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Mountain Scouting

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Mountain Scouting 7' '' '**-^jiiiriBiiiiHiiiiiimii/iii 3HwMwi*w<fc i iW'i <i«*ww»wf wNm>iHWri i>i «a im»aw»«»E»a>t^>.vwftp aaa^WMOVtrttMiAiVv BOUGHT WITH THE INCO FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT THE GIFT OF MinrQ W. Sag* 1891 Cornell University Library Mountain scoutini 3 1924 030 724 201 olin The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030724201 : Mountain Scouting A HAND-BOOK FOR Officers and Soldiers on the Frontiers. PROFUSELY ILLUSTRATED AND CONTAINING NUMEROUS NOTES ON THE ART OF TRA VEL, BY EDWARD S. FARROW, U. S. Army, ^<m«tont Inkruetor of Taeiics at the V. 8. Military Academy, and, For- merly Commemding Indian Bcvvtsin the Department of the Colvmbia. ' NEW YORK PTJBLI8HBD BY THE AUTHOR, 1881. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year i38i, BY EDWARD S. FARROW, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. \ Inscribed TO OLIVER OTIS HOWARD, Brigadier and Brevet Major Generate V. S. Army AS A TRIBUTE TO HIS UNEQUALED ENTERPRISE AND PATRONAGE OF THE ART OF WAR, FROM HIS AFFECTIONATE F.R]ENI> THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. The object of my book is to investigate that chain of many minor successes, each link of which must be perfect, in order to insure the success of any expedition. A long and dangerous journey, without the loss of properly, comfort, nealth or life, can only be accomplished after having learned how to prepare for all emergencies; how to avoid un- necessary hardships; and how to hnd out the capabilities of the country and of the party. I make no claim to di>coveries in mountain-craft, nor do I pi etend to present any facts which have not occurred to others in similar situations. I have endeavored to present, in small compass, such knowl- edge as the young ofiScer often acquires by bitter experience and under the most unfavorable circumstances. My book is noi intended for ofificers who have seen service on the frontiers, many of whom are my competent teachers; but for the novice, who is so placed that he must depend upon himself in times of emergency. To complete my work, I have drawn largely on the experi- ences of older ofificers and have introduced frequent notes re- corded during the study of Indian character while in their l)eaceful villages, following their rugged trails, and in their hos- tile camps. I have also freely consulted Scott's Military Diction- ary, Walker's Manly Sports and other works of reference. I hope mv readers will forward me any additions or correc- tions that may appear to them to add to the value of the work. E. S. F. West Point, N. Y., December, 1881. CONTENTS. Chaptsb MOUNTAIN SCOUTING. CHAPTER I. THE HORSE. A THOROUGH knowledge of the horse and his judicious treatment are essential to a successful mountain journey. If there be left any latitude in the selection of your horse, see that " he is not less than fourteen nor more than sixteen hands high ; weighs not less than seven hundred and fifty, nor more than eleven hundred pounds ; age not less than five, nor more than eight years ; head and ears small ; forehead broad ; eyes large and prominent ; shoulders long and sloping well back ; fore legs straight and standing well under; chest broad and deep ; barrel large, and increasing from girdle to fla,nk ; withers elevated ; back short and straight ; loins and haunches broad and muscular ; hocks well bent and under the horse ; pasterns slanting ; and feet small and sound." My idea of the perfect horse is depicted in the following drawing. Range horses, or those that have been raised exclusively lo Mountain Scouting. on grass, are better suited for mountain service than those fed on grain. Hence it is that the square-built, large-trunked, short-legged Indian pony endures this service so much better than the American horse that has been accustomed to grain. The Indian pony, generally believed to be the result of a cross between the Southern mustang and a small type of the Canadian, is never fed, doctored stabled, combed, shod nor ; and when not under the saddle is left to shift for himself. In the winter he is a mere animated skeleton. His proportions vary according to the localities in which he is found, but he seldom exceeds thirteen hands in height. He is wonderfully sagacious and sure-footed. He can climb a steep, rocky hill with assurance and activity, and rush down a precipitous declivity with much indifference. He will get over and through places, which appear utterly impracticable, with ease and rapidity, while the American horse would labor to travel at a walk. He particularly excels in the passage of swamps, marshy places and sands perforated with gopher holes. When full mouthed, the horse will have forty teeth, twenty in eadh jaw. The mare possesses only thirty-six. The age of the horse may be determined by observing the teeth, the times at which they appear, are shed and replaced, and the altera- tions in their form and markings ; —2 years, all milch teeth, which are easily distinguished from the permanent by being smaller, whiter and having ; necks —3 years, two permanent teeth, central incisors ; —4 years, four permanent teeth, central and lateral ; incisors —5 years, all permanent teeth. From this time on, the age of the horse is decided by the marks on the teeth ; —6 years, the marks on the central incisors ai-e worn out, and the points of the tushes are blunted ; —7 years the marks on the central and lateral incisors are worn out, those on the corner incisors still ; showing —8 years all the cavities are filled up. Beyond this age the criteria are uncer- tain. — The Horse. ii The markings on the teeth (except those of crib-biters) are moie distinct in the upper than in the lower jaw, and may be easily examined by the aid of a mirror. The following facts are noted in connection with the horse's nature, management and capabilities : 1. He judges everything by seeing, smelling (feeling), and hearing. 2. He will resist no demand consistent with the laws of his nature, being unconscious of his strength. 3. He has a strong memory of places, and very readily finds again a trail or road which he has once before traveled. 4. He possesses the faculty of directing his course to the nearest water. 5. The absolute command of him can only be obtained by an admixture of kindness and firmness. 6. His lips and teeth adapt him to clipping short herbage he can find an abundance where the ox would starve. 7. A good horse is ruined by the practice of passing a loop- ed rope around the lower jaw, which is too often employed as an aid in keeping the seat when riding. 8. Avoid raising the arms when driving a horse. He is con- stantly in fear that they may fly off and strike him. 9. When he hangs back and will not lead, never get in front of him and pull, for there is no use, unless you are stronger than the horse. Place yourself opposite his shoulder and hold his head in front of you by grasping the bridle near the mouth, touching him with a whip held in the other hand. 10. Never whip a horse to hurt him. When he is stubborn, apply the whip lightly about his legs and flanks, and not on his back. 11. When a horse will not stand, and is addicted to the habit of kickiiig,- tie up one of his fore legs and leave him on three. He can then neither run away noi? kick, and will soon learn that you do not intend to hurt him. If not pressed, he can hop two or three miles on three legs. Two miles of hop- ping is a sure cure for a kicker or a jibber. 1-2 Mountain Scouting. thrown 12. To overcome the stubbornness of ahorse that has himself down, do not fiog him. Twisting or biting his tail is the usual way to manage him. A tuft of grass set ablaze and placed under' his nostril will cause him to rise. you 13. It is not well to use a whip on the horse from which fire he is sure to be un- shoot ; if so, when you raise the gun to steady, feeling a dread of its being the whip. application of his 14. A load on a horse's back is the worst times as much as he strength ; he can draw about seven can carry. 15. An average horse equals six men at a pull, and requires about five gallons of water daily. 16. Experiment has shown the following endurance of horses :—A healthy horse will live on water alone twenty-one about fifteen days ; he will live without eating or drinking days; he will live if fed, and without water, for about six days. The average length of life of the horse in all localities and under all circumstances is about twenty-one years. Before starting on a long journey, on horseback, every effort should be made to secure a proper equipment. In selecting a saddle, see that it is light, strong and large enough to permit the weight to be evenly distributed over the horse's back. It should be sufificiently raised to admit a free circulation between it and the spine, while the pommel is high enough to prevent the rider from being thrown forward.
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