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Pele Ariane 2009 Memoire.Pdf Direction des bibliothèques AVIS Ce document a été numérisé par la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives de l’Université de Montréal. L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE This document was digitized by the Records Management & Archives Division of Université de Montréal. The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. Université de Montréal En direct de Pékin: La production d'information des journalistes étrangers en Chine à travers trois crises internes, 1958, 1989,2003 par Ariane Pelé Département de science politique Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès Science (M.Sc.) en science politique Novembre, 2008 © Ariane Pelé, 2008 11 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Ce mémoire intitulé: En direct de Pékin: La production d'information des journalistes étrangers en Chine à travers trois crises internes, 1958, 1989,2003 Présenté par : Ariane Pelé A été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Président-rapporteur Dominique Caouette Directeur de recherche David Ownby Co-directeur de recherhe Membre du jury 111 RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire s'intéresse à la production d'information par les journalistes occidentaux travaillant en Chine. Plus précisément, il tente de comprendre ce qui contribue à façonner cette information. En utilisant une approche constructiviste, basée sur les travaux de Dell'Orto (2005), ce travail tente de démontrer que la production d'information, ou la représentation sociale de la réalité par les journalistes, est influencée par trois variables: 1- le contexte mondial, 2- le contexte national et 3- les structures cognitives des journalistes. Ceci est démontré à travers l'étude de trois événements marquants de l'histoire récente de la Chine. Ceux-ci constituent trois cas de crises internes s'étant produites sous la gouverne du Parti communiste chinois (PCC): 1- Le Grand bond en avant (1958-1962), 2- les événements de la place Tiananmen (1989) et 3- l'épidémie de SRAS en 2002-2003. Afin de comprendre l'effet de ces trois variables sur les écrits journalistiques" des extraits de la production d'information des journalistes étudiés pour chaque période illustrant ces effets sont présentés. L'hypothèse testée tout au long du travail est que les trois facteurs contribuent à teinter les perceptions et les interprétations des journalistes occidentaux en Chine. Mots-clés: Chine; Journalistes occidentaux; Constructivisme; Production d'information; Crise; Parti communiste chinois. IV ABSTRACT This thesis examines the production of journalistic information by Western journalists writing about China. More specifically, it seeks to understand how this information is shaped and what factors influence its construction. Using a constructivist approach, based largely on the works of Dell'Orto (2005), the thesis demonstrates that the production of information, which one might also calI the social representation of reality, is the fruit ofthe interaction of three variables: 1- the international context, 2- the national context, and 3- the identity of the journalist. The interaction of these variables is demonstrated through careful case studies of three important crises faced by the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP): The Great Leap Forward (1958-1962), 2- the Tiananmen Square Events, and 3- The SARS epidemic in 2002-2003. In order to understand the effect of these three variables on the journalists' reporting, extracts of their writings are presented for each period. The hypothesis tested in this study shows that the three factors do contribute to the cOt:J.struction of the journalists' perceptions and interpretations of reality. Key-Words: China; Western Journalists; Constructivism; Information Production; Crisis; Chinese Communist Party. v T ABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSlTMÉ ET MOTS-CLÉ .................................................................................p.iii ABSTRACT AND KEY -WORDS .............................. , '" ...................................... p.iv TABLE DES MATIÈRES ............... : .................................................................. p.v LISTE DES ABBRÉVIA TIONS ......................................................................... p.vii REMERCIEMENTS ...................................................................................... p.viii INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... p.l CADRE THÉORIQUE ....................................................................................... p.6 Définition des variables ............................................................................. p.9 Production d'infonnation .................................................................. p.9 Contexte mondial ..........................................................................p.l 0 Contexte national ..........................................................................p.l 0 Structure cognitive ........................................................................p.l 0 Crise ........................................................................................ p.ll MÉTHODOLOGIE .......................................................................................... p.12 Justification des choix méthodologiques ....................................................... p.12 Trois études de cas ........................................................................p.12 Cinq journalistes pour chaque cas ...................................................... p.13 Choix des journalistes et sources d'infonnation ..................... ~ ................p.13 Sélection d'extraits illustrant l'effet des trois variables .............................. p.14 Structure du texte ...................................................................................p.IS Limites de la recherche ............................................................................. p.16 LE GRAND BOND EN AVANT ....................................................................... p.17 Contexte mondial: la guerre froide ..............................................................p.18 Contexte nationaL .................................................................................. p.21 Les structures cognitives des journalistes ....................................................... p.25 Edgar Snow ....... , ............. , ............................... " ......................... p.26 Han Suyin .................................................................................. p.27 Anna Louise Strong ....................................................................... p.28 Felix Greene ............................................................................... p.29 Joseph Alsop ..............., ............................................................... p.30 La production d'infonnation des journalistes ................................................... p.31 Edgar Snow ............................................................................... , p.32 Han Suyin .................................................................................. p.34 VI Anna Louise Strong ..................................................." .................... p.35 Felix Greene ............................................................................... p.36 Joseph Alsop .............................................................................. p.38 Conclusion ................................................................................... H ..... p.40 LES ÉVÉNEMENTS DE LA PLACE TIANANMEN DE 1989 .................................... p.42 Contexte mondial: la fin de la guerre froide ................................................... p.43 Contexte national. .................................................................................. p.46 Les structures cognitives des journalistes .......................................................p.50 Harrison E. Salisbury ......................................................................p.51
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