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Alberta, Canada REPLACEMENT DOLOMITIZATION IN THE UPPER DEVONIAN LEDUC AND SWAN BILLS FORMATIONS, CAROLINE ARE A, ALBERTA, CANADA By Andre K. Laflamme Department of Geological Sciences McGill University, Montreal A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science September, 1990 © Andre K. Laflamme ( ( ABSTRACT Replacement matrix dolomite (RMD) is present throughout the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation, but is restricted to the bank margin in the Swan Hills Formation. RMD has an average crystal size of 140J,Lm and ftuoresces yellow in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation but has an average crystal size of 250jlm and fluoresccs green in the Swan Hills Formation. RMD formed before the onset of stylolitization. It has abundant inclusions, a homogeneous red cathodoluminescent response, and simiJar trace element concentrations in both formations. Ô 18 0 values overlap for the most part, but sorne Swan Hills dolomites are 1 to 2 %0 lighter in ~P80. The Leduc/Cooking Lake dolomite has a slightly greater range in Ô I3C, with several samples lighter than +1.5 % 0. Diagenetic fluids derived from seawater are supported by average ô13 C, ô 18 Q (1.77%0, -4.19%0; 2.810/00, -4.95 % 0), and 87S r/86Sr (.7082; .7086) values in the Leduc/Cooking ,f Lake and Swan Hills dolomite respectively. Yellow fluorescence and '\ pyrolysis parameters in the Leduc/Cooking Lake dolomite could be caused by the presence of mature organic compounds. III .t RESUME La dolomie de remplacement est présente dans tous les faciès récifaux de la formation du Leduc/Cooking Lake mais restreinte aux marges récifales dans la formation du Swan Hills. Dans la formation du Leduc/Cooking Lake les cristaux de ce type de dolomie ont une grosseur moyenne de 140~m et sont jaunes lorsqu'observés sous fluorescence alors que dans la formation du Swan Hills ils ont une grosseur moyenne de 250~ m et sont de couleur vert sous fluorescence. La dolomie de remplacement s'est développée avant la stylolitisation, possède de nombreuses inclusions, une couleur rouge homogène sous cathodoluminescence ainsi que des concentrations d'éléments en trace similaires dans les deux formations. Les valeurs de ~ 18 0 sont, pour la plupart, semblables pour les deux formations, , cependant certains cristaux de dolomie sont appauvris de 1 à 2°/0 ° 1 ! li en ~180 dans la formation du Swan Hills. Dans la formation du 1 1 Leduc/Cooking Lake, les valeurs de la dolomie de remplacement sont '1 un peu moins groupées, plusieurs échantillons étant plus légers que +1.5% 0. Les données de ~13C. BlsQ (1.77% 0, -4.19% 0; 2.81 % 0, -4.95 % 0) ainsi que de 87Sr/86Sr (.7082; .7086), dans les formations du Leduc/Cooking Lake et du Swan Hills respectivement, indiquent que les fluides diagénétiques sont derivés de l'eau de mer. La couleur jaune observée en fluorescence ainsi que les paramètres de pyrolyse pourraient indiquer la presence d'hydrocarbures dans la formation du Leduc/Cooking Lake. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.l GEOLOGiCAL SETTING " • • • • • • • • • • • • p.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH • • • • • • • • • • • • • P.7 RESEARCH METHODS • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.9 PETROGRAPHY LEDUC/COOKING LAKE FORMATION • • • • • • • • p.12 -PETROGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.15 Replacement matrix dolomite • • • e • • • • • • • p.15 cathodoluminescence • • • • • • • • • • p.18 fluorescence • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.18 Saddle dolomite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.25 Anhydrite· • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.25 Calcite cements • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.28 Pyri te ••••••••••• • • • • • • • p.28 Sphalerite' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.33 Sulfur • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.33 Paragenetic sequence • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.33 SWA~ HILLS FORMATION • • • • • • • • • • • p.35 -PETROGRAPHY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.38 Replacement matrix dolomite • • • • • • • • • • p.38 cathodoluminescence • • • • • • • • • • pAl fi uorescence • • • • • • • • • • • • • pA4 Saddle dolomite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.51 Calcite •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • p.54 Anhydrite' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.57 Sulfur • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.57 Botryoidal dolomite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.60 Celestite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.60 Paragenetic sequence • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.63 v -~ GEOCUEMISIBî -TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSES Replacement matrix dolomite • • • • • • • • • p.69 Variations • • • • • • • • • • • ~ • • • p.74 Interpretations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.74 -ISOTOPIC ANAL YSES Carbon and oxygen isotopes Replacement matrix dolomite • • • • • • • • • p.79 Interpretations • • • • • • • • • • • • p.84 Saddle dolomite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.86 Strontium isotopes Replacement matrix and saddle dolomite • • • • • p.88 Limestone • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.92 COMPARISON OF LEDUC/COOKING LAKE AND SWAN HILLS REPLACEMENT MATRIX DOLOMITE-SUMMARY • p.92 ..... DISCllSSUllS ,. DISTRIBUTION OF DOLOMITE • • • • • • • • • • • P.94 NATURE AND SOURCES OF THE DIAGENETIC FLUIDS • • • • p.98 RECRYSTALLIZA TION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.99 MECHANISMS OF PALEOFLUID FLOW • • • • • • • • • p.100 I-Burial Compaction • • • • • • • • • • • • p.100 2-Thermal Convection • • • • • • • • • • • • p.104 3-Topography Driven • • • • • • • • • • • • p.105 4-Reflux • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.105 5-Seismic Pumping • • • • • • • • • • • • p.l05 FLUORESCENCE-FLAME IONIZATlON DETECfION • • • • • P.I06 SUMMARY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.112 HYPOTHETICAL DOLOMITIZATION MODELS. • • • • • • p.1 13 TIlERMOCHEMICAL SULPHA TE REDUCTION (TSR)· • • • • p.121 CONCLUSIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.123 REFERENCES· • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.125 VI · t LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Study area and weil locations of cores. • • • • p.2 Fig. 2 Distribution of Leduc and Swan Hills buildups. • p.3 Fig. 3 Devonian stratigraphy in the subsurface of western Canada. • • • • • • • • • • • p.5 Fig. 4 Core photographs of replacement matrix dolomite in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation. p.14 Fig. 5 Petrographic characteristics of replacement matrix dolomite in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation. • • • • • • • • • • • • • p. 1 7 Fig. 6 Cathodoluminescence of replacement matrix dolomite in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation. p.20 Fig. 7 Fluorescence of replacement matrix dolomite in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation. -1- •••• p.22 Fig. 8 Fluorescence of replacement matrix dolomite in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation. -2-· • • • • p.24 Fig. 9 Cathodoluminescence and fluorescence of saddle dolomite and anhydrite in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation. ••••••••••• p.27 Fig. 10 Petrographic evidence of thermochemical sulphatf: reduction (TSR) in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation. • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.30 Fig. Il Sphalerüe, pyrite, and dolomitized submarine cements(?) in the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation. • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.32 Fig. 12 Paragenetic sequence of the Leduc/Cooking Lake Formation. •• • • • • • • • • • • p.34 Fig. 13 Core photographs of replacement matrix dolomite in the Swan Hills Formation. • • • • • • • p.37 Fig. 14 Petrographic characteristics of replacement matrix dolomite in the Swan Hills Formation. • • • • p.40 Fig. 15 Cathodoluminescence of replacement matrix r dolomite in the Swan Hills Formation. • • • • p.43 VII t Fig. 16 Fluorescence of replacement matrix dolomite ln the Swan Hills Formation. -1- • • • • • • • p.46 Fig. 17 Fluorescence of replacement matrix dolomite 10 the Swan Hills Formation. -2-· • • • • • • p.48 Fig. 18 Fluorescence of replacement matrix dolomite 10 the Swan Hills Formation. -3-· • • • • • • p.50 Fig. 19 Petrographie characteristics of saddle dolomite in the Swan Hills Formation. • • • • • • • • p. 53 Fig. 20 Petrographie characteristics of calcite 10 the Swan Hills Formation. • • • • • • • • • p.56 Fig. 21 Petrographie evidenee of Thermochemical Sulphate Reduction (TSR), in the Swan Hills Formation. • p. 5 9 Fig. 22 Petrographie characteristics of neomorphosed, botryoidal dolomite and celestite in the Swan Hills Formation. • • • • • • • • • p.62 Fig. 23 Stylolitization in the Swan Hills Formation.· • • p.65 ~-, Fig. 24 Petrographie relationships between saddle dolomite and blocky calcite in the Swan Hills Formation.·· • • • • • • • • • • • • p. 6 7 Fig. 25 Paragenetic sequence of the Swan Hills Formation. p.68 Fig. 26 Sr concentrations vs stoichiometry of replacement matrix dolomite. • • • • • • • • • • • p. 77 Fig. 27 Trace element concentrations in Cooking Lake Formation weil 7 -34-33-6W5· • • • • • • p. 78 Fig. 28 ô18Q and ô13 C of replacement matrix dolomite, and sadd le dolomite. • • • • • • • • • • • p. 8 1 Fig. 29 ô18 Q and ô 13C for dolomite, calcite, and limestone. •• • • • • • • • • • • • p. 8 2 Fig. 30 Replacement matrix dolomite C and 0 values showing the lack of trends in different wells.· • p. 8 3 Fig. 31 87Sr/86Sr values for dolomite, calcite, and limestone. •• • • • • • • • • • • • p. 8 9 Fig. 32 87S r/86Sr vs Sr concentrations (ppm) in replacement matrix and saddle dolomite.· • • p. 90 VIII r Fig. 33 BIi~O and BI3C vs 87S r/S6Sr in replacement matrix dolomite .• • • • • • • • • • • • • • p.91 Fig. 34 Comparison of characteristics of Swan Hills and Leduc/Ctwking Lake replacement matrix dolomite. p.93 Fig. 35 Swan Hills southwest-northeast cross-section.· • p.95 Fig. 36 Leduc east-west cross-section. • • • • • • • p.96 Fig. 37 Leduc north-south cross-section. • • • • • • p.97 Fig. 38 Buriai hislory curve for the Swan Hills
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