Marktleider Met R&D Zichtbare En Onzichtbare Innovaties in Unilever

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Marktleider Met R&D Zichtbare En Onzichtbare Innovaties in Unilever Marktleider met R&D Marktleider met R&D Marktleider met R&D Zichtbare en onzichtbare innovaties in Unilever-margarines Zichtbare en onzichtbare innovaties in Unilever ontwikkelde in de loop der jaren veel expertise op het gebied van het Zichtbare en onzichtbare innovaties in Unilever-margarines ont wikkelen, fabriceren en op de markt brengen van margarines. De auteur gaat in op de Unilever-margarines wijze waarop een deel van die expertise tot stand kwam. Hij volgt de geschiedenis van Unilevers margarinegrondstoffen en beschrijft op basis van nieuw onderzoek in de archieven van Unilever Research & Engineering een aantal zichtbare en onzichtbare Ton van Helvoort margarine-innovaties. Radicale innovaties zijn in de voedingsindustrie moeilijk realiseerbaar, omdat de consument gewend is aan de eigen smaak en daar moeilijk vanaf is te brengen. Een margarineproducent als Unilever innoveert daarom vaak in de (toe)bereiding van grondstoffen wanneer dat een veiligere of goedkopere productiewijze oplevert. Dit is temeer zo omdat de grondstoffen voor margarines relatief duur zijn. Voor de consument zijn dergelijke vernieuwingen vaak onzichtbaar, maar bedrijfseconomisch zijn ze van groot belang. De auteur gaat echter ook in op zichtbare margarine-innovaties zoals halvarines, broodsmeersels met Low Fat of Zero Fat, margarines zonder trans-vetzuren en - tot slot - met plantensterolen. Marktleider met R&D: Zichtbare en onzichtbare innovaties in Unilever-margarines Deze uitgave kwam tot stand met steun van: Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen ISBN: 978-90-73192-4-16 NUR 686 © Ton van Helvoort en Stichting Historie der Techniek Eindhoven, 2017 Uitgever: Stichting Historie der Techniek, Eindhoven Opmaak: Kade05, Eindhoven Printwerk: Puntscherp, Eindhoven Internet: www.histech.nl E-mail: [email protected] Niets van deze publicatie mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch, mechanisch, door fotokopieën, opnamen of enige andere manier, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. No part of this research report may be stored in a computerized system or reproduced in any form, by print, photo print, microfilm or any other means without written permission of the publisher. Ton van Helvoort Stichting Historie der Techniek Eindhoven 2017 Inhoudsopgave Voorwoord ..................................................................... 7 17. Consumentenvoorlichting ............................................. 131 18. Tot besluit - zichtbare en onzichtbare innovaties .................. 141 Inleiding ...................................................................... 9 1. Peetvaders van onderzoek naar oliën, vetten & margarines ...... 17 Noten ........................................................................... 149 Illustratieverantwoording ...................................................... 161 2. Fabrieken op de golven van de grondstoffenmarkt ................. 23 De Stichting Historie der Techniek ............................................ 163 Dankwoord. 164 3. De Unilever-firmanten en de fusie in 1930 .......................... 29 4. Olie-onderzoek in de kinderschoenen. 33 5. Zwijndrecht als entkristal van Unilever Research in Nederland . 37 6. Margarineflavours als commerciële doorbraak ..................... 43 7. Instrumentele technieken .............................................. 47 8. De fysische chemie van oliën en vetten .............................. 55 9. Margarinebereiding en de commercie. 61 10. Marktleider op de halvarinemarkt .................................... 71 11. Oliemodificatie als scharnierpunt in een verantwoorde voedselvoorziening ..................................................... 77 12. R&D en de business - Living Apart Together ......................... 93 13. Vette vetvervangers - SucrosePolyEsters (SPE) ..................... 107 14. Vetloze spreads. 113 15. Trans en het structureren van eetbare olie .......................... 119 16. Becel en plantensterolen ............................................... 127 Voorwoord Op 16 november 1956 opende minister-president Willem Drees het nieuwe researchlaboratorium van Unilever in Vlaardingen. Onderzoek dat eerst plaatsvond bij de afzonderlijke fabrieken, werd gecentraliseerd. Er ontstond in Vlaardingen een centrum van wetenschappelijke en technologische kennis. Tijdens het onderzoeksproject URDV Capabilities, a Business Asset is ingezoomd op de expertises en kernkwaliteiten die door de jaren heen in Vlaardingen werden opgebouwd. Dit heeft geresulteerd in de volgende vijf thematische cahiers: - Marktleider met R&D: Zichtbare en onzichtbare innovaties in Unilever-margarines - Vernieuwend wassen: R&D in Vlaardingen en de detergents-business van Unilever - Versnellen en veranderen: Unilever, katalyse en margarinegrondstoffen - Gesmeerde kennis: Een halve eeuw geschiedenis van Unilevers Becel - Biotechnologie: Van Wetenschap naar Winkelschap Revisited De cahiers laten zien op welke wijze Unilevers kennis en kunde tot stand zijn gekomen, welke rol het researchlaboratorium in Vlaardingen daarbij speelde en hoe dit het innovatief vermogen van Unilever als consumentenbedrijf beïnvloedde. Ook blijkt hoe de verworven kennisbasis het bedrijf steeds weer in staat stelde in te spelen op veranderingen in de markt en op maatschappelijke uitdagingen. De cahiers bouwen voort op een in 2006 uitgevoerd onderzoeksproject. Het destijds verzamelde materiaal werd gebruikt voor het door URDV Communication uitgegeven Bringing great ideas to life. URDV 50 years. Het historisch onderzoek leverde een overzicht op van de wijze waarop het centrale laboratorium tot stand kwam en zich in de jaren zestig en zeventig van de twintigste eeuw ontwikkelde tot de ‘Universiteit van Vlaardingen’. Het toonde de toenemende vervlechting met andere concernactiviteiten vanaf 1970 en de urgentie aan innovatieve ontwikkelingen in het begin van de 21e eeuw. Dit onderzoek wierp wel een aantal interessante vragen op: Welke expertisegebieden kwamen tot ontwikkeling en op welke wijze? Hoe droegen deze bij aan de innovativiteit van Unilever? Dergelijke vragen leidden tot het project URDV Capabilities, a Business Asset, dat liep van 2008 tot 2012. Het doel van het project was tweeërlei. Ten eerste het opbouwen van interne ‘memory building’ over URDV. Ten tweede vormen de verzamelde informatie en analyses voor bedrijfs- en techniekhistorici input voor het wetenschappelijk debat over R&D en innovatie. 6 Voorwoord 7 Wij zijn verheugd dat Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen besloten heeft de publicatie van de onderzoeksresultaten mogelijk te maken. Daarmee komt Inleiding dit unieke onderzoek voor een breed publiek beschikbaar. Een toekomstige generatie zal deze werken downloaden of uit de boekenkast pakken. Zij zullen ongetwijfeld geïnspireerd raken door de schat aan informatie over innovatie- The close co-operation of our research, development and engineering resources with processen binnen een multinational en de rol van R&D daarin. Met ons zullen ze other business functions, both at corporate and operating company level, guarantees concluderen dat investeren in kennis loont. the optimum contribution to product and manufacturing strategy. We are thus able to maintain the high rate of innovation of products and processes necessary for the continued health of the business. Mila Davids (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven), projectleider Eindhoven, oktober 2016 Successful innovation for the core businesses of Unilever, however, does not always mean highly visible or revolutionary new products. Many innovations are concerned with the continued development of existing products through improvement of performance or convenience for the consumer. Other advances relate to new manufacturing operations, the benefits of which emerge from improved cost effectiveness and from the best possible levels of product quality control. Sir Michael Richardson Angus, Chairman of the Board of Unilever (5 May 1930 – 13 March 2010), Unilever report and accounts, 1987 In 1989 werd Roel Keuning aan de Universiteit Wageningen benoemd tot bijzonder hoogleraar in de productontwikkeling in de levensmiddelentechnologie. In zijn oratie besprak hij de geschiedenis van innovaties op dat terrein. Daarbij kon hij refereren aan de R&D binnen het Unilever Research & Development laboratorium in Vlaardingen (URDV) waar hij drie decennia werkzaam was geweest. Hij concludeerde dat innovaties in de levensmiddelenindustrie een aantal eigenschappen bezitten die deze bedrijfstak onderscheiden van overige industriële activiteiten. In de eerste plaats is het aantal radicale innovaties op zijn werkgebied altijd beperkt geweest. Hij somde er negen op: margarine, ‘cola-drank’, oplosbare poederkoffie, blikgroenten, (instant) droge soep, diepvriesmaaltijden, consumptie- ijs en snacks. Achter elk van deze innovaties lag een vraag vanuit de markt of technologische ontwikkelingen, zoals vriesdrogen, steriliseren en efficiënt koelen, ten grondslag. Een marktbehoefte in de negentiende eeuw was bijvoorbeeld een alternatieve vorm van vet hetgeen leidde tot de ontwikkeling van margarine.1 Keuning onderscheidde een tweede specifieke eigenschap van innovaties in de levensmiddelenindustrie en dat had te maken met de zichtbaarheid. Hoewel er veel kleine innovaties plaatsvinden in de producten zijn deze voor gebruikers nauwelijks zichtbaar. Keuning onderbouwde dit met een tegenvoorbeeld: een radio uit het eind van de twintigste eeuw was een compleet
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