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Exciting News from Shiga Prefecture th J O L L Y N E W S L E T T E R 9 I s s u e July 1, 2002 Shiga Prefecture International Affairs Division Mission to Michigan. In preparation for that, we ① New Faces at the IAD sent a delegation to Michigan to hold related On April 1, 2002, we had our annual personnel meetings. Shiga and Michigan carry out of a transfers, and there are now four new members in the variety of other exchange programs, so the meetings International Affairs Division. We’d like to introduce dealt with those as well. our new members to you, all with messages that they Schedule: May 29-June 6 (9 days) wanted to send out to all you Shiga Supporters. Participants: Shiga Prefecture- Director Koyama, Senior Staff Matsumoto. Michigan- Office of the Governor, Sister State Committee, Board of Education, Michigan State University Meeting Agenda: Goodwill Mission, Visiting Officials Program, Teacher Exchange Program (3 teachers from Shiga, 2 from Michigan), High School Exchange Program (15 participants from each side), Japan Center for Michigan Universities. Director Akihiko Koyama (second from right) Hello everyone. I was at the Personnel Division of the Board of Education through last fiscal year. I’m still not used to having so many chances to meet overseas guests, but in any case, I look forward to sending out various information from the IAD and spreading the word about Shiga Prefecture. Deputy Director Masao Odani (second from left) Hello to all you Shiga Supporters. When this letter arrives to you, we will just be starting to enjoy water ③ JCMU Graduation Ceremony! sports and summer festivals here. I’ll do my best to On the 20th of this past April, the graduation get some of the light and wind over Lake Biwa into this ceremony for this year’s program at the Japan letter. Can you feel it? Center for Michigan Universities was held. 37 Senior Staff Naoki Matsumoto (right) students were presented certificates of completion We’re enjoying the World Cup here in Japan at the by Director Swanland. These 37 students came in moment. How did all of your country’s teams do? September of last year and January of this year I’m back at the IAD as of this past April. Please come from various colleges around Michigan and the see us again in Shiga. entire US to study Japanese and Japanese culture Staff Member Junko Migita (left) here in Shiga. After the ceremony a farewell party Hello to all you Shiga Supporters. I mainly handle the that also included host families was held. general affairs here at the IAD. I’m the youngest here at the IAD. How old do I look? I’m looking forward to hearing your guesses. ② Exchange Meeting Group Sent to Michigan Shiga Prefecture and the State of Michigan have sister state relations, and every year we alternately send and receive a Goodwill Mission to and from Michigan. This year we will be sending a 100 member ④ Shiga History Highways and Post Towns Geographically, Shiga is located at the point where eastern and western Japan meet. For that reason, Lake Biwa is surrounded by roads, giving Shiga the appearance of a “land of highways.” After one comes through the Suzuka Pass on the Tokaido Highway, one comes upon Shiga’s first post town, Tsuchiyama-shuku (present day Tsuchiyama-cho in Koka-gun). (below) Next, one reaches Ishibe-shuku (present day Ishibe-cho in Koga-gun) (below). As It is found at this treacherous pass because, as was the case with Mishima-shuku at the Hakone suggested by the old phrase “a night in Ishibe Pass, it was necessary to set up a place for people after leaving the capital,” which refers to to prepare their traveling outfits before crossing traveling east from the old capital of Kyoto, the pass. Also, it is located at a junction on the there were lots of inns in Ishibe. In Umeki Godaisan Highway (a highway which goes from (present day Ritto-shi) between Ishibe-shuku Tsuchiyama by way of Yokkaichi-shi and the and Kusatsu-shuku, there were several shops Nakasendo Highway). That road leads to Taga making and selling an herbal medicine called Shrine, which the people revered as a place to gain Wachusan to treat stomach problems. Zesai, blessings for longevity. the head shop, received the patronage of comic With the Yasugawa River visible to its left side, the Tokaido Highway comes into Minakuchi-shuku (present day Minakuchi-cho in Koka-gun). Minakuchi-shuku (below) has a three-layered spindle shape, unlike any other post town. After Kobori Enshu built Minakuchi Castle in 1634, Minakuchi-shuku had the functions of both post town and castle town. Its population grew until it was second only to Otsu-shuku. Minakuchi-shuku’s famous products were pipes, loach soup and wisteria crafts. (Wachusan Medicine Shop) poet and play writer Ota Shokusanjin, as well as Dr. Siebart, a German doctor associated with the Holland Trading House. Moving along through Umeki, one then encounters Mekawa (present day Ritto-cho), and then reaches Kusatsu-shuku. The Nakasendo Highway, on the other hand, Continuing along from Minakuchi, one comes enters Shiga from Mino, and the first post town upon the Yokotagawa River, a tributary of the is Kashiwabara-shuku (present day Santo-cho Yasugawa river. This used to be the location of in Sakata-gun) (next page). the “Yokota Ferry,” and a giant nighttime lamp Kashiwabara-shuku’s houses spread out (right above) at the site remains even today. over 13 cho, making it the housese spread out travelers who came up the Nakasendo Highway had their first view of Lake Biwa. This location offers a superb view, and writers and calligraphers have preserved it in their works. After coming down the pass one reaches the junction with the Hokkokukaido Highway, which continues through Nagahama and Kinomoto before reaching Toriimoto. Among the houses of the town is the Arikawa Head Shop of Akadama Shinkyogan, red tablets for treating stomach illness, that was mentioned in Juppensha Ikku’s book Kisokaido Hizakurige. over 13 cho, making it the longest post town inside This town was also famous for producing Shiga on the Nakasendo Highway. raincoats. Kashiwabara’s famous product was Ibuki moxa. The next post town is Samegai-shuku. It has long been known for its spring water, and even today clear streams flow next to the main roads. There is a famous place here called “Three Waters and Four Stones.” “Three Waters” refers to Isame Stream, Juo Stream, Saigyo Stream, and “Four Streams” refers to Yamato Takerunomikoto Koshikake Stone, Yamato Takerunomikoto Kurakake Stone, Kani Stone and Yogo Stone. (Toriimoto-shuku) (Isame Stream) After passing through the town in the fields between Toriimoto-shuku and Aino-shuku (present day Hikone-shi) and crossing the Oborikawa (Serikawa) River, one reaches Takamiya-shuku. This post town also served as the entryway for visitors to Taga Shrine. (Kani Stone) The highway passes through the towns of Tsuzura (present day Hikone-shi), Tsukumoin, Kamieda, Shimoeda (together present day Toyosato-cho in Inukami-gun), and Kutsukake (present day Echigawa-cho in Echigawa-gun) before coming to Echigawa-shuku. The highway then continues into The Nakasendo Highway then passes from Banba-shuku (below), in a valley. It became the foothills of Kannonjiyama Mountain through the Aiso Forest and on to Musa-shuku. This post town is at the point where the highway splits, with the Happu Pass going in one direction through Yokaichi and Eigenji then over the Happu Pass in the Suzuka Mountain System and on to Ise, and the Azuchi Highway going another direction. In this way, almost all of the post towns of famous as the setting for Hasegawa Shin’s the Nakasendo Highway were located at the contemporary novel Banba-no-Chutaro. After intersection of important roads with byroads. passing through this post town, a long road This was the defining characteristic of Shiga’s ascending into the mountains takes you to the post towns. Surihari Pass. This was the place where After leaving Musa-shuku and coming over sub-headquarter buildings, and 72 inns. Even today the ruins of the Kiya headquarters remain. In 1712, a weigh station like that at Shinagawa was installed at Kusatsu-shuku. There was a fixed limit for the weight of cargo carried on highways, so such stations were set up to inspect the weight of cargo. The Nakasendo Highway ran east-west through Kusatsu-shuku, and the Tokaido Highway (Musa-shuku) crossed the Kusatsugawa River before the slopes of Kagamiyama Mountain, one passes intersecting with the Nakasendo Highway in a through Yukihata and Yasu (together present day T-shape. From the direction of Moriyama, the Yasu-cho in Yasu-gun) and crosses the Yasukawa Nakasendo Highway also crossed the River, the biggest river in Shiga. After crossing Kusatsugawa River into Kusatsu-shuku. This the river, the road reaches Moriyama-shuku made the river the entrance and exit of the post (below), which was the last of the Nakasendo town, and gave it a sort of gateway function. After Kusatsu-shuku, one comes to Otsu-shuku(below),the last of the 53 post towns Highway’s 67 post towns. This post town was built on the priniciple “three towns make one shuku.” This meant that Yoshimi-mura to the on the Tokaido Highway. In 1602 Otsu came east of the main Moriyama-shuku, and under the direct authority of the Bakufu Imashuku-mura to the west, served as government, and from that point on it supplementary shuku. In other words, they developed both as a post town on the Tokaido would provide lodging when that in the main Highway and as an important port for water shuku did not suffice.
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  • Oshio Heihachirō and His Revolt of 1837

    Oshio Heihachirō and His Revolt of 1837

    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the pennission of the Author. OSHIO HEIHACHIRO AND HIS REVOLT OF 1837 A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Japanese at Massey University. GEOFFREY DEAN ROBERTS 1986 ii Abstract Although there is an abundance of resource material concerning Oshio Heihachiro in Japanese, there is very little in English. Thus, this thesis seeks to make available and analyse for English readers some of the rich offerings that exist in Japanese. It sets out to describe the life and times of Oshio and to analyse the influences that moulded his thought and that ultimately motivated him to take action against the heartless hierarchy and greedy merchants who refused to show any compassion on the desperately poor during the disastrous days of the Tempo Famine (1830-1837). The later life and death in an abortive uprising in 1837 of Oshio Heihachiro were a clear commentary on his thought and teaching, namely, the necessity of the unity of knowledge and action. He was a living embodiment of the Wang Yang-ming dictum, "To know and not to act is the same as not knowing at all". His first-hand knowledge of the situation impelled him to action. Oshio's morality and integrity were sincerely demonstrated in his final act of sacrificing his reputation, and even life itself, for his principles.