel. Studies of soldiers keep from ingesting DU residue, soldiers is only a hazard in very specific instances wounded by DU fragments have failed to must keep it out of their mouths. Cover and should not prevent actions to save identify any adverse health effects spe- all exposed skin and wear gloves to keep lives or to continue the mission. All sol- cifically related to the radiological or the DU off and wash hands and face after diers will receive Tier I  DU General chemical characteristics of DU. being around DU to keep it from getting Awareness Training  either during into your mouth and digestive tract. attendance at a resident school or as com- In its “packaged” or unfired form, DU ammunition presents very little hazard. If soldiers must remain in an area where mon task training in their unit. This block Soldiers may hold an unfired 120mm of instruction is approximately one hour DU is present, wear a protective mask long and includes a 15-minute video. The round for 940 hours without exceeding and cover all exposed skin. Soldiers in a new Graphic Training Aid (GTA) 3-4-1A, the total body exposure limit of 5 rem per confined space, such as the crew com- Depleted Uranium Awareness year. Once fired, DU presents a greater , supports partment of a tank, should decontaminate the general awareness training and com- hazard, but one would have to hold a DU the area to remove as much DU dust and penetrator in his bare hands for more than residue as possible. The new FM 3-5, mon task testing. These training materials emphasize a few basic points: 250 hours before exceeding the exposure NBC Decontamination (to be published limit for skin or extremities of 50 rem per in second quarter of FY00), addresses year. DU decontamination. As with other de- • No additional protective measures are For DU to be a hazard to personal con efforts, the intent is to remove as required for unfired DU munitions or health, the body must contain enough DU much of the hazard as possible. This is best accomplished by vacuuming the intact armor. to cause radiological damage to the lungs • or digestive tract or to cause toxic chemi- vehicle with a high-efficiency particulate Never allow the presence of DU to cal damage to the kidneys. Protective air (HEPA) filter-equipped vacuum interfere with efforts to save lives or cleaner. Since few organizations have this treat the wounded. measures should be taken to prevent ex- FM 3-5 posure. There is not much a soldier can vacuum, describes a wet wipe- • Never allow the presence of DU to do to prevent some exposure if his vehi- down procedure. The residue from that decon procedure will contain DU, and it interfere with the conduct of combat cle is hit by a DU round or his heavy operations. should be treated like any other hazard- armor tank is breached. Just realizing he • is still alive probably will be the most ous waste: bagged and tagged and han- Do not handle DU or other battlefield dled in accordance with the unit SOP. debris unless directed to do so. important thing at the time. But, soldiers near a DU round strike or armor breach Numerous medical tests have been con- can take protective measures. ducted and are being conducted to assess Continued on Page 48 ARMOR — July-August 2000 33

Tips on Mentoring a CTLT Cadet You Can Use the Cadet Troop Leadership Training Program To Give Future Leaders a Realistic View of Platoon Responsibilities

by Captain Keith A. McKinley

Every summer, a unit can expect to re- Be sure to expose the cadet to all admin- company level. Take the cadet up to bat- ceive one or more cadets under the CTLT istrative and tactical aspects of being a talion headquarters for introductions to (Cadet Troop Leadership Training) pro- platoon leader (especially the negative the various staff sections (S1, S2, etc.), gram. The CTLT program allows cadets ones). There is no bigger waste of a ca- and ask section leaders to describe their to apply the principals and theories they det’s time than to follow a lieutenant function in the battalion and how they have learned in an academic environment around, doing nothing, or to become a support the battalion’s companies and to situations and soldiers found in real lieutenant’s personal secretary. He or she platoons. Also, introduce the cadet to the world units. Cadets will either come from has sat in a classroom for years studying specialty platoon leaders (scout platoon the USMA (United States Military Acad- how to lead; now is his or her chance to leader, mortar platoon leader, etc.) in the emy) or college ROTC (Reserve Officer apply these theories to real-life scenarios. battalion, and have them explain their Training Corps) programs. Their time In turn, the cadet will be able to fine-tune responsibilities within the battalion just as with active duty units is typically limited his or her leadership style. the staff did. Remember, the cadet needs brief to one month. That does not give them a 2. Provide constant performance only a description of these positions; whole lot of time to learn the duties and feedback. As stated above, a cadet the last thing a lieutenant wants to do is responsibilities of a platoon leader. full effect overwhelm a young cadet with informa- should be given the of being a tion about the staff and specialty areas. To set a cadet up for success, a company platoon leader; however, a lieutenant just commander should choose his best lieu- cannot let the future leader run wild and Save this for when he or she becomes a lieutenant! tenant to sponsor the future officer. Once free in the battalion! This is where per- a lieutenant receives this additional duty, formance counseling is needed, at least 6. Get some work out of him or her. this should be his top priority and all daily. Remember that the cadet is con- Remember that CTLT is not a one-month other duties should be secondary. The ducting his or her own internal experi- vacation for a cadet. He or she is there to reasoning behind this is simple. Cadets ment with his or her leadership ability. work and learn. Use their time in the unit are the future of the Officer Corps. The Constant feedback is the only way a cadet wisely to benefit the Army! I can guaran- better the training leaders receive as ca- will learn what works best and eliminate tee that CTLT will be a miserable time dets, the higher their performance level the action or style that is ineffective. for cadets, as well as lieutenants, if we will be as lieutenants. waste their time and the Army’s. 3. Teach combined arms. When I was Before a cadet arrives at a unit, it is im- a cadet, I remember memorizing all In summary, the training and experi- portant for a lieutenant to establish a set seven Battlefield Operating Systems ences cadets receive during CTLT will training plan in which the future leader (BOS) for an upcoming test without remain with them for the rest of their can actively participate. A checklist is really understanding how these systems career. Take the time and effort to show one way for a sponsor to better organize actually worked. CTLT is the best envi- the cadet how a real unit operates and the time a cadet will spend at the unit. ronment to show the cadet how we fight functions. Consider the time you spend Also, leaders need to prepare the unit for as a combined force. Take him on a ride now as an investment in the future lead- the arrival of the cadet. Many younger around post and introduce him to some of ership of the Army.

soldiers have never worked around cadets the engineers, air defenders, logisticians, before, so it is a good idea for a unit to etc. Do not go into extreme depth on each brief its personnel on how cadets should system, but give the cadet an actual un- CPT Keith A. McKinley currently be treated during their stay at the unit. derstanding of an abstract idea that he or serves a company commander in she has learned in school. C Company, 1-9 IN. Prior to com- Having mentored and trained CTLT ca- dets in the past, I have listed six areas I 4. Teach/instill unit history and pride. mand, he served as the assistant believe are important in the training of One way to do this is to take the cadet to operations officer for the UNCSB- cadets during their short time with an your post museum. Guide him around JSA (Pan Mun Jom). He also active duty unit. They are the following: and point out displays that apply to your served as a rifle platoon leader, support platoon leader, and anti- 1. Allow the cadet to become the ac- specific unit. This will teach him or her tual platoon leader. the impact your unit had on history. armor XO in 3rd Battalion, 327th The best way to Show the cadet that ours is a noble and learn the job of a platoon leader in the Infantry, 101st Airborne Division little amount of time a cadet has in the honorable profession that has endured for (Air Assault). He was commis- years! unit is to “throw him into the fire.” Turn sioned through the ROTC program over command to him and let him go, 5. Introduce him/her to key players at Chicago State University and remembering to give up only the control within the battalion. The cadet should holds a degree in mathematics of your platoon but not the responsibility. not spend his whole time learning at from Indiana University Northwest. 34 ARMOR — July-August 2000

Contingency Contracting — A Commander’s Logistics Force Multiplier

by Major John Shannon Womack

What do the National Training Center, commanders can acquire resources he falls under the control of the area Kuwait, Bosnia, Kosovo, Qatar, and though several sources: the Army’s Principal Assistant Responsible for Saudi Arabia all have in common? In supply system, host nation support, the Contracting (PARC) and augments the each of these diverse locations, contrac- unit IMPAC credit card, and contin- local contracting office or establishes a tors are providing vital support to U.S. gency contracting. The Government contracting office to provide support to soldiers as they conduct training and Contracts Reference Book defines con- deploying forces. The local director of execute contingency operations. In to- tracting as purchasing, renting, leasing, contracting will provide the CCO with day’s operational environment, con- or otherwise obtaining supplies or ser- required legal and administrative sup- tracted support is an integral part of vices from non-Federal sources.3 FM port if there is a local contracting office day-to-day operations during deploy- 100-10-2 defines contingency contract- established. ments. Commanders can expect that ing as the process by which essential contracted support will be key to their supplies and services needed to sustain The CCO’s authority to contract fol- success during training and contin- deployed forces are obtained on behalf lows a different line of authority from gency deployments. of the U.S. Government.4 Contingency the traditional chain of command. The contracting is a subset of acquisition. It chain of command normally flows from Commanders and their staffs play a key role in determining the quality and is intended to supplement organic com- the Unified Commander to the Army bat service support (CSS) capabilities. Service Component Commander and timeliness of the contingency contract- ultimately to the Task Force Com- ing support they receive. To ensure Contingency contracting officers pro- adequate contingency contracting sup- vide contingency contracting support to mander. The authority to obligate the FM 100-10-2 government through contracts flows port, commanders and their staffs need deployed forces. defines from the Secretary of the Army to the to have a good working knowledge of the contingency contracting officer as how contingency contracting works, an official with the legal authority to Head of Contracting Activity, to the theater Principal Assistant Responsible their role in obtaining contracting sup- enter into, administer and/or terminate for Contracting, to the contingency port, and how to integrate this support contracts.5 Contingency contracting of- into their overall scheme of support. ficers operate primarily under Title 48 contacting officer. Before the deployed contingency contracting officer can This article provides a doctrinal view of of the Code of Federal Regulations, begin writing contracts and obligating contingency contracting for brigade and also known as the Federal Acquisition task force commanders and staffs. Regulation or FAR, the Defense FAR the government, the theater PARC must issue the contingency contracting offi- Supplement (DFARS), and the Army New Doctrinal References cer a warrant to contract in the PARC’s FAR Supplement (AFARS). These reg- FM 100-5 states “doctrine is the state- ulations require contingency contract- area of operations. Home station war- rants are normally not valid in overseas ment of how America’s Army… in- ing officers to operate in accordance areas of operations. tends to conduct war and operations with federal law and regulations when other than war.”1 Field Manual 100-10- conducting contingency contracting. 2, Contracting Support on the Battle- The Key to Successful Contingency Contracting Support field, published in August 1999, de- The Contingency Contracting Officer scribes the Army’s doctrine for contin- The key to successful contracting Contingency Contracting Officers gency contracting. This new manual (CCOs) deploy to support soldiers. support begins with unit key leader was written as a user’s manual for units training at home station before de- being supported by contingency con- Normally they are among the first sol- ployment. Key leaders need to have a diers to deploy into an area of opera- tracting. It provides a doctrinal over- tions and the last to leave. This is criti- good understanding of the contingency view of contracting support for de- contracting process, know how to write ployed forces, then goes into detail on cal since the contingency contracting statements of work, obtain sources of officer is needed to support advance how units should plan for contracting parties, as well as put contracts in place funding, and what contingency con- support, obtain contracting support, and tracting can and can’t legally provide. lists supported unit responsibilities in to receive and support the influx of Like any other Army process, good troops and equipment as the main body the contracting process. arrives. After operations terminate and contingency contracting requires thor- ough prior planning. As much as possi- Terms and Definitions the bulk of soldiers depart the area of ble, before units deploy, they need to operations, the CCO remains behind to Before getting to the process of con- close contracts and ensure vendors are identify their requirements and plan for tingency contracting, it is important to how they will acquire them once in the have a common understanding of key paid. area of operations, either through the terms. FM 100-10-2 defines acquisition Contingency contracting officers are Army supply system, host nation sup- as the process by which the Army ob- normally assigned to divisions and port, unit IMPAC credit cards, or con- tains the materiel and services required corps. However, by doctrine, when a tingency contracting. This plan be- to accomplish its mission.2 Deployed CCO deploys to an area of operations, comes the acquisition support plan and ARMOR —July-August 2000 35

START should be an annex to the deployment operations order. FM 101-5, Staff Organization and Op- erations, provides a sample outline for IDENTIFY a service support annex to an opera- REQUIREMENT tions order.6 This sample annex doesn’t specifically address contingency con- tracting support. However, many of the materiel and services listed in the annex CAN YES may be provided by contract support. MILITARY USE MILITARY Under each materiel and service, the CS/CSS OR HNS OR HNS SYSTEM service support annex drafter can note PROVIDE? if that materiel or service will be pro- vided by contract support. The service support annex is also a good place in the operations order to detail the proc- NO ess specific to that mission for obtain- ing contract support. Going into this IS YES USE UNIT kind of detail in the planning stage of PURCHASE < $25K IMPAC CARD the operation causes the supporters to ($2.5K CONUS) address such questions as what is avail- able through contract support, what is the process for obtaining such support, and what is the process for obtaining NO approval and funding for the support. WRITE STATEMENT The annex can also list information on OF WORK what support the unit intends to acquire through unit IMPAC credit cards and the process for making those purchases. GET APPROVAL The Contracting Process AND FUNDING The flow chart at right depicts the contracting process as it applies at the brigade and task force level. The acqui- GIVE TO sition process begins when the unit (the CONTRACTING requiring activity) identifies a need for support services or supplies (the re- quirement). At the brigade or task force level, the S4 is the key unit player in CONTRACTING the acquisition process and is usually PURCHASES responsible for managing the require- ment determination process. The S4 determines if the unit can receive the requirement through Army supply channels or through host nation support (HNS), in the required quantity and quality, in the available amount of time. SUPPORT END If the requirement is available through PROVIDED traditional Army supply channels or through host nation support, the S4 places a requisition and receives the the Continental United States, this limit through specifications, quantities need- needed supply or service. drops to $2,500. If the S4 determines ed, dates, and delivery location. The If the requirement isn’t available that the requirement can’t be filled for statement of work can be as simple as a through either of these sources, the S4 less than $25,000 ($2,500 CONUS), the statement of how many units of a par- determines the projected cost of the unit must initiate the formal contracting ticular item a unit needs, when it needs requirement. If the unit is deployed process. them, and where to find detailed engi- outside the continental United States neering drawings or detailed descrip- and the supply or service is available The unit initiates the formal contract- tions of services. If the statement of from a commercial source also outside ing process by writing a detailed state- work is brief, the requiring activity can the continental United States for under ment of work, obtaining a cost esti- write the statement of work on the pur- $25,000, a unit IMPAC cardholder mate, and completing a purchase re- chase request or attach the statement of should make the purchase.7 If the unit quest (PR&C, usually a DA Form work to the purchase request. The key is located inside the Continental United 3953) for the estimated cost of the re- is that the statement of work provides States or the requirement must be pur- quirement. The statement of work pro- enough detail for the contracting officer chased from a vendor located within vides a description of the requirement to purchase what the unit needs. 36 ARMOR —July-August 2000

The cost estimate is an independent chase request, he or she will purchase reasons, CCOs appoint contracting of- government estimate of the expected the supply or service. In a mature envi- ficer’s representatives. CORs come cost of obtaining the requirement. The ronment, the CCO may purchase the from the supported unit, usually are cost estimate determines the amount of item locally through an existing agree- very knowledgeable on the supply or money requested on the PR&C. Units ment with a local vendor or by initiat- service they’re appointed for, and act as can get price estimates by surveying the ing a new contract (purchase order). If the eyes and ears of the contracting local market or using prices from recent there is a stable banking system, an officer. CORs ensure the contracted purchases of similar requirements. The Army finance office will make pay- supplies and services are delivered on local contracting office is a good place ment electronically to the vendor’s time, to the right location, in the right to visit for price estimate information bank. In an undeveloped environment, quantity and quality. They fill-out re- and information on the local market. where there may be no local banking ceiving reports and notify the contract- system or stable currency, the CCO ing officer if something is wrong with a The purchase request serves as the ve- may make the purchase using a Stan- delivery or service. The specific re- hicle for approval and funding. A good purchase request provides important dard Form 44 as the contracting docu- sponsibilities and limitations of the ment and pay the vendor with cash COR’s authority is specifically spelled information for the person making the through a Class A agent. out in their appointment orders from purchase. The purchase request should have the name and signature of the per- In an environment such as Somalia in the CCO. son in the unit authorized to approve ’92/’93, where there is no local infra- If a unit finds itself in an area that purchase requests, the name and phone structure and nothing available for pur- lacks a solid banking infrastructure number or location of the unit’s point chase, the CCO may purchase supplies where vendors will only accept cash of contact for the requirement, and the and equipment from neighboring coun- payment, the CCO may require the use amount of funds the unit is requesting tries and have them shipped into the of a Class A agent. The Class A agent for the purchase. The unit gets the pur- local area of operations. The CCO can may come from the supported unit, is chase request approved by the person also purchase supplies and services usually armed, carries large amounts of authorized to make final approval for from vendors in the U.S. either by cash, and pays vendors for supplies and purchases in the area of operations. phone, fax, or Internet. services purchased by the CCO. CCOs Usually this process also includes rout- cannot act as Class A agents and they ing the PR&C by the local property Additional Players in Contingency should not act as receiving agents for book officer to ensure that non-expend- Contracting supplies or services for which they con- able items are recorded on the unit’s In a large-scale deployment, contin- tract. property book during the receiving process. Finally, the requesting activity gency contracting officers cannot per- IMPAC Credit Cards sonally make all the purchases for the gets funds certified through the desig- deployed units they support. Currently, During a contingency deployment, nated resource management or comp- unit IMPAC credit cardholders are a troller office. It is the requiring activ- divisions are assigned at most, two con- critical resource for acquiring supplies tingency contracting officers. Desert ity’s responsibility to provide a state- Shield/Storm, Restore Hope, and Op- and services for the deployed unit. ment of work, the cost estimate, and the Cardholders can make purchases quick- approved purchase request with certi- eration Joint Guard showed that it takes ly and by involving the end-user, card- approximately ten contingency con- fied funds to the contracting officer. tracting officers to adequately support a holders ensure that the right item or service is purchased. Recently, the De- Funding division-size unit of approximately partment of Defense enacted Defense 15,000 soldiers. Even after augmenting Resource managers can provide fund- contingency contracting offices with Federal Acquisition Regulation Subpart ing for individual purchases on indi- 213.301. This DFAR revision raises vidual PR&Cs or they can provide bulk CCOs from corps and undeployed or- the micro-purchase threshold (the limit funds ganizations, there is a contracting capa- . Individual PR&Cs can be used to bility shortfall. This shortfall is offset for IMPAC cardholders to make sim- fund individual IMPAC card purchases ple over-the-counter purchases) from under $25,000 as well as formal con- by the use of field ordering officers $2,500 to $25,000 for commercial pur- (FOOs) and contracting officer’s repre- tracts. On the other hand, bulk funds sentatives (CORs) supplied by sup- chases made outside the U.S. for sup- provide authorization for IMPAC card plies or services to be used outside the holders or contracting officers to make ported units. U.S. The majority of task force level multiple purchases against a specified Field ordering officers are trained by requirements fall under the $25,000 fund cite without going through the contracting officers, and appointed in micro-purchase limit. PR&C process for each purchase.8 writing by the chief of the local con- In addition to speeding up the acquisi- When contingency contracting offi- tracting office. They make purchases tion process, use of the IMPAC card against a specific fund set up by the cers deploy to prepare for arrival of CCO. FOOs are supplied by the sup- also saves the Army money. The Army main body forces, it is critical to the Audit Agency has found that the Army success of the mission that they receive ported unit and usually are appointed saves an average of $92 per purchase in for a particular type of supply. An ex- bulk funding authority prior to their de- ample is a mess NCO appointed as a processing costs when a unit uses an ployment to cover all contracting re- IMPAC card rather having a contract- FOO to order certain types of food quirements for the first 30 days.9 ing officer execute a purchase order. items for a mess hall. Contracting Officer Purchases Deploying units can assign deploying Contracting officers can’t be every- the Requirement where at once and are not experts on personnel additional duties as card- After the contracting officer receives each of the many types of supplies and the statement of work and funded pur- services they purchase. For these two Continued on Page 56 ARMOR — July-August 2000 37

The United States Army, National Guard, and Reserves: Can the One-Team Concept Mean One “Equal” Team? by Captain Michael L. Scholes, Sr.

(This article also appeared in the Winter For example, the Air Force is experienc- are The Army, and we will work to struc- 2000 edition of National Guard Review.) ing tremendous readiness issues because ture ourselves accordingly.4 pilots who complete their initial obliga- The Army recently announced the need There are two ways in which DoD can to involve Reserve Component units in tion are resigning their commissions to use the RC in peacetime. Federal law make more money in the commercial the NATO stabilization role in Bosnia. airline industry, without having to de- provides the President with the ability to Since 1989, the number of Army de- order reservists involuntarily to active ployments has grown by over 300%, yet ploy for months at a time. Air Force duty for 270 days. (10 U.S.C. 12304) capabilities were stressed by recent air the Army’s Active Component (AC) and strikes in Kosovo, Yugoslavia, while This process is known as the Presidential Reserve Component (RC) strength have Selected Reserve Call-up (PRSC) author- maintaining air patrols over Iraq. This shrunk by over 40%.1 This reality has ity. The other way is for the individual need for aircrew deployed to both thea- forced the Army to develop a strategy ters was taxing for many of the pilots reservists to volunteer for a specified that involves maximum participation of mission or duty. With the mission of the RC units to help ease the burden on the who had to fly these missions. All RC changing to fit the One Team con- branches of service are experiencing active force. Should this be necessary? similar circumstances and are struggling cept, the need for them to accept more Should the Department of Defense (DoD) long-term operations, relieving the bur- expect the RC force to play such a pivotal to fill the holes in the dike. This reality den on the AC, is becoming more and is forcing a DoD policy change that uses role in our nation’s defense, or are they more and more reserve forces in active more necessary. asking too much of a part-time force in a peacetime Army? missions, such as peacekeeping opera- The Army recently announced specific tions, while active forces concentrate on RC units for service in Bosnia as part of The need for more soldiers participating maintaining readiness to react to possi- the NATO Stabilization Force. The 49th in Operations Other Than War (OOTW) ble MRC missions or contingency op- Armored Division, headquartered in Aus- missions has increased dramatically over erations. tin, Texas, is a National Guard unit that is the last decade since the end of the Cold already part of the SFOR mission in Bos- The RC is made up of the Army Re- War. This reality was not fully appreci- serve, Army National Guard, Air Force nia. Other National Guard units have ated or anticipated by our government been notified or alerted that their units when legislation was passed, pushed by Reserve, Naval Reserve, Marine Corps have been chosen to support this OOTW Reserve, Air National Guard, and the the Clinton Administration, that aggres- Coast Guard Reserve. The RC has always operation. This call-up is significant in sively undercut the manpower and budget the fact that whole units will be called for of the military. Because of these budget- played an instrumental role in our na- nine months, severely affecting the com- tion’s defense. They are counted on to ary policy changes, the ability of the AC provide the necessary leverage to offset munities where they are located. In war- to deploy and fight in two separate Major 3 time or other national emergencies, this the risks of a smaller active duty force. Regional Conflicts (MRCs)2 has been reality would be expected and antici- Historically, the RC has been used more diminished. Congressional testimony by in combat support roles, but the need to pated. However, should it be necessary or DoD officials and the Joint Chiefs of expected that a RC unit would deploy for Staff put into question the United States’ fill the gaps left by a shrinking active such a length of time because of a de- force has caused a change in policy by ability to meet this policy. Also, added to the DoD. Now, buzz words by the Army pleted active force? this MRC reaction capability is the in- creased use of our forces in OOTW op- leadership describe the AC and RC units The Army Vision expects its forces to as the “Total Force” or “The Army” or dominate any force or enemy that threat- erations around the world, including So- “One Team” in an attempt to change the ens our nation: malia, Haiti, Bosnia, Kosovo, etc. This stigma that has been viewed toward the policy change to use American soldiers The Army will be responsive and domi- RC force by the AC force. General Eric as Stabilization Forces (SFOR) was not K. Shinseki, as part of his remarks at a nant at every point on that spectrum. We planned nor anticipated when the two- will provide to the nation an array of de- ceremony welcoming him as the 34th MRC criterion was established. ployable, agile, versatile, lethal, surviv- Chief of Staff of the United States Army, This ability to respond to so many con- stated: able, and sustainable formations, which tingency operations has placed stress on are affordable and capable of reversing the conditions of human suffering rapidly an active military that has seen resource Today, I declare that we are The Army and resolving conflicts decisively. The cuts by as much as one-third of its size — totally integrated, with a unity of pur- Army’s deployment is the surest sign of since the Gulf War. The missions have pose — no longer the Total Army, no America’s commitment to accomplishing increased since the Gulf War, but the longer the One Army. We are The Army, any mission that occurs on land.5 resources have diminished. The core and we will march into the 21st century as mission-essential units in DoD are al- The Army. We acknowledge our compo- The question remains as to how the RC ready feeling the effects of this policy. nents and their unique strengths. But we force should meet this vision statement. 38 ARMOR — July-August 2000

ments, training events, SFOR mis- sions, or other readiness exercises. These limited call-ups would help to prepare the RC units for possible national emergencies and defense missions in accordance with their mission. There is no question that history has taught us that a robust citizen soldier force is vital to the nation’s preparedness in case of a threat to our national defense. How- ever, there needs to be clear separa- tion between the missions of the AC and RC force — they are not equal. The expectations of the DoD and the expectations of the American public and private sector should balance. Sacrifices will have to be made by all sides, including Congress and the White House. There are many possible solutions to help create balanced expectations. The most important involves the defense budget, which gets axed, trimmed, attacked, and filibustered every year. The defense budget is the easiest budget line to get cut or ma- nipulated during every budgetary session. Even the most efficient use of re- sources cannot compensate for a lack of resources… Defense spend- ing accounts for 3.0 percent of GDP There is no question as to whether the RC government can ask of the local business and is declining — the lowest since Pearl can benefit from deployments on “real leaders, entrepreneurs, families, and the Harbor—while the armed forces are as world” missions. In 1998, service mem- communities of these part-time service- busy as ever.6 bers participated in 178 projects in 39 men trying to perform in a full-time role. states in fiscal year 1998 and in more The more these entities are treated as It’s easier to tell the soldier he has to do than 200 projects during fiscal year 1999. equal partners on the same team, the without than to tell the same thing to a The Innovative Readiness Training Pro- more the differences between the two particular voting district. The American gram (IRTP), established in 1993, in- contrasts — same team, but not equals. public demands, and the Constitution volved the Guard in a majority of the dictates, that the United States’ legislative programs that help to support the Presi- A typical RC unit is composed of public and executive branches provide for the servants (mainly law enforcement per- nation’s defense. To do that effectively, dent’s Rebuild of America program. The sonnel), entrepreneurs, full-time college program provided reserve units the ability they need to provide the resources neces- and flexibility to maintain readiness and students, business leaders and employees, sary to keep the military well fed, trained, and a myriad of other positions in which and manned to accomplish any mission act in concert with the “Total Force.” the servicemen fill managerial roles. However, these deployments involved that the President and/or Congress deems smaller units for less time than a NATO Their parent organizations have sup- in our best interest. Soldiers do not care ported these employees through countless about the politics involved in the execu- Stabilization Force will require. The pol- deployments, weekend training events or icy of involving more and more RC units tion of policy by either of those sacred in long-term peacekeeping missions to IDTs, call-ups, and annual training (AT) bodies. However, we [the American exercises. Asking them to accept yet an- public] expect the Army leadership to be supplement the mission load of the AC other exercise that is longer in duration will not survive the test of time. given the resources necessary to ef- (nine months, including the unit’s train- fectively accomplish any mission. Also, The “One Team” concept, though good up to prepare for deployment), which is our leaders are equally expected to take in theory, cannot mean one equal team not national defense-critical, may be ask- care of those soldiers in their charge who performing the same role — active does ing them to swallow one bitter pill too are expected to carry out the missions not equal reserve. If it did, why have the much. assigned. MG Edison E. Scholes (USA, AC? The more the DoD tries to make the Ret.) once said that: National Guard and Reserve equal mem- In peacetime, the RC should have lim- bers of the same team, the quicker the ited involvement in the same missions the …This country never meant for anybody policy will fail. There is just so much the AC performs during real world deploy- but the best, the most dedicated, the most ARMOR — July-August 2000 39

“The United States Army, National Guard, and the Reserve make a powerful combination. This triad has proven its ability to win on the battle- field, but let’s not forget the particular role they play and how they affect our society.”

selfless — to have the power of life and keeping deployment will mean for a 4Reimer, Dennis J. General (USA Ret). Intent of death over those they lead and those that community, is to take advantage of the the Chief of Staff, Army. Active/Reserve Compo- must go in harm’s way to represent what trust that community and the nation nent Integration Homepage, June 23, 1999, http:// this country stands for…7 places in its leaders. Politicians need to www.paed.army.mil/acrc/oneteam/yellow9904.htm fix the problem of diminishing military 5 The government is entrusted to ensure The Army Vision: Soldiers On Point for the the AC and RC is prepared for any call- resources. Soldiers are our nation’s treas- Nation…Persuasive in Peace, Invincible in War. ure and need to be given the proper re- Army Chief of Staff Homepage. December 29, ing. Let’s not forget history that demon- sources, allowing them the ability to suc- 1999. http://www.hqda.army.mil/ ocsa/vision.htm strates how legislative actions and policy manipulation seriously undercut defense cessfully accomplish the role they play in 6One Team, One Fight, One Future: Total Army our nation’s defense. spending, compromising the readiness of Integration. Active/Reserve Component Integra- the armed forces and their ability to react In conclusion, working as a team, the tion Homepage. http://www.paed.army.mil/acrc to provoked attacks; December 7, 1941 U.S. Army, National Guard, and Reserve 7Scholes, Edison E. MG (USA, Ret.). Letter to (WWII), Task Force Smith (Korean are necessary forces to deter and elimi- the author. February 17, 1997. War), and the Tet Offensive (Vietnam). nate the threats of the XXI Century. This 8Moore, Harold G. LTG (USA Ret) and Gallo- In We Were Soldiers Once and Young, triad, working together, creates the flexi- way, Joseph (Contributor). We Were Soldiers Colonel Harold Moore chronicled how bility necessary to compete in a global Once and Young. Random House, New York. seasoned War World II and Korean War theater while dealing with diminishing 1991. veterans were rifted after each conflict, resources in the annual defense budget affecting his unit’s readiness just before it battle in Congress. However, it needs to was to deploy to Vietnam. be realized that the more these three Works Cited components are made equals, the harder We were the children of the 1950s and it will be to define the lines of mission Gilmore, Gerry J. Army to Develop Future Force John F. Kennedy’s young stalwarts of the Now, Says Shinseki, Army News Service, Oc- responsibility in the future. It will also tober 13, 1999 early 1960s. He told the world that Ameri- make it easier for the DoD to task a Re- cans would go anywhere, pay any price, serve or National Guard unit for longer Pomeroy, Gary MSGT. Air Force News, Fogle- bear any burden in the defense of free- deployments, filling the void left by the man to Examine Total Force. http://www.af.mil/ dom. We were the down payment on that AC, enhancing their expectations and news/Jan1995/n19950123_040.html costly contract, but the man who signed it dependence on the RC’s increased role. Reimer, Dennis J. General (USA, Ret.). Personal was not there when we fulfilled his prom- 8 E-mail to LTC Nick Justice, One Team, One ise… These forces are not equals, and should Fight, One Future — One Year Later. June 4, not be tasked as equals. The RC should 1999. http://www.paed.army.mil/acrc /oneteam/ His unit had been assembled, trained to be used to provide the AC the flexibility a razor’s edge, and then undercut just yellow9904.htm before it was ordered to combat. Its ef- necessary to lessen the burden of an al- ready overburdened mission load. The fects were devastating, resulting in need- Constitution and the American people CPT Michael L. Scholes was com- less loss of life, equipment, and material. The Vietnam War is remembered today demand that we give the military the nec- missioned in Armor from North essary resources to defend our great na- Georgia College in 1988. He served as a war that was a political quagmire tion. This responsibility not only protects pitting the politicians on Capitol Hill as a tank platoon leader, executive against the commanders in the field who the nation but the soldiers who are ex- officer, assistant S3, and support pected to carry out that mission unsel- platoon leader for 3-73 Armor, 82nd couldn’t use the resources or doctrine at fishly — we owe it to them. hand to fight and win. Airborne Division. He was a SMO, If the necessary resources were made Notes commanded in the 1-16th Cavalry Regiment, and was the chief of Ar- available to the AC, the need to involve 1 U.S. Army News Release. Army Announces mor Platoon Training and Doctrine the RC in more and more of the active Unit Rotation Plan For Bosnia Release #99-100, roles would dissipate. The United States October 26, 1999. at Fort Knox. Following graduate Army, National Guard, and the Reserve 2When the Clinton Administration pushed for a school and an ROTC assignment at make a powerful combination. This triad Reduction in Force (RIF), they used the two Georgia Military College, he be- has proven its ability to win on the battle- MRC capability as a gage in determining the size came a senior trainer for the 1- field, but let’s not forget the particular of the active force. It was determined the force 108th Armor Battalion at Calhoun, role they play and how they affect our needed to be large enough to be able to support Ga. He has completed the CAS3, society. The roots of the RC run deep two separate major conflicts simultaneously. AOAC, AOBC, Jumpmaster, Air- throughout the communities in which 3Department of Defense, Office of the Executive they belong. To think otherwise, not con- Secretary, National Guard and Reserve, Chapter borne, NBC Defense, and Air Move- sidering the long-term effects a peace- 22, http://www.dtic.mil/adr97/chap22.html ment courses. 40 ARMOR — July-August 2000 ENROUTE TO THE BALKANS

The 49th AD Ships Out

Texas National Guard soldiers of the 49th Armored Division, recently called up to serve in the Balkans for a period of nine months, leave their jobs and families and board charter aircraft for the flight to Europe as the division’s equipment is shipped out by sea.

Photo at left by John Randt, MTMC PAO Other photos by MAJ Ronald J. Elliott, Task Force Eagle PAO

ARMOR — July-August 2000 41

What to Make of National Guard Tankers?

Strong unit cohesion is a given...they’ve been together for years by First Lieutenant Jim Sosnicky

When I left the Regular Army under the joined to get out of going to war, many leave one chain of command to enter Voluntary Early Release and Retirement present-day Guardsmen are veterans of another. The result is that these men Program (VERRP) in 1995, I was re- Operation Desert Storm. These are men never lose the “military mindset,” which quired to complete my active duty service who joined the Guard after their time on in turn adds to the professionalism of the obligation (ADSO) in the Army National active duty because they wanted to main- unit. This mindset rubs off on those of us Guard. tain ties with the military, not men who who do not work in civil service. joined the Guard to avoid combat. The My image of the National Guard had Whatever the civilian occupation, when not been a good one. Kent State. Over- difference is a fundamental one, and goes a soldier leaves active duty he doesn’t go a long way toward explaining the profes- weight slobs guzzling beer on the gun- sionalism of the modern Army National into a vacuum. He gets a job, he buys a nery range. Draft dodgers who joined the dog, he gets older, he finds a wife, he has Guard in the late Sixties and early Seven- Guard. The majority of company grade some kids, he continues his civilian edu- officers in 1-101 Cav have prior active ties to avoid service in Vietnam. Plus, duty experience. Four of these young of- cation, he often advances into manage- how could a tank battalion be run on a ment positions at work. All of these com- part-time basis? While I had been as- ficers are graduates of West Point. Three bine to make him a more mature, more of these West Pointers — the CO, the signed to 1-34 AR and 2-34 AR at Fort XO, and the third platoon leader, are in intelligent, more able-to-take charge sol- Riley, I’d observed that tanking was a dier. A sergeant who, in civilian life, has full-time… correction… an over-time Delta Company. (Yes, I meant to say to manage a family and a mortgage and company. For some strange reason of job. A company commander in 2-34 AR lineage that I don’t understand, our cav- an office and his evening master’s degree who had served in the Guard while going program is at least as mature and respon- through ROTC in college told me that it alry squadron has companies, not troops.) sible as his active-duty counterpart. For the rest of this article, I will focus on was “a nice club to be in, but not much Delta Company, as this is the unit about Unit Cohesion else.” “Sir, I heard you’re joining the Nasty Girl,” a mortarman from HHC which I have the most intimate knowl- The men of Delta Company have served edge. remarked as I was about to ETS. “God together for several years. One of the help ya.” Ninety percent of Delta Company’s things that bothered me about an active members are former active duty soldiers. duty armor unit — no matter what rea- So it was with much trepidation that I reported for duty as the executive officer Fourteen are former active duty Marines. soned explanation I was given — was Former Marines are not unique to my that you spend a year building a team of C/1-104 Cav, Pennsylvania Army unit. They pepper the duty rosters of through platoon and company lanes, gun- National Guard, at Fort Indiantown Gap. A year later, due to a civilian job change, many an ARNG unit. The frequent de- nery cycles, countless hours in simula- ployment of the Marine Reserve is a big tors, combined arms live fire exercises I reported for duty as the XO of yet an- reason that several of these few good men (CALFEX), and finally with a rotation at other Guard unit, D/1-101 Cav, New York Army National Guard, in New- cross over to the Army. Another is the the NTC. And then, when you’re finally absence of a Marine combat unit nearby. all working together like a machine, burgh, N.Y. I am still serving in this Guys who were Marine infantrymen are PCSes and ETSes bust you all up, and capacity. now ARNG tankers. The Marines’ loss is you have to start building a team all over I have been in the Guard for a few years the Army’s gain. Every Marine brings again. In the Army National Guard, pro- now and have participated in enough with him a duty-first, Semper Fi mental- motion is slow and movement outside of weekend drills, annual training rotations, ity that is quite comforting and inspiring one’s battalion in limited. The positive and disaster relief efforts to draw some to be around. The presence of 14 former result of this is that men spend more time conclusions about the quality of the citi- Marines in our company stiffens our working together, building tighter crews, zen-soldier and the effectiveness of an backbone quite a bit and adds tremen- platoons, and companies. A sense of heri- Army National Guard armor unit. dously to our professionalism. tage and tradition that develops only with shared time and shared events does in- Personnel About 75 percent of Delta Company is employed by the highway patrol, the state deed flourish in the National Guard. And while promotions are slow, the STAP The first stereotype that I found to be correctional system, and several munici- program (Select Train Assign Promote) untrue was the overwhelming presence of pal police and fire departments. Again, fat, beer-guzzling draft-dodgers. Never this is not rare. It has been my observa- ensures that upward mobility does indeed happen. once have I seen or heard about alcohol tion, while serving in two units and talk- being consumed in the field. The over- ing to soldiers from many more, that One out of four weekends each month, a whelming majority of soldiers in the many active duty soldiers who ETS trade fourth of a Guard soldier’s free time, is Guard units I have observed have prior in their battle dress uniform for the uni- spent with his unit. Over half of our drills active duty experience. Unlike the Viet- form of a civil servant. They go from one this year required us to take a Friday off nam-era Guardsman who may have disciplined environment to another. They of work, making a weekend drill actually 42 ARMOR — July-August 2000

three days long. The Guardsman spends active duty, whose field time has been are the two big tools National Guard two weeks out of the year at an active limited due to budget constraints. As the leaders rely on to keep a handle on things duty post with his unit. And, in the case active component relies more and more during the time between drills. of Delta Company, the governor, at least on simulators and expends fewer rounds once a year, mobilized us to do disaster during fewer gunnery cycles, the gap Support from active duty personnel also comes from the folks in the schoolhouse relief, whether it was after a tornado in between active and reserve narrows. and in the virtual schoolhouse. On-site upstate New York or when a hurricane Much coverage was given to the poor struck the lower Hudson Valley. Adding performance of National Guard tank units courses at Camp Smith, Fort Dix, and Fort Knox keep Delta Company tankers all of these together, and including week- at the NTC during the time of Desert abreast of current doctrine. And with the ly training meetings, a National Guard Shield/Desert Storm. As strange as is lieutenant or sergeant can expect to spend seems, that was nearly 10 years ago. Army’s distance learning program, NCOs can complete Phase I of BNCOC and 100 days each year wearing a uniform. Many of those soldiers were of the old ANCOC (to name two), while officers Most active duty folks don’t realize that. Guard, pre-STAP, pre-drawdown ilk. The Nor do they stop to think that this is all majority of company-level officers and can complete BMOC in total, Phase I of the Advanced Course (now, the Armor done on a person’s free time. men of today’s Guard have been on ac- Captains Career Course), and certain tive duty, and many served honorably Something else to consider: At Fort Ri- with active duty units during the Gulf phases of subsequent, more advanced, ley, a quarter to a third of our time was military education. Distance learning is a devoted to post details and routine ser- War.) wonderful thing and the men and women vices. While it’s true that a Guardsman A quick note on equipment. Most Guard who put it together and maintain the vari- spends more time out of uniform than he units train on M1 tanks. While not as hi- ous programs should know that their ef- does in, it is also true that active duty speed as its younger brothers, this tank forts are appreciated by citizen soldiers in tankers don’t spend every day on a tank. serves its purpose when it comes to keep- every state. ing current with maintenance procedures Solid Training in the Fundamentals Use of Army National Guard and gunnery skills. Tankers in Real-World Missions Each year, Delta Company tankers Can National Guard drivers drive a Army National Guard tankers train to complete common task training (CTT), tank? Yes. Can the loaders load, the gun- standard on individual, crew-level, and the tank crew gunnery skills test ners gun, and the TCs command? Yes, (TCGST), countless hours in the mobile yes, and yes. Do they work well together platoon-level tasks. A National Guard tank platoon can hold its own against any conduct of fire trainer (MCOFT), and as a crew? As a platoon? Yes and yes. Do platoon on active duty. Companies, be- then either two weeks of gunnery at Fort they have a basic understanding of ma- Drum or two weeks of simulated maneu- neuver tactics based on past active duty cause they are normally spread apart from each other across the state, enjoy ver training at Fort Knox. experience and continuous SIMNET great camaraderie and esprit d’corps. training? Yes. Would more maneuver This year, we will conduct one week of time on real tanks be helpful? Of course. Prior active duty experience, continued gunnery at Drum and one week of SIM- military education, and over 100 days of NET at Knox. Our relative proximity to Active Duty Support training together each year make these Fort Drum allows us to run through the companies a valuable addition to any preliminary tank tables during regular Delta Company conducts most of its larger team. With minimal preparation — drill weekends. This past annual training training at Fort Drum, Fort Knox, or Fort 30 to 60 days of continuous field exer- (AT), we conducted a live-fire of the new Dix. Because we are only a few hours by cises — Delta Company would be fully Tank Table VIII at Fort Drum with ob- bus from Fort Drum and Fort Dix, we can deployable for combat. In terms of battal- servers from the 3rd ID making sure we go to both places often. Being a couple ion-level deployments, I am too junior trained to standard. Eleven of our four- miles away from Stewart Air National to make that assessment. Personally, I teen crews qualified Q1, while the other Guard Base in Newburgh, we fly down to would feel better being deployed with my three were Q2. When it comes to individ- Fort Knox during two or three regular entire battalion for no other reason than it ual tank crew gunnery, we can hang with drill weekends each year to use the SIM- would be comforting to know a lieutenant anybody; active or reserve. As far as pla- NET and COFT facilities there. The full- colonel from the 1-101 Cav would have a toon-level gunnery, we will be conduct- time staff at all of these installations — say in how and where Delta Company ing a Tank Table XII for the first time whether they be active duty, active fought as part of a brigade combat team. this year. guard/reserve (AGR), or federal techni- cians — are always professional, and This ain’t your father’s National Guard. As far as maneuver training, company- It is a professional, well-functioning, war- level SIMNET exercises are always a they enthusiastically assist us in accom- fighting organization. For those on active plishing our training objectives. Without success. In terms of command and con- them, and without the full-time skeleton duty who might be assigned to work with trol, Delta Company is solid. What is a citizen-soldier tank unit, rest assured untested, however, is our ability to ma- crew organic to our company and HHC, that you and they will profit greatly from we could not accomplish our missions. neuver over long distances on real tanks, the experience. in the dark and cold and rain, with mal- The full-timers at home station do the functioning radios and thrown tracks. A basic maintenance, logistics, and admin- real weakness to be sure, but one that istrative duties necessary to keep our 1LT Jim Sosnicky is the XO of D/1- would be the primary focus of a 30- or company going. Weekly training meet- 101 Cav, NYARNG. He is a 1993 60-day train-up at the NTC prior to com- ings with all key part-time personnel are graduate of the United States Military bat. It is also a challenge faced by the also essential. The telephone and e-mail Academy. ARMOR — July-August 2000 43

Command Inventory from Page 29

item on your primary hand receipt print- EVERY item that has a serial number on (LLRT). Finally, ask your NBC NCO out from PBO. Write down the TM/SC the sub-hand receipt, even if the serial when your M-8 alarms and Chemical number and the date of publication, too. number is not listed on the primary hand Agent Monitors (CAMs) last had their It’s very important for you to have a mas- receipt from the PBO. This can help you annual “wipe-tests.” ter listing that shows this information. out in identifying your equipment if it is 6. Stay organized throughout the inven- Write a memorandum for the PBO to lost or stolen down the road. tory process. Keep a folder for each sub- document all the TMs and SCs that you used to conduct your inventories. This Commander’s Hint: Trailer-mounted hand receipt. I used “pocket-folders” and power generation equipment can be diffi- kept the master sub-hand receipts on one way, when it comes time for your cult to inventory when it comes to serial side and the related component hand re- change-of-command inventory, you have a reference to prove what you used to numbers. Normally, each trailer-mounted ceipts on the other. generator will have a serial number for conduct your inventory. The new com- the generator itself, one for the trailer, and Commander’s Hint: Keeping track of mander may show up with a more re- all the change documents on your sub- cent publication. It may list different a third one for the entire “power unit.” If hand receipts is no easy task. You really the generator has been equipped with an components than the one that you used, Acoustic Suppression Kit (ASK), then need a system of checks and balances to which could make it appear as though help your supply sergeant and to ensure you are missing something. you may have a fourth one on it, too. The that you account for everything. Depend- serial number that you are supposed to Commander’s Hint: Keeping a master use to account for it on the property book ing upon the size and activity of your company, you may have only a few or list of your property is one of the most is the one for the entire “power unit.” It is large numbers of changes in non-expend- important things you will do while in normally located on the front right side of command. I strongly recommend that the tongue of the trailer. Some of my able property on a month-to-month basis. I averaged 15 to 25 changes each month. you keep this data in a spreadsheet. The generators were missing the “power unit” I recommend that either you or your sup- benefits that you will reap from keeping data plate and I had problems trying to this type of spreadsheet up-to-date are figure out what was what. I built a ply officer maintain second copies of all sub-hand receipt. Have the supply ser- worth the 15 to 30 minutes that you will spreadsheet to help me keep it all straight. geant give you a copy of EVERY non- have to put into maintaining it each week. After the inventory, I added the power in kilowatts and frequency for each genera- expendable change document on a week- 2. Whenever you are missing a TM or ly basis. Put them in your sub-hand re- SC, send someone to try to find a copy. If tor into my spreadsheet and ended up ceipt folders and update your property using it as a reference several times per they find it, have them make a copy of month throughout my command. spreadsheet on a weekly basis. This way, the cover and the pages that show the you have two complete, up-to-date copies COEI, BII, and AAL. Your local Military Commander’s Hint: Wheeled vehicle- of all the sub-hand receipts. This can be a Occupational Specialty (MOS) library mounted radio installation kits can be a life saver for you. and Logistics Assistance Office (LAO) headache to inventory. These installation are two good places to look for TMs and kits are normally not part of the actual After the Inventory SCs. If they can’t find it, inventory as radio sets that mount in them. They are When you have finished accounting best as you can and be sure to document non-expendable and appear as a separate for all your property, sub-hand re- that you did not have the proper refer- LIN on your PBO primary hand receipt. ceipted everything down to the supervi- ences to inventory with. Keep a list of Often, these installation kits are com- sors and users, verified serial numbers, all the TMs and SCs that were missing posed of nothing but a bunch of expend- written memorandums for all deficien- and task your Publications NCO to get able/durable items, which can be requisi- cies, reconciled your non-expendable them ordered. tioned if short. Contact your local Com- shortage annexes, and finished all the munications & Electronic Command other things that I’ve mentioned above, Commander’s Hint: The supply room (CECOM) Logistics Assistance Repre- you should be ready to sign your pri- should already have a TM and SC library for your company. I’ve found that all too sentative if you have difficulty obtaining mary hand receipt from the PBO. After a component listing to identify the com- the change-of-command, don’t forget often Supply Rooms are missing at least ponents. to follow-up and ensure that shortage some of what you need. I recommend that you keep a TM/SC extract library in 4. When you inventory your arms TMs/SCs and all component shortages are placed on order. Electronic copies your office, as well as in the Supply room, be sure to inventory any Personally of some of the memorandums I’ve men- Room. Get an old “copy paper box” and Owned Weapons (POWs) that are stored file the COEI, BII, and AAL extracts in there. You are required to inventory these tioned in this article are available on the ARMOR website at: www.knox.army. LIN order. Some will say that this is “mi- as part of your monthly sensitive items mil/armormag/ja00indx.htm. Good luck! cro-management,” but this way you will inventories, too. always have what you need. It’s espe- 5. As you inventory, check torque cially nice on weekends and after duty wrenches and electronics test equipment hours when the supply sergeant isn’t MAJ Pat Flanders is an Ordnance around to let you in the supply room. for calibration stickers. Are they up to officer currently enrolled in the Com- date? If you don’t see any, ask your mand and General Staff College, Ft. 3. Check all serial numbers. Have the NCOs to find out if the items should be Leavenworth, Kan. He commanded supply sergeant prepare and submit enrolled in your calibration program. AARs for any minor deficiencies. If you Similarly, check your motor pool’s “jack- D Co, 701st Main Support Battalion, have any items where the serial numbers stands” and wrecker for “load tests.” Ask 1st ID, in Kitzingen, Germany. He is a are completely different, the PBO may when the last time your weapons were Microsoft-certified systems engineer require the outgoing commander to initi- submitted for their annual “gauging” and and holds a bachelor’s degree in ate a Report of Survey to correct the when your night vision devices last had electrical engineering from Clarkson problem. Make sure that you document semi-annual Low Level Resolution Tests University in Potsdam, New York. 44 ARMOR — July-August 2000

Editor’s Note: This essay won the second prize in the Draper Essay Contest, sponsored by the Draper Armor Leadership Award Fund to mark the 75th anniversary of the program. Con- testants were asked to write on the subject: “Leadership in the XXI Century — Digital Age.”

Riding To the Sound of the Guns: Leadership in the XXI Century — Digital Age by Major Scott L. Efflandt

In today’s era of vast change it is often that Armor/Cavalry leaders respond to order to gain an unprecedented and en- difficult to identify the path to victory.1 these challenges with actions that are during advantage.6 A RMA does not de- Clearly, our force’s success to date has both congruent with our dogma and fos- velop automatically from technological been built on the cornerstone of effective ter that Armor/Cavalry state of mind. advances as part of a teleological process, and inspirational leadership.2 The words but from the ability of military forces to of past mounted warriors — such as Stu- The Digital Age integrate new technology, change their art, Patton, and Abrams — and contem- methods and/or organization, and con- The economic and technological tri- 7 porary warriors — such as Ulmer, Bahn- umphs of the past few years have not cepts of war. In contrast, evolutions in sen, Thurman, Franks, Tate, and Funk — solved as many problems as we thought military affairs (EMA) develop from continue to resonate with timeless wis- incremental change and provide continu- 3 they would, and, in fact, have brought us dom. Yet because their words are time- new problems we did not foresee. — ity to previous generations. Evolving or- less, this sage advice cannot directly ad- ganizations, while they enjoy the in- Henry Ford II 5 dress the forthcoming challenges peculiar creased predictability that comes from to leaders in the digital age. This paper The rapid rate of change in so many ar- incremental change, become increasing- builds on our heritage to provide direc- eas clearly indicates the beginning of a ly vulnerable to organizations that ex- tion to Armored/Cavalry leaders in the new era — the digital age. During times perience a RMA. In effect, a RMA vic- digital age. In short, I argue that the fu- of large and rapid change, the truly effec- tory results from the leadership’s ability ture success of mounted warriors will tive leaders are those who identify the to avoid relegating change to an EMA. stem from our ability as leaders to look most significant changes and then enable Technological advances and social beyond how we have been successful and their organizations to act upon them. change in an environment are necessary instead focus on why we have been suc- Changes in the digital age relevant to the cessful. Although counterintuitive to the Armor/Cavalry community fall into one but insufficient for a RMA; it takes lead- 4 ership to complete the process. While traditional AAR method, such an ap- of two categories. The first category — many see recent technology advances proach is imperative for our branch to changes in military affairs — includes 8 outpace the current rate of change and changes that effect what missions we enabling a RMA, significant changes in three other areas also enable a RMA. continue its essential service to the Army. perform and how we do them. The sec- First, the nature of war is shifting. The ond category — changes in personnel Our branch, metaphorically speaking, is affairs — encompasses those factors re- combatants are often irregular forces a horse at full gallop; now, we, as leaders, seeking their own sovereignty with cross- lated to the soldiers we lead and how we must grab the reins and take charge of its national allegiance.9 Second, the methods lead them. direction. Towards this end, I begin by of warfare are changing. Peacekeeping identifying the salient changes of the Changes in Military Affairs and peace enforcement duties, as well as digital age as they apply to our force. humanitarian operations, have increas- These changes fall into two areas: a) A revolution in military affairs (RMA), ingly occupied the Army — a trend likely Leadership challenges relating to the by definition, occurs when a military to continue into the future.10 Finally, how mission and, b) Leadership challenges force fundamentally changes the way it and who we fight has undergone massive relating to soldiers. I close recommending operates, within a brief span of time, in change. Increasingly, the Army deploys ARMOR — July-August 2000 45

Figure 1: Leadership Process

greater our understanding of the situation, Leader TASK SITUATION the greater our potential to reconcile it Actions •Assigned •Environmental with the task and personnel (see Figure 16 mission factors 1). However, recognizing the potential •Established •Equipment of a situation is necessary, but not suffi- procedures •Societal cient for success. Organizations triumph conditions when the method and direction leaders provide exploits change. To identify the best method and direction for Armor/ Effective Cavalry organizations, respective leaders Leadership PERSONNEL should ground their actions against two •Personal tenets. First, leader actions in response to characteristics military affairs should reflect our dogma. •Organization Second, leaders must continue to develop in our personnel that Armor/Cavalry state of mind. Leadership and Military Affairs In the final analysis, you should never forget that the airplanes don’t fly, the Leader tanks don’t run …unless the sons and Actions daughters of America make them do it. A lot of people have been talking about the great technology, but they’ve been talking about that since the day I graduated [sic as part of a joint or multinational force against exterior threats. Clearly, the mag- from USMA in 1956]. — Norman where several separate entities judge our nitude of change associated with the digi- Schwarzkopf 17 11 performance against varying criteria. tal age necessitates Armor/Cavalry lead- Changes in military affairs do not by ers effectively transforming the force. themselves guarantee sufficient organiza- Changes in Personnel Affairs Our task, as Armor/Cavalry leaders, is tional change to produce a RMA — con- In spite of the above changes in military to ensure our force contributes to the sider the Polish cavalry in 1939.18 The affairs, soldiers will remain the fulcrum Army’s mission in the digital age. “Lead- rate of change in military affairs and mili- element of our force — yet they, too, ership is influencing people — by provid- tary organizations are non-linear and have undergone change. While the media ing purpose, direction, and motivation — independent of one another (see Figure labels each generation of recruits as dis- while operating to accomplish the mis- 2). Notably, the Army as a whole is at- tinct — with terms such as Generation X sion and improving the organization.”14 tempting to effect a RMA through infor- — Armor/Cavalry leaders need to enter Because “leadership is contextual,”15 the mation dominance,19 new doctrine,20 and the digital age recognizing larger person- nel changes. American society has un- dergone a “skill revolution.” As a conse- Figure 2: Rates of Change Comparison quence, people today are characterized by: a) an increased learning capacity, b) (Not to Scale) the ability to analyze causal sequences and see their position in world events, and c) the ability to recognize and articu- Armor/Cavalry change late their values.12 At the organizational Situation change level, our personnel are more demog- raphically varied, dispersed, and inter- EMA connected throughout the active and re- serve components than ever before.13 Leading in the Digital Age Ineffective force Clearly, before undertaking any change RMA to meet the digital age, an assessment is of Change Rate in order. For over 150 years, the mounted arm has been the decisive component of Army operations. As Armor/Cavalry leaders we must ask ourselves, how can we further this tradition and avoid resting on our laurels? Certainly we do not want 1939 1990 Digital Age to end up like the Samurai of ancient Japan who maintained internal order at Time the expense of adequate preparation 46 ARMOR — July-August 2000

Figure 3: Capitalizing on Changing Conditions

PAST TODAY NEAR FUTURE DIGITAL AGE in many other areas — ranging from Military force structure to training methods. Affairs While the Army as a whole seeks a RMA RMA, this does not guarantee that all of Armor Force: its sub-components will experience a Strong, RMA or develop proportionally. Thus, Relevant & the ranks of Armor branch must initiate Effective their own RMA. We must avoid the RMA temptation to respond to the new condi- tions of military affairs with incremental Personnel improvements and thus perpetuate an Affairs EMA. Because “organizational energy is finite,”21 Armor/Cavalry leaders must Armor: decide how and where to expend limited EMA Non resources, in response to the digital age, Essential to produce a RMA in their organizations. We cannot allow changes in technology to mask the larger changes in military affairs, and in turn limit or dilute our or- component. We cannot afford to define force and personally communicate to ganizational response. By adhering to our our relationship with subordinates by them the mission/intent, while taking the MOS, TO&E, or some other quantitative extra time to help them grab the horse’s dogma — a code of unfailing canons — 23 Armor/Cavalry leaders can identify the paradigm. More than anything else, reins. Personal interaction — as we nur- important changes to act upon. ours is a branch about people! ture, coach and mentor subordinates — Good situational awareness of the allows us to capitalize on the strengths of The function a military organization today’s soldier and build trust. Confi- performs on the battlefield — as opposed changes in personnel affairs enables lead- dence follows from trust and enables the to its methods — defines its dogma. The ers to capitalize on the opportunities af- forded. Since the attributes and values of necessary state of mind upon which our respective dogmas of Armor and Cavalry future success rests. are: a) Decisive action through the com- today’s soldiers diverge from those of ponents of shock, firepower, and maneu- previous generations, traditional methods Conclusion ver or; b) Reconnaissance, security, econ- of developing soldiers become rendered omy of force. The value of these roles obsolete in the digital age. Fortunately, Brethren, Armor and Cavalry is not de- remains timeless, as evident by their our Army has a history of responding to fined by the equipment we use, but by execution on foot, horseback, helicopter, such change. In WWII, American GIs, as what we do for the Army. As leaders, we and motor vehicles. Future Army mis- citizen soldiers, lacked the disposition have a responsibility to continue serving sions will continue to require that these necessary to attain the much-acclaimed our soldiers and Army through initiative Prussian model of conformity and obedi- and change. It is beneath us to stand by two roles be filled. Armor/Cavalry lead- 24 ers must develop units that continue to fill ence. Yet this “failing” was the very and wait for the conditions that suit us, this role in the digital age. To perpetuate reason for our branch’s success in the instead we must position ourselves so that hedgerows of Europe despite significant we are always riding to the sound of the the tradition, Armor/Cavalry leaders must 25 use our dogma as a guide to address the doctrinal and equipment shortcomings. guns — in whatever form that may take impact of all changes in military affairs in Previous generations of Armor/Cavalry (see Figure 3). Our dogma remains rele- order to effect a true RMA within our leaders capitalized on what the citizen vant and should guide us to, and through, branch. brought to the force by empowering sol- the digital age. Shock, firepower, maneu- diers with the requisite state of mind, ver; reconnaissance, security, economy of Leadership and Personnel rather than attempting to shape all into an force — we have a long history of exe- “ideal” soldier.26 cuting this dogma better than anyone Armor isn’t a branch, it’s a state of else. As a result, we owe it to the Army to mind. Successful Armor leaders, caval- In the digital age, our subordinates will continue the tradition. This is our worthy rymen, and fighter pilots share similar operate in a variety of roles, but all of these will require the personal fortitude responsibility as leaders. We fulfill this skills and mindsets. Systems are secon- responsibility by both developing effec- that embodies the state of mind that signi- dary to their state of mind. — John Kirk22 tive teams from high quality soldiers — fies mounted warriors.27 Rather than see Exceptional soldiers, troopers, and subordinate development in terms of who have an Armor/Cavalry state of crewmen have long been, and must con- mind — and capitalizing on the changes skills required for a duty position we in military affairs to lead a RMA. tinue as, the trademark of Armor branch. must: a) structure their development to This single element, more than any other, take advantage of the “skill revolution” has enabled victory. The Armor/Cavalry and, b) measure our success at develop- soldier’s state of mind — marked by ini- ing them by their internalization of the Notes tiative, daring, and intellect — spans our branch’s ethos. Ultimately our force is a 1This paper prepared for the 75th anniversary of near 200-year history as a hallmark char- brotherhood — a social network — that the Draper Leadership program. The contents acteristic. Leadership in the digital age extends across active/reserve components enclosed are solely the position of the author and means developing this spirit and intellect and beyond unit boundaries. Thus leaders do not explicitly or implicitly represent Armor in our soldiers at every level, in every must recognize all components as one branch, the U.S. Army, or the Department of ARMOR — July-August 2000 47

Depleted Uranium Defense. Permission to cite or reproduce beyond the Army Way (N.Y.: Harper Collins, 1996); from Page 33 the activities of the Draper program is available Moskos, Charles and James Burk, “The Post- from the author. Address questions and com- modern Military,” pp. 163-182 in The Adaptive ments to the author, whose name and address can Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, by be obtained from Director of the Office of the J. Burk, editor, (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transac- • Wear respiratory protection (mask), Chief of Armor, ATTN: ATZK-AR, Draper tion Publishers, 1998). Custodian, 1109 Sixth Ave. Fort Knox, KY cover exposed skin, and wear gloves, if 14Army, U.S., Field Manual 22-100: Army 40121-5000. you must handle or work around DU Leadership, 1996, accessed at: http://www.fm22- dust or residue. 2The author wishes to thank majors Clark 100.army.mil. 19 Aug. Backus and Jon Negin for their comments on Maintenance personnel assigned to bat- 15LeBoeuf, Joeseph, 1998, Program Director, earlier drafts. tle-damage assessment and repair teams Department of Behavioral Sciences and Leader- 3 receive an additional block of instruction. Davis, Burke, Jeb Stuart: The Last Cavalier ship, U.S. Military Academy.  (New York, N.Y.: Wings Books, [1957] 1994); Tier II Battle-Damage Assessment 16This conception differs from other models of Porter, Williamson, Patton’s Principles (Tucson, and Repair provides soldiers who rou- Ariz.: MCS Inc., 1979); Patton, George, Jr., War leadership that do not explicitly recognize the tinely work inside the crew compartment as I Knew It (New York, N.Y.: Bantam Books, changing effects of: a) the environment, see of armored vehicles with the knowledge [1947] 1975); Sorley, Lewis, Thunderbolt: Hughes, Robert, Robert Ginnett and Gordon Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of they need to take appropriate protective Creighton Abrams and the Army of His Times Curphy, Experience measures when required. The Ordnance (New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 1992); (Boston, Mass.: Irwin/McGraw Hill, 1999), p. 60; or b) the institutional inertia that can Center and School is developing a “DU Clancy, Tom, Into the Storm (New York, N.Y.: Kit” that contains a disposable HEPA Berkley Books, 1997); Reference to the leader- dictate how a task is performed, see DuBrien, Leadership ship principles of the other officers cited has Andrew, (New York, N.Y.: Houghton filter mask for nose and mouth, dispos- come from public addresses and personal conver- Mifflin Co., 1998), pp. 18-20. able gloves, wet wipes for decontaminat- sations with each from 1987-1998. 17Schwarzkopf, Norman, Address to the Corps. ing interior surfaces, and plastics bags to collect and dispose of these items after 4After Action Review. U.S. Military Academy, 15 May 1991, West Point, N.Y., Eisenhower Hall. use. 5Ford, Henry II, In Webster’s 21st Century 18A conceptual diagram, not an analytical his- Book of Quotations (Nashville, Tenn.: Thomas Chemical soldiers receive training be- torical comparison. Nelson, Inc., 1992), p. 275. yond the general awareness level. Tier III 19  6 Reimer, Dennis, 1997, CSA 97-01, Random NBC Advisor, provides the most de- For historical examples, see discussions of tailed technical information of the three “gunpowder revolution,” Porter, Bruce, War and Thoughts While Running, dtd 22 JAN 97, distrib- the Rise of the State: The Military Foundations of uted via e-mail. tiers. Every effort has been made to en- sure chemical NCOs and officers know Modern Politics (New York, N.Y.: The Free 20Kirk, John, “Controlling Armor’s Destiny,” Press, 1994), pp. 64-68; or the “pikemen pha- ARMOR Magazine, March-April 1999, pp. 8-15. how to properly advise their unit com- lanx,” Downing, Brian, The Military Revolution manders and staffs on the impact of DU and Political Change (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton 21Cone, Bob, 1995, Commander 1/3 ACR, Fort on unit operations. University Press, 1992), p. 61. Bliss, Texas. 22 Depleted uranium is the best ammuni- 7Kagan, Frederick, 1995, cited by Douglas Kirk, pp. 8-15. tion to defeat enemy armor, the best ar- Breaking the Phalanx Macgregor, (Westport, 23Military Occupational Specialty, Table of Or- mor to protect U.S. soldiers, and does not Conn.: Praeger, 1997), pp. 31-32. ganization and Equipment. present a health hazard when appropriate 8The periodicals and journals of our profession 24Ambrose, Stephen, Citizen Soldiers (New protective measures are taken. The in- cite multiple instances of technological im- York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1997). See also formation provided above sheds some provements that could lead to a RMA; informa- Cohen, Elliot. Citizens and Soldiers (Ithica, NY: light on the subject of depleted uranium. tion acquisition and transfer, target detection, Cornell University Press, 1985). munitions lethality and precision, and automation The controversy surrounding the use of to name just a few. 25Folkstad, William, The View from the Turret, DU probably will not disappear any time 9 (Shippensburd, Pa.: Burd Street Press, 1996). in the near future and research will con- Holsti, Kalevi, The State, War, and the State of tinue. Based on current information, DU War (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University 26Lindekk, Tore, 1992, “The Weberian Ideal- Press, 1996). does not pose a militarily significant Type: Development and Continuities,”Acta Soci- threat to soldiers who take basic measures 10Segal, David and Robert Waldman, “Multina- ologica, 35:285-297. to avoid unnecessary contact and expo- tional Peacekeeping Operations: Background and 27Ryan, Mike, 1999, explains how determina- sure. Effectiveness,” pp. 183-200 in The Adaptive tion in the faces of 19K soldiers operating as Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, by peacekeepers in Kosovo was critical to mission J. Burk, editor (New Brunswick, New Jersey: success. At the time this article was written, Transaction Publishers, 1998). 11Burk, James, “Thinking Through the End of Mike Sheheane was serving as the the Cold War,” pp. 25-48 in The Adaptive Mili- MAJ Scott Efflandt is an instructor Chief, Chemical Warrior Division, tary: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, by J. in the Department of Behavioral Warrior Department, DOTD, MAN- Burk, editor (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Sciences and Leadership at the SCEN. He is a career civil servant Publishers, 1998). U.S. Military Academy. He has and a retired U.S. Army Reserve 12Rosenau, James, “Armed Forces and Armed served as a tank platoon leader, officer. Sheheane is a graduate of Forces in a Turbulent World,” pp. 49-86 in The the Army Command and General Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent support platoon leader, company World, by J. Burk, editor, (New Brunswick, N.J.: XO, BMO, operations officer, and Staff College, and the Senior Train- Transaction Publishers, 1998). B Troop commander, 1st Sqdn, 3d ing Manager’s Course. He holds a 13Moskos, Charles and John Butler, All That We Cav. He has written for ARMOR master’s degree in both Education Can Be: Black Leadership and Racial Integration in the past. and Criminal Justice. 48 ARMOR — July-August 2000

ANOTHER LOOK AT HISTORY Wounded Knee — What Really Happened “Clearly, Wounded Knee Was No My Lai or Malmedy...”

by Major Mark A. Farrar

Late afternoon, December 29, 1890, Pine Ridge Reservation, Dakota Terri- tory. On a blanket of frozen snow, at an insignificant valley named for the nearby creek of “Wounded Knee,” 261 people lay dead or dying within a 400- meter perimeter. The casualties include men, women, and children from two Sioux tribes, soldiers of the U.S. 7th Cavalry, two newspaper reporters, an Army translator, and a Catholic priest. These human casualties of Wounded Knee have never been in question, but the motives, conduct of the partici- pants, and responsibility for the inci- dent have been left to us with a greatly revised, factually inaccurate, and ex- tremely one-sided version. According to these revisionist ac- counts, a drunken and disorderly 7th Cavalry rounded up helpless Native Americans and ruthlessly gunned them down to avenge Little Big Horn. Auto- matic weapons assisted the process of coldly murdering unarmed women and children, and the casualties inflicted on 7th Cavalry were a result of fratricide. Although this version sells well in po- litically correct circles, the facts of the event (which are supported by both Sioux and 7th Cavalry sources, the re- sults of an Army inquiry, an 1894 inde- pendent inquiry by the Bureau of In- dian Ethnology, a Presidential investi- gation, and my own research) speak otherwise. practiced this unusual mixture of Chris- edy resulted from a lack of food. Wounded Knee Background tian and Native American spiritualism Through government ineptitude, a simi- in a non-violent manner. However, the lar situation was in progress in the Da- The events leading to Wounded Knee 4 can be traced to one Indian named Wo- Dakota Territory reservations took a kota Territory. different interpretation. Two Indians voka.1 He claimed to have died, gone to (Short Bull and Kicking Bear) viewed By October 1890, the Ghost Dance heaven, and witnessed a millennial concentrated on two reservations: Stand- vision of an exclusive Indian world to the dance as a medium to bring the ing Rock (home to none other than Sit- come. The “new” world would be one Sioux nation to arms. They thought the millennium would occur faster if the ting Bull) and Pine Ridge (on the Da- devoid of the white man. Buffalo 2 kota/Nebraska border). The new agent would roam the plains once more. Dead white man were removed. of the Pine Ridge reservation, D. F. relatives would be reunited with their Still fresh in the public’s mind, was Royer, found himself facing a serious living families. The millennium would the Minnesota Sioux Uprising. In 1862, movement. On October 12, he frantic- result by singing and dancing. Wo- the Santee Sioux had risen up against ally reported that no less than half of voka’s vision became known as the the town of New Ulm, killing over 400 the 6,000 Pine Ridge Indians were “Ghost Dance.” Most Western tribes settlers.3 The main cause for that trag- ghost dancing and were beyond control ARMOR — July-August 2000 49

of tribal Indian police. He urgently re- Pine Ridge reservations. On November The Soldiers quested the Army to quell the dancing.5 17, 3,000 U.S. troops deployed onto the In 1890, COL James W. Forsyth com- The Department of Missouri com- Dakota reservations with the mission of manded 7th Cavalry. He had a distin- ending the Ghost Dance.13 Based upon mander, Gen. Nelson Miles, disagreed the botched incidents leading to mili- guished Civil War record, and had even with Royer’s assessment. Ten years been an aide de camp to General Philip earlier, Miles had been commander of tary intervention, a key tenet of the Sheridan (this apparently did not put operation was transfer of authority 20 the operation that brought Sitting Bull’s from the Indian agency to the Army. him in favor with Miles). Forsyth was tribe to the reservation.6 In the opinion respected in the regiment and exercised of Miles, the Army’s most experienced On December 1, the Secretary of the a much superior command environment Interior issued the following: “Agents Indian campaigner, the dance move- are instructed to obey and cooperate than his most famous predecessor, Cus- ment would fade away, and so Miles ter.21 Forsyth commanded two squad- vehemently opposed the use of force. with the military officers in all matters rons at Wounded Knee. Of these, six looking to the suppression of the out- Royer was not satisfied and went be- troop commanders had been in the break.”14 hind Miles’ back to request troops.7 regiment with Custer and five of the six The Miles/Royer disagreement would had been at Little Big Horn. Upon Sitting Bull’s death, many of his be the first of two disastrous civilian followers voluntarily turned themselves Attached to 7th Cavalry were a battery interferences. in. However, many bands were still of Hotchkiss guns (a popular Wounded roaming the badlands and were be- Knee myth is that 7th Cavalry had Gat- As the crisis entered its third week, it lieved armed. One band of particular ling (machine) guns and/or heavy artil- appeared that a show of force might possibly bring the uprising to a close. concern were refugees from Sitting lery. (The Hotchkiss gun was a light, Bull’s followers, under the leadership single-shot, one-horse-drawn howitzer To hasten the ending, agents and the of a chief named Big Foot. In the midst that fired a projectile about the size of military produced lists of key leaders of this already volatile situation, more a Bradley round). Also attached to 7th who were rounded up by Indian police.8 trouble erupted. On Christmas Day, a Cavalry was a troop of Indian scouts, One of the key leaders was Sitting Bull. band of Sioux (under Kicking Bear’s an odd assortment of media (three It had been on his personal invitation that the Ghost Dance was brought to leadership) attacked a unit of Cheyenne newspaper reporters), and a non-gov- U.S. scouts.15 The question of whether ernment agency representative (Father Standing Rock. Despite the reservation the uprising would evolve into an Francis Craft, a missionary at Pine agent’s (James McLaughlin’s) objec- tions, Sitting Bull continued to sponsor armed revolt was now beyond discus- Ridge). Also present were two inter- 9 sion. At this point, all of the operational preters, John Shangreau and Phillip the Ghost Dance. commander’s advice, guidance, and Wells. These two men would hear the Miles was very familiar with Sitting orders had been ignored or violated. last words of Big Foot and would later Bull and wanted to bring him in qui- Miles must have been furious, but the provide the interpretation that ended etly. He enlisted the aid of Sitting worst was yet to come. the fighting.22 Bull’s friend, William Cody (Buffalo Three days later, Kicking Bear’s Bill), to encourage Sitting Bull to sur- Big Foot’s Band render. In violation of Miles’ plans, group surrendered. The last element unaccounted for was Big Foot’s band. Agent McLaughlin diverted Cody and Big Foot’s refugees had eluded capture Big Foot’s refugees consisted of a sent his own Indian police to arrest mixture of Hunkpapa and Miniconjou the week previous and were still con- Sitting Bull.10 Just as Royer’s interfer- Sioux, totaling 340. Of these, 106 were sidered a threat. Miles issued the fol- 23 ence exacerbated an already tense sit- lowing instructions: Big Foot’s band braves. In terms of force ratios, the uation, MacLaughlin’s actions proved Sioux were outnumbered six to one. even more disastrous. As the Indian were to be apprehended, disarmed, and Based on that reality, it leads one to if not returned immediately to Standing police arrested Sitting Bull, a gunfight Rock, then to another reservation until wonder why they would even consider erupted. Within minutes, six Indian 16 fighting. It must be remembered that police were dead, including Sitting Bull the Ghost Dance was under control. these were tired, cold, hungry, and an- and eight of his followers.11 Ironically, It was with these orders that Major gry people who had just crossed South Sitting Bull was shot dead by one of his Samuel Whitside and 1st Squadron/7th Dakota on foot. To complicate matters, own people from the tribal police. Cavalry apprehended Big Foot on De- they were under the tragic belief that Perhaps sensing imminent govern- cember 28th. Whitside requested and they were wearing bullet-proof shirts. was granted immediate and uncondi- While today we would look in horror at ment intervention, Short Bull urged the tional surrender.17 Whitside directed the fact that the Sioux would start a Ghost Dancers to gather at a sacred place in the Dakota Badlands known as Big Foot’s band to encamp at a nearby fight in the immediate vicinity of their bend of Wounded Knee Creek. families, to them it was not a considera- the “Stronghold.” There they were to tion. Fighting for survival on the plains wait for the coming of an Indian mes- Whitside noted that Big Foot was suf- siah. He exhorted his followers to fering from pneumonia, so he had a was a business for everyone, whether it was a fight against nature, other Indi- dance, even if they were surrounded by Sibley tent (with stove) erected and ans, or the white man. Army troops.12 He also encouraged the sent the 7th Cavalry regimental surgeon dancers to don “ghost shirts” that were to look after the ailing chief.18 Because A cruel fact of the Indian Wars was believed to be bulletproof. of diminishing light, Whitside decided that it was not a conventional war. to hold off disarmament until morning. Quarter was something not expected When the Ghost Dancers moved to- He posted two troops to guard the val- nor frequently offered. Black Elk, a wards the Stronghold, the President ley and rested the remainder of the Sioux Indian who was at both Wound- ordered the Secretary of War to assume squadron and waited for the rest of the ed Knee and Little Big Horn, described military control of Standing Rock and regiment.19 a Big Horn scene from his youth that 50 ARMOR — July-August 2000

illustrates the universally understood camp with instructions for disarma- 1LT James Mann (K Troop) described “No Quarter” concept: “The women ment. Forsyth wanted the Winchester the search: “We went through the tents swarmed up the hill and began strip- rifles that Whitside had seen the day searching for arms, and while this was ping the soldiers… I saw something before.26 The braves gathered in a rough going on everyone seemed to be good funny. Two old women were stripping line in front of Big Foot’s tent where natured, and we had no thought of a soldier, who was wounded and play- Forsyth spoke through the interpreter.27 trouble. The enlisted men were not al- ing dead. When they had him naked, The Indian reaction was not what had lowed to go inside the tents and only they began to cut something that he been expected. The request for weap- took the arms as we officers handed had, and he jumped up and began fight- ons was met with extreme reluctance. them out. The squaws were sitting on ing with the two fat women. He was Two braves were sent to talk with Big bundles concealing guns and other swinging one of them around, while the Foot, accompanied by interpreter John arms…. The squaws made no resis- other was trying to stab him with her tance, and when we took the arms they knife. After a while, another woman seemed to be satisfied. Wallace (the rushed up and shoved her knife into troop commander) played with the him and he died really dead. It was children, chucking them under the chin funny to see the naked Wasichu (a “The women were and being as pleasant with them all as Sioux derogatory word for white man) thought to be concealing could be. He had picked up a stone war fighting with the fat women.”24 club, which he carried with him.”31 It weapons so they were should be noted that CPT Wallace was Despite the harsh realities of Indian searched. The search a veteran of Little Big Horn. This scene warfare and the fact that many of the 7th Cavalry officers and rank and file turned up weapons of all does not describe a vengeful prelude to imminent wholesale slaughter. had been eyewitnesses to the carnage descriptions, not just described above 14 years earlier, there Winchesters, but knives, While the search was in progress, is little or no evidence of a revenge trouble was brewing among the braves. motive. In fact, the actions of 7th Cav- axes, hatchets and bows John Shangreau recalls, “A medicine alry at Wounded Knee paint quite a with arrows.” man named Yellow Bird began inciting different picture. the Indians in front of Big Foot’s tent.” “Do not be afraid and let your hearts be Disarmament and Disaster strong to meet what is before you. We are all well aware that there are lots of Late on the 28th, Forsyth arrived with Shangreau. Even after being given the remainder of the regiment. His plan heated accommodations and medical soldiers about us and they have lots of care, Big Foot was distrustful. “Give up bullets, but I received assurance that for the 29th was as follows: Troops of their bullets cannot go towards you; the second squadron were to remain the bad guns, and keep the good ones,” 32 mounted in troop formation on three he told the braves. Shangreau strongly they will not penetrate you.” sides of the Indian camp. The first advised the chief to reconsider.28 The other interpreter (Wells) anx- squadron was to dismount and be held Forsyth instructed 20 Indians to iously reported Yellow Bird’s com- in reserve close by the fourth side to be search the camp for weapons. The ments to Whitside and Forsyth. The used in the event of difficulty during search had only produced 38 Winches- braves returned with several old and 33 disarmament. The Hotchkiss guns were serviceable firearms and set them near ters. There had to be more some- placed on the hill overlooking the Big Foot. Forsyth had Big Foot brought where. The only place left to search camp. At best, this formation was a was under the blankets worn by the 25 out of the tent with the hopes that he show of force or a security cordon. would encourage others to surrender braves. Spurious versions of Wounded Knee Winchesters. The ailing chief refused to We are left with a vivid description of claim that on the night of the 28th, the cooperate.29 Yellow Bird from Black Elk’s recollec- cavalrymen drank lots of whiskey and With no options left, Forsyth fell back tions: “Some had not given up their were still drunk the next morning. The on the plan he hoped would not be guns and so the soldiers were searching whiskey story, like the Gatling guns, is necessary. B and K troops were moved all the teepees, throwing things around another example of revisionist fabrica- into the Indian camp and positioned to and poking into everything. There was tion. No original source, either pro or separate the village (where the women a man called Yellow Bird, and he and con 7th Cavalry, mentions whiskey. If and children were seated) from the another man were standing in front of there had been drunken revelry, the braves. B and K troops now stood Big Foot’s teepee where Big Foot was incident would have been enough to about 30 meters behind the braves. lying sick. They had white sheets convict Forsyth during the post-Wound- Whitside and Hoff (the surgeon) re- around and over them with eyeholes to ed Knee inquiry that acquitted him of look through and they had guns under called that Forsyth again tried to coerce 34 all charges. the Indians to give up the Winchesters. these. He was told there were none left. At reveille on the 29th, rations were At approximately 0930, Forsyth or- distributed to the Indian camp. An hour Receiving no cooperation, Forsyth or- dered the search of the braves. He and a half later, the troops moved into dered a search of the village. The would later have to defend this course position. Troops A and I remained in women were thought to be concealing of action, but the post-Wounded Knee the same place occupied the night be- weapons so they were searched. The inquiry vindicated his actions. The key fore. The two troops that would receive search turned up weapons of all de- figures in this scene are Yellow Bird, the first hostile volley, B and K, formed scriptions, not just Winchesters, but and another Indian named Black Coy- at the head of the Army camp. Forsyth knives, axes, hatchets and bows with ote. Black Coyote was described by then sent the interpreters to the Indian arrows.30 Wounded Knee survivor, Turning Hawk, ARMOR — July-August 2000 51

as “a crazy man, a young man of very From a brief account by the artist Fre- a massacre.44 They stress that the troops bad influence and in fact a nobody.”35 derick Remington, we have additional pursued unarmed non-combatants and It was this “nobody” and Yellow Bird verification: “Lying on his back, with a shot them indiscriminately. The evi- bullet through the body (1LT Mann dence left to us indicates otherwise. that bear responsibility for the events would eventually die from his wounds), leading to violence. Several eyewitness The most controversial subject of descriptions have been left to us and all Lieutenant Mann grew stern when he Wounded Knee was the use of the got to the critical point in his story. I are worth examining. saw three or four bucks drop their blan- Hotchkiss guns. The Indian sources state that as soon as the fighting According to a Sioux brave named kets, and I saw that they were armed. erupted, the Hotchkiss guns immedi- Spotted Horse, Black Coyote started Be ready to fire, men, there is going to 45 the firing. He recalls, “This man shot be trouble… Oh yes, Mann, but the ately opened fire into the valley. This means that Hotchkiss fire would have an officer in the Army; the first shot trouble began when the old medicine engaged soldiers and Indians. CPT killed this officer… As soon as this man threw the dust in the air. That is an shot was fired the Indians immediately old signal of defiance and no sooner Capron stated that he did not fire until the troopers had left the valley and began drawing their knives, and they than he had done that act than those even went so far as to remove friction were exhorted from all sides to desist, bucks stripped and went into ac- primers out of the barrels until soldiers but this was not obeyed.”36 tion…”40 were clear.46 Common in all of these versions, re- Black Elk’s version has Yellow Bird gardless of source, is that the Indians So, if we are to believe this, where as the central figure. “An officer came fired first. The insanity of this first vol- were the Indians when they were hit by to search them. He took the other man’s ley should be measured against the fact Hotchkiss fire? This is one of the most gun (Black Coyote?) and then started to that, for the Indians to shoot at the sol- complicated issues of Wounded Knee take Yellow Bird’s. But Yellow Bird diers, they had to fire in the direction of that clouds any objective study. Ac- would not let go. He wrestled with the their families, who were seated behind cording to Indian and Army accounts, officer, and while they were wrestling, B and K Troops! after the initial fight the Indians either the gun went off and killed the offi- ran for the village or to a ravine that cer.”37 Black Elk tells us what happened bisected the valley.47 There was no next: “The warriors rushed to where separation of armed braves and what The 1894 inquiry verified the event: they had piled their guns and knives. we would traditionally define as non- “As Yellow Bird spoke in the Sioux They fought soldiers with only their language, the officers did not realize combatants. Warriors, women, and hands until they got their guns. Dog children all crowded for cover in the the dangerous drift of this talk, and the Chief saw Yellow Bird run into a same place. Despite the jeopardy in climax came too quickly for them to teepee with his gun, and from there he interfere. It is said one of the searchers which the braves placed their families, killed soldiers until the teepee caught there was no hesitation on their part to now attempted to raise the blanket of a fire.”41 continue the fighting. warrior. Suddenly Yellow Bird stooped down and threw a handful of dust into PVT Allen described the 7th Cavalry What also should be kept in mind is the air, when as if this were the signal, reaction: “The two troops that formed that, true to typical Indian modes of a young Indian said to have been Black the inner square (B & K), dropped, ran, warfare, the braves weren’t the only Fox (possibly Black Coyote?) from did anything they could to get away. ones firing. Black Elk gives us an ex- Cheyenne river, drew a rifle from under One was stabbed and was brained with ample: “Their were two little boys at his blanket and fired at the soldiers.”38 an Indian club.”42 one place in this gulch (the ravine). During this initial fight, several offi- They had been killing soldiers all by PVT Clarence Allen was overlooking cers were shot or wounded. CPT Wal- themselves. We could see the soldiers the valley and witnessed the event from lace had the top of his head blown off, they had killed. The boys were all alone a different angle: “All of the Indians LT Gresham (B Troop) was shot in the there, and they were not hurt. They had big blankets wrapped around face, LT Garlington took a round in the were brave boys.”48 them… and each Indian had his rifle elbow, interpreter Wells lost most of under his blanket. When they came to Similar situations occurred elsewhere. his nose in a hand-to-hand struggle, and E Troop was in a position overlooking understand they were to be searched, the missionary Father Craft was the pony herd. 1LT Sickel watched as a the medicine man (Yellow Bird), …. stabbed in the back.43 The most noted commenced to dance and blow on a large group of Indians on horseback Indian casualty was Big Foot. exited from the valley. He ordered his little reed whistle…. The interpreter The situation in the valley was now men not to shoot at them. He then who was with us said to the command- ing officer, “There is going to be trou- complete confusion. Eyewitnesses de- modified his orders and said to knock scribe a wild scene of fleeing Indians, down only the ponies, not the riders. ble” and about that time the medicine soldiers, women and children, dogs, Just as he had done so, an old woman man stooped over, picked up a handful of dirt and threw it into the air. That ponies running in all directions and on horseback began returning fire at E scattered hand-to-hand struggles occur- Troop. 2LT Rice, also of E Troop, had was a signal understood by the bucks ring near and around the council area. to intervene as a trooper was about to (braves), who dropped their blankets, clapped the butts of their rifles under No one person was able to watch it all, shoot at the woman, “There is a buck, but piecing together accounts recreates shouted one the troopers and aimed his their arms, and pumped lead, not taking the event. carbine at her. “No, it is a squaw, don’t any sight. Their rifles by the way were repeating rifles that had come from It is from this point forward that the shoot at her.” “Well by God, Lieuten- ant, she is shooting at us.”49 traders and which they were not ex- Army had to defend its actions. The pected to have, while we were equipped Indians sources state that after the ini- Other incidents that document re- with single shot carbines.”39 tial fight, everything that followed was straint include the actions of I Troop. 52 ARMOR — July-August 2000

“The news of Wounded Knee spread like wildfire and all the work that had gone towards bringing peace to Pine Ridge was undone....”

The commander, CPT Nowlan, re- it upon himself to move his gun closer. which is amongst the Indians a deadly ported that he allowed a group of He recalls: “My captain called me insult, meaning I could kill you and not women and children to enter the ravine back, but I kept shooting. Lieutenant be satisfied doing it, am sorry I could without being shot at. He did not ex- Hawthorne came toward me and was do no more to you… speaking as tend the same courtesy to a group of calling, and suddenly I heard him say though to the dead man: “If I could be braves that immediately followed the “Oh, my God!” Looking around, I saw taken to you I would stab you,” then women and children. him lying on his side and then I knew turning to me said, “He is our mur- he had been hit. Hartzog ran to him and derer, only for him inciting our young Not all Indians ran for the ravine. Ac- cording to CPT Capron, it is when fir- carried him back behind the hill. I said: men we would have all been alive and “By God! I’ll make them pay for that” happy.”56 ing commenced from the teepees (they and ran the gun fairly into the opening were firing at the Hotchkiss guns roughly 200 meters away) that he or- of the ravine and tried to make every The news of Wounded Knee spread 50 shot count. They kept yelling at me to like wildfire and all the work that had dered them mown down. It was with come back, and I kept yelling for a cool gone towards bringing peace to Pine this fusillade that Yellow Bird met his fate immediately after shooting a gun, there being three more on the hill Ridge was undone. The very next day, not in use. Bullets were coming like 7th Cavalry was involved in a fight at trooper who disobeyed orders and had hail from the Indian Winchesters. The nearby Drexel Mission and had to be run up to shoot the medicine man.51 wheels of my gun were bored full of bailed out by the Ninth Cavalry. Gen- As the fight around the perimeter died holes and our clothing was marked in eral Miles, already furious over loss of down, the fighting in the ravine in- several places. Once a cartridge was life at Wounded Knee, relieved Forsyth creased. The Hotchkiss guns shifted knocked out of my hand just as I was of command. The post-Wounded Knee fire to the ravine. C and D Troops were about to put it in the gun, and it’s a inquiry cleared Forsyth and his com- forced to move for fear of being hit by wonder the cartridge didn’t explode. I manders, but the accusations by Miles the exploding shells going off right in kept going farther and pretty soon against Forsyth are still used by revi- front of them.52 This is the only docu- everything was quiet at the other end sionists bent on condemning the Army. mented incident of a potential of fratri- of the line. Then the other guns came 54 Clearly, Wounded Knee was no My cide. From having personally walked down.” Lai or Malmedy, but the events of the battlefield and observed each troop position, I can certify that all the sol- It was this use of the Hotchkiss gun Wounded Knee have been so success- fully twisted that Wounded Knee is diers had to fire down so as to engage that in all probability inflicted the most viewed as the ritualistic capstone sacri- the village and the ravine. For the sol- controversial casualities. Corporal Win- diers to risk fratricide would have re- ert’s act of insubordination/bravery may fice to manifest destiny. As with many other Indian War events, the Army has quired a significant lifting and shifting seem extreme to some, but it brought been unfairly used as the convenient of fire (as the Hotchkiss guns did). the fighting to a close. As the firing Hence this author believes that since diminished, troops were brought down scapegoat. the Hotchkiss fire was the only margin- from the hills to clear the ravine. The Concerning Wounded Knee, it should ally “potential” fratricide event worthy fighting still centered on the pocket. of record, that in all probability there PVT Allen recalls, “The scrap started be remembered: were no others. in the late forenoon and lasted until • The Army wanted no part of the about four or five in the afternoon. Ghost Dance; military action was According to PVT Allen, fighting in They surrendered after the interpreter viewed as unnecessary, the ravine focused in one area. He re- talked with them over the side of the • The Army was brought in only after calls: “At the end of the ravine was a pocket.”55 The interpreter was Phillip deep pocket, probably 25 to 30 feet Wells. With his nose dangling from his civilian bureaucracies totally lost control and public safety was immi- deep and perhaps 30 to 40 feet in di- face by a shred of skin, he shouted over nently threatened, ameter. That, as far as I could see, the edge of the pocket for the Indians to seemed to be the end of the ravine. The surrender. • The critical mission, and the key to Indians dropped everything they could The soldiers brought the wounded of suppressing the Ghost Dance, the not take with them easily and beat arrest of Sitting Bull, was flagrantly through the Indian village into the gully both sides back to the council area and undermined and executed clearly began caring for those in need. Perhaps and from there they skirmished with the best eulogy of the tragic fight came against the intent of the operational troops until we came to this pocket commander, from an Indian named Frog. As he was spoken of.”53 waiting for treatment Phillip Wells • At Wounded Knee, after uncondi- With the majority of Indians in the heard him mutter: “He raised himself a tionally surrendering, being given “pocket,” the Hotchkiss guns were now little higher and raised his closed fist, food/shelter and unusually hospita- unable to produce effective fire, so one pointing it towards the dead Indian, ble medical treatment, it was the of the gunners, CPL Paul Winert, took Yellow Bird, shot out his fingers, Sioux who refused to cooperate un- ARMOR — July-August 2000 53

LETTERS from Page 5

der terms they agreed to less than 24 23Part II, p. 114. hours before, 24John W. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks (Lincoln: another. Officer management would also be • University Press of Nebraska Press, 1961), p. more decentralized, with officers below the And finally, the Sioux started the 252. rank of lieutenant colonel promoted and fight. managed by the regiments in regards to 25Utley, Last Days of the Sioux Nation, p. 204. assignments, promotions, and selections for Is it unreasonable for soldiers to return 26Ibid., p. 204. fire when their lives are threatened? schools. Active officers and senior noncom- 27Ibid., p. 206. missioned officers of the regiment would rotate to serve in the battalions of the regi- LT Robert G. Carter, (4th Cavalry, 28Ibid., p. 206. ment that belonged to Army Reserve and circa 1870s) best described the Army’s 29Ibid., p. 207. Indian War paradox and made a shock- National Guard units. This would improve a 30 “one Army” concept. ingly accurate prediction of a post- Ibid., p. 209. Wounded Knee legacy: “A warfare in 31Ibid., p. 209. Despite the details outlined in the TRADOC which the soldier of the United States 32Ibid., p. 210. Faith/Ross study of the merits of a regimen- tal system, and extensive historical evidence had no hope of honors if victorious, no 33 Part II, p. 115. to back its credibility, the plan was resisted hope of mercy if he fell, slow death by 34Neihardt, p. 267. by the Army staff, particularly personnel hideous torture if taken alive: sheer 35 managers and lifelong personnel bureau- abuse from press and pulpit, if, as was Part II, p. 139. 36 crats. Several general officers were also inevitable, Indian squaw or child was Ibid., p. 139. against the plan despite extensive proof of killed. …Fighting oftentimes against a 37Neihardt, p. 267. the failure of the individual personnel system foe for whom we felt naught but sym- 38Part II, p. 118. in three wars... Personnel managers did not want to relinquish control; they wanted to pathy, yet knew that the response could 39Clarence Allen, PVT, My Experiences in the be but deathless hate….”57 micro-manage soldiers. Rigid patterns had Seventh Cavalry, (Private Collection of Dr. Don been established for officers to succeed in G. Rickey, 1954), p. 9. the “system.” 40Frederick Remington, Frederick Remington’s Notes Own West, (Promontory Press, New York, 1960), A regimental system, the MILPERCEN bu- p. 252. reaucrats stated, would not make the system equal for all individuals, because of the focus 1 Virgil Vogel, This Country Was Ours (New 41 Neihardt, p. 267. on unit excellence. Personnel bureaucrats York: Harper Row Publisher, 1972), p. 183. 42 also argued that the entire personnel ac- Robert Utley, The Indian Wars (American Heri- Allen, p. 8. counting system would have to be reformed tage Publishing Company, 1977), p. 337. 43Utley, Last Days of the Sioux Nation, p. 214. to support a regimental system. 2Ibid., Utley, p. 337. 44Part II, p. 119. General Starry was simply “stonewalled” by 3 45Brown, p. 444. Richard Dillon, Indian Wars (Exeter Books, most of the general officer corps and the New York, 1984), p. 30. 46Utley, Last Days of the Sioux Nation, p. 215. personnel bureaucrats. The DoD personnel 4New Sources of Indian History (Norman: Uni- 47Brown, p. 444 and Allen, p. 8. accounting system was a complex derivative versity of Oklahoma Press, 1934), p. 85. of the Planning, Programming and Budgeting 48Neihardt, p. 265. 5 System (PPBS), an accounting system Part II, Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bu- 49 reau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smith- Utley, Last Days of the Sioux Nation, p. 216. brought into the Defense Department by sonian Institution, 1892-93 (Washington: Govt. 50Ibid., p. 217. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in 1963 to manage the Defense budget. The Printing Office, 1896), p. 93. 51Ibid., p. 216. 6 Army staff continued to look for a compro- Dillon, p. 92. 52Ibid., p. 219. mise in 1979-1980, and that compromise 7Part II, p. 94. 53Allen, p. 9. would become the COHORT program, which 8 was left to die slowly and had disappeared Ibid., p. 98. 54Utley, Last Days of the Sioux Nation, p. 221. 9 by the time the Gulf War broke out ten years New Sources, p. 2 and p. 311. 55Allen, p. 9. later. 10Part II, p. 100. 56 Utley, Last Days of the Sioux Nation, pp. 222- MAJ DONALD E. VANDERGRIFF 11 Utley, p. 440. 223. Woodbridge, Va. 12Part II, p. 94. 57Robert G. Carter, Memoirs, (Fort Concho 13Ibid., p. 95. Newsletter, San Angelo, Texas, Jan. 2000), p. 4. Letter Added to Abrams History, 14Ibid., p. 95. Authors of Book Respond 15Ibid., p. 114. MAJ Mark A. Farrar, MI, is cur- Dear Sir: 16Robert Utley, Frontier Regulars (MacMillan rently the Brigade S2/Intelligence Publishing Co., New York, 1973), p. 146. BOS Observer Controller for 4th Regarding Mr. George P. Psihas’s letter to 17Robert Utley, Last Days of the Sioux Nation Bde, 85th Division. He gradauted the editor (May-June 2000) concerning (Vail-Ballou Press Inc., 1963), p. 204. with a BA in history from Moravian omissions in Major General Robert J. Su- 18 nell’s Chapter 13 of the book Camp Colt to Dee Brown, Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee College in 1981 before enlisting in Desert Storm, the editors of the book, Dr. (Holt, Rinehart, Winston, New York, 1970), p. the Infantry. He has served with the George F. Hofmann and General Donn A. 441. 3rd U.S. Infantry (Old Guard – Starry, consider the information provided by 19Ibid., p. 441. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier), 3d the former President of GDLS a valuable 20Utley, Last Days of the Sioux Nation, p. 200. ID, 504th MI Bde, 1st Cav Div, and, addition to the history of the Abrams Tank 21 System. In fact, we believe that there is a Ibid., p. 200. most recently, as the battalion S3, story to be told about other major vendors: 22Ibid., pp. 203, 204. 102d MI Battalion, 2ID. Hughes for rangefinder and thermal sight, 54 ARMOR — July-August 2000

Avco Lycoming for the AGT1500 engine, The M113A2 can be slowly backed into a USIPECT Concept. Refining offensive Computer Devices of Canada, Allison for the curtain wall, using the top rear edge of the MOUT doctrine again, this time from four transmission, and other vendors from 41 hull to push in the concrete blocks between phases (Reconnoiter, Isolate, Secure a foot- states who supplied the key components vertical supports. Gross vehicular weight and hold, Clear the area) to seven (Understand, that, when assembled, comprised this mag- interior floor loading are critical factors when Shape, Isolate, Penetrate, Exploit, Consoli- nificent tank. the ground floor is not the bottom floor. date, and Transition) is meaningless until we Tracks not only distribute vehicle weight put it into practice. The real challenge with However, Chapter 13 in this book is about more evenly than tires do, tracks are signifi- MOUT is that it is HUGE! What is needed is the Abrams tank and not about General cantly more durable than tires are in a bro- training of the command and staff of divi- Dynamics. General Sunell clearly stated in ken glass and rubble environment. sions and brigade task forces to orchestrate the third paragraph of his chapter (page 432) • the full combined arms team, along with that he “...could not cover all of the details of The M1A2 MBT is too heavy and its ex- combat support and combat service support. the Abrams Tank System in a single chapter. haust is too hot and too noxious for the USIPECT needs to be implemented at the To cover it from concept formulation through M1A2 to drive through, conceal itself in, and division and brigade level, not company and production would require, at a minimum, an fight from interior spaces. With a minimum platoon. entire book.” More so, General Sunell fol- height of 9'6" and a combat weight of 32 lowed the guidelines provided by the editors tons, the M2A2 Bradley is too tall and too Medium Brigades in MOUT. I have no to all the contributing authors to keep the heavy. (The M8 AGS, however, might do idea how anyone has determined that the book focused and as readable as possible. well on urban terrain because of its height, yet-to-be developed Interim Armored Vehicle weight, tracks, diesel engine, and arma- (IAV) units are suitable for MOUT. Armor’s We thank Mr. Psihas for the additional his- ment.) role in MOUT is to support the dismounted torical information he has provided to read- infantry fight. Armor supports by fire and ers of ARMOR about the efforts of both • Conflict intensity is a critical factor in shock action (moving rapidly, massing sud- Chrysler and General Dynamics in making MOUT tactics. Restraint is the key to fight- denly, and delivering overwhelming fire) in this tank a reality. We also recommend that ing a low-intensity conflict on urban terrain close coordination with light infantry who he team with other major vendors of this occupied by civilians. A mix of light infantry battle room by room and building by building. system and complete its history, describing and military police was appropriate in Pa- If you go to lighter, less mobile, less lethal, in detail the difficult time the various vendors nama. The key to fighting a mid-intensity and less survivable vehicles, you only re- had in perfecting their portions of the Abrams conflict on urban terrain is to fight the envi- duce your chances of success. The measure tank. ronment against the enemy. A mix of light of effectiveness is not how much better a infantry, combat engineers, and assault guns medium force is compared to a light force. DR. GEORGE F. HOFMANN would be more appropriate in a mid-intensity We need to compare the effectiveness of the University of Cincinnati conflict. Abrams/Bradley/light infantry team against GENERAL DONN A. STARRY (RET.) • The USMC has a weapon ideally suited an IAV/light infantry team. Fairfax Station, Va. for this purpose: the shoulder-fired, multi- UAVs and UGVs. Unmanned aerial and purpose assault weapons (SMAW). Unfortu- ground vehicles are panaceas that still have nately, the U.S. Army declined to buy the MOUT Training Sites very little actual capability in MOUT. Some- SMAW. That decision should be reconsid- day, maybe, but not in this day and age. May Not Be “Urban” Enough ered. UAVs cannot see into buildings and UGVs

Dear Sir: DAVID A. PILS cannot negotiate rubble and obstacles, let Via email alone defended stairwells and doorways. Further, the data link to the soldier is tenu- I read “Armor’s Role in Future U.S. MOUT ous at best. MOUT Efforts Are Overdue, Doctrine,” May-June 2000, with great inter- The Army will demonstrate seriousness est. I would like to share some thoughts with But Still Far From Adequate about MOUT when it starts command post you based upon my training and experi- exercises and tactical exercises without ence in MOUT. Dear Sir: troops in large urban areas. We need to • have battalion and brigade command groups It’s important to note that “urbanized ter- My compliments to CPT Klug on his article, rain” includes both urban terrain and subur- develop an OPLAN to seize and secure “Armor’s Role in Future U.S. MOUT Doc- Elizabethtown, Kentucky (or equivalent), and ban terrain. Urban terrain comprises a mix of trine” in the May-June issue of ARMOR. It residential, industrial, and commercial sub- then wargame it as part of division CPXs. appears to be an accurate assessment of Until then, all of this is just eyewash. terrain types. Fort Knox’s MOUT training what is going on. Unfortunately, it also re- facility is based upon suburban terrain. Les- veals the utter inadequacy of the effort to CHESTER A. KOJRO sons learned on suburban terrain may not date. I contend that MOUT is being given lip LTC, AR, USAR (Ret.) apply on urban terrain. Many U.S. cities have service and the proposed fixes are mere clusters of deserted buildings suitable for band aids and hyperbole, all lacking serious MOUT training on urban terrain. Comments on Suoi Tre Story command focus. Of course, we need to train From a Veteran of the Battle • Urban terrain contains interior and exte- at lower echelons, but we need to focus on senior-level command leadership. rior spaces. Interior spaces offer cover and Dear Sir: concealment; exterior spaces offer observa- Fort Knox MOUT Site. The MOUT site is a tion and fields of fire. In order to survive on I cannot let 1SG Christopher Worick’s arti- great effort, so far as it goes. While the idea urban terrain, troops and vehicles must travel cle on the battle of Suoi Tre pass without is wonderful, it only addresses the platoon- through, conceal themselves in, and fight some comments. level fight, and adding SIMNET will not help from interior spaces. much. There is plenty to be done at the pla- I was with Co C, 2/22 INF that morning. We • The M113A2 APC has a minimum height toon and company level. Physical condition- had actually crossed the Soui Samat River of 6'7", that allows the M113A2 to be driven ing is a tremendous training task in itself. late the day before. We were starting to into and through most urban interior spaces. Figuring out how riflemen in buildings can move out for continuing patrol when ordered The most common urban construction pat- communicate with buttoned-up tanks down to move to Fire Base Gold. At first, we put tern worldwide is the curtain wall (as op- the street and around the corner is another the tanks, M48s, in the lead, but they proved posed to weight-bearing wall construction). challenge. too slow for the now-critical situation. We ARMOR — July-August 2000 55

bypassed them, breaking a wide trail for appropriate positions for an officer of his mum would be a disrupt intent, which would them. I only recall seeing two tanks attached grade and was also an instructor. I would like require obstacles in half the maneuverable that day, along with the M88, but could be to offer some observations on his article and terrain. It does not appear that this is wrong. We were equipped with tired M113s some other thoughts. planned and the absence of an adequate (gasoline) but managed to obtain 20- to 25- obstacle scheme will cause problems. mph speeds through heavy jungle. My PC CPT Young opens with a good definition of The use of fires is not fully developed, as went in with 3,000 rounds of .50 cal. and the guard mission. But when he moves to the author does not address priority targets ended with 300 left. Several other PCs had the task and purpose he runs in to a little or the use of final protective fires (FPF). In melted and warped their barrels. There is no trouble. The task is “to destroy enemy re- most security area operations, the use of doubt that the combined arms of armor and con,” but what enemy recon? As the author indirect fires is critical as it allows you to mech infantry carried the battle that day. Nor states later, FM 100-60 lists enemy forces. engage the enemy without being in a direct can one discount artillery and air support! The OPFOR recon will be echeloned, just as fire situation and allows the security force to Even the two combat engineers I had at- the combat forces will be. CPT Young’s team conduct battle handover and movement to tached could be seen popping up and firing can expect to encounter elements of the subsequent missions. It would be extremely their M14s. Never saw an F4 that day, but division recon and elements of the brigade difficult to execute the mission described F100s were scraping the trees as we came recon. In addition, the combat reconnais- without the use of an artillery battalion. in. sance patrols (CRP) will present one or two platoon-sized elements in his sector. If the The concept for battle handover and I did not see it, but I have heard from some mission is to destroy all of this, it must be movement to subsequent positions is not 3/22 and 2/22 Recon people, that a B-52 stated that way. The team will also have a clearly discussed. In most cases, this is the made a low level pass across the battle site responsibility to at least identify the forward hardest part of the whole operation to exe- as we came in. security element (FSE) and maintain contact cute, and often results in a security force that (FM 17-95, p. 4-7). An alternate mission There are some personal accounts of that is unable to disengage from the enemy and, statement might be “TM performs a guard to battle posted on our 22nd INF Regiment as a result, is unavailable to the higher destroy enemy recon through the CRP, iden- Society web site at: http://www.22ndinfantry headquarters at a critical time in the coming tifies the FSE, and maintains contact during .org/ main battle area (MBA) fight. battle handover....” The reason for this is related to my earlier JIM HARDIN The author next talks about establishing comments. Inadequate fire support and ob- Via email “counterrecon boxes.” Unfortunately, no stacle plans make security area operations such graphic control measure exists. As difficult, if not impossible, to execute. Thoughts on Improving depicted in the article, they appear to be engagement areas but are not developed as Author’s Guard Mission Analysis Tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) such. Counterrecon is a term that causes a are critical to executing our doctrine. We tremendous amount of confusion. It is the have to be careful to address all the critical Dear Sir: result of a security mission, but not a mission aspects that will influence a successful out- in and of itself (FM 71-100, p. A-5) come. CPT Young’s article in the March-April 2000 issue (“A Company/Team Guard Mis- CPT Young talks about obstacles but not JACK E. MUNDSTOCK sion...”) is an interesting piece for several enough to understand what the obstacle LTC, IN reasons. He has obviously served in the intent is for the company sector. The mini- 28th Field Training Group

Contingency Contracting from Page 37 holders and certifying officials and use becoming familiar with FM 100-10-2, 9Brigadier General William L. Bond and Major their IMPAC cards for support over- commanders will greatly influence the Anthony L. Castrinos, “Contingency Contracting: seas. Area contracting offices can assist quality and timeliness of the contin- Strengthening the Tail,” Army Logistician, May- IMPAC cardholders by providing ven- gency contracting support they receive. June, 1999, p. 6. dor lists and information on prices within the contracting area. Contin- Notes gency contracting personnel will pro- MAJ John Shannon Womack is a vide IMPAC cardholders with whatever 1FM 100-5, Operations, p. 1-1. Contingency Contracting Officer in information they need to be able to 2FM 100-10-2, Contracting Support on the Bat- the Third Infantry Division (Mech) support themselves. They will also pro- tlefield, p. 1-3. at Fort Stewart, Georgia. Prior to vide IMPAC cardholders with tips for 3Ralph C. Nash, Jr. and Steven L. Schooner, entering the Acquisition Corps, he purchasing in the local area. The Government Contracts Reference Book, commanded C Company, 1-34 (Washington, D.C.: George Washington Univer- Logistics Force Multiplier sity, 1992) p. 95. Armor at Fort Riley, Kansas. He 4 holds a BS degree in Agricultural Commanders and staffs that have a FM 100-10-2, p. 1-2. 5 Business from Arkansas Tech Uni- good working knowledge of contin- FM 100-10-2, p. 1-3. versity and a MS degree in Acquisi- 6 gency contracting, their role in contin- FM 101-5, Staff Organization and Operations, tion Management from Florida In- gency contracting, and how to integrate p. H-53. stitute of Technology. He is a Certi- contingency contracting into their 7Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation scheme of support will find that it is an (DFAR) 213.301- Government wide commercial fied Professional Contract Manager efficient, effective, and responsive tool purchase card (Revised October 21, 1999). and is selected to attend the U.S. for obtaining support. By following the 8Nash, The Government Contracts Reference Army Command and General Staff simple guidelines in this article and Book, p. 58. College. 56 ARMOR — July-August 2000

Uniform Discipline: A Good Indicator Of a Unit’s Deeper Problems? by Command Sergeant Major Kenneth O. Preston

Over the last several years, I’ve talked LBE was not assembled as prescribed by of the foundation of basic discipline that with a lot of young sergeants who, after unit policies. You may think this has little enables our junior leaders to become estab- several years in the Army, were choosing significance on the death of a soldier in lished in a position of authority. to return to the civilian work force. I asked training, but after looking at the discipline • these young, bright, noncommissioned of- and standards of uniforms of all the sol- When senior leaders do not conform to ficers, most of whom had earned the right diers in that particular unit, I questioned established policies and procedures to an to wear the rank of a sergeant in only a the level of discipline and their standards exact standard, they demonstrate that stan- few years, why they were getting out. in safety, PMCS of equipment, weapons dards are not important. “Lead by exam- Their reply was that the Army was not accountability, etc. But during this investi- ple” is one of the eleven principles of what it used to be. gation, this thought was a theory. leadership. This principle is a form of communication that sets the tone of disci- Based on the answers that I received At the second fatal accident site that I pline by senior leaders to their subordinate from these potential future master gunners, visited, I observed much the same indi- leaders. Junior leaders lose their position platoon sergeants, first sergeants, and ser- vidualism in uniform standards. Surpris- of authority to make on-the-spot correc- geants major, I asked them several more ingly, many of the nonconformations to tions. Once this ability to make on-the- questions to try to understand their frustra- the established uniform policies were by spot corrections goes away, these junior tion and dissatisfaction with their military the senior leaders of the unit. Specifically, noncommissioned officers become less service. I asked, why do you feel the Army these leaders were the more senior NCOs, involved with their soldiers. In many cases is not what it used to be? Their reply was in the rank of SSG and above, the officers, they assume the role of a higher paid sol- that noncommissioned officers do not have and the warrant officers. The official cause dier and not a noncommissioned officer in the authority they used to. I asked, why do of death for the soldier involved was not a leadership role. you feel that you have lost your authority? wearing a seat belt. However, my observa- They replied that the new soldiers coming tions tied in with my theory that if uniform The next time you are at an official func- into the Army could do what they wanted. discipline was suspect, then what was the tion where the attendees are wearing dress I asked, do these soldiers do what they level of discipline in other areas? Is uni- uniforms, notice how all the senior leaders want in violation of regulations, policies, form discipline an indicator of the disci- will “check out” each other’s uniforms for and procedures? They responded that in pline in a unit? appearance. We cannot help ourselves; this many cases soldiers did what they wanted was a trait that has developed in us over because they knew that they would not be I have recently spent a lot of time trying the years. My theory is that now, because punished. These young sergeants had given to understand why noncommissioned offi- many unit leaders do not hold their non- up trying to correct acts of indiscipline and cers involved in acts of indiscipline made commissioned officers accountable for making on-the-spot corrections. the decisions that compromised their in- their soldiers’ appearance, these junior non- tegrity. Many of these incidents involved commissioned officers are not developing It’s taken a while to peel the onion back after-duty socialization between a sergeant their ability to see or correct substandard to really identify the root causes of the and his young soldiers. After talking with performance. By not developing this char- issues those sergeants raised over the last the sergeants involved in two different acteristic in our junior noncommissioned several years. Interesting enough is that incidents, I found that they were not held officers, you will see standards in all areas the sergeants I spoke to, in different units responsible for their soldiers in many ar- begin to drop. Look at units that have high spread all over the world, responded with eas. This is a very broad area of subjects or above-average vehicle accident rates very similar answers to the questions. One that include accountability, training, and during training, acts of indiscipline both of the root causes of their dissatisfaction is appearance. I believe both of these ser- on and off duty, loss of sensitive items, or basic discipline in units. geants did not know they were accountable duty-related soldier injuries. If you look at because the unit leadership did not hold the appearance of soldiers in the field, Over the last couple of years, I had the them accountable. those who conform to standards will be the unfortunate opportunity to see first-hand exception and not the rule. the circumstances behind the death of two After thinking about what a corporal or soldiers in separate incidents. Following sergeant is responsible for, I’ve come to Soldiers deserve to be inspected every- both accidents, I visited the accident sites the following conclusions: day, in garrison and in the field. Give the as part of the investigation team. The • authority to enforce uniform discipline cause of death in both cases was attributed When unit leaders do not conform to back to our noncommissioned officers. In to not following established procedures or established policies pertaining to the wear doing this, the number of discipline-related unsafe operation of a particular piece of and appearance of the uniform, they take incidents would go down, the junior non- equipment. authority away from our junior noncom- commissioned officers will have the au- missioned officers to make uniform thority they are seeking, and these young I was coming from a unit that had very corrections on their soldiers. In most cases, leaders we are growing will be much specific uniform standards in the field. our young corporals and sergeants are stronger. Additionally, we may not see as One of my observations upon arriving at responsible for two or three soldiers. One many violators of the earring policy on the first accident site was the appearance of the key areas that help the young leader Saturday in the Commissary. of the senior leaders of the unit. I observed step away from his peers and assume a the commander of this particular unit position of authority is the opportunity to CSM Kenneth O. Preston is the Division wearing his personal weapon in a holster enforce standards and develop discipline Command Sergeant Major of the 1st Ar- that was strapped to the side of his leg. His in soldiers. Uniform discipline forms part mored Division. ARMOR — July-August 2000 57

A Critique of the Emperor’s Wardrobe

The Kinder Gentler Military: Can Amer- as “Witchhook” were, in her view, right. Gut- worst…” back to a service designed to work ica’s Gender-Neutral Fighting Force mann argues that the zeal of the investiga- the nation’s will. Her armed forces are about Still Win Wars by Stephanie Gutmann, tors of the debauchery at Tailhook had as killing people and breaking stuff in the name New York: Scribner, 2000; 300 pages; much to do with the desire to attack the cul- of the United States. Finally, she would open ture of soldiering as it did to eliminate inap- any MOS to any person who can meet ob- $25.00, Online $17.50. propriate behaviors. This seems a stretch, jective standards for that MOS. but she marshals significant evidence that Stephanie Gutmann’s hard-hitting analysis supports exactly this conclusion. Gutmann is strident and hard to take, but of the services in the wake of feminist re- many of her conclusions have the ring of forms, Aberdeen, and Tailhook, will be read How did this happen? According to Gut- truth. For those of us who have made the by many soldiers, but will never be dis- mann, destruction of the military culture’s transition from respecting women in the tra- cussed in professional development ses- rigorous standards and hard living stemmed ditional sense to respecting women as sol- sions nor will she be invited to speak on her from, “one of the ‘ugliest trends of our time,’ diers, Gutmann’s arguments, while persua- views. Her book should be discussed around the split between ‘elite’ civilians and their sive, do not entirely persuade. Female sol- the Army, but her views are politically incor- military.” The Vietnam War, draft deferments diers have proven themselves despite anec- rect and thus will not get an open hearing. and anti-military feelings on campuses dotal evidence to the contrary. Patriots of Gutmann answers the question she poses across the country produced this “split” by whatever race, creed, color, or sex should (can the kinder gentler military still win) sim- the mid-’70s. The elite and cognoscenti per- have the opportunity to serve if they are ply — NO. She argues with passion and ceive that they have no stake in the military able. Gutmann’s argument for objective compelling logic a case built on sound re- other than to “fix” it. The result is social ex- standards does, however, make sense. If search that the feminization of the military is perimentation that in the ’90s pulled the you are unable to carry the load, and cannot fundamentally unsound. Gutmann argues fangs from our armed forces. meet the physical requirements for a task, that readiness in the armed forces has been then you should not be afforded the illusion sacrificed to a social agenda that is not in the Other factors conspired to weaken the ser- that you are competent and able. Objective least concerned with achieving military effec- vices against the forces of “reform.” The end standards, with all jobs open to all who are tiveness. of the Cold War and the apparently antisep- able to meet those standards, may be the tic nature of combat in Desert Storm also way to bridge the gap between feminist po- Gutmann argues, in defiance of the feminist played a role. The pundits and policy wonks litical agendas and what individual young tradition, DACOWITS, and the U.S. Con- have concluded that wars need no longer be women may wish to attempt. Finally, failure, gress, that men and women are “different.” the business of rugged, dirty young men for all of us, should be possible or we will not Gutmann asserts that the idea of the sexes killing each other at close quarters. It is a value what we attain. Whether we have the being equal is not the same as concluding matter now of pushing buttons. In any case, courage to make mid-course corrections or that the sexes are identical. According to they argue that large wars like Desert Storm even openly discuss the way we “man” — or Gutmann, in order for the goals and aspira- will never occur again. According to this is it “person” — the force remains to be tions of the feminists to be realized, one school of thought, no rational actor will take seen. must believe that 18-year-old men and on the United States. If we have indeed ar- women are absolutely interchangeable in rived at the end of history, then the conse- GREGORY FONTENOT combat units. The evidence does not support quences of the reforms of the ’90s, including COL, U.S. Army (Ret.) this conclusion. Gutmann drives that point same-sex basic training and persistent at- Lansing, Kan. home with passion and conviction. In every tacks on and revisions of the principle of facet of the military life, from ejection seats combat exclusion, will not matter. But what if Into Cambodia: Spring Campaign, to fitness standards, the services have had Desert Storm is not the end of history, and Summer Offensive, 1970 by Keith Wil- to make extraordinary accommodations in Kosovo is not the harbinger of a new kind of liam Nolan, Presidio Press, Novato, Calif., order for women to be treated “equally.” warfare? Gutmann notes that the result has been not 1999 (paperback edition. Hardback first equal standards, but rather the absence of The service chiefs and their civilian masters published in 1990); 451 pages; $18.95. standards. In short, no one fails. The unin- in the Department of Defense have contrib- uted to the problem of congressional reform Keith Nolan has written three other books tended outcome of these accommodations is on the Vietnam War; the best known are that equality is achieved at the expense of and persistent feminist attack by buckling with little resistance. Only Marine Comman- Battle for Hue and Death Valley. He ap- excellence. More seriously, Gutmann be- proaches Into Cambodia with a desire to lieves that adjusting physical standards may, dant General Krulak, she asserts, had the courage to admit readiness problems and to share the story of the men who fought and in some cases, involve risk to the lives of died in a little known portion of an unpopular soldiers in combat zones. argue that same-sex training did not make sense in terms of improving readiness. Kru- war. He has created a soldier’s story through Gutmann contends that the pervasive na- lak’s Marine Corps asserted that the values the memories of hundreds of those who ture of the attack on the essential qualities of of the Corps have stood the test of time and fought in Cambodia. It is the number of inter- soldiering amounts to the criminalization of are for that reason immutable. views conducted that makes this book a the warrior spirit. Competition is suspended pleasure to read. Having diagnosed the illness, Gutmann of- in favor of building self-confidence. Trainees In the introduction, the author explains his fers a prescription. Her solutions include: who are challenged to the limits of their en- desire to share this story. The focus in 1970 eliminating recruiting quotas for women, durance, or rather what they perceive are the was on the political nature of the Vietnam separating the sexes during basic training, limits of their endurance, have only to say so War and the deaths of students at Kent enforcing firm, exclusive standards, and and take a “training break.” Gutmann re- State, rather than on the exploits of soldiers implementing MOS-specific qualifying tests. views extensively the notorious Tailhook in the field. This is why the book is focused convention and concludes that the search for These and other solutions, including allowing at the tactical level. wrongdoing took on Stalinesque proportions. dissenters to speak, would, according to In short, we went far beyond punishing the Gutmann, transform the services from “…the I began the book expecting a tutorial on guilty. Pilots who referred to the investigation corporation at its dreary, petty soul-killing geopolitics and an explanation of the behind- 58 ARMOR — July-August 2000

closed-doors negotiations going on to create restricted terrain, making it of interest to all American Generalship by Edgar F. the Vietnamization that was the central stra- Armor/Cavalry leaders. Puryear, Presidio Press, Novato, Calif., tegic aspect of the American withdrawal. CPT BRIAN L. STEED 2000; 374 pages, extensive notes, index; This was not the case. The book begins with $34.95. stories about the lives of soldiers in the field Fort Irwin, Calif. and their daily struggles to stay alive and still It’s a bit difficult to be objective about a accomplish their mission. How America Fought Its Wars: Military book on generalship when it has already Strategy from the American Revolution been reviewed by numerous generals (some The author shows, through a series of an- to the Civil War by Victor Brooks and my personal friends) who wrote glowing ecdotes, the conflicting role the U.S. Army Robert Hohwald, Combined Publishing, accolades about it! After a second reading, played in Vietnam in 1970. Everyone knew however, I believe the accolades are well that America was leaving and no one wanted Conshohocken, Pa., 1999; 489 pages; $29.95 (hardcover). deserved; this is a fine book on an unusual to be the last U.S. soldier killed in Vietnam. subject. So they did their jobs in the bush, but without Many books have been written on the the bravado and energy that existed in 1965. events of the first century of American his- Prof. Puryear wrote a well received earlier From this demonstration of the murky situa- tory. However, few contain the unique analy- book, Nineteen Stars, about Generals Mar- tion that every soldier faced, the author con- sis of the battles, leaders, and outcomes that shall, MacArthur, Eisenhower, and Patton. It tinues the story by describing the reactions Victor Brooks and Robert Hohwald cover in got him to wondering what sets one man so and then the action of attacking the North this book. Brooks and Hohwald look closely apart from his peers that he is selected for Vietnamese Army camps in the Cambodian- at the American Revolution, the War of 1812, general officer rank. Then he considers what Vietnamese border area. the Mexican War, and the U.S. Civil War. further separates generals to the point where some rise to four-star rank. The author’s The author divides the book into sections, Each war is explored in great detail, with a final discussion on alternate strategies and research is remarkable; he interviewed over each section telling the story of a different a thousand general officers, including over a unit. He talks about the 11th Armored Cav- outcomes, and their subsequent ripple ef- fects through history. Additionally, their anal- hundred four-star generals, to learn from alry Regiment; 1st Cavalry Division; 4th In- them what they believed led to their success. fantry Division; 25th Infantry Division; 3rd ysis of both the American Revolution and the Brigade, 9th Infantry Division; and the 199th U.S. Civil War contain evaluations of the key In Puryear’s opinion, it all boiled down to Light Infantry Brigade. For me this book was leaders, to include a grade for each general one thing: character. Then he found he especially interesting, as I am currently as- and supporting evidence to back their eval- couldn’t define character adequately, so he signed to the 11th ACR. The insight into the uations. set about describing, through anecdotal comments from his general officer sources, past of my own unit was an added bonus. The authors first provide a chronological those things that reflected character as sol- story of the wars’ primary battles and cam- I enjoyed this book, not as someone inter- diers have come to understand that term. paigns, placing special weight on strategies ested in military history, but as someone Each chapter in this book describes one and tactics. Then they analyze the impact of interested in soldiers. The nature of the book such aspect of leadership: selflessness, the each event to illustrate its effects on Ameri- — telling the story through the eyes of the ability to make decisions, a willingness to can history. Finally, they discuss alternate privates, sergeants, and junior officers who challenge assertions and an aversion to “yes strategies and outcomes, and emphasize the fought the campaign — allows a person to men,” the importance of reading about other importance of those outcomes by showing see what went through their minds and what leaders, mentoring, consideration for others, how the United States would look under combat may be like. The author fills the book an ability to define issues and delegate different circumstances. It is this analysis, with stories about men like LT Cambria. His tasks, and the readiness to focus on prob- along with the evaluation of the key leaders, is a story of frustration from being denied the lems rather than on placing blame. The text right to fire at fleeing NVA soldiers, because that makes this book truly unique, and un- questionably fascinating. is replete with direct quotations of experi- they had not fired on him first: ences from his sources, and it’s interesting How America Fought Its Wars does, how- how many of our own experiences mirror Cambria was frantic and his grunts were ever, fall short in one area. Brooks and these. screaming from behind their gun shields, “We Hohwald include only minimal maps to aid in gotta fire! We can see ’em, we gotta fire!” the visualization of their descriptions. I found Two chapters are particularly important and myself constantly searching for maps to help should be read again and again as the White knuckled as he gripped the handles of reader advances in grade: decision-making his .50-caliber machine gun in the track com- me to better comprehend their analyses. Inclusion of more maps, along with some and the importance of reading. Decision- mander’s cupola, thumbs on the butterfly making is the essence of leadership, at all trigger, Cambria looked into the dense under- charts and artwork, would turn this book into a true masterpiece; without those maps, the levels of command, in peace as well as in brush that was now only fifty meters in front of war. How you absorb and evaluate the rec- them. His heart was pounding! To hell with the book never quite reached the clarity neces- sary in an analytical work. ommendations of your subordinates, how captain! Cambria was about to order his pla- you reach a conclusion as to which action to toon to commence firing when the wall of Overall, How America Fought Its Wars is an follow, and how much you leave to your jungle suddenly erupted with RPGs and RPDs informative and insightful look at the strategy subordinates to decide are all critical parts of and AK47s. There was a hellish explosion to and leadership of the first hundred years of the decision-making process. General Mar- Cambria’s right and something slammed into American warfare. I recommend this book to shall commented: “I must have assistants his face like a fist as he instinctively pulled any officer interested in that period of Ameri- who will solve their own problems and tell back on his .50-cal and saw everything blur at can history. Many tactical, strategic, and me what they have done.” That applies the vibrating recoil. (page 106) leadership lessons, on a theoretical level, equally to company commanders and their can be learned from this book. The applica- platoon leaders. I used to tell my staff and This is a book that both history buffs and tion of these lessons learned to the ar- commanders: “Don’t bring me problems; I even those who are not interested in history mor/cavalry community is limited, but still already have problems. Bring me solutions.” will enjoy. It is also a great book for soldiers useful. I would definitely buy this book for my This chapter shows how different leaders assigned to the units who participated, be- own professional library despite the lack of arrived at their decisions, and the thought cause it provides some very detailed ac- maps that limits the book’s appeal. processes they used. That’s what makes this counts of the actions represented by the part especially useful. streamers on their unit colors. The book also TIMOTHY S. JACOBSEN describes the struggle and success of ar- CPT, Armor The chapter on reading is also significant, mored and mechanized forces in extremely Ft. Knox, Ky. first, because we tend to fill our days so full ARMOR — July-August 2000 59

of short-term objectives that we seldom take challenging, full of insights on the essence of one of the first American soldiers to be time to reflect on where we’re going; and, leadership. Get it, buy it, or borrow it, read it, committed in the summer of 1950, from July second, because none of us can ever ex- read it again. And again! until he was wounded and evacuated back to perience a broad spectrum of troop-leading the States in September. He wrote his ac- and decision-making, and it helps to read COL JOHN R. BYERS (Ret.) count during recovery from his wounds at the about the varied experiences of others, how Alexandria, Va. Fort Benning Army hospital, while his recent they were challenged, and how they re- experiences were still vivid. The manuscript solved problems. This applies to all grades, God’s Children by Harold Coyle, Forge, was then packed with household goods as not just generals. General Ridgway com- February 2000; 316 pages; $24.95, ISBN his family was transferred on numerous duty mented: “A man by himself can have but a 0-312-86296-2. assignments, until it surfaced again in 1998 very limited personal experience. So you’ve while he was disposing of old files in a barn got to draw on the experience of others, both Harold Coyle’s fiction always seems to be on his Texas farm. in reading and in talking....” General Bradley one step ahead of actual military missions. In Commissioned as a second lieutenant added: “You first study the theoretical han- earlier books, Coyle foreshadowed U.S. dling of troops; you study the principles of through ROTC at Purdue University, Terry military operations in the Middle East and was assigned to B Battery, 49th Field Artil- war and principles of tactics and how certain wrote about how an armor campaign would leaders applied them. You are never going to lery Battalion, 7th Division, part of the Army be conducted. In God’s Children, Coyle, a of Occupation in Japan. When the North meet with that exact situation, but when you VMI graduate and former armor officer, know all these principles and how they were Koreans invaded, he was reassigned and writes of an Eastern European peacekeeping served as a forward observer with the 8th FA applied in the past, then when a situation deployment in war-torn Slovakia and about a faces you, you apply those principles to your Battalion, supporting Lieutenant Colonel young officer’s trials in accomplishing a con- Mike Michaelis’ 27th Infantry Regiment, 25th present situation and hope you come up with fusing mission. a good solution.” Division. The 27th “Wolfhounds” were called The novel is set in the near future, with U.S. on as a “fire brigade” to thwart the Commu- One thing that keeps appearing through all forces six months into a NATO-led mission nist NKPA thrusts, from Masan in the South the stories, although it is never emphasized, aimed at separating the ethnic Hungarian to the “Bowling Alley” fronting Taegu, as is opportunity. Eisenhower commented that minority and the Slovak majority. The main General Walker’s Eighth Army was forming the best way to learn how to make good characters are two lieutenants who struggle the “Pusan Perimeter” along the Naktong decisions was to “Be around people making to conform to the responsibilities of com- River line. decisions.” But not everyone gets such op- mand. First Lieutenant Nathan Dixon is an portunities. Eisenhower himself ran afoul of experienced young combat leader who is All units were at less than two-thirds TO&E the Infantry Branch Chief who refused to assigned to a patrol with Second Lieutenant strength, and Terry reflects the bitterness of nominate him to CGSC. But Eisenhower had Gerald Reider, a new platoon leader fresh the GIs over the “police action” and over a mentor, General Fox Connor, who ar- out of West Point. While on the patrol, the Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson — later ranged a temporary transfer to the Adjutant conflict between the two warring parties fired as a scapegoat by President Truman — General Corps that had a vacant nomination erupts again, placing the peacekeeping who had “cut the fat” out of the military — a golden opportunity! Pershing, Eisen- force, and in particular the patrol, in a pre- budget. As a result, FOs had to lay wire hower, Patton, Truscott, Ridgway, Shalikash- carious position. commo for their old EE8 telephones, the vili, Shy Meyer, all comment on the advan- equally old SCR 610 radios didn’t work, and tage of timely opportunity, and Puryear notes The plot is ripped from today’s headlines. the light WWII M24 Chaffee light tanks, early in writing about Eisenhower: “It would be Coyle has written a great fictional account of model bazookas (2.36"), and 57mm recoil- naive to deny that there was a certain ele- what can go wrong when a peacekeeping less rifles couldn’t stop the Russian-built ment of luck involved in his success.” Not mission has no clear objectives. The only T-34/85s. Rebuilt WWII medium Shermans every leader gets such opportunities, and not fault is Coyle’s framing of the Hungarian shipped from Japan greatly encouraged the everyone who does will recognize them. So issue. Hungary is a member of NATO, and a infantry, and in a counterattack to Sachon be aware, stay alert to what is happening mission into a nation that is conducting eth- Pass (Chinju sector) these tanks generated around you, and when luck or whatever nic cleansing of Hungarian minorities would great confidence, Terry says, to “kill gooks,” places that opportunity before you, seize it! have serious ramifications in Brussels and slamming their rounds into the “NKs” on the Hungary. Coyle underplayed this aspect of hills from their 75s (actually 76mm on A final comment, especially for young lead- the story. M4A3E8s) of the 8072d Medium Tank Bat- ers. General Shalikashvili said about this God’s Children is an excellent story about talion, incorporated into the 89th Medium book: “Not a dry list of ‘dos and don’ts’ but a young leaders thrown into an unclear situa- Tank Battalion on 7 August. Ironically, the highly readable collection of experiences and tion on the ground. I recommend this book old narrow-tracked “Easy Eight” Shermans thoughts of countless practitioners.” A fine because of the important message it tells turned out to be better at negotiating steep endorsement. Yet he gives a finer one on about the need for clear and concise mission mountain trails than the newer M26s and pages 230-231: “When I was first commis- statements so young leaders, such as M46s. But in the “Bowling Alley,” so named sioned, I was assigned to Alaska and my Coyle’s characters, will understand what for the AP shell tracers and explosions echo- platoon sergeant was a Sergeant Grice. they are doing “over there.” ing between the hill ranges, M26 Pershings Grice devoted his life to making me the best (of C, 73d Tank Battalion), with their 90mm platoon leader around... I wish every second SPC MICHAEL MULLIGAN guns, smashed T-34s and self-propelled lieutenant could have a Sergeant Grice. He 1775 MP CO SU-76s. is the one who taught me what caring for my Michigan National Guard Terry’s book is filled with vivid and detailed men really entailed. From him I learned that accounts of an FO team working with line when I walked down the gun line and asked The Battle for Pusan by Addison Terry, the soldiers some questions, that if I didn’t infantry — firing M2 carbines on full auto, know the answers better than the soldiers, Presidio Press, Novato, Calif., 2000; 256 calling in fire missions, GIs attacking with they would see through me, whether I really pages, maps, photos; $27.95. bayonets fixed, boiling coffee over Sterno knew what I was talking about or not. By the chips, spooning C-ration fruit cocktail from way, I learned that this is as true for a pla- The 50th anniversary of a major historical aluminum canteen cups, taking his entrench- toon leader or platoon sergeant as for a four- event usually generates new materials and ing tool into the bushes, spreading a shelter star general.” Amen! renewed interest in aspects of that event. half over his foxhole, climbing the leg-buck- So, hopefully this will continue to be the case ling hillsides, and running under fire (“My Yes, this is a fine book, interesting, read- with the Korean War of 1950-53. Major (Ret.) heart was beating so hard that it was making able, thoughtful, sometimes provoking and Addison Terry’s personal memoir is that of an echo in my helmet”). 60 ARMOR — July-August 2000

He also describes practices gained by ex- seen before, but they are well printed and able, but that would be a little too much like perience, like firing an artillery concentration include a rare good color photo showing cheating!) During the game, players will be above the Reds on a steep hillside to start a tanks bogged in the early 1941 battles. Color impressed with the outstanding sound ef- rock avalanche, dragging NK dead with an coverage includes plans of a 1941 pattern T- fects and will enjoy most of the visuals. ammo belt in case there was a live grenade 34/76, cutaway of a T-34-85, and several Game controls are relatively straightforward or booby-trap beneath them and, in night- side views showing typical camouflage and simple to use. Orders are given to pre- fighting, throwing grenades which would not schemes. Technical information tables com- designed units rather than individual sol- reveal someone’s position like an M1 muzzle plete a good study of this important tank. It diers, which makes the whole process man- blast would. may add little new to other books, but it is as ageable. good an account as can be fitted into a book The book has appropriate photographs and of this length. From the tactical perspective, Battle of the sketch maps. This is a detailed and vivid Bulge does a respectable job of rewarding account of front-line Korean combat. It re- PETER BROWN the player for use of sound small unit tactics, flects the price paid for lack of preparedness Dorset, England techniques, and procedures. Establishing for war, yet also the professional satisfaction support by fire positions and concealing in stopping an enemy attack with a crushing movement through the use of terrain and TOT, the pride in a unit ably led in adversity, smoke are critical to success. Additionally, and the increasing confidence as new Software soldiers in each unit react to the stress of equipment and new units finally begin arriv- combat. Unlike other similar games where ing to turn the tide of war. units follow orders without regard to the Close Combat: Battle of the Bulge, by emotional reaction of the troops, this one A. HARDING GANZ Mindscape under the SSI label, est. takes that critical factor into account. Units Associate Professor $39.99. (More information and demo that take a large number of casualties may Department of History download available at www.closecombat hunker down and refuse to obey orders or, Ohio State University at Newark .com or www.ssionline.com) worse yet, leave the battlefield. Another feature that I particularly liked was the way System Requirements: P200 or faster, WIN the game represents and plays line of sight. 95/98, 32MB RAM, 60MB HD space, 4MB A colored bar from gun-to-target identifies The T-34 Russian Battle Tank by Dr. video card and 4X CD ROM. (Internet or fields of fire as clear, partially obscured and network connection for head-to-head play.) Matthew Hughes and Dr. Chris Mann, blocked. Units can engage partially obscured published in their Weapons of War series Reviewed On: PIII-500, WIN 98, 128 MB targets, but at a reduced effectiveness; a by Spellmount Ltd., The Old Rectory, RAM, 32MB NVIDIA RIVA TNT2 graphics realistic feature not reflected in many Army Staplehurst, Kent, TN12 0AZ, England; card and 40X CD ROM. training simulators and devices. hardback, 96 pages; retail $17.95, Online Before pointing out the game’s shortcom- $12.57. Close Combat: Battle of the Bulge is Mind- ings, I must admit up front that I am not a big scape’s fourth and latest release in the fan of real-time strategy games and haven’t One of the world’s classic tank designs, highly popular series. This game is clearly played any of the other games in the Close Russia’s T-34 is rated as one of the best worth a look. It has many features that will Combat series. First, while graphics are fairly tanks of WWII, if not THE best. When the appeal to wargame enthusiasts (especially impressive, the background/terrain and scale German army came into contact with them in lovers of real-time strategy games) including of the map both make locating units at a 1941, it outclassed their tanks and anti-tank a serious attempt to achieve historical accu- glance somewhat difficult. Second, Battle of guns. It was even suggested that the faster racy, good visuals and sound, real-time de- the Bulge didn’t do much to change my opin- way to counter it was to copy it. Aspects of cision-making, and a decent simulation of ion about real-time games. It seemed that at the design are found in later generations of soldier behavior. any given time, the action was either too tanks, showing how great its influence was. This chapter in the Close Combat story re- slow or too fast. Once my units made con- Beginning with a long but well-written ac- volves around one of the most pivotal epi- tact, I had a hard time effectively issuing count of Soviet tank development, tactical sodes in World War II, as the Germans take orders and following message traffic. While I and strategic theories for their use, and the one last desperate gamble in the Ardennes. found this to be a problem, experienced effects on both of Stalin’s purges of the The Americans fight to buy time for rein- players will probably not see this as a flaw, 1930s, this book describes the design of the forcements as the Germans attempt to break but will more likely consider it an accurate T-34 in considerable detail, including the through. Unlike earlier titles, Battle of the portrayal of combat. And although I didn’t try purchase of the American Christie design Bulge adds a new strategic element that the head-to-head option, this particular com- from which it was derived. The final design is gives the player more opportunity to influ- plaint might not apply in that mode, as both described in detail, including some very good ence the larger picture. However, the game players would face the same difficulties and interior photos of vehicles sent to the then- is still a simulation primarily designed to the actual fight would probably unfold at a Western Allies for evaluation. These are focus on small unit actions. The player must slower pace. Lastly, the player doesn’t have followed by accounts of it in action during coordinate infantry, armor, and fire support the option to build custom units, but I guess WWII, from the early dark days of Operation assets to capture “victory flags” in and that’s expected of any game that tries to Barbarossa through its progress as the tide around small towns. Units maneuver through maintain historical accuracy. turned, which saw it in action in Berlin. De- the countryside, occupy buildings, and fight Disregarding my personal prejudices, this is sign changes introduced on the way are from street-to-street to maintain the tactical a well-designed game with many attractive covered as they happened, and another advantage. features. For those of you who like the chapter describes post-1945 service, which “Command and Conquer” style of real-time shows that it was a potent vehicle for several From the technical game play perspective, the designers of Battle of the Bulge did a strategy games and are interested in a more years before it was eventually outclassed. realistic historical military simulation, there’s Only the final chapter on marks and variants pretty good job. The tutorial is a little sparse, but walks the player through each of the key a good chance that Close Combat: Battle of falls short of the standard of the rest of the the Bulge is the right game for you. book, being confused and mixing up matters aspects of the game. Setting up play is sim- while using the German identification system ple, with the option of fighting an individual ROB KISER and yet calling it “British.” battle or one of three campaigns. You can MAJ, Armor view forces and set competency levels be- S3, Observer/Controller Team These accounts are supported by a well- fore choosing to play either the U.S. or Ger- 16th Cavalry Regiment chosen range of photos. Most have been man side. (Realism settings are also avail- Ft. Knox, Ky. ARMOR — July-August 2000 61

New M1A2 SEP Tanks Are Fielded At 3-67 Armor, Fort Hood

The 3rd Battalion, 67th Armor, part of the 4th Infantry Division at Fort Hood, Texas, is the first unit to receive the new M1A2 SEP (System Enhancement Package) tanks. These 45 new tanks provide improved per- formance on many of the sys- tems in the current M1A2, in- cluding second-generation For- ward Looking Infrared (FLIR) viewers that more effectively deal with targets at extended ranges. The new tanks have improved microprocessors and additional memory, and a mass memory unit that houses the Abrams’ embedded battle command software and digitized col- driver to move from point to point on the battlefield or maps, accessed with removable memory cartridges. without direction from the tank commander or constant The embedded battle command software is compliant reference to maps or terrain features. with the Army common operating environment, so it Soldiers from 3-67 Armor are attending a 6-week in- can communicate with other Force XXI digital plat- structional course, which will culminate in a 4-week forms. gunnery this summer. The tanks will accompany the 2d The second-generation FLIR improves the capability Brigade Combat Team to the National Training Center of the commander’s independent thermal viewer, next April. which permits the tank commander to search for tar- The regiment’s 1st Battalion has been turning in its gets at extended ranges. The driver has a new inte- tanks to the Texas National Guard in preparation for grated display which can provide him with steer-to- receiving the next batch of 45 M1A2 SEP tanks in Oc- navigation data and system status reports. The display tober. receives information from the Global Positioning Sys- tem (GPS) satellites and can identify the vehicle’s po- - Information for this article was supplied by SPC sition in relation to the next objective. This allows the Kimberly Bethel, 4ID PAO Office

ARMOR The Professional Development Bulletin Periodicals Postage of the Armor Branch Paid at Louisville, KY U.S. Army Armor Center ATTN: ATZK-TDM Fort Knox, KY 40121-5210

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