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Home , Archaeocyatha, Byronia, Pensacola Mountains, Shackleton Limestone, Whichaway Nunataks

EARLY ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS),

RYSZARD WRONA and ANDREY YU. ZHURAVLEV

Wrona, R., and Zhuravlev, A.Vu. 1996. Early Cambrian archaeocyaths from glacial erratics of King George Island (South Shetland Islands), Antarctica . In: A. Gaidzicki (ed.) Palaeon­ tological Results of the Polish Antarctic Expedition. Part n.- Palaeontologia Polonica 55,9-36. Twenty six of archaeocyaths are described (seven in open nomenclature), including Naimark cyathus elenae gen. et sp. n. represen ting a new family Naimarkcyathidae and superfami ly Naimarkcyathoidea of the order Archaeocyathida, from the Cambrian lime­ stone erratics in the glacio-marine sedime nts of the Oligoce ne Polonez Cove and Early Miocene Cape Melville Formations on King George Island (South Shetland Islands, ). They are accompanied by coralomorp hs and calcified cyanobac teria. The archaeocyathan assemblage closely resembles allochthonous assemb lages from the We­ ddell Sea and . Current reconstructions of icestream movement and iceberg drift, and similarities in species composition, suggest the lime­ stones as a source of these erratic s. The species Stapicyathus stapipora, Prethmophyllum subacutum, Aporosocyathus mucroporus, "Mennericyathus " dissitus, Paranacyathus sar­ maticus and Archaeopharetra irregularis are added to the list of common species for Antarctica and Australia. The total list of the common Australian-Antarctic archaeocya ths now include 31 of all of the 52 well defined Antarctic species. The archaeocyaths of King George Island, and Early Cambrian Antarctic archaeocyath assemblages (except these of the Mt. Egerton in the Byrd Glacier area) are of uppermost Botomian age (Syringocnema fav us Beds) as in South Australia. This means that archaeocyaths did not reach Antarctica until latest Botomian time. Erratic blocks containing archaeocyaths represen t various facies similar to the Shackleton facies and those of South Australia. The occurrence of small shelly (Dailyatia ajax, ?Byronia sp., Halkieria parva, Thambe­ tolepis delicata and Albrunicola bengtsoni) which are typica l of the Parara Limestone, of the Syringocnemafavus archaeocyathan assemblage, and of Hadimopanella antarctica and certain brachiopo ds in erratics of different , sugges ts a very similar faunal and facies success ion for Antarctica and South Australia and therefore, a comparable basin history. K e y wo r d s : Archaeocyatha, Coralomorp ha, Cambrian , Antarctica , South Shetland Islands.

Rysza rd Wrona, Instytut Paleobiologii PAN,Aleja 2wi rki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland. Andrey Yu. Zhuravlev, Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy ofSciences,Profsoyuz­ naya ulitsa 123, Moscow 1/7647, Russia.

Received 18 Decem ber 1995. accepted 5 February 1996 10 RYSZARD WRONA and ANDREY YU. ZHURAVLEV

CONTENTS

Introduction 11 Acknowledgement s 12 Geographical and geologica l setting 12 Material . 13 Erratics and facies interpretation 14 Faunal assemblage and stratigraphic implications 16 Provenance of limestone erratic boulders 18 Discussion . 19 Systematic 20 Class Archaeocyatha BORNEM I\NN, 1884 20 Order Monocyath ida OKULlTCH, 1935 20 Family Tumu liolynthidae ROZI\NOV, 1966 20 Genus Tum uliolynth us ZHURI\VL EV1\, 1963 20 Order Ajacicyathida R. BEDFOR D et J. BEDFORD, 1939 21 Suborder Ajacic yathina R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1939 21 Superfamily Bronchocyathoidea R. BEDFOR D et J. BEDFOR D, 1936 21 Family Ajacicyathidae R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1939 21 Genus Stap icyathus DEBRENNE, 1964 . 21 Family Leptosocyathidae VOLOGDI N, 1961 21 Genus Leptosocyathus VOLOGDl N, 1937 21 Family Bronchocyathidae R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1936 21 Genus Thalamocyathus GORDON, 1920 . 21 Family Densocyathidae VOLOGDI N, 1937 22 Genu s Prethmophyllum DEBRENNE, 1974 22 Superfamily Ethmophylloidea OKULlTCH , 1937 23 Family Kijacyathidae ZIIURAVLEVA, 1964 .. 23 Genus Apo rosocyathus KRUSE, 1978 23 Suborder Erismacoscinina DEBRENNE, ZIIUR AVLEV et ROZANOV. 1989 24 Superfamily Salairocyathoidea ZHUR I\VL EV 1\, 1956 24 Family Aste rocyathidae VOLOGDIN, 1956 . .. 24 Genus Erisma coscinu s DEB RENNE, 1958 24 Superfamily ?Mrassocyathoidea VOLOGDI N, 1960 24 Family ?Polycoscinidae DEBRENNE, 1964 . . . 24 Genus TMennericya thus DEBRENNE et ROZANOV, 1974 24 Superfamily Anaptyctocyathoidea DEBRENNE, 1970 25 Family Anaptyctocyathidae DEBRENNE, 1970 25 Genus Erugatocyathus DEBRENNE, 1969 25 Genus Veronica cyathus DEBRENNE, 1973 26 Suborder Tabu lacyathina VOLOGDl N, 1956 . .. 26 Superfamily ?Alphacyathoidea R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1939 26 Family Putapacyathid ae R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1936 . 26 Genus Putapa cyathus R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1936 26 Superfamily ?Chabakovicyathoidea ROZANOV, 1973 26 Family ?Chabakovicyathidae ROZANOV, 1973 . . 26 Genu s ?Chabakovicyathus KONYUSH KOV, 1964 26 Order Archaeoc yathida OKULlTCII, 1935 27 Suborder Loculicyathina ZHURI\VLEVA, 1954 27 Superfamily Loculicyathoidea ZHUR AVL EV A, 1954 27 CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM ANTARCTICA 11

Family Loculic yathid ae ZHUR AVLEVA, 1954 . 27 Genus Parana cyathus R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1937 27 Suborder Archaeocyathina OKULlTCH , 1935 . 27 Superfamily Archae ocyatho idea HINDE, 1889 . 27 Family Archaeopharetridae R. BEDFORD et J. BED FORD, 1936 27 Genus Archaeopharetra R. BED FORD et J. BED FORD, 1936 27 Genus Spiro cyathel/a VOLOGDIN , 1939 28 Family Archaeocyathidae HINDE, 1889 28 Genus Pycnoidocyathus TAYLOR, 1910 28 Superfami1y Naimarkcyathoidea superfam. n. 28 Family Naimark cyathidae fam. n. 28 Genus Naimarkcyathu s gen. n...... 29 Superfamily Metacyathoidea R. BEDFORD et W.R. BEDFORD, 1934 29 Family Metacyathidae R. BEDFORDet W.R. BEDFORD, 1934 29 Genus Metaldetes TAYLOR, 1910 . 29 Suborder Syringocnemidin a OKULlTCH , 1935 30 Superfamily Syringocnemidoidea TAYLOR , 1910 30 Family Syring ocnemididae TAYLOR , 1910 . 30 Genus Syringocnema TAYLOR, 1910 . 30 Genus Pseudosyringocnema HA NDFIELD, 1971 30 Superfamily Kruseicnemidoidea DEBR ENNE et ZHUR AVLEV, 1990 30 Family Kruseicnemididae DEBRENNE et ZHURAVLEV , 1990 . . . 30 Genus Kruseicnema DEBR ENNE, GRAVESTOCK et ZHURAVLEV , 1990 30 Group Coralomorpha JELL , 1984 . 31 Family Tannu olaiidae VOLOGDl N, 1967 31 Genus Khasaktia SAYUTlNA , 1980 31 Conclusions 32 References . 32

INTRODUCTION

Cambrian archaeocyath-bearing are widely distributed across the Antarctic continent, be­ tween Byrd Glacier and the (Text-fig. I) . Archaeocyaths were fir st noted in a moraine near Mount Buckley in the during SCOlT'S Expedition (SCOTT 1913 ). Other occur­ rences include allochthonous blocks derived from the Shackleton Limestone at Beardmore Gl acier (T AY ­ LOR in DAVI D and PRIESTLEY 1914; HILL 1964a), the Weddell Sea floor (G ORDON 1920), Whichaway Nunataks near the Shackleton Range (HILL 1965 ; STEPHENSON 1966), in situ Shackleton Limestone at Nimrod and Byrd Glaciers (LAIRD and WATERH OUSE 1962 ; HILL 1964b; B UR GESS and LAMM ERI NK 1979; DEBRENNE and KRUSE 1986 ), in situ Shackleton Limestone in the Holyoake Range (REEs et al. 1989; DEBRENNE and KRUSE 1989), allochthonous in Douglas Conglomerate, in situ Argentina Range limestone (KONY USHK OV and SHULYATIN 1980), Bender Mountains in the Queen Maud Mountains (RowELL et at. 1995) and erratics in the Permo- Whiteout Conglomerate in the (CRADDOC K and W EBERS 1964; D EBR ENNE 1992). M AWSON'S (1940) report of a probable archaeocyath from an erratic at Cape Denison, has not been confirmed (J AGO and OLlVER 1986). Antarctica is the only continent from which undoubted Middle and Late Cambrian archaeocyaths have been recorded (SCHMIDT et al. 1965 ; W EB ERS 1966; DEBR ENNE et al. 1984; WOOD et al. 1992). With these youngest exceptions, the Antarctic archaeocyathan fauna is almost conspecific with the fauna of Australia, and for thi s we pro vide further evidence in thi s paper. MORYCOWA et al. (1982) figured and listed some Early Cambrian archaeocyath s from a Recent moraine at Three Sisters Point, King George Island . They were probably reworked from the Tertiary glacio-rnarine deposits. Limestone erratics containing archaeocyaths were subsequently identified in the 01igocene to Early 12 RYSZARD WRONA and ANDREY YU. ZHURAVLEV

62'00'S

Melville Peninsula

Magda Nunatak ConQlomerate •" Nu atak Vaureal Peak

o ! A

Fig . I Location map of King George Island in Antarc tica (B) and the occ urrence of glacial and glacio-marine formations (shaded) on the island (A) . Dark shade d are outcro ps of Cambrian rock s in Antarctica. Circles and triangles ind icate autoc hthonous and allochthonous occurrences of Early Cambrian archaeocyaths respectively.

Mioce ne glacial and glacio-marine succesions of King George Island (B IR KENM AJER 1980, 1982b, 1987; GAZDZI CKI and WRONA 1986 ; WRONA 1989, 1995). Similar erratics have been recentl y found on King George Island by the Cambridge Arctic Shelf Programm e Expedition (ZHURAVLEV and WOOD 1995 ). Acknowledgements. - The field work in Antarctica carried out by Ryszard W RONA during the Fifth (1980-81) and Tenth (1985- 86) Poli sh Antarctic Expeditio ns was financed by the Poli sh Academ y of Sciences. The laboratory studies were supported by the Research Project MR.I.29 fro m the Poli sh Acade­ my of Scienc es and by the exchange program of the Poli sh and Russian Acade mies of Scienc es. Th e thin sections we re prepared by Zbyszek STR AK , photogr aph s were print ed by Grazyn a and Marian DZI EWI NSKI and figure drawin gs were mad e by Andrzej KAI M, all from the Institute of Paleobiology, Warszawa . We thank Lyudmila M ELNI KOVA(Mosc ow) for the ide ntification of bradoriid specime ns. The manuscript has benefited from comments on both the scientific content and language by Francoi se DEBRENNE(Paris), David I. GRAVESTOCK (Eastwood), Peter D. KRusE (Darwin), Andrzej PISERA (Warszawa) , Margaret N. REEs (Las Vegas) and Rachel WOOD (Ca mbridge) . This pap er is a contribution to the IGCP Project 366 Ecological aspects of the Cambrian radiation.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL SETTING

Tertiary glacial and glacio-marine sediments crop out on King George Island (South Shetland Island s, West Antarctica) in the southern cliffs between Admiralty Bay and Melville Peninsula, as well as in isolated Conglomerate and Magda Nunataks in the hinterland (Text-fig. I). Abundant and diverse erratics containing Early Cambrian fossils were collected from the Polonez Cove and Cape Melville Formations during the Polish geological and paleontological investigations in the austral summer seasons of 1980-1981 and 1985- 1986. CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM ANTARCTICA 13

Fig. 2 Exposures of the stratified deposits of the Early Miocene Cape Melville Format ion in the cliff of the Melville Peninsula, with erratic boulders (dropstones) as residual enrichment on the top of glacio-marine sediments; February 1981.

The glacio-marine Polonez Cove Formation is exposed in cliffs between Low Head and Lions Rump (Text-fig. 1). The Oligocene age of the formation is based on the occurrence of a calcareous nannofossils (GAZOZICKA and GAiOZICKI 1985) and on radiometric (K-Ar) dating of the overlaying lavas (BIRKENMAJER and GAZOZICKI 1986). The glacio-rnarine Cape Melville Formation is restricted to the Melville Peninsula. It contains indigenous solitary corals, calcareous and arenaceous foraminifera, diatoms, chry somonad cysts, silicoflagellates, polychaetes and bryozoans of the Miocene age, as well as reworked Cret aceous calcareous nannofossils and belemnites (DUOZIAK 1984; GAZOZICKI 1987). The age of the formation is determined by radiometrically (K-Ar) dated basalt lavas of the underlying Sherrat Bay Formation and transverse dikes, as well as by biostratigraphic studies, which indicates its depo sition during the Early Miocene glaciation of Antarctica (BIRK ENMAJER et al. 1983, 1985; BIERNAT et al. 1985; GAZOZI CKI 1987; BIRKENM AJER 1992). Stri ated ice-rafted boulders, up to 2 m in size (Text-fig. 2), are scattered randomly within the sediment and have been interpreted as iceberg dropstones deli vered during glacial epochs called the Polonez and Melville Glaciations of Oligocene and Early Miocene age respectively (BIRKENMAJER 1982a-b, 1989, 1995). The erratic boulders are mainly igneous, metamorphic, or siliciclastic rock s whereas limestones account for some 5% of the total number of boulders (W RONA 1989). Petrographic features of these rocks, in particular fossiliferous limestones, point to the source areas on the Antarctic continent (MORYCOWA et al. 1982; WRONA 1989). The most common lithologies of limestone erratics are identical to the Shackleton Limestone exposed in the central Transantarctic Mountains, but they display some similarities with certain South Australian Cambrian successions as well.

MATERIAL

The fossils, which have been identified in thin sections and after acid etching of the limestone erratics are abundant, diverse and include archaeocyath and coralomorphs discu ssed in this paper, bra ­ chiopods described elsewhere (HOLMER et al. 1996 this volume), and small shelly fossils listed and partially described earlier (GAZOZI CKI and WRONA 1986; WRONA 1987, 1989). 14 RYSZARD WRONA and AN DR EY YU. ZHURAVLEV

The lim estone boulders represented by seve ral hund red samples were collec ted l;om the steep cliff between Low Head (sample acronym AE/LH) and Lions Rump (acronym AEILR), mainl y from Mazurek Point (acro nym AE/M), in the type localit y of the Oligocene Polonez Cove Form ation . Samples AE/TS were collected from modern moraines in the vicinity of Three Sisters Point yielding erratics typical of the Polonez Cove Formation (MORYCOWA et al. 1982; WRONA 1989). The Early Miocene Cape Melville Formation erratics are represented by samples AE/Me fro m the Melville Peninsul a. Th e collection of the studied material is housed in the Institute of Paleobiology of the Poli sh Acade my of Science s in Warszawa (abbreviated as ZPAL Ac.I).

ERRATICS LITHOLOGY AND FACIES INTERPRETATION

All lim estone erratics fall into a limited number of lithological varieties which may orig inate from one succession, and may be classified under three followin g groups: Group I is represented by dark packstone-wackestone and burrowed mudstones with abundant small shelly foss ils. Among them, samples AElMe32-33 and 66 represent black packston es and wackes tones consisting mainl y of shell hash which is interbeded with dark-grey floatstone (PI. 1: 3, 5). Packed hyolith, mollu sc, bradoriid, lingul ate shells, echinoderm ossi cles, frag ments, diverse sclerites and spicules predominate, while archaeocyath frag ments are rare (PI. 1: 5). The shells are commonly filled with phosph atic materi al. Bedding ranges from flaggy to nodul ar and bedding surfaces are burrowed. Ferroan dolomitization is common, result ing in the brown-grey weathering co lour. In some floatstone interbeds, the bioclasts have been neomorphosed to ferroan wh ile ferroan bladed ce ment overgrows hyolith shells. Abundan t framboidal pyrite indicates the activity of sulphur-reducing bacteria in the sediment. Sampl e AE/Me 1129, 60 and 106 show mottlin g due to slight burrowing of wac kestone bearing hyolith and trilobite fragments (PI. 1: I). Sample AE/Me53 contains non-bedded hom ogenous mudstone with few scattered trilobit e fragments and silt-size quartz grains, and sample AEIMe4 1 is wavy thin-bedded homogenous and cross-stratified wac kestone. A moderately deep marine environme nt with oscillati ng anaero bic (homogenous mud stone) and dys­ aero bic (burrowed wackestone) to aero bic (graded shelly packstone and wackestone) bottom conditions may be sugge sted for the sedi ments represented in these boulders. Consequently, ca lm to moderately active shelf belo w storm wave base or slope conditions on the periph ery may be implied. Group 11 includes a large variety of relative ly shallow water reef limestones. The samples AElMel /2 and 174 are dolomiti zed ce mentstone with arc haeocyath part ly dissolved and replaced with blocky calcite and numerous cavities infilled with fibro us cement; cups are com monly covered by a micro bial enc rustation (PI. 1: 6 and PI. 2: 3). Also included are sam ples AE/M 1I24, 16, 20; Me1l 29, 37, 42, 67, 73, 160 and 176 represe nting floatstones which bears arc haeocyaths developing massive secondary ske leton and are surro unded by a grainstone with well sorted pellets and clo ts of calcimicro bes (GOI'do ­ nophyton, Renalcis, Proau lopora) and by mudstone-wackestone with trilobite, mollusc, hyolith, radio­ cyath and chancelloriid frag ments , echinoderm ossicles and sponge spicules. Shelter porosity is conspic u­ ous in the grainstone, arc haeocyaths are commonly dissolved, and Girva nella oncoids starts from archae­ ocyathan cups (PI. 8: 7).Samples AE/Me29 and 56 are dark-grey wackestones with archaeocyaths, sponge spicules, chance lloriid sclerites , trilobite frag ments and probable large pellets. Samples AEIM I and Me98 are grainstones containing well sorted and oriented frag ments of echinoderm ossicles, Girvanella cru sts, Renalcis clots and Bija filament s, micro strom atolite frag ments, hyolith conchs (PI. 8: 2, 4) and shelter porosity. Sampl es AEIM I0; Me2, 69, 74, 75, 169, 171, 174, 175; LH5 ; TS 3 and 7 are dendrolit es built by fine Gordonophyton encrusting small, rare ill situ arc haeocyaths, and by less prom inent tiny Renalcis and by Girvanella crusts. The remainin g cavities are rimmed with fibrous cement and occluded by sparry calcite and weakl y developed micrit e (PI. 1: 4). Pockets with grainstone, geo petal structures and, in places, bioturbation are formed. Stromatacti s-like structures and synsedimentary cracks joint them are observed in the latter samples all are encrusted by a thin veneer of fibrous cement and infilled with a mud on the bottom (PI. 1: 4). Sampl e AE/Me42 contains a Gordonophyton- Kordephyton dendrolite with very rare archaeocya ths (PI. 8: 6) . So me intermediate lithologies allow us to suggest that dendrolites are enclosed by bioturbated mudstone-floatstone with toppl ed large Pycnoidocyathus cups (PI. 4: 3) and rare hyolith debri s (AElMe 1168, 60, 70, 8 1, 90). More rare lithologies are represented by dolomitized intracl ast packstone (AEIM 111 4; Me 10I) with archaeocyaths and Khasaktia (PI. 8: 1); thin, evenly bedded mudston e CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM ANTARCTICA 15

Fig. 3 a - well sorted, normaly packed ooid grain stone ; AE/Me2, Melville Peninsula, x 7; b - ooid-peloid grainstone of poorly sorted pellets , ooids and radial ooids; compound oncoids and Girvan e//a crust. Fenestral porosity is infilled with fibrous and sparry cement; AE/Me156, Melville Penin sula , x 6; c - compound oncoid; AE/Me156, Melville Peninsula, x 4. with shelter porosity and sparry cement (AEIM20 ; Me46, 96); and Subtifloria-grainstone (PI. 8: 5) with shelter porosity infilled fibrous and equant cement, or in places, with pure fibrous cement (AElMel/lO). Parallel sectioning reveals obvious archaeocyathan interactions. Thus , Metaldetes pratti-Spirocyathel­ la cooperi- rMennericyathus" dissitus interactions are observed in Mel/2 sample (PI. 5: 3; PI. 6: 6-7). In early growth stage the Metaldetes cup was slightly indented and produced several successive films of vesicular tissue separating it from Spirocyathella and Spirocyathella from the environment. In turn, Spirocyathella encrusted "Menn ericyathus ". Later Metaldetes encrusted Spirocyathella and invaded its intervallum as shown by the distribution of Metaldetes vesicular tissue . The foreign cup was probably dead by that time. The following samples are dominated by ooid and/or oncoid textures: - oncoid grainstone of irregular, non sorted oncoids with archaeocyath debris (AE/LR3); 16 RYSZARD WRONA and AN DREY YU. ZHURAVLEV

light-grey gra instone to intraclast packstone (AEIM 2, 11 , 18,24; Mel-4, 1/3, 1/5,67 and 94) with oncoids 0.3--0.8 mm in size, archae ocyath, trilobite and brachiopod fra gments and Gordonophyton and Renaleis clots and Girvanella crus ts (Pl. 8: 7); - poorl y sorted ooid-peloid grainstone composed of pelloids, ooids (including radi axial ooids) ran ging from 0.2 mm to 4.0 mm in diameter (Text-fig. 3a); compound oncoids (Text-fig. 3b, c), Girvanella cru sts, and intergr anul ar porosity infilled by fibrous and sparry cement. Ooids in the latter are partially replaced by sparry calcite, whil e some oncoids contain small pellets and possess a distinct envelope. The oncoids are irreg ular in shape and size (0.5- 1.5 mm), and flattened (AE/Me 1/23, 1/25, 34, 92, 111, 156, 158); - well sorted (0.3-0.6 mm ), den sely packed, but badl y preserved due to compac tion and part ial dissol­ ution , ooid packstone with laminar fraction ally graded layerin g (AE/Me l , 83, 93, 95 , 173,200), and also oo id packstone with Proaulopora and radi axial oo ids (AE/M l). Quartzose (AElMe161) consisting of angular small grains (0.4 mm ) may also belong to Early Cambrian lithologies. The Shackleton Limestone facies model developed by REES et al. (1989) for the Holyoake Range of the central Transantarctic Mountains may help to decipher the initial facie s distribution of discussed here lithological groups. Thu s, the Group 11 facies accumulated in conditions of variable dynamic conditions in shallow subtidal settings on a carbonate platform . Burrowed mottled lime mud stones and wackestones with thin layers of biocl astic grainstone represe nt shallow subtidal shelf deposits. Some tran sitional lithologies indicate that they were interbedded with deposits formed as ooid bars and sand sheets, togeth er with Gordonophyton and archaeocyathan reefs, in a high energy environment. Peritidal deposits may be repre­ sented by half-moon ooids with collapsed internal structures (AElMe93), that could be produced by partial dissoluti on in hypersaline environments embracing the oolitic bank facies (BUGG ISCH and WEBERS 1982). Our data support REES et al. (19 89) and ROWELL et al. (1992) suggestion of the existence of an extensive Early Cambrian carbonate platform in Ant arctica from the Churchill Mountain s to Whichaway Nun ataks including the Beardm ore Glacier area, Argent ina Range and northern Pensac ola Mountain s. Erratic bloc ks indicate that a success ion comp arable to that in the upper Beardmore Glacier area may have been developed as far west as Whi chaway Nun ataks. Th ese reg ions, predominantly the Queen Maud and Th iel Mountains, constitute one or more displ aced crus tal blocks (ROWE LL and REES 1989 ). Th e Shack­ leton Limestone accumulated on a broad carbonate shelf of unknown width (ROWELL et al. 1992 ). Th is platform probabl y was continuous along strike for abo ut 1200 km from Byrd Glacier toward the Weddell Sea, where an Earl y Cambrian carbonate shelf margin is recognised in the Arge ntina Ran ge. Group III comprises samples AEIM e40 and 150 represented by slightly bituminous, dark -grey arg il­ laceous lime mud stones with palaeoscolecid an sclerites and lingul ate shells. These three principal gro ups, namely, black skeletal wackestone -pa ckston e, reef microfacies and dark- grey limestone, closely match those of the Parara Lim estone, Koolywurtie Lim estone Member and Ramsay Limestone, respecti vely, of the Yorke Peninsula (South Australia) succession (et TUCKER 1989; DAI LY 1990 ; ZHURAVL EV and GRAVESTOCK 1994 ). The faunal assemblages fro m eac h pair of co mpared subdivisions are also very similar (see below).

FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGE AND STRATIGRAPHIC IMPLICATIONS

Parallel to the three lithologic al gro ups, three distin ct faun al assemblages are recognised. Here we briefl y revise the two sma ll shelly foss il associations listed and figured ea rlier (GAZDZICKI and WRONA 1986; WRONA 1987, 1989, 1995 ) and present a complete species list of archaeocyathan assemblage. Preliminary list of small shelly foss ils characteristic for gro up I assemblage was given by GAZDZI CKI and WRONA (1986) and WRONA (1989) from samples AE/Me32-33 and 66 . Subse quent monographi c studies of small shelly foss ils from Australia and Antarc tica (BENGTSON et al. 1990 ; EVANS and ROWEL L 1990; BROCK and COOPER 1993; ZHUR AV LEV and GRAVESTOCK 1994 ; YATES 1994) allow us to correc t these preliminary ident ifications. The correc ted list includes hexactinellide (W RO NA 1989, pl. 7: 5, 7) and heteractinide (WRON A 1989, pl. 8: 6) sponge spicules. Th e mollu sc Pelagiella sp. (GAZDZICK I and WRONA 1986, fig. 7d ; WRONA 1989, pl. 10: 4) may be ass igned to Pelagiella cf. adunca (HE et PEI in HE et al., 1984) as described by BROCK and COOPER (199 3). Hyoliths and hyolith-like fos sils include Mieroeornus cf. petilus BENGTSON in BENGTSON et al., 1990 (GAZDZICKI and WRONA 1986, fig. 7c ; WRONA 1989, CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOC YATHS FROM ANTA RCTICA 17 pI. 10: I) and Actinotheca sp. (= Coleolella in WRONA 1989, pI. 7: 4). The bradoriid Hipponicha rion sp. described by BENGTSON et al. (1990) from the Parara Limestone of Yorke Penin sula, South Australia has been redescribed as a new species by HINZ-SCH ALLREUTER (1993). L. MELNI KOVA(perso nal communica­ tion) confirmed the conspecifici ty of these South Australian and Antarctic bradoriids (GAZDZICKI and WRONA 1986, fig. 7f) which belong now to Albru nn icola bengtso ni HINZ-SCH ALLREUTER, 1993. Tommo­ tiids are represented by Dailyatia ajax BISCH OFF, 1976 (WRONA 1989, pI. 9: I and Came nella sp. in GAZDZI CKI and WRONA 1986, fig. 7e) and Lapworthella fasciculata CONWAYMORRI S et BENGTSON in BENGTSON et al., 1990 (= mitrosagophoran sclerite in WRONA 1989, pI. 10: 3). Coeloscleritophora ns are diverse and include chancelloriids Allon nia sp. (WRONA 1989, pI. 8: 4) and Chance lloria sp. (GAZDZ ICKI and WRONA 1986, fig. 7a), Halkieria parva CONWAY MORRI S in BENGTSON et al ., 1990 (= Halkieria sp. in WRONA 1989, pI. 8: 3) and Thambetolepis delica ta JELL, 1981 (= Halkieria sp. in GAZDZICK I and WRONA 1986, fig. 7h). Hyolithellus filiformis BENGTSON in BENGTSON et al., 1990 (= Hyolithellu s sp. in WRONA 1989, pI. 8: 2) and ?Byro nia sp. (WRONA 1989, pI. 8: I) are distinct among hyolithelm inths. In addition, indistinguishable trilobite fragments, archaeocyath Prethmophyllum ex gr. bru nhilda (BED FORD et BEDFORD, 1937), and problematic Mongolitubulus squamifer MISSARZH EVSKY, 1974 are prese nt (WRONA 1989, pI. 8: 5). Further details of the small shelly fossi l asse mblage will be scrutinized elsew here (BENGTSONand WRONA in preparation). The entire assemb lage is very close to the late Atdabanian-Botomian Australian assemblages. Furthermore it is conspecific with the small shelly assemblage from the Parara Limestone of Yorke Peninsula. Albrunnicola bengtsoni and Mongolitubulus sp. are not known from the Flinders Ranges (BENGTSON et al. 1990; YATES 1994). Rich small shelly fossils and assemblages were found in the Shackleton Limestone of the central Transantarctic Mountains. These latter assemblages, however, contains no species in common with either King George Island assemblage or Yorke Peninsula assemblage (ROWELL et af. 1988; EVA NS and RowELL 1990; COOPER and SHERGOLD 1991; EVANS 1992; PALMERand ROWELL 1995). The absence of typical late Atdaba nian foss ils, namely Paterimitra, Micrina or Eccen trotheca (YATES 1994), allows us to further cons train the lower age limit of the small shelly fossil assem blage to the Pararaia tatei trilobite Zone (BENGTSON et al. 1990). Thu s, the lower Botomian age is the most plausible because many King George Island small shelly fossi ls are not know n above this interva l (BENGTSO N et al. 1990; ZHURAV LEV and GRAV ESTOCK 1994; YATES 1994). Group II lithologies contain diverse archaeocyaths and some other reef organisms which are listed below. The most distinctive elements of the assemblage are described in the systematic part. Archaeocyaths: Dokidocyathus sp., Stap icyathus stapipora (TAYLOR, 1910), S. incisus (HILL, 1965), Ajacicyathus ajax (TAYLOR , 1910), Prethmophyllum subacutum (BEDFORD et BEDFORD, 1934), Aporoso­ cyathus mucroporus KRUSE, 1978, "Mennericyathus " dissitus KRUSE, 1982, Erugatocyathus scutatus (HILL, 1965), E. gravestocki (DEBRE NNE et KRUSE, 1986), veronicacyathus sp., Putapa cyathus excavatus HILL, 1965, Archoeopharetra irregularis (TAYLOR, 1910), Nai markcyathus elenae gen. et sp. n., Thala­ mocya thus trachealis (TAYLOR, 1910), Tha lamocyathus sp., Diplocyathellus sp., Tha lamocyathus ex gr. trachealis (TAYLO R, 1910) ?Anaptyctocyathus sp., Spirocyathella cooperi (DEBRE NNE, 1975), Metaldetes pratti (HILL, 1965), Pse udosyringocnema uniserialis (HILL, 1965), Kruseicnema gracilis (GORDON, 1920), Tumuliolynthus irregularis (BEDFORD et BEDFORD, 1934), TAporosocyathus sp., Pycnoidocyathus latilo­ culatus (HILL, 1964), Leptosocyathus sp., Paranacyathus sarmaticus DEBRENNE, 1974b, TChabakov­ icya thus sp., Syringocnemafavus TAYLOR, 1910, Erismacoscinus stephensoni (HILL , 1965), Bra ctocyathus labiosus KRUSE, 1978. Radiocyaths: Radiocya thus minor (BEDFORD et BEDFORD, 1934). Problematic sponge: Acanthinocyathus apertus (BEDFORD et BEDFO RD, 1934). CaIcarean sponges: Gravestockia sp. (PI. 4: 5). Heteractinide spo nges. Cora lomorph: Khasaktia sp. (PI. 8: I). Calcified cya nobacteria: Proau­ lopora sp., Gordonophyton grande (GORDON, 1920) KORDE 1973, Renalcis sp. (PI. 2: 3), Razumovskia sp. (PI. 8: 3), Kordephyton sp. (PI. 8: 6), Bija sp. (PI. 8: 2,4). Despite differences in the archaeocyathan composition of the studied samp les, all of them contain common elements with the Syringocnema favus Beds asse mblage of South Austra lia which is correlated by ZHUR AVLEV and GRAV ESTO CK (1994) with the latest Botomian. Similar elements have been identified in the King George Island erratics found by the Cambridge Arctic Shelf Program Expedition. They include Tumuliolynthus irregu lari s, Dokidocya thus sp., Ladaecyathu s sp., Bractocyathus labiosus, A rchaeophare­ tra sp., Pycno idocyathus latiloculatus, Metacyathellus lairdi (HILL 1964) and Kruseicnema gracilis (ZHU­ RAVLEV et WOOD, 1995). Earlier, DEBRENNE and KRUSE (1989) identified and partly figured Ajacicyathus sp., A. ajax, Stapicyathus incisus, Thalamocyathus trachealis, Cyathocricus tracheodenta tus (BEDFORD et BEDFORD, 1934), TKiwicyathus sp., Erugatocyathus scutatus and ?Veronicacyathus sp. from the Polonez 18 RYSZARD WRONA and ANDREY VU . ZHU RAV LEV

Cove Formation erratics collec ted by MORYCOWA et al. (198 2). Th e most typical of the Syringocn ema f avus Beds ass emblage among the Kin g George Island arch aeocyath s are Stapicya thus stapipo ra, Pre­ thmophyllum subacutum, Aporosocyathus mucroporus, Menn ericya thus dissitu s, Paranacyathus sa rmati­ cus and Archaeopharetra irregularis identified in Ant arctica for the first time. In addition , such noticeabl e spec ies of the Syringocnema favus Beds as Tumuliolyn thus irregularis, Thalamocyathus trach ealis, Eru ­ gatocya thus sc utatus, Pycn oidocyathu s latiloculatus, Syringocnema favus, Kruseicnem a grac ilis and the problemati c sponge Acanthinocyathus apertus are present. Th e det ermination of Spirocy athe lla cooperi in Antarctica further supports the Antarctic origin of South Africa n Carbo niferous tillites co nta ining archaeocyaths (DEBRENNE 1975). Group III fauna is represent ed by ex treme ly rich and well pre served larval and adult brachi op od she lls, sponge spicules, cha nce lloriid sclerites, mollusc and hyolith conchs and trilobite carapaces (HOLMER et al. 1996 thi s vo lume). Lin gul ate brachiopods Eoo bolus aff. E. elatus (PELMA N in PELMAN and PERELADOV, 1986) [= Lingulella sp. in BROCK and COOPER ( 1993)], Karathele napu ru (KRUS E, 1990), and Vandalotreta djagoran (KRusE, 1990) [= Hadrotreta primaeva in BROCK and COOPER ( 1993)] from the sample AE/Me5 2 are identical to brach iopod assemblages descr ibed from the Toyon ian Wi rrealpa Limeston e of the Flinders Ran ges, Ramsay Limestone of the York e Pen insula, So uth Au strali a, and Tindall Limestone of the Daly Basin , Northern Territory (KRUS E 1990 ; BROCK and COOPER 1993; HOLMER et al. 199 6 this vo lume; see also Text- fig. 4). Hadimopanella anta rctica W RONA, 1987, both in morphology and size, closely resembles elem ents of the tub erculate orname nts on Chalas iocranos exquisitum BROCK et COOPER, 1993 sclerites from the Ramsay Limeston e of the York e Peninsul a, So uth Australia (BROCK and COOPER 1993). It is pos sibl e that- H. antarctica re presents intermediate sma ller sclerites of the same anima l that bears C. exquisitum sclerites , similarly to oth er Cambrian- anima ls of the palaeo scolecidan-lobopodian group possessin g sc ler ites of differ ent kind s (see KRAFT and MERGL 1989; MULLER and HINZ-SCH ALLR E­ UTER 1993), or is even a result ant of C. exquisitum sclerite disruption . On the who le, thi s assemblage bel on gs to the middle Toyonian Archaeocyathus abacus Bed s (ZHURAVL EV and GRAVESTOCK 1994 ).

PROVENANCE OF LIMESTONE ERRATIC BOULDERS

The proven ance of the Kin g George Island glacial erratics is unknown , but ge nerally they are believed to have derived from locati on s near the Ell sworth Mountains or along the Weddell Sea coast and from the Transant arct ic Mountain s (WRONA 1989 ; EVANS and ROWELL 1990 ). BIRK ENMAJ ER (1980, 1982a-b), BIRKENM AJER and BUTKI EWI CZ (1988) suggested that the main so urces of igneou s erra tics ma y be (I ) Ant arcti c Peninsul a, (2) Ell sworth Mountains, (3) Pen sacola and Th eron Mountain s, which provide the enti re diversity of drop stone lithologies (Tex t-fig. I). How ever, only the latt er two occurences yield the Cambrian rock s. The dropstones occu rring in marly sha les of the Ca pe Melvill e Formation were deli vered to the Miocene basin by drifting ice bergs deri ved from the margin of ice she lves. Su ch ice bergs also dropped Cambrian erratics , which contain an almost ide ntica l Cambrian fauna, in particul ar Ajacicyathus ajax, Stapicyathus incisus, Tha lamo cyathus tra chealis, Erugatocya thus scu tatus, Spirocyathella coope ri, Na imarkcyathus elenae , and Kru seicnema grac ilis (DEBRENNE and KRUSE 1989; see also thi s paper), into the Weddell Sea. Of this list, two spec ies are present only in the King Ge orge Island and Weddell Sea err atics. The Which away Nun ataks co ntain Stapicyathus incisu s, Thalamocyathus tra chealis, Ap oroso­ cyathus mucrop orus, Erismacoscinus stephensoni, Eruga tocya thus scutatus, Putapacya thus excavatus, Pycnoidocyathu s latiloculatu s, Metaldetes p ratti , Pseu dosyr ingocnema uniserialis, and Syringocnema fa vus (DEBR ENNE and KRUSE 1989 ; see also this pap er). Five of these spec ies are co mmo n with the Kin g George Island archaeocyaths . We may suggest that arc haeocyathan assemblages of these thr ee allochtho nous occurre nces were derived from the same source. Th e Carbonifer ou s- co ng lome rates from the ElIsworth Mountain s could not be the so urce of the erratic block s becau se their archaeocyatha n assemblage is very di fferent (DEBREN NE 1992 ). Th e archaeocyath-bearing limestone occuring in the upp er part of the Ro ss Supergroup in the Ro ss Orogen, at least the region between Nimrod Glacier and Th eron Mountains, could be the source area for both the arc haeocyath-bearing erratics co llected from glac ige nic deposits of Kin g George Island and those dredged from the Weddell Sea floor. Taking into account the present and late Tertiary flow patterns of Antarcti c icesheets (MAY EWS KI 1975 ; DREWRY 1983), it seems that the source area of arc hae ocyath-bearing erra tics was most probabl y some where between the Arge ntina Range and Th eron CAMBRIAN A RCHAEOCYAT HS FROM A NTARCTICA 19

Mountain s. The Argentina Range (in ) is the nearest locality co nta mmg in situ arc haeocyaths (Text-fig. 1). Unfortunately, the Argent ina Range arc haeocyaths were listed only, but never figured (KoNYUS HKOV and SHULYATI N 1980). Erratic boulders bearin g small shelly fossils are the most pu zzl ing as they closely resemble the Early Cambrian roc ks of South Austra lia (Parara and Ramsay Lim estones) but lack analog ues in Antarctica. Two Antarctic localities co ntai ning sma ll shelly foss ils are known . These are the autoc hthonous Shackl eton Lim estone in the Church ill Mountains (mainly Holyoake Ran ge) between Nimrod and Byrd Glaciers and in the southea st of Mount Bowers (RowELL et al. 1988), and Early Cambrian boulders at Mount Provend er, Shackleton Range yie ldi ng molluscs compared with Helcionella and Me llopeg ma (CLARKSON et al. 1979). Neither locality contains spec ies in co mmo n with the King George Island erratics.

DISCUSSION

Lith ological and faunal features of the studied erratics reveal their close similari ty with South Austra ­ lian Early Ca mbrian sequences, the most striking with Yorke Pen insul a succession (Text-fig. 4). Both lithologicall y and paleontologicall y, Kin g George Island erratic gro ups I, 11 and III resemble the Parara

30'(±S)"

SO UT II

A ~ I E I< I C A

Fig. 4 Paleogeographical map of the significant Early Cam brian basins and shelf areas of Austra lia and Antarctica . Asterisked are ar­ cheocy ath occurrences (modified after CO URJ !l U LT- RADI~ et al. 1992 ). 20 RYSZARD WRONAand ANDRE Y YU. ZHU RAVLEV

Limestone, Koolywurtie Member and Ramsay Limestone respectivel y. Only the Minlaton Form ation Red Bed and evaporit e lithologies (DAILY 1990) are not evidenced in the erratics. This may be due to the absence of distinct fossils in the latter formation or to a selective preservation of different lithologies in glacial erratic boulders (WRONA 1989). Some, but not so obvious similarities are observed between the studied material and the Flinders Ranges (Arrowie Basin) rocks, in particular: Mernm erna Formation, upper Wilkawillin a Limestone and Wirrealpa Limestone respectively. The provenance of the King George Island erratic boulders is somewhere in the Weddell Sea vicinit y (see above). Thus, surprisingly, the closest similarities are observed between the Stansbury Basin of South Australia and the most remote part of Antarctic a (e.g. DALZI EL 1992: figs 2- 3). There are two possible explanations. First, the Stansbury Basin was an Australian basin proximal to the continuous East Antarctic shelf along which the fauna freely migrated (Text-fig. 4). The Antarctic Early Cambrian trilobite fauna, however, differs conspicuously from the Australian one and has only few elements in common (COOPER and SHERGOLD 1991; PALMER and ROW ELL 1995). The small shelly fossi ls found in the Churchill Moun­ tains are not very similar to the South Australian and King George Island fauna despite their intermediate paleogeographic location (ROWELL et al. 1988; EVANS and RowELL 1990; EVANs 1992). The second is that several more or less isolated basins might have existed along the East Antarctic craton. Tho se basins might have ben connected only durin g the most promin ent transgressions, thus allow ing faunal exchange. Transgressive tracts are indeed sugges ted for the early Botomian, late Botomi an and middle Toyonian times based on the sequence stratigraphy of South Australian basins (GRAV ESTOCK et al. 1990; GRAVES­ TOCK and HIBB URT 1991; GRAVESTOCK and SHERGOLD in press). These are the horizons that contain very similar fossil assemblages. For example, of the total 52 well defined archaeocyath species which are now known from Antarctica, 31 species (60%) are common with Australia. All of them belong to the Syring­ ocnema f avus assembl age, but some species could have appeared a little earlier. Significantly, not one species belonging to older Australian archaeocyathan zones has been found in Antarctica.

SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY

The archaeocya than descriptions are based on the systematics by DEBRENNE, ZHUR AVLEVand Rozxxov (1989), and DEBRENNE and ZHURAVLEV (1992). In addition a representative of coralomorphs, an informal entity of calcareous sessile Cambri an fossils which may be cnidarians (JELL 1984; ZH URAVLEVet al. 1993), is described.

Class Archaeocyatha B OR NEMANN, 1884 Order Monocyathida OKULITCH , 1935 Family Thmuliolynthidae ROZANOV in ROZANOVand MlssARZH EVSK Y, 1966 Genus Tumul iolynthus ZHURAV LEVA , 1963 Tumuliolynthus irregularis (R. BEDFORD et W.R. BED FORD, 1934) (PI. 3: I ) 1934. Monocyathus irregularis n. sp.; R. BEDFORDand W.R. BEDI'ORD, p. 2. pI. I: 2. 1939. Monocyathus irregularis BEDI'ORDet BEDFORD; R. BEDI'ORDand 1. BEDFO RD. p. 68. pI. 42: 160. 1963. Tumuliolynthu s irregularis (BEDFORD et BEDI'ORD); ZH UR AVL EVA. p. 110, text-fig. 58. 1969. Tumuliolynth us irregularis (BEDI'ORD et BEDI'ORD ); DEBR ENNE, pp. 304-305. pI. 1: l. 1974a. Tumul iolynthus irregularis (BEDFORD et BEDFORD); DEBRENNE, p. 100, pI. 19: 7. 1982 . Tumuliolynthus irregularis (BEDFORD et BEDI'ORD); KRUSE, pp. 144-145, text-figs 6, 8A-E. 1995. Tumuliolynth us irregularis (BEDI'ORD et BEDFOR D); ZII URAVLEV and WOOD. fig. 2A (top). Material. - Two thin sections ZPAL Ac.I/Me 1/14 and Me74 . Description. - One-walled cup 1 mm diameter. The wall is 0.08 mm thick and bears scarce tumuli up to 0.14 mm in height and up to 0.16 mm in diameter. Pores are of irregular size and spacing. Occurrence. -Late Botomian Syringocnema fa vus Beds of the Ajax Limestone, Flinders Ranges (BEDFO RDand BED FOR D 1934) and Cymbric Vale Formation, New South Wales, Australia (KRUSE 1982), and King George Island erratics, Antarctica (ZHURAV LEV and WOOD 1995). The King George Island erratics are the only occurrence of this Australian species in Antarctica. CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM ANTARCTICA 21

Order Ajacicyathida R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1939 Suborder Ajacicyathina R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1939 Superfamily Bronchocyathoidea R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1936 Family Ajacicyathidae R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1939 Genus Stapicyathus DEBRENNE, 1964 Stapicyathus stapipora (TAYLOR, 1910) (PI. 1: 6)

1910. Archaeocyathus stapipora n. sp.; T AYLOR , p. 118, pI. 3: 10, pI. 7: 37-38. 1939. Aja cicyathus stapipora (TAYLOR) ; R. B EDFORD and J. B EDFORD, p. 75. 1964. Ajacicyathus (Stapicyathus) stapipora (TAYLOR) ; DEBRENNE, p. 124. 1965. Robu stocyathus stapipora (TAYLOR) ; HILL, pp. 61, 64. 1969. Archaeocyath ellus (Stapi cyathus) stapipora (TAYLOR); DEBRENNE, p. 309 , pI. I: 5. 1974a . Stapi cyathus stapipora (TAYLOR) ; D EBRENNE, pp. 118-119, pI. 24: I, 3--4. 1989. Stapi cyathu s stapipora (TAYLOR) ; DEBRENNE, ZH URAVLEV and ROZANOV, pI. 3: 3, pI. 5: 5. 1990. Stapi cyathus stapipo ra (TAYLOR); DEBRENNE, ROZANOV and ZH URAVLEV, pI. 3: 3, pI. 5: 5.

Material. - Two thin sections ZPAL Ac.I/MlO and Me73. Description. - The cup is up to 2.5 mm in diameter and the intervallum is 0.6 mm wide. The outer wall is simple, slightly bulged over intersepts and pierced by 3 to 4 pore rows per intersept, two of which are arranged alongside the wall-septum junction. Pores are 0.10-0.12 mm in diameter, interpore lintels are 0.07 mm wide, the wall thickness is 0.05 mm. The inner wall is simple, penetrated by stirrup pores only. It is 0.07-0.08 mm in thickness. Pores are 0.2 mm in diameter with interpore lintels 0.1 mm wide. The intervallum contains septa with a single stirrup pore row alongside the inner wall. Septa are 0.05 mm thick. Occurrence. - Late Botomian Syringocnema favus Beds of the Ajax Limestone, Flinders Ranges, South Australia (TAYLOR 1910) and King George Island erratics, Antarctica. This is the first known occurrence of this species in Antarctica.

Family Leptosocyathidae VOLOGDI N, 1961 Genus Leptosocyathus VOLOGDI N, 1937 Leptosocyathus sp. (PI. 3: 2) Material. - One thin section ZPAL Ac.I/Me74. Description. - Cup is 5.0 mm in diameter with a relatively narrow, 0.9 mm wide, intervallum. Outer wall is simply porous, pierced by 3, rarely 2, pore rows per intersept. Pores are constricted by flat diaphragms, and 0.12-0.14 mm in diameter, lintel width is 0.07 mm, and the wall thickness 0.02 mm. The inner wall is pierced by stirrup pores only (diameter 0.15 mm). The wall bears spiny scales and has a total thickness of 0.06 mm. The intervallum is traversed by scattered porous septa with a single stirrup pore row alongside the inner wall. Remarks. - Undoubtful Leptosocyatus has been recognized for the first time in the entire Australian­ Antarctic shelf. ?Leptosocyathus sp. from the Koolywurtie Member, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia differs in having much more frequent septa and less defined scales on the inner wall (ZHURAVLEV and GRAVESTOCK 1994). Occurrence. - Early Cambrian erratics, King George Island, Antarctica.

Family Bronchocyathidae R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1936 Genus Thalamocyathus GORDON, 1920 Thalamocyathus trachealis (T AY LOR, 1910) (PI. 3: 3)

1910. Archaeocyathus trachea/is n. sp. (pars); T AYLOR, p. 125, pI. 1: 11 n-p, pI. 2: 6, pI. 3: 11 a, pI. 5: 27i-30i, pI. 6: 31 pars , pI. 8: 45--46, 47/7 , text-fig. 22. 1994. Tha/amocyathu s trachea/is (TAY LO R) ; ZH URAVLEV and GRAVESTOCK , p. 22, fig. 8A, E, F (cum syn.).

Material. - Four thin sections ZPAL Ac.I/Me94. 22 RYSZARD WRONA and ANDREY YU. ZHURAVLEV

Description. - The cup is up to 5.0 mm in diameter and the intervallum width is up to 1.0 mm. The simple outer wall possesses 2-4 rows per intersept of rounded-angular, slightly compressed pores. The pore diameter is 0.03-0.06 mm, lintels are from 0.01 mm to 0.03 mm wide at the base, and the wall is 0.075 mm in thickness. Pores are covered with flat diaphragms. The inner wall lintels support massive V-shaped annuli with a solid carina at the junction of annular limbs. Fixed limb is shorter than free limb. Inner wall openings are about 0.25 mm in size when the total wall thickness is 0.25 mm. The intervallum is filled with sparsely porous septa pierced by rounded small pores, 0.04 mm in diameter. Occurrence. - From the late Botomian Syringocnema favus Beds of the Ajax Limestone, Flinders Ranges (TAYLOR 1910; GRAVESTOCK 1984), the Koolywurtie Member, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia (ZHURAVLEV and GRAV ESTOCK 1994), the Shackleton Limestone, northern Holyoake Range, Nimrod Glacier (DEBRENNE and KRUS E 1986), and allochthonous blocks from Weddell Sea and King George Island (GORDON 1920; MORYCOWA et al. 1982) and Whichaway Nunataks, Antarctica (HILL 1965), as well as the Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Tillite, South Africa (DEBRENNE 1975) .

Thalamocyathus ex gr. trachealis (TAYLOR , 1910) (PI. 3: 6-7) Material. - Three thin sections ZPAL Ac.I/Mell2. Description. - Outer wall pierced by 2 alternating pore rows per intersept. Pores are rounded, 0.1-0.12 mm in diameter, interpore lintels are 0.06-0.08 mm wide . Inner wall bears one pore row per intersept covered by annuli with downward-inward directed spines on the intervallum side. The annulus width is 0.16 mm. Septa are pierced by pores scattered in the middle part of the intervallum. Pores are rounded, 0.14-0.16 mm in diameter. Remarks. - The present species is intermediate between T. trachealis and T. tectus DEBRENNE, 1973 in number of pores per intersept and in convexity of pore diaphragms of the outer wall . It is possible that all of them represent only a continuous set of intraspecific variability. Occurrence.- Early Cambrian erratics, King George Island, Antarctica.

Thalamocyathus sp. (PI. 3: 4) Material. - One thin section ZPAL Ac.I/Me67. Description. - Cup diameter is 2.5 mm , intervallum is 0.8 mm wide . The outer wall is simple with 3 pore rows per intersept. Pores are hexagonal in outline and constricted by flat diaphragms (pore diameter 0.07 mm, lintel width 0.02 mm , wall thickness 0.06 mm). Annuli on the inner wall are V-shaped in longitudinal section and bear carina. The total inner wall thickness reaches 0.25 mm, pore diameter is 0.13 mm , interpore space is 0.1 mm. The intervallum contains sparsely porous septa with pores 0.1 mm in diameter. Remarks.- Flat diaphragms on the outer wall and a simple structure of inner wall annuli differentiate this species from other Thalamocyathus species. Incomplete preservation prevents its assignment to species level. Occurrence. - Early Cambrian erratics, King George Island, Antarctica.

Family Densocyathidae VOLOGDIN, 1937 Genus Prethmophyllum DEBRE NNE, 1974b Prethmophyllum subacutum (R. BEDFORD et W.R. BEDFORD, 1934) (PI. 3: 5)

1934. Archaeocyathus subacutus n. sp.; R. BEDFORD and W.R . B EDFORD , p. 2, pI. I: 3a-c. 1937. Archaeocyathus acutu s BORNEMANN; TI NG, p. 358, pI. 9: 1-2. 1937. Archaeocyathus subacutus B EDFOR D et B EDFORD; R. B EDFORD and J. B EDFORD , p. 35, pI. 37 : 145A-D. 1960. Ajacicyathus walli seri n. sp.; DEBRENNE and D EBRENNE, pp. 696-697, pI. 19: 3. 1969. Robustocyathus subacutus (BEDFORD et B EDFORD) ; DEBRENNE, pp. 3 12-3 14, pI. 3: 6- 7. text-fig. 4. 1974b . Prethmophyllum subacutus (B EDFORD et BEDFORD); DEBRENNE. pp . 174-175, pI. 22 : I . 3. 1982. Prethmophyllum subacutum (B EDFORD et BEDFORD); K RUSE, pp . 164-165, text-fig . 14C-D, G-I.

Material. - Two thin sections ZPAL Ac.I/MIO. CAMBRI AN AR CHAEOCYATHS FROM ANTARCTICA 23

Description.- The cup exceeds 10 mm in diameter with the intervallum 1.3 mm wid e. Outer wall is pierced by a single pore row per intersept. Pores are well-rounded , 0.10-0.12 mm in size, with convex diaphragm s; lintel width is 0.08 mm. The inner wall is 0,3 mm thick and pierced by one pore row per intersept. Pores are hex agonal in outline due to se ptal margin undulation; the pore is 0.20-0.22 mm in diam eter ; lintel is 0.12 mm width. Septa are thin (0.03 mm), frequent, almost non-porous. Septal pores are arra nged in a single row alongs ide the outer wall; pores are elongated, 0.10-0.16 mm in width and 0.25-0.32 mm in height. Occurrence. - Late Botomian Syr ingocnetna favus Bed s of the Ajax Limestone, Flinders Ranges (BEDFORD and BEDFOR D 1934), the Cymbric Vale Formati on , New South Wales, Australi a (KRUSE 1982); and alloc hthono us Earl y Cambrian boulders, King George Island, Antarctica. This is the fir st occ urrence of this spec ies outside Au stralia.

Prethm oph yllum ex gr. brunhilda (R. BEDFOR D et W.R. B ED FOR D, 1937 ) (PI. I : 5) Material. - On e thin sec tion ZPAL Ac.I/Me33. Description. - The cup is 2.5 mm in di ameter, with outer wa ll pierced by several rows of pores including stirrup pores covered with diaphragm s. Th e wall thickness is 0.06 mm , pore diameter is 0.1 mm . The inner wall bears a sing le row of short straight ca nals per intersept. The wall thickness is 0.18 mm, can al diameter is 0.18 mm . Sept a are undulating, 0.03 mm in thickness, with stirrup pores alongs ide the out er wa ll and sca ttered pores else where. Remarks. - An incomplete cup does not allow specific attributions. Th e outer wa ll fea tures (several pore rows per intersept) indi cate that the closest spec ies is P brunhilda. Occurrence. - Early Ca mbrian erratics, King George Island, Antarcti ca.

Superfamily Ethmophylloidea O KULl TCH , 1937 Fam ily Kijacyathidae ZHUR AVLEVA in REPI NA et al ., 1964 Genu s Aporosocyathus KRUSE, 197 8 Aporosocyathus mucroporus KRUSE, 1978 (PI. 4 : 2, 4)

1978. Aporosocyathus mucroporu s n. sp. ; K RUSE. p. 32, figs 4, SA . 1982. Aporosocyuthus mucroporu s KR USE ; KR USE, pp. 179- 180, text-fig. 16F-H .

Material. - Four thin sec tions ZPAL Ac.I/M 10, M20 , Me I/2, and Me 176. Description.-Cup diameter is up to 6 mm with inter vallum up to I mm in width. Outer wall has 2, rarely 3, rows of inverted V-shaped ca nals per intersept. Wall is 0.125 mm thick, and canal is 0.100­ -0.1 25 mm in diam eter, ca nal wall is 0.05 mm thick . Inn er wall is 0.25 mm in width, bearing upright V-shaped annuli and pierced by one row of openings per intersept. Free limb of eac h annulus is broader than the fixed limb and curved upward. A short, tapered carina extends downward and inw ard fro m the lower surface of eac h annulus. The wall is 0.4 mm thick in total and pore is 0.125 mm in diam eter. Inter vallum co ntai ns almost non-porou s septa except for a sing le pore row adjacent to the outer wall. Th e septa l pore is 0.125 mm in diameter. Ontogeny.- At the cup di ameter 1.0 mm , the species alrea dy possess the entire set of ge neric features. The outer wa ll thickness and pore diameter are each 0 .05 mm, inn er wa ll is 0.1 mm thi ck . Occurrence.- Late Botomi an Syringocnema favus Bed s of the upper Wilkawillina Limestone, Flin­ ders Ranges and the Cy mbric Vale Formation, New Sou th Wales, Australia (KRUS E 1982), and Early Ca mbr ian erratics, King George Island , Antarctica . This is the first occ urre nce of this spec ies in Antarctica altho ugh the ge nus has alrea dy been reco rded in the allochtho nous locality of Wh ich away Nunataks (DEBRE NNE and KRUSE 1989).

'tAporosocya thus sp. (PI. 4 : I) Material. - On e thin sec tio n ZPAL Ac .I1Me67. Description. - The outer wall is penetrated by 4 rounded pores with bracts or spines bent upward per intersept. Th e wall is 0.1 mm thi ck, and pore is 0.075-0.125 mm in diam eter, lintel is 0.02 mm width. The inner wall is pierc ed by I pore per intersept whic h is covered with annuli or scales . The total wa ll 24 RYSZARD WRONA and ANDR EY YU. ZHURAVLEV thickn ess is 0.25 mm and pore is 0.2 mm in dia meter. The intervallum co ntains sparsely porous se pta with pores 0.02 mm in size. Remarks.- The specime n, that was figured by HILL (1964a: fig. 2) as Thalamocyathus trachea lis may be conspecifi c with the studied speci me n. The number of pores per outer wa ll intersept differenti ates thi s species fro m all known representatives of Aporosocyathus. On the other hand , the preserva tion is not complete enough, and the possibil ity of affinity with Flexanulus ex ists. Occurrence. - Early Cambrian erratics , King George Island , Antarc tica.

Suborder Erismacoscinina D EBRENNE, R OZANOV et ZHUR AVLEV in D EBR ENNE, ZHURAVLEV and R OZANOV, 1989 Superfam ily SaIairocyathoidea ZHURAVLEVA, 1956 Fami ly Asterocyathidae VOLOGDI N, 1956 Genu s Erismacoscinus DEBRENNE, 1958 Erismacoscinus stephensoni (HILL, 1965) (PI. 4: 5)

1965. Coscinocyathus steph ensoni n. sp.: H ILL, p. 10 1, 104; pI. 7: 17- 18. 1965. Coscinocyathus 'lstephenso ni n. sp.; HI LL, pI. 7: 19. 1989. Erismacoscinus stephensoni ( H ILL) ; D ERRE NNE, ZHURAVLEV and ROZANOV, p. 66 . Material. - Th ree thin sect ions ZPAL Ac.I/Me 94 and Me17 6. Description. - Cup is 8 mm in diameter with the interva llum 1.2 mm in width. The outer wall is simply porou s, pierced by 4 pore rows per intersept. Pores are covered by flat thin diaph ragm s (diameter 0.1 25-0.150 mm , lintel 0.1 mm wide, wa ll 0.075 mm thick). Th e inner wall is simp le, bears sma ll bract s, penetrated by 2-3 pore rows per intersept (dia meter 0.15 mm, lintel width 0.13 mm, wall thickness 0. 18-0.20 mm ). The intervallum co ntains sparsely porous septa and scarce netlike plate tabulae. Se ptum pore diameter is 0.08 mm, tabul a pore diameter is 0.1-0. 2 mm (linte l width 0.025 mm). Remarks. - Th e species was provision all y determined as Erismacoscinus by DEBR ENNE et al. (1989). It is here redescribed and assigned to the same ge nus. Occurrence.-Alloc hthonous Early Cambrian bloc ks, Whichaway Nunatak s (H ILL 1965) and King Geo rge Island, Antarctica.

Superfamily ?M r assocya thoidea VOLOGD IN, 1960 Family ?Polycoscinida e DEBR ENNE, 1964 Ge nus TMennericyathus DEBRENNE et ROZANOV, 1974 "Mennericyathus" dissitus KRus E, 1982 (PI. 2: 2, PI. 5: I, 3, 5)

1982 . Menn ericyathus dissitus n. sp.: K RUSE, pp. 191-1 93, pI. 12: 7-11, pI. 13: 1- 7. non 1984. Mennericyathus dissitus KR USE; GRAVESTOC K, pp. 93-94, figs II A-C, 43A-E. 1989. Erugatocvathus: W RO NA, p. 540, pI. 6: 2. non 1990. Mennericyathus dissitus KR USE; D EBR ENNE and G RAVESTOC K, p. 303, fig. 7c- d. Material. - Four thin sections ZPAL Ac.I /M 10 and Me 1/2. Description.-Cup is up to 6 mm in diameter. Outer wa ll covered by an independent microporous shea th and pierced by 2-3, rare ly one framework pore row per intersept. Pore diameter is 0.10-0.12 mm , lintel width and wa ll thickness are 0.08 mm . Microp orous shea th is 0.0 15 mm th ick , pierced by 2-3 pores per framework pore section. Th e inner wall is 0. 1 mm thick, pierced by 2-3 pore rows per intersept covered by small tapering triangul ar bracts curved downward. Bracts are decorated by spi nes . Pores are stirrup-like, elliptica l to ro unded , from 0.08 mm to 0.14 mm in size; interpore lintels are 0.06 mm in width. Inter vallum co ntai ns infrequentl y porous septa and netl ike plate tabulae. Septal pores are rounded, arranged in 4-6 vertica l rows 0.06 mm in diameter. Th e dis tance between pores exceeds their diameter. Tabular pores are 0.04-0.10 mm in size, lintels between them are 0.02 mm wide. Ontogeny. - The ear ly stages of ske leton development of thi s species differs from those known amo ng other Eris macoscinina. At cup diameter 0.3 mm, rud imentary septa are grown from the outer wall (PI. 5: I); at cup diameter 0.5 mm, the inner wa ll or septa are not yet disti nct. First tabula is obse rved at cup dia me ter 0.8 mm , before inner wa ll development. All generic features incl udi ng a microporous shea th CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM ANTARCTICA 25 are formed by cup diameter 2 mm . Hollow outgrowths are developed at the same time. They contain rudimentary septa similar to these in young cups. Outgrowths possess a lamellar wall (PI. 2: 2). Remarks. - The species cup development is not typical of either of the orders Ajacicyathida or Coscinocyathida. Similar features are ob served in certain species of Tabulacyathida (see below). Specimens of Mennericyathus dissitus described by GRAVESTOCK (1984) from the lower Ajax Lime­ stone of the Flinders Ranges and by DEBRENNE and GRAVESTOCK (1990) from the Sellick HILL Formation and Fork Tree Limestone of the Fleurieu Peninsula, South Au stralia differ from Australian type material (KRUSE 1982) in the absence of inner wall bracts and in their numerical features. Occurrence. - Late Botomian Syrin gocnema favus Beds of the Cymbric Vale Formation, New South Wales, Au stralia (KRUSE 1982), and Earl y Cambrian erratics , King George Island, Antarctica . Recorded out side Australia for the first time.

Superfamily Anaptyctocyathoidea DEBR ENNE, 1970 Family Anaptyctocyathidae DEBR ENNE, 1970 Genus Erugatocyathus DEB RENNE, 1969 Erugato cyathus scutatus (HILL, 1965) (PI. 5: 7)

1965. Torgaschin ocyathus scutatus n. sp.; HI LL, pp. 104-105, pI. 8: 1- 3. non 1975. Erugatocya thus scutatus ( H ILL) ; D EBRENNE, pp. 340, 342, fig. 5a-b. 1986.Erugatocyathus scutatus ( H ILL); D EBRENNE and K RUSE, p. 262, figs 25, 35. 1989. Erugatocyathus scutatus ( H ILL) ; D EBRENNE and KR USE, fig. 4F. 1994. Erugatocyathus scutatus ( H ILL); ZHURAVLEV and G RAVESTOCK , p. 27, fig. 9B.

Material. - One thin section ZPAL Ac.I/MIO. Description. - Cup is up to II mm in diameter with intervallum 1.5 mm in width. Outer wall has 3-4 pore row s per intersept in framework (pore diameter 0.14 mm , wall thickness 0.1 mm) . The micro­ porous sheath is non-independent and continuous. The inner wall is pierced by 2 pore row s per intersept, 0.06 mm thick (0.18 mm thick with bracts). Pores are elliptical, 0.2 mm in diameter; lintel width is 0.06 mm . Cuplike bracts curve downward from the upper edge of each pore and are covered with spines on the upper surface; one spine per each bract. Moderately porous septa and plate netlike tabulae are pre sent in the intervallum. Septal pores are oval, 0.04-0.12 mm in diameter, distance between pores is 0.12-0.14 mm and exce eds pore diameter. Tabular pores are 0.06-0.08 mm in size, lintel width is 0.04 mm. Remarks. - South African specimens ascribed to E. scutatus were assigned by D EB RENNE and KRUSE (1986) to oth er species because of a difference in the inner wall structure. Occurrence.- Late Bot omian of the upper Wilkawillina Limestone, Flinders Ranges and the Kool y­ wurtie Member, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia (ZHURAVLEVand GRAV ESTOCK 1994), Shackleton Lime­ stone, northern Hol yoake Rang e, Nimrod Glacier, Antarctica (DEBRENNE and KRUSE 1986). Allochthonous occurrences include Whichaway Nunatacks (HILL 1965), Weddell Se a and Kin g George Island, Antarctica (DEBRENNE and KRUSE 1989).

Erugatocyathus gravestocki (DEBRENNE et KRUSE, 1986) (PI. 4: 6)

1986 . ?Veronicacya thus graves tocki n. sp.; D EI3 RENNE and K RUSE. pp. 263-264. fig. 26. Material. - One thin section ZPAL Ac.I/M 10. Description. - Cup is up to II mm in diameter with the intervallum 1.5 mm in width. The outer wall consists of a fram ework and a discontinuous microporous sheath. The framework is pierced by 2-4 row s of pores per intersept , pores elliptica l in outline and funnel-like. The wall is 0.1 mm thick, pores are 0.15-0.25 mm in diameter, lint els are 0.1 mm wide. The inner wall has 2 pore rows per intersept. Pores are 0.17-0.20 mm in diameter (lintels 0.05 mm wide) and are covered by bracts S-shaped in longitudinal section with downward curved spines alon g the outer margin. Bract s are directed upw ard into the central cavity and po ssess a carina on the lower surface. Th e wall is 0.05 mm thick and up to 0.2 mm thick including bracts. The inter vallum contains sparse ly porous se pta and remote netlike plate tabulae. Septa are 0.05 mm thick, pierced by scarce small rounded pores of 0.05-0.075 mm diameter; interpore space is from 0.05 mm to 0.075 mm . Tabular por es are angular, 0.05-0.07 mm in diameter with 0.02-0.03 mm wide lintels between. 26 RYSZARD WRO NA and AN DREY YU. ZHU RAV LEV

Remarks. - By its combination of inn er wall features. thi s spec ies de ser ve s to be placed in the genus Erugatocyathus rather than in veroni cacyathus. The latter is charact eri sed by the presence of more or less complete sc ree ns on the inner wall openings . Occurrence. - Late Botomian Syringocne ma favus Bed s of the Shackleton Lim estone, northern Holyoake Ran ge , Nimrod Glacier (DEB RENNE and KRUSE 1986) and Early Cambrian Kin g George Island erratics, Antarctica.

Genus veroni cacyath us DEBR ENNE, 1973 veronicacyathus sp. (PI. 5: 6) Material. - On e lon gitudinal thin sec tion ZPAL Ac.IfM 10. Description. - Intervallum is 3 mm wid e. Outer wall fram ew ork is pierced by funnel-like pores 0.15-0.20 mm in diameter. The wall is 0.1 mm thick. Th e inner wall is penetrated by elliptical pores 0.40-0.45 mm in diameter (lintels 0.1 mm wide ; wall thi ckn ess 0.15 mm ). Each pore is co vered by a microporous scree n formed by spines (spine thickness 0.02 mm , microp ore size 0.07 mm ). Th e intervallum contains sparse ly porous septa and netlike plate tabulae. Se pta are pierc ed by scarce elongate-rounded pores 0.15-0.20 mm in diameter. Remarks. - Generi c ass ignment of the spec ime n fo llows from the co mbination of the inner wa ll features. Occurrence.-Early Cambrian Kin g George Island erratics , Ant arcti ca.

Suborder Tabulacyathina V OLOGDIN, 1956 Superfamily ?Alphacyathoidea R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1939 Family Putapacyathidae R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD , 1936 Putapacyathus R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFOR D, 1936 Genu s Putapacyathus excavatus HILL, 1965 (PI. 5: 2)

1965. Putopa cya thus eXClIl' a ! II S n. sp.: HI LL. pp. 111-11 2, pI. 8: 8. Material. - Four thin sections ZPAL Ac.IfM 10. Description. - Intervallum is 0.7 mm and I mm in width for cup diameters 3 mm and 4 .5 mm respecti vely. Outer wall bears a discontinuou s sheath, abo ut 0 .15 mm in thickness, formed by spines . Pore diameter 0. 12 mm , pores are funn el -lik e, lintel width 0.2 mm ; sheath thickness 0.08 mm . Inn er wa ll 0.08 mm in thickness, bearin g pores of 0.12-0.16 mm diam eter and spinose bracts. Remarks. - P. exc avatus bears an additional sheath on the outer wa ll. Thi s fea ture is unknown in the type spec ies of the genus, P. regularis BEDFORD et BEDFOR D, 1936. Th erefore, the present taxonomic posit ion of the species and ge nus is a matt er of co nve ntio n. Type spec ies of Putapa cya thus prob abl y possesses septa whe n mature (DEBRE NNE et al. 1989: pI. 32: 12). Thus, affinities of the spec ies with Erismacos cinina cannot be excluded. On the other hand, such regul ar archaeocyaths may represent the third way of achieveme nt of an intervall ar tabulate structure. Similar stages of cup development are obse rve d in "M ennericya thus " dissi tus (see above) and 'IChaha­ kovicyathus sp. (see below). Occurrence. - Ea rly Cambrian erratics of the Whichaway Nunataks (H ILL 1965) and King Geo rge Island . Antarctica.

Superfami ly ?Cha ba kovicya thoid ea ROZANOV, 197 3 Family ?Cha ba kovicya thid ae ROZANOV, 1973 Genu s TChabakovicyathus KONYUSH KOV in ZHURAVLEVA et al ., 1964 TChabakovicyathus sp. (PI. 5: 4) Material. - Three thin sec tions ZPAL Ac.IfMe73 . Description. - Cup diameter is 3 mm. Outer wall bears pustuli or co nvex di aphragm s, 0.04 mm thick. Pustuli are 0.1 mm in height , diameter of subtetragona l pores is 0.10-0.12 mm, distanc e between pores is 0.08-0.10 mm . Inn er wa ll simple. 0.08 mm thick . Pore di ameter is 0.12-0.14 mm , lintels 0.06-0.08 mm. CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM ANTARCTICA 27

Porous septa and rare netlike plate tabulae are present in the intervallum. Tabular pores are 0.025­ -0.050 mm in diameter, lintels are 0.02 mm in width. Ontogeny.- Tabula are present at the cup diameter of 0.9 mm; septa are observed at cup diameter of 3.8 mm. Remarks. - Young cups of the species (PI. 5: 4 ) po sse ss features of Chabakovicya thus although septa have never been recorded for the type spec ies of Chaba kovicyathus from the South Urals. The latter, how ever, is known only from a few fragments. Occurrence. - Earl y Cambrian erratics, King George Island , Antarctica.

Order Archaeocyathida OKULlTCH, 1935 Suborder Loculicyathina ZHURAVLEVA , 1954 nom. Superfamily Loculicyathoidea ZHUR AVLEVA, 1954 nom. Family Loculicyathidae ZHUR AVL EVA, 1954 Genus Paranacyathu s R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1937 Paranacyathus sa rmaticus DEBR ENNE, 1974b (PI. 6: 1-2)

1937. Paranacvathus /)(IITUS n. sp. (pa rs); R. BEDFORD and J. BEDFORD. p. 34. pI. 35: 137A-B. 1974b. Paranacyathus sarmaticus n. sp.; DEBRENNE. p. 171. pI. 19: 5- 7.

Material. - Three thin sec tions ZPAL Ac.l/Me 171. Description.- Sheetlike modular form . Intervallum up to 2 mm width. Outer wall is simple, of the Cambrocyath ellus-tvoe. 0.06 mm th ick , pierced by 1- 2 row s of irregular-rounded pores. Pores are from 0.1 mm (rounded) to 0.24 x 0.18 mm (elliptica l) in size; interpore lint els are 0.08-0.14 mm wide. The wall is slightly bulged over pores producin g diaphragms. Inner wall is 0.06 mm thick, bearin g one, rarely two pore rows per intersept. Pores are elliptica l or rounded, from 0.16 mm to 0.28 x 0.16 mm in size; interpore lintels are from 0.10 to 0.24 mm in width. Horizontal lintels are on ave rage wider than vertical lintels. Pseudosept a are eve nly porous with elonga ted pores 0.06-0.08 mm in size and lintels 0.10-0.14 mm wide. Remarks. - Abundant ves icles occ upy the intervallum and shelters underneath cups. P. sarmaticus forms boundstones through bind ing by a secondary ca lcareo us of platelike to domelike cups (PI. 6: 2). Occurrence. - Late Botomian Sy ringocnema f avus Bed s of the Ajax Limestone, Flinder s Ranges, South Aus tralia (R. BED FORD and J. BEDFORD 1937) and Early Cambrian erra tics, King George Island , Antarctica . Thi s is the first find of the spec ies ou ts ide So uth Australia.

Suborder Archaeocyathina OKULlTCH , 1935 Superfamily Archaeocyathoidea HIND E, 1889 Fami ly Archaeopharetridae R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD, 1936 Genus Arcltaeopharetra R. BEDFORD et J. BEDFORD , 1936 Arch aeopharetra irreg ularis (TAY LO R, 1910) (PI. 6: 3-4)

1910 . Dictyocvathus irregularis n. sp.; TAYI.OR , p. 145. pI. 12: 66.

1994. Archaeopharetra irregularis (TAYI.OR): Z HURAVI.EV and GRAVESTOCK. pp. 36-39. figs lOA-I. 1I (CII III svti.) .

Material. - Twel ve thin sec tio ns ZPAL Ac.I/M 10, Me1/2, Me 67, Me74, and Me94. Description.- Th e cup is up to 15 mm in diam eter, the inter vallum is up to 6 mm in width. Th e outer wall is pierced by centripetall y arra nge d pores. Th e simple inner wall is penet rat ed by pores 0.3-0.4 mm in size, divided by 0.12 mm wide lint els. Th e intervallum is infilled with coarse ly porou s pseudotaeniae link ed by sparse syna pticulae . Rad ial eleme nts are 0.16-0.18 mm thick and syna ptic ulae are 0.16 mm thick . Radial eleme nts occur 0.8-1.2 mm apart and sy napticulae are 0.7-1.6 mm apart. Remarks. - Specimens from erratics in the Dw yk a Tillite, ass igned to Archaeo pharetra cf. typica BEDFORD et BEDFORD (DEBRENNE, 1975: fig. 8a) and Protopharetra gra ndicaveata VOLOGDI N(DEBR ENNE 1975: fig. 9b ) may be rea ssigned to A. irreg ularis on the basis of new mat eri al. Occurrence. -Late Botomi an of the Aj ax Limestone and Moorowie Formation, Flinders Ranges and the Koolywurtie Member, Yorke Peninsul a, South Au strali a (TAYLOR 1910; LAFUSTE et al. 1991 ; 28 RY SZARD WRONA and AN DRE YYU. ZHU RAVLEV

ZHURAVL EV and GRAV ESTOCK 1994); allochthonous settin gs: Whichaway Nunataks (HILL 1965), King Georg e Island, Antarctica and tillites of the Dwyka Subgroup, South Africa (DEBRENNE 1975) .

Genus Spiro cyath ella VOLOGDIN, 1939 Spirocya thella cooperi (DEBRENNE, 1975) (PI. 6: 6-7, PI. 7: 1) 1920 . Protopharetra radiata BORI': EMAI': I':; GOR[)ON, pp. 696- 697, pI. 3: 35. pI. 7: 72-74. 1975 . Andalusicyathus coope ri n. sp.; DEBRENNE, pp. 352. 354, fig . 10. 1992. Sp irocvathella cooperi (DEBRE I': NE); DEBRENNEand ZII UR AVLEV. p. 131.

Material. - Seven thin sections ZPAL Ac.I/Mel/2 and TS3. Description. - The cup is up to 20 mm in diam eter with the intervallum up to 4 mm in width. The outer wall is centripetal, the inner wall is simple with 2-3 pore rows per intersept. The inner wall is 0.05 mm thick with pores 0.05 mm in size. Long spinule-bearing spines of 0.5 mm length cover inner wall. In the intervallum there is a pseudoseptal network. Thickness of radial elements in the intervallum increases from 0.1 to 0.2 mm outward. Tangenti al elements are 0.1-015 mm thick. The distance between radial and tangent ial elements is 0.45-1.0 mm and 0.25-1.0 mm respect ively. Remarks. - The finely porous inner wall is distinct in P. radiata figured by GORD ON (1920: pI. 3: 35 and pI. 7: 73- 74). Thu s, this species is conspecific with Spirocyathella cooperi rather then Archaeocyathus pauciseptatus GOR DON 1920 as DEB RENNE and KRusE (1989) suggested. The latter may be a Metaldetes or a Metacyathellu s, judgi ng from the taeni al features (GORDON 1920 : pI. 6: 63-64). Occurrence. - Early Ca mbrian allochthonous block in the Permo- Carboniferous Dwyka Tillite , South Africa (DEB RENNE 1975), and the Wedd ell Sea and King Geo rge Island, Antarctica.

Famil y Archaeocyathidae HIND I', 1889 Genus Pycn oidocyathus TAYLOR, 1910 Pycnoidocyathus latiloculatus (HILL, 1964b) (PI. 4: 3)

1964b. Flindersicya thus latiloculatus n. sp.: Hill.. p. 143. pl. 2: 6- 7. 1965. Flindersicya thus latiloculatus HI LL; HI LL, pp. 125- 126, pI. 11: 3-5. 1986. Pvcnoidocyathus latilocu latu s (HILL) ; DE BRENI': Eand KRUSE. pp. 269- 270. fig . 32. 1994 . Pycn oidocyathus latiloculatus (HILL); ZII URAVLEVand GR AVESTOCK. p. 41, fig. 12E 1995. Pycnoidocva thus latilocul atus (HILL); ZII UR AVL EVand WOOD. fig. 2A (lop).

Material. - Three thin sections ZPAL Ac .I/Me60, Me 176 and LR3. Description. - Cup often has transverse bulges of the outer wall in mature stages, diameter is over 30 mm with intervallum up to 4 mm in width at the level of a constric tion. The outer wall is of the centripeta l type with pores restricted to loculi between intervallar eleme nts. Inner wa ll has one row of rounded to slightly elliptica l openings per intersept (diameter 0.35-0.50 mm, lintels 0.125 mm). Openings continue into canals, directed steeply upward into the central cavi ty. Canal length is 1.5 mm, total wall thick ness is 1 mm. Porous taeniae (0.07-0.08 mm thick) and synapticulae (0.10-0.12 mm thick) are present in the intervallum. In mature cups, synapticulae are very scarce; distance betwee n tae niae is 0.5-0.7 mm. Most cup elements are obscure because of secondary thickening. Occurrence.- Late Botomian Syringocnema favus Beds of the Koolywurtie Mem ber, Yorke Penin ­ sula, South Australia (Z II URAV LEV and GRAVESTOCK 1994), the Shackleton Limestone at Crackling Cw m and Mt. Hamilton, Byrd Glacier and north ern Holyoake Range, Nimrod Glacier (HILL I964b ; DEBRENNE and KRUSE 1986). Alloc hthonous occ urrences: Whichaway Nunataks (HILL 1965) and King George Island, Antarctica (ZHURAVL EV and WOOD 1995).

Superfa mily Naimarkcyathoidea superfam . n. Diagnosis. - An archaeocyathine sponge with pustul ar outer wall. Remarks. - Thi s is the third archaeocyathide possessing a pustular outer wall in addition to earlier described Sakhacyathus and Kruseicnema (DEBRE NNE and ZHUR AVL EV 1990). Thus, almost all subo rders of the Order Archaeocyathid a, i.e. Loculi cyath ina, Archaeocyathina and Syringoc nernidina, include genera characterised by this feature . The Anthomor phina is the only exce ption now. CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM ANTARCTICA 29

Family Naimarkcyathidae fam. n. Type genus: Naimarkcyathus gen. et sp. n. Diagnosis. - The outer wall bears pustulae; inner wall is pierced by pore tube s.

Genus Naimarkcyathu s gen. n. Type species: Naimarkcyathus elenae gen . et sp. n. Derivation of name : Genu s name dedicated to the biologist Or. Elena B. NAIM ARK from Paleontological Institute, Moscow. Diagnosis. - The outer wall bears pustulae; inner wall is pierced by one row of steep, upwardly directed pore tubes per intersept. In the intervallum, there are synapticulae and coarsely porous pseudo­ taeniae. Remarks. - To date, the new genu s is represented only by the type species.

Naimarkcyathus elenae gen. et sp. n. (PI. 7: 2, 5) 1920. Spirocyathus atlanticus (BILLINGS); GORDON, pp . 693-695, pI. 3: 32, pI. 4: 39-42.

Holotype : ZPAL Ac.I/MIODI; figured in PI. 7: 2. Type hor izon : Lower Cambrian, Botomian Stage , probably Syringocnema fa vus Bed s. Type locality: Antarctica, South Shetland Islands, King Georg e Island, erratic boulder collected from cliffs between Low Head and Lions Rump in the type locality of the Oligocene Polonez Cove Formation. Derivation of name : Species named after foren ame of the biol ogist Or. Elen a B. NAIM ARK from Paleontological Institute, Moscow . Diagnosis. - The outer and inner walls are thin . The outer wall openings (one per intersept) are covered by pustulae. The inner wall bears a single row of slightly elevated pore tubes upwardly directed per intersept. Pore tubes are 0.30-0.34 mm in diameter. Pseudotaenial pores are from 0.20 x 0.16 mm to 0.36 x 0.30 mm in size ; interpore lintels are 0.12-0.20 mm in width in a horizontal row and 0.08-0.10 mm in a vertical row. Material. - Six thin sections ZPAL Ac.I/MIO. Description. - Narrow conical cup up to 10 mm in diameter. Intervallum up to 4 mm in width. Outer wall is 0.08 mm thick. The wall bears pustulae up to 0.4 mm in height and 0.25 mm in diameter. Inner wall is 0.08 mm thick with a single pore row per intersept. Slightly elevated pore tubes are initiated from the inner wall and are directed steeply upward into the central cavity. Pore tubes are 0.30-0.34 mm in diameter, tube wall thickness is 0.08 mm. Synapticulae are 0.10-0.12 mm thick and spaced 0.3 mm apart. Pseudotaenial pore s are from 0.20 x 0.16 mm to 0.36 x 0.30 mm in size; interpore lintels are 0.12-0.20 mm in width in a horizontal row and 0.08-0.10 mm in a vert ical row. Remarks. - Pustular outer wall is figured by GORDON (1920: pI. 3: 32) in the specimens ascribed by him to Spiro cyathus at/anticus (BILLINGS). Occurrence. - Allochthonous blocks in the Weddell Sea and on the King George Island, Antarctica.

Superfamily Metacyathoidea R. BEDFORD et W.R. BEDFORD, 1934 Family Metacyathidae R. BEDFORD et WR. BEDFORD , 1934 Genus Metaldetes TAYLOR, 1910 Metaldetes pratti (HILL, 1965) (PI. 6: 5-7) 1965. Ladaecyathus pratti n. sp.; HILL, pp. 86-87, pI. 5: 3a-f. 1986. ?Metaldetes lairdi (HILL); DEBR ENNE and KRUSE, pp. 266-267, fig. 30. 1989. Metaldetes pratti (HILL); DEBR ENNE and KRUSE, p. 26.

Material. - Three thin sections ZPAL Ac.I/Me1/2. Description. - Cup is up to 10 mm in diameter with intervallum up to 2 mm in width. Outer and inner walls are compound, pierced by 1-3 rows of rounded to irregular pore s per intersept (diameter 0.275-0.375 mm, lintel s 0.125 mm) and 0.25-0.30 mm thick. Pores are subdivided into smaller openings (3-5 micropores per pore section) by interpore spine s (0.05 mm in thickness). Micropores are 0.075 mm 30 RY SZARD WRONA and ANDREY YU. ZHURAVLEV in diameter. Int er vallum contain s straight taeniae w ith 5-6 rows of rare rounded por es (d iamete r 0.3­ - 0.5 mm). Syn apt iculae are conspi cu ou s, 0.25-0. 30 mm thi ck. Remarks. - Vesicles were abundant in places where th e cup came into close contact with a fo reig n cup C'Me nne ricyathus", Spirocya the llai, and probabl y played a prot ecti ve rol e against forei gn soft tissu e (PI. 6: 6-7). The inn er wall structure is compo und in specime ns from Byrd Gl aci er as in Metaldetes, whereas it is simple in the ge nus Metacyathellus, to whic h tru e M . lairdi is assig ned (DEBRENN E and ZHURAVLEV 1992 ). Occurrence. - Shackleton Limeston e, Crac kling Cwm, Byrd Glacier , Antarctica (DEBRE NNE and KRUSE 1986) and King Ge orge Island erra tics .

Suborder Syringocnemidina OKULITCH, 1935 Super family Syringocnemidoidea TAYLOR, 1910 Family Syringocnemididae TAYLOR, 1910 Ge nus Syringocnema TAYLOR, 1910 Syringocnema f avus TAYLOR, 1910 (PI. 7: 6)

1910. Syringocnema fav us n. sp.; T AYLOR. p. 153, pI. 14: 78-83, text-fig. 4D. 1965. Syringocnema gracilis G ORDON; HI LI.. pp . 136-1 37. pI. 11: 17-1 8. 1982. Syrin gocn ema javus T AYLOR; K RUSE. p. 198, pI. 16: 1- 5 (cl/m syn.). 1986. Syringocnema favus T AYLOR; D EBRENNE and K RUSE. pp. 27 1-273, fig. 34. 1989. Syringocnema favus T AYLOR ; D EBRENNE and K RUSE. fig . 48 . 1992. Syringoc nemafavus Y rca.iw: D EBRENNE and Z HURAVLEV. pl. 3D: 3-6, pI. 3 1: 1- 2,5- 6. pI. 32: 3--4. 1994. Syringocne ma favus T AYLOR;Z IIURAVLEV and GRAVESTOCK, p. 47 , fig . 130.

Material. - On e thin sectio n ZPAL Ac.I/Men. Description . - Cup is II mm in diam eter and intervallum is 1.5 mm wide. Por es are arra nge d ce ntripe­ tall y across the outer wall openings. Th e wall is 0.07 mm thi ck. Inn er wall possesses one S-shaped ca na l per syrinx. Th e total wall thickness is 0.4 mm, ca nal diam eter is 0 .25 mm . The inter vallum bears hexagonal syringes, nested in honeycomb pattern, each facet of which is pierced by sev eral rows of rounded pores. Syrinx sec tion is 0.5-0.8 mm in size, pores are 0.13-0.15 mm in diam eter, lintel s are 0.13 mm wide. Remarks. - Syringocnema gra cilis of HILL ( 1965: pI. 11 : 17-1 8) does not show outer wall pu stul ae and thu s should be assigne d to S. favus . Occurrence. - The species is widespread in the late Botomian Syringocnema favus Bed s: Aj ax Limesto ne and Moo ro wie Formation, Flinder s Ran ges (TAYLOR 1910; DEBRENNE and ZHURAVL EV 1992), Cy mbric Vale Fo rma tio n, New South Wales (KRUSE 19 82), Kool ywurtie Member, Yorke Peninsula (ZH U­ RAVLEV and G RAVESTOCK 1994 ), A ustra lia and Shac kleto n Limeston e, northern Hol yoak e Ran ge, Nimrod G lacier, A ntarc tica (DEBRENNE and KRUSE 19 86). A llochtho no us blocks: Whichaway N una ta ks (HILL 1965 ) and King George Islan d, Antarctica.

Ge nus Pseudosyringocnema HANDI'IELD, 1971 Pseudo syringocnema uniserialis HILL, 1965 (PI. 7: 3a- b)

1965. Flindersicyathus uniseria lis n. sp.; HI LL, pp. 123-1 24, pI. 11 : 1- 2. 1989. Pseudosyringocnema uniserialis ( HILL). D EBRENNE and K RUSE, p. 27 .

Material. - On e thin sec tio n ZPAL Ac.I /Me 1/2. Description. - Th e cup is up to 11 mm in d iamet er and the intervallum width is up to 4 mm. The thin o uter wall is ce ntripeta l, 0 .05 mm in th ickness. Sy rinx ope nings are 0 .25-0 .40 mm in size . Th e inn er wall bears S-shaped ca na ls, one per syrinx . Th e wa ll th ickness is 0 .5 mm, ca na l di am eter is 0 .25-0.35 mm. Th e intervallum bear s subho rizontal radi al sy ringes with a hexagon al sec tion and 1- 2 pore ro w per facet. Syrinx section is 0.25-0.40 mm, po res are 0 .10-0.12 mm in size, lintel s are 0.08 mm in width. Occurrence. - A llochtho no us block s: Which away Nunataks (HILL 1965) and Kin g George Island, A ntarctica. CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM ANTARCTICA 31

Superfamily Kruseicnemidoidea DEBR ENNE et ZHURAVLEV, 1990 Family Kruseicnemididae DEBR ENNE et ZH URAVL EV, 1990 Genus Kruseicnema DEBR ENNE, GRAVESTOCK et ZH UR AVL EV in DEBR ENNE and ZHURAVLEV, 1990 Kruseicnema gracilis (GORDON, 1920) (PI. 7: 4)

1920. Syr ingocnema gracilis n. sp.: G ORDON, pp. 699-70 1, pI. 4: 43-48, pI. 5: 49, text-fi g. Ib-d. 110 11 1965. Syringocnema gracilis G ORDON: HI LL, pp. 136-1 37, pI. 11 : 17-1 8. 1975. Pseudosyringocnema cf. gracilis (GORDON): D EBRENNE, p. 356, fig. I1a. 1982. Pseudosyringocnema gracilis (GORDON );K RUSE, p. 199, pI. 15: 1- 3. 1986. Pseudosyringocnema gracilis (G ORDO N); D EBRENNE and K RUSE, p. 273, 1I01l fig. 35. 1987. Pseudosyringocnema graci lis (G ORDO N) ; D EBRENNE and K RUSE, p. 13, fig. 35. 1989. Pseudosyrin gocnema sp.; D EBRENNE and K RUSE, fig. 3A. 1990. Kruseicnema gracilis ( G ORDON ); D EBRENNE, G RAVESTOCK and Z IIURAVLEV in D EBRENNE and Z IIURAVLEV, p. 30 1. 1992. Kruseicnema gracilis ( GORDON); D EBRENNE and ZH URAVLEV, pI. 32: 2, 5. 1994 . Kruseicnema gracilis (GORDON) ; Z IIURAVLEV and GRAVESTOCK, p. 48, fig. l3E-G. Material. - Six thin sections ZPAL Ac.I/Me 1/2. Description. - The cup is narrowly conical, up to 4.5 mm in diameter with the intervallum up to 1.5 mm thick . The outer wall is pustular. Pustulae 0.25 mm in height and are 0.25 mm in diameter at the base. The inner wall bears 1 S-shaped canal per syrinx. Canal s are 0.15 mm in diameter, canal wall thickne ss is 0.02 mm. There are syringes hexagonal in cross section in the interv allum. Facets of syringes are pierced by several pore rows (pore diameter 0.05 mm). Remarks. - See remarks for Syrin gocnema f avus. Occurrence. - Late Botomi an Syr ingocnema favus Beds: Ajax Limestone, Flinders Ranges, (TAY LOR 1910; DEBR ENNE and ZHURAVL EV 1992), Cymbric Vale Formation, New South Wales (KRUSE 1982), Koolywurtie Member, Yorke Peninsula (ZHURAVLEV and GRAVESTOCK 1994), Australia and Shackleton Limestone, northern Holyoake Range, Nimrod Glacier, Antarctica (DEBRE NNE and KR USE 1986), and probably unnamed unit in the Argentin a Range (KONY US HKOV and SHULYATI N 1980). Allochthonous blocks: Weddell Sea (GORDON 1920) and King George Island, Antarctica and the Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Tillite, South Africa (DEB RENNE 1975).

Group Coralomorpha JELL, 1984 Family Tannuolaiidae VOLOGDI N, 1967 Genus Khasaktia SAYUTI NA, 1980 Khasaktia sp. (PI. 8: I)

1995. Khasaktia-like organi sm; ZIIURAVLEV and W OOD, text-fi g. 2. Material. - One thin section ZPAL Ac.I/Me1/14. Description. - Prostrate blanket-like, thick calcareous skeleton with smooth upper surface and undulat­ ing lower surface. The total thickness is 1.2 mm. The skeleton consists of a very frequent alternation of dark discontinuous and transparent continuous lamellae forming loosely to densely packied partitions about 0.25 mm thick. A single transparent lamella is 0.02 mm thick, while a dark lamella is 0.03 mm thick. Remarks. - The species differs from the Atdabanian Khasaktia vesicularis SAYUTI NA, 1980 from the Siberian Platform and Atdab anian-Botomian K. interm edia SAYUTI NA, 1980 from Mongolia in its denser skeleton with less expressed lamellar undulation. The Family Khasaktiidae was established by SAYUTI NA (1980), who includ ed Edelsteinia VOLOGDI N, 1940, Rackovskia VOLOGDI N, 1940, Vittia SAYUTI NA, 1980 and Drosdovia SAYUTI NA, 1980 in the family, in addition to the type genus. ROZANOVand ZHURAVLEV(1992: p. 230) recogni sed Tannuolaia VOLOGDI N, 1967 as a junior synonym of Edelsteinia. Thus, the Family Khasaktiidae should be considered as a junior synonym of the Family Tannuolaiidae established by VOLOGDI N (1967). The only closely comparable group of fossils is Carboniferous to Sham ovella RAUZER-CH ER ­ NO USOVA, 1950 (= Tubiphytes MASLOV, 1956). This fossil was assigned to algae , sponges, cnidarians, and a combination of non-preserved soft organisms and cyanobacteria (BABCOCK 1986; RIDI NG and Guo 1992; RIDI NG 1993; SENOWBARI-D ARYAN and FLOGEL 1993). Simil arly to Shamovella , Tannuol aiidae include forms with an inner cavit y of a different shape that may resemble astrorhizae (Edelsteinia ) or contain 32 RYSZARD WRONA and ANDREY YU. ZHURAVLEV tabulalike stru cture s (Drosdovia) . Any independent organisms , which may se rve as a primary substrate for encrust ation by th e Tannu olaiidae, have not been observed in th e re efs. Thus , th e e ntire set of inner structures are indeed the inner cavities of Tannuolaiidae. Mic ro structural features are also sim ila r in Tannuol aiidae and Slzamovella and its syno nyms tcf. D EBRENNE et al. 1990 : pI. 5: 2; S ENOWBARI-DARYAN and FLOGEL 1993: pI. 4: 8, pI. 7: 5). Occurrence. - Kin g G eorge Isl and erratics , A ntarc tica (ZHURAVL EV and W OOD 1995).

CONCLUSIONS

The de scribed archaeocyathan assem blage o f tw enty six species from King G eorge Isl and erratics contains di stinct elements of th e lat e Bot omian Syringocnema favus Beds established by ZH URAVLEV and GR AVESTOCK (1994 ) in Australia. Further species are added to th e list o f com mon Aust ralian-Antarctic species which now in clude s 3 I of th e total 52 well defined Antarctic archaeocyaths. But more specificall y, th e King George Island arc haeocyathan as sem blage c losely resemble s allochthonous assem blages from the Weddell Sea and Whichaw ay Nunataks. Existing reconstructions of ic e stream movement and iceberg drift , to gether with spec ies-level s im ilaritie s, su gge st th e Argentina R ange lime stone (S hac kleton Lime­ stone eq uivalents) in th e A rgenti na R ange as the m o st probable source of th ese erratics. Facie s and paleontolo gi cal a na lyses indicat e th e pre sence o f three distinct Early Cambrian fo ssil assem blages which may be com pare d w ith th e e arly Botomian (Para raia tatei Zone), lat e Botomian (Syringo cnema fa vus Beds) and middle To yonian (Arclzaeocyatlzus abacus Beds) assem blages o f South A us tra lia. Several rel ativel y isol ated shelves mi ght have existe d a lo ng th e East A nta rc tic crato n m argin w hich mi ght have been connecte d during tr ansgressi o ns , allowing fa u nal exchange (Text-fig. 4). Such transgressive tr acts have been suggeste d for early Botorni an, lat e Botomian, and middle Toyonian times based on South A ustralia n seq ue nce stra tig ra p hy (GRAVESTOCK et al. 1990 ; G RAVESTOCK and HI BBURT 1991 ; G RAVESTOCK and SHERGOLD in pres s).

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HILI.. D. 1964b. Archaeocyatha from the Shackleto n Limeston e of th e Ross Syste m. Nim rod G lac ier area, Antar ctica . ­ Tran sa ction s ofthe Royal Soci ety ofNew Zealand (Geo logy) 2. 137-1 4 6. HILL. D . 1965. Arc haeocyatha from Antarctica and a review of the ph ylum. <-Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1955- 58, Sci en tific Report 10, Geo logy 3 . 1-151 . HIl':DE, G.J. 1889 . On Archaeocvathus Billings and o n othe r ge ne ra , allie d to or ass oc iated with it. from the C am brian strata of North America . Spain. Sardin ia and Scotland. - Quarterly Journal 4 the Geo logical Society. London 45. 125-148. HINZ-SCHAI.I.REUTER. I. 1993. Ca rnbrian os tracodes mainly from Baltoscandi a and M or occo . - Archil' fiir Gescliiebekunde 1. 369. 37 0, 385--44 8. HOLME R. L. E.. Porov , L.E. and W RONA. R. 1996. Ea rly Cambrian lingulate brachio po ds from glac ial errati cs of Kin g Gcorge Island (So uth Shetland Islands). A ntarctica. In: Gaidz icki (ed .) Pala eontologi cal Results of th e Poli sh Antar ctic E xp edi­ tion . Part 11. - Palaeont ologia Polonica 55 , 37-50 . JAGO. J.B. and OUVER. R.L. 1986. A n alleged archaeocyath fro m C ape Deni son, Antarctica. - Tran saction s of the Royal Society of South Au stralia 109. 183-1 85 . JELL, J.S. 1984 . Cambrian cnida rians with mineralised ske leton. - Palaeont ographica Ame ricana 54, 105-109. JELL. P.A . 1981 . Thambetolepis delicat a ge n. et sp. no v.. an enig matic fossil fro m th e Early C am brian of South A us tra lia. - A lcheringa 5 . 85-93. CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYAT HS FROM ANTARCTICA 35

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Early Palaeozoic history of the Beardm ore Glacier area: implications for a major Antarctic structural bounda ry within the Transanlarctic Mountains.- Antarctic Science I. 249-260. ROWEI.I.. AJ.. REI'S. M.N. and EVANs .K.R. 1990. Depositional setting of the Lower and Middle Cam brian in the Pensacola Mountains. - Antarctic Jou rnal of the United States 25. 40-42. ROWELI. . AJ .. REI'S. M.N. and EvIINS , K.R. 1992. Evide nce of major Middle Cambrian deformation in the Ross Orogen, Antarctica. - Geology 20. 31-34. Rozx re o v . A.Vu . (Poaanos, A.IO .) 1973 . 3aKOII0\lCPIIOCTlI \lOpepO JIOI' I14CCKOii ano.morurn apXCO I\IIa1' I1 BOl lPOChl SlPYCIIO I'O paC'IJleIlClIlI5J 1I11il\lIe1'O Ke\16pIISl. - Tpy cJbl r CORO,'lI'1 CCH h'O uu cmumyma A HC CCP 241. 1-164. Ro zxxo v, A.Yu. and MtSSAR ZII EVSKY. V.V. (Posa nou, A.IO. I1 Mu ccapx cncxun, B.B.) 1966. Buocrparurpadi ua 11 rpayua HI Iil\II J1 XI'0P1l301l1'OIl KC\16pll5J . - Tpyin» r COJIO,'lI '1CCHNO uucmum yma A H CCCP 148. 1-1 20. 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SAY UTINA, T.A. (Caror uua, T.A.) 1980. HllilmcKcM6pllikKC CCMCItCTBO Khasaktiidae fam. novo- B03MOiK HblC CTPO ~laT O ­ nopar u , - Ilan eoumon oeuuecxuii :AYP"aJl 1980 (4), 13- 28. SCHMIDT, D.L., WILLlAMS, P.L.. NELSON. W.H. and EGE. J.R. 1965. Upper Precambr ian and Paleozoic stratigraphy and structure of the Neptun e Range. Antarctica. - United Stares Geo logical Survey, Professional Paper 525-D, 112-119. Scorr. R.F. 1913. Sco tts Last Expedition. Arranged by L. Hu xley. 260 pp. Dodd & Mead. New York . SENOW BAR I-DARYAN. B. and FLOGEL. E. 1993. Tubiph ytes Maslov, an enigmatic fossil: classification. fossil record and significance through time. Part I: Discussion of Late Paleozoic material. - Bolletin de la Societa Paleont ologica ltaliana, Special Volume 1, 353-382. STEPHENSON. P.J. 1966. Theron Mountains. Shackleton Range and Whichaway Nunataks.- Transantarctic Expedition 1955- 58, Scie ntific Report 8, Geo logy 1. TAYLOR. T.G. 1910. 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Honour s thesis, Department of Geology and Geophy sics, University of Adelaide. November 1994 , 38 pp. (unpublished ). ZIIURAY LEY. A.Yu.. DEB RENNE. F. and LAFUSTE, J. 1993. Early Cambrian microstructural diversification of . ­ Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenbe rg 164, 365-372. ZIIURAY LEY. A.Vu. and GRAYESTOCK, D.1. 1994 . Archae ocyatha from Yorke Penin sula. South Australia and archaeocyathan Early Ca mbrian zonation. - Alcheringa 18, I-54. ZIIUR AVLEY. A.Yu. and WOOD. R. 1995 . Lower Cambrian reefal cryptic co mmunities. - Palaeontology 38. 443--470. ZIIUR AVL EYA. I.T. ()Ky pall,~ell a , H.T.) 1954. Hacma eneuue no ctiopy UU3Y'leItUlO apx eouua m, 1--46. H3AaTCJlbCTIIOAH CCCP. MOCK Ba. ZIIUR AVL EY A. l.T. ()KypaB ,~eBa , H.T.) 1963. Apxeouuamu Cu6upu: Oiinocm ennu e apxeouuamu. 1-1 40. H3AaTeJlbCTBO AH CCCP. MOCKBa. ZHURAYL EY A. l.T. and FONI N. V.D. ()KypaIlJlCBa, H.T. 11 $ 0 111111 , B.n .) 1983. Knacc Irregularia. In: 5.C. CO K O ,~ O B 11 H.T. )f(ypaBJlclla (eds) 5lpyclt oe pacu.neneuu e /IU:A,:lI el O xeu tipu» Cu6u pu. A mnac oxau enenocmeu, 47-53. Hayxa. Mocxsa. ZHUR AYL EYA, l.T., KONYUSH KOY. K.N. and ROZANOY, A.Yu .()f(y paIlJleBa, H.T., KOH IO WKOB, K.H. 11 Posauon, A.IO.) 1964. Apxeouuamu Cu6upu: Ileycmeuuue apxeouuamu, 1-1 32. Hayxa, Mocxsa. Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLANDISLANDS), ANTARCTICA

PLATE I

Fig. 1. Trilobite wackestone; AElMe1/29, Melvil1e Peninsula, x 5. Fig. 2. Peloid-bioclast grainstone; AElM20B, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump, x 5. Fig. 3. Packstone-wackestone and burrowed mudstone alternation; AElMe33, Melvil1e Peninsula, x 6. Fig. 4. Gordonophyton dendrolite framestone; ZPAL Ac.IffS3, Three Sisters Point, x 7.

Prethmophyllum ex gr. brunhilda (R. B EDFORD et W.R. B EDFORD, 1937) 23 Fig. 5. Packstone-wackestone and burrowed mudstone alternation with archaeocyath Prethmophyllum ex gr. brunhilda (R. BEDFORD et W.R. BEDFORD, 1937) in the top left corner; ZPAL Ac.lJMe33, longitudinal section, Melville Peninsula, x 7.

Stapicyathus stapipora (TAYLOR, 1910) 27 Fig. 6. Reef cementstone with archaeocyaths Archaeocyathin a gen. et sp. indet. covered by microbi al encrustation (bottom) and Stapicyathus stapipora (TAYLOR, 1910) cup (top); ZPAL Ac.IlMe73, transverse section, Melville Peninsula, x 10.

All thin sections of erratic boulders from glacial and glacio-rnarine Tertiary sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica. Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996 PI. 1

R. WRONA and A.YD. ZHURAVLEV; EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS ), ANTARCTICA Palaeontologia Polonica. No. 55, 1996

R. WRONA and A.YU . ZHURAVLEV : EARLY CA MBRIAN ARC HAEOCYATHS FROMGLAC IAL ERRATICS OF KING GEO RGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAN D ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA

PLATE 2

Fig . I. Floa tsto ne with Erugatocyat hus sp. (bo ttom left) gra ded into fine peloid grai nstone wit h well sorted clots of calcimicrobes ; ZPAL Ac.I/Me I6a, Melville Peninsula, x 3. Fig. 3. Ca lcim icrobial-archaeocyathan framestone, archaeocyath fragment with microbial encrustations and dark saccate and cham bered clots of Renalcis; ZPAL Ac.I/M IOC2, Mazurek Point , cliff betwee n Low Head and Lions Rump, x 26.

"Mennericyathus " dissitus KRUSE, 1982 24 Fig . 2. Ca lcimicro bial-archaeocyathan framestone with Arc haeocyathida ge n. et sp. indet. (top left). Dokidocyathus sp. (top right), "Mennericyathus" dissitus KRUSE, 1982 (numero us cups) and calcimicrobe filament s and bushes in oblique sectio n of Gordonop hyton grande (GORDON. 1920) KORDE, 1973 (botto m left) and Renalcis sp. (dark clots and cham bers) ; ZPAL Ac.I/M20A , Mazurek Point , cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump. x 10.

All thin sec tions of erratic boulders from glacial and glac io-marine Tertiary sediments of King George Island , West Antarctica. Palaeonto logia Polonica, No. 55, 1996 Pi. 2

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996

R. WRONA and A.YU . ZH UR AVLEV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SH ETL AND ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA

PLATE 3

Tumuliolynthus irregularis (R. B EDFORD et W.R. B EDFORD, 1934 ) . . .. 20 Fig. I. Longitudin al section of cup ; ZPAL Ac.llMe74, Melville Peninsula, x 24.

Leptoso cyathus sp. . . 21 Fig. 2. Transverse section of cup ; ZPAL Ac.l/Me74, Melville Penins ula, x 10.

Thalamocyathus trachealis (T AYLOR, 1910) 21 Fig. 3. Oblique longitudinal section of cup; ZPAL Ac.UMe94 , Melville Penin sula, x 10.

Thalamocyathus sp...... 22 Fig. 4. Oblique transverse sectio n of cup; ZPAL Ac.UMe67. Melville Penin sula . x 20 .

Prethmophyllum subacutum (R. B EDFORD et W.R. B EDFORD, 1934 ) 22 Fig. 5. Oblique longitud inal section of cup; ZPAL Ac.UM lOB. cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump. x 10.

Thalamocyathus ex gr. trachealis (TAYLOR, 1910 ). . . 22 Fig. 6. Longitud inal section of cup; ZPAL Ac.I/M e l/Z. Mel ville Peninsula. x 15. Fig. 7. Oblique tran sverse sectio n of cup ; ZPAL Ac.UMel/2, Melville Peninsul a, x 10.

All thin sections of erratic bou lders from glacial and glacio-marine Tertiary sedime nts of Kin g George Island, West Antarctica. Palaeontologia Polonica. No. 55, / 996 PI. 3

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOC YATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEO RGE ISLAND (SOUTH SH ETL AND ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996

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PLATE 4

?Aporosocyathus sp. . 23 Fig. I. Transverse section of cup; ZPAL Ac.I1Me67A, Melville Peninsula, x 5.

Aporosocyathus mucroporus KR USE, 1978 ...... 23 Fig. 2. Transverse section of cup; ZPAL Ac.IIM20A, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump , x 50. Fig. 4. Oblique longitudinal section of cup ; ZPAL Ac.I1Me1I2A, Melville Peninsula, x 10.

Pycnoidocyathus latiloculatus (HILL, 1964) . 28 Fig. 3. Detail of tangenti al section of cup; ZPAL Ac.I1Me60, Melville Peninsula, x 5.

Erismacoscinus stephensoni (HILL, 1965) ...... 24 Fig. 5. Oblique transverse section of cup; ZPAL Ac.I1Me94, Melville Peninsula, x 10.

Erugatocyathu s gravestocki (DEBRENNE et KR u s E, 1986) ...... 25 Fig. 6. Oblique longitudinal section of cup; ZPAL Ac.I1MIOD, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump , x 7.5.

All thin sections of erratic boulders from glacial and glacio-marine Tertiary sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica. Palaeontologia Polonica , No. 55, 1996 PI. 4

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVL EV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA Pala eontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996

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PLATE 5

"Mennericyathus" dissitu s KRUSE, 1982 24 Fig . I. Transverse section of ju venile cup; ZPAL Ac.I/M lOA, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump, x 30. Fig. 5. Oblique transverse section of cup; ZPAL Ac.I/M lOA, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump , x 10.

Putapacyathus excavatus (H ILL, 1965) 26 Fig. 2. Transverse section of cup ; ZPAL Ac.I1MIOC, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump, x 10.

Spiro cyath ella cooperi (DEBRENNE, 1975) 28 Fig. 3. Transverse section of "Mennericyathus " dissitus KRusE, 1982 and fragment of Spirocyathella coope ri (DEBR ENNE, 1975) cup (right); ZPAL Ac.I1Me1/2E, Melville Peninsula, x 10.

TChabakovicyathus sp. . . 26 Fig. 4. Oblique longitudinal (top) and transverse (bottom) sections of juvenile cups; ZPAL Ac.I1Me73 , Melville Peninsula, x 10.

Veronicacyathus sp...... 26 Fig. 6. Detail of longitudin al section of cup (inner wall to right); ZPALAc.I/M 10CIL cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump , x 5.

Erugatocyathus scutatus (H ILL, 1965 ) ...... 25 Fig. 7. Oblique longitud inal section of cup; ZPAL Ac.l/M 10D. cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump. x 10.

All thin sections of erratic boulders from glacial and glacio-marine Tertiary sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica. Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996 PI. 5

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, /996

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARC HAEOCYATHS FROM GLA CIAL ERRATI CS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS ), ANTARCTICA

PLATE 6

Paranacyathus sarmaticus D EBRENNE, 1974 27 Fig. I. Oblique longitudin al section of platy modular form ; ZPAL Ac.IlMe 171, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump, x 10. Fig. 2. Oblique longitudinal section of platy modul ar form; ZPAL Ac.IlMe 171, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump , x 5.

Archaeopharetra irregula ris (TAYLOR , 1910) .. . 27 Fig. 3. Transverse section of cup; ZPAL Ac.IlMe 1/2G, Melville Peninsula, x 5. Fig. 4. Transverse section of cup ; ZPAL Ac.IlMe94, Mel ville Peninsula, x 8.

Metaldetes pratti (H ILL, 1965) . 29 Fig. 5. Fragment of transverse section of cup; ZPAL Ac.IlMe 112, Melville Peninsula, x 10.

Spirocyathella cooperi (DEBRENNE , 1975) 28 Fig. 6. Interactions of Metaldetes pratti (HILL, 1965) at the top and Spirocyathella cooperi (DEBRENNE, 1975) at the bottom. Transverse section of cups; ZPAL Ac.I/Me 112F, Melville Peninsula, x 5. Fig. 7. Section parallel to the section pictured on Fig. 6.

All thin sections of erratic boulders from glacial and glacio-marine Terti ary sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica. Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55. 1996 PI. 6

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV; EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS ), ANTARCTICA

PLATE 7

Spirocyathella cooperi (DEBRENNE, 1975) 28 Fig.!. Transverse section of cup; ZPAL Ac.llMell2C, Melville Peninsula, x 4.

Naimarkcyathu s elenae, gen. et sp. novo 29 Fig. 2. Transverse section of cup; holotype ZPAL Ac .UM IODI, Mazurek Point, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump, x 8. Fig. 5. Longitudinal section of cup; paratype ZPAL Ac.IIMIOCI , Mazurek Point, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump, x 5.

Pseudosyringo cnema uniserialis (HILL, 1965) 30 Fig. 3. a - oblique transverse section of cup, x 6; b - detail of Fig. 2a, ZPAL Ac.IlMe I/2, Melville Peninsula, x 18.

Kruseicnema gracilis (GORDON, 1920) 31 Fig. 4. Transverse section of cup; ZPAL Ac.IlMe 112, Melville Peninsula, x 13.

Syringocnema favus T AYLOR, 1910 . 30 Fig. 6. Transverse section of cup; ZPAL Ac.IlMe73, Melville Peninsula, x 10.

All thin sections of erratic boulders from glacial and glacio-rnarine Tertiary sediments of King George Island , West Antarctica. Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996 Pi. 7

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV : EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA

PLATE 8

Khasaktia sp. 31 Fig. I. Longitudinal section of platy skeleton; ZPAL Ac.I1M1/14, Mazurek Point, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump, x 10.

Bija sp. 17 Fig. 2. Calcified tubes detail of the same section as on Fig 4;ZPAL Ac.I1Me98A, x 14. Fig. 4. Peloid grainstone with microstromatolite fragment (botto m), numerous scattered Renalcis clots and Bija bush (top left, arrowe d); ZPAL Ac.UMe98A , Melville Peninsula, x 4.

Gordonophyton grande (GORDON, 1920) K ORDE, 1973 17 Fig. 3. Longitudinal section of calcified skeleton, note septate branches; ZPAL Ac .UM IOC2, Mazurek Point, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump , x 180.

Subtifloria sp. .. Fig. 5. Transverse and longitudinal sections of calcified aggregated threads ; ZPAL Ac.UMe 1/10, Melville Penin­ sula, x 200.

Kordephyton sp. . . 17 Fig. 6. Longitud inal section of calcified skeleton; ZPAL Ac .UMe42, Melville Peninsula, x 180.

Girvanella sp...... 16 Fig. 7. Transverse section of Girvanella oncoid, show ing distinct filaments; ZPAL A c.I1M11 , Mazurek Point, cliff between Low Head and Lions Rump, x 150.

All thin sections of erratic boulders from glacial and glacio-marine Tertiary sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica. Palaeontologia Polonica, No. 55, 1996 PI. 8

R. WRONA and A.YU. ZHURAVLEV: EARLY CAMBRIAN ARCHAEOCYATHS FROM GLACIAL ERRATICS OF KING GEORGE ISLAND (SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS), ANTARCTICA