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A Bhaggan, Hulsie, 129, 205, 212, Action Committee of Democratic 216, 217 Citizens (ACDC), 106 Binda, Ramnarine, 74–76 Afrocentrism, 63, 67 Bissoondath, Neil, 14, 126–128, 139, Afro-Saxon, 99, 102 174, 247 Agriculture, 181, 182, 204, 269 Black Lives Matter, 7, 26 APT James, 36 Black Atlantic, 23, 67, 89, 186, 320 Art galleries, 224 Black nationalism, 23, 28, 133 The Artifcial White Man, 241 Black Panther(s), 95, 97 Black Power, vii, 12, 14, 38, 68, 86, 87, 91–139, 147, 152, 155, 168, B 183, 202, 205, 208, 216, Bacchanal, 225, 313 227, 238 Bain, James Alva, 117, 132, 175, 240 Black Stalin, 48, 133, 165, 167, 220 Basdeo, Sahadeo, 135, 170, 192 Blaxploitation, 26 Beacon Group, 14, 27, 47 Body bands, 223 Benson, Gale Ann, 95 Bold and the Beautiful, 26, 224 Bernard, Chief Justice Clinton, Bollywood, 48, 172, 248 175, 262 Bomb newspaper, 12, 152–154 Best, Lloyd, 27, 56, 83–87, 100, 108, Bourdain, Anthony (Parts 148, 154, 202, 232, 242 Unknown), 7

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

Bourgeois consciousness, 221, 223 Caste, 70, 71, 75, 79, 170–172, Brain drain, 119 174, 185 Brathwaite, LE, 14, 92, 104, 105, Cedula for population, 41 138, 210 Centre for Ethnic Studies, 206, 207, Breakfast Club, 162, 163 214, 235, 240, 316 British West Indian Airways Chalkdust (Hollis Liverpool), 155, (BWIA), 142 193, 197, 220, 221, 319 Burroughs, Randolph, 108 Chinese, 5, 6, 98, 113, 136, 159, 208, 209, 214, 215, 250, 270, 309 Chinese migrants, 270 C Chokolingo, Patrick, 152, 153, Calcutta to Caroni, 130, 185, 318 192n15, 210 Calypso Monarch, 7, 66, 133, 220, Chronic disease assistance programme 221, 239, 245, 285, 289 (CDAP), 270, 271 Canadian Mission, 74 Clarke, Ellis, 108, 232n18 Cannabis, 26, 161 Clarke, Leroy, 168, 236–239, 251, Capildeo, Rudranath, 54, 61, 74, 293–295, 293n102 76, 77, 106 Class of 1984, 162, 163 Capildeo, Surendranath, 218, 293 CL Financial, 209, 277, 280, 281, Caribbean Commission, 49, 51, 65, 145 306, 307 Caribbean Communications Network Cocaine session, 161 (CCN), 209, 230, 239, 242 Cola-Rienzi, Adrian, 74, 317 Caribbean Contemporary Arts Colman Report, 277, 280 (CCA7), 249, 254 Colonialism, 5, 14, 15, 23, 32, Caribbean Man (calypso), 133, 136, 91, 94, 242 145, 167 Colonial Life Insurance Company CARICOM, 133, 232, 270, 281 (CLICO), 234, 258, 280, Carifesta, 28, 138, 221, 255, 294 281, 291 Carmichael, Stokely, 97, 98 Commissions of inquiry, 12, 94, 233, Carnival, 7, 15, 20–22, 62–69, 87, 92, 260, 261, 263, 277, 282, 96, 117, 123–125, 130, 133, 285, 286 138, 148, 163, 164, 166, 167, Communist, 57, 58, 82, 117 172, 183, 185, 187, 194, 196, Community leaders, 275 219–225, 229, 237, 245–252, Concordat, vii, 102 255, 267, 282, 285, 294–297, Conference(s) on Indians at UWI, 296n116, 312, 314, 319, 321 135, 137, 150, 174 Carnival Messiah, 295 Congress of the People (CoP), Carnival Queen show, 62, 63 302–304, 310, 312 Caroni, 17, 54, 76, 94, 169, 182, 258, Constitution Commission of 269, 298 1974, 109–111 Caroni (1975) Ltd, 169, 182, 258, Consumerism, 13, 15, 87, 142, 269, 298 279, 314 INDEX 337

Corporation Sole, 142, 143n5 Double consciousness, 173, 184, 185 Country Club, 92, 94, 95 Duprey, Lawrence, 258, 259, 280 Coup attempt (1990), 199 CP David, 45, 317 Creole nationalism, 8, 46, 82–87, 100, E 106, 133 Economic nationalism, 111 Creole society, 3, 4, 6, 9, 16, 22, 23, Elections and Boundaries Commission 31–45, 64, 65, 70, 79, 91, (EBC), 106, 257, 261–263, 303 98–101, 104, 117–118, 131, Emancipation Support Committee 134, 164, 165, 183, 185, 190, (ESC), 168, 205, 227, 242 228, 229, 245, 284, 293, Emigration, 4, 76, 88, 113, 122, 123, 295, 299 174, 195, 251 Creolisation, 11, 18, 22–25, 48, 316 Ethnoscape, 25 Criminal gangs, 272 Cro Cro (calypsonian), 196, 219, 245, 246, 285, 287 F Crooked lawyers, 156 Facebook, 13, 26, 312, 313 Crouch, Stanley, 29, 30, 241, 320 Farquhar, Max Canon, 53, 65 Crown Colony, 33, 34, 42, 49 Farrell, Terrence, 13, 191 Cultural nationalism, 61, 64, 69, 82, Farrell, Trevor, 115 106, 237, 255 Father of the Nation, 144, 147, 204, 311 Federal election (1958), 51, 52, 76 D Folk culture/theatre, 64–66, 167, 240 Daaga, Makandal, 93, 95, 155 Foucault, Michel, 18–20, 46 DC 9 scandal, 143, 152 Freedom of Information Act, 235 Deen, Badru, 75, 76 Free Mulatto, 3 Democratic Action Congress (DAC), 36, French Creole, 123, 151, 193 38, 39, 108, 117, 155, 190, 203 Democratic Labour Party (DLP), 51–54, 60, 61, 73, 76–80, 82, G 85, 106–108, 110, 117, 132, Gandhi, 47, 72, 73, 235 193, 264, 302 Garveyism, 47, 49 Deosaran, Ramesh, 134, 135, 146, Gas Station Racket, 143 151, 199, 200, 264 Gomes, Albert, 8, 46, 49, 65, 80–82, Development and Environmental 145, 145n11 Works Division (DEWD), 38, Government Assistance for Tuition 114–116, 155–157, 169, 179, Expenses (GATE), 270, 271 182, 189, 201, 251, 271 Global Organisation of People Divali, 69, 71, 177 of Indian Origin Dollar-for-Dollar (tuition (GOPIO), 28, 299 assistance), 235 Gordon, Ken, 193, 209, 239 338 INDEX

H Indian nationalism, 28, 47 Hanging, 186, 235 Indian radio stations, 240, 242 Harnarine, Harry, 280, 281 Industrialisation by invitation, Hart, Calder, 278, 304, 307, 310 55, 86, 111 Hart-Cellar Immigration Industrial Stabilisation Act (ISA), Reform Act, 88 58, 59, 78 Heckling, 49, 80 Integrity Commission (IC), 110, 290, Hill, Errol, 62, 63, 124, 223, 291, 293, 308 248, 296 Intra-ethnic anxiety/confict, 7, Hindu Credit Union (HCU), 277, 99–101, 105 280, 281, 283, 307 Inward Hunger, 70 Hochoy, Sir Solomon, 92, 107, 108 Hudson-Phillips, Karl, 93, 100, 129, 154, 155, 174, 190, 259, 262 J Hung Parliament, 259, 260 Jamaat Al Muslimeen, 197, 212, 229, 249, 263, 273, 276 James, CLR, 7, 14, 27, 46, 48, 57, I 58, 61, 79, 82, 82n99, 83, i95.5 FM (Radio), 240, 283, 288, 105, 145 298, 299 Jaycees (Junior Chamber of Identity politics, 3, 5, 16, 35, 133, Commerce), 56, 63 202, 241 Joint Consultative Council (JCC), Imaginary (civil, national), 19, 25, 29, 235, 277, 279 48, 50, 153, 163, 172, 183–187, Julien, Ken, 94, 207, 208 244, 251, 282, 284, 286 Junior Secondary School, 101–103, Imagi-Nationalism, 133–139, 105, 182 249–255, 282–290 Immigration, 1, 3, 42, 44, 45, 57, 88, 119–123, 251, 270, 317 K Independence, vii, 4–8, 11, 14–16, Kambon, Khafra, 93, 125, 168, 23–25, 27, 36, 37, 45–48, 53, 205, 242 55–89, 95, 106, 107, 109, 111, Keith Noel 136 Committee, 274 115, 119, 123, 126, 138, 139, Klass, Morton, 13, 70, 71, 74, 75, 151, 160, 168, 179, 183, 211, 184, 314 220, 232, 233, 238, 248, Kung Fu flms, 160 311, 315 Kwamé Turé, 97 Independent (newspaper), 230 Indian flms, 47, 48, 86 Indian immigration, 42, 44, 45, 317 L Indianisation, 192n15 Labour unrest, 57, 96, 115 Indianisation of the government, 192 Lamming, George, 27, 50, 52 Indian movies, 71, 175 Land grant system, 43 INDEX 339

Laventille, 114, 121, 123, 138, 179, 206–211, 214, 216, 217, 222, 202, 276, 287, 308 228, 230, 233, 235, 237–244, Law Association, 233, 262, 307, 308 246, 248, 253, 261, 263, 264, Levitt, Kari, 83, 112, 123 267, 273, 274, 280, 282–284, Lewis, Arthur, 82, 83, 96 290, 292, 293, 304, 306, Little Black Boy (calypso), 245, 287 311, 318 Little Carib Theatre, 64, 65, 167 Media Association of Trinidad & Lotay La, 245, 247 Tobago (MATT), 230 Lovelace, Earl, 14, 99, 104, 137–139, Meet the people tour, 56, 64, 76, 137n132, 167, 168, 186, 187, 114, 124 237, 241, 242, 248, 249, 251, Michael X (Michael de Freitas), 87, 294, 296 95, 126, 186 Miles, Gene, 87, 125, 125n108, 143, 145 M Miller, Daniel, 13, 14, 26, 141, 142, Maharaj, Ramesh Lawrence, 232, 207, 209, 210, 224, 225, 251, 258–260, 302, 304, 266, 267, 312–314 308, 308n181 Millette, James, 85, 86 Maharaj, “Sat” Satnarayan, 28, Ministry of Tobago Affairs, 37, 38 174–175, 228, 232, 233, Minshall, Peter, 163, 164, 219, 220, 239, 258–260 223, 295, 296 Maharaj, Stephen, 58, 60, 74, 264 Mittelholzer, Edgar, 8, 14, 27, 65, 73 Malik, Abdul, 95 Mixed-race, 2, 3, 17, 34, 41, 42, 45, Manning, Patrick, 4, 39, 40, 198, 201, 94, 99, 100, 104, 113, 202, 208, 203, 204, 206, 218, 220, 231, 209, 214, 223, 229, 251, 253, 232, 244, 244n60, 258, 260, 254, 274, 287 268, 273, 276, 298, 301, 302, Modernity, 11, 13–16, 29, 56, 305, 306, 309–311 141–179, 219–224, 242, Maraj, Bhadase, 51, 52n44, 58, 61, 249–255, 265–268, 311 69, 72, 73, 75–80, 107, 129, Moko (newspaper), 85, 138, 152 152, 264 Money ent no problem, 116 Maraj, Ralph, 206, 214, 231, 259 Montano, Machel, 221 Marajin (calypso), 165, 175, 176 Mook Sang, Mayleen, 147 Martin, Tony, 316–320 Mustill Tribunal, 291 Massa day done, 53, 60 Mauvais langue, 148–154 McBurnie, Beryl, 64, 65, 124, 167, N 293, 295 Naipaul, Seepersad, 47, 70, 73, 74, 76 Media, 12, 13, 16, 17, 25–29, 38, 39, Naipaul, VS, 14, 38, 47, 62, 62, 85, 86, 110, 134, 142, 147, 69–71, 74, 76, 77, 87, 98, 149, 152, 153, 162, 176, 178, 125, 126, 139, 185, 186, 184, 190, 200, 201, 204, 318, 319 340 INDEX

National Alliance for Reconstruction P (NAR), 4, 153, 189, 190, Panday, Basdeo, 4, 96, 108, 117, 131, 192–197, 202, 203, 207, 209, 132, 142, 154, 160, 190–193, 214, 216, 219, 220, 222, 224, 190n5, 211, 212, 217, 218, 228, 232, 235, 242, 249, 251, 229–232, 232n19, 235, 236, 254, 302, 303 238, 239, 242, 245, 246n67, National Carnival Commission 257–259, 261, 262n20, 264, (NCC), 219, 221, 285, 296 273, 290, 291, 293, 298, 302, Nationalism, 8, 15, 20, 24, 28, 46, 47, 303, 308–311 61, 62, 64, 69, 79, 82–87, 98, Pantin, Anthony (Archbishop), 75, 93, 100, 104, 106, 111, 123, 126, 150, 178 133, 147, 183, 185, 237, Pantin, Clive, 156 255, 317 Parasitic oligarchy, 229 National Joint Action Committee Party of Progressive Political Groups (NJAC), 93, 106, 155, 168 (PoPPG), 111, 123, 193 National Union of Freedom Fighters People’s Democratic Party (PDP), 51, (NUFF), 105, 108 73, 77, 102 National unity, 231, 239 People’s National Movement (PNM), Nation newspaper, 12, 56n5, 58–60, 3, 4, 22, 36–40, 49, 51–54, 57, 62–64, 82, 145, 151, 287 58, 60–63, 66, 69–72, 76, Negritude, 63 78–82, 85, 87, 88, 91, 93, New World Group, 27, 82, 83, 85 95, 97, 101, 105–108, 111, New World Quarterly, 83, 86 113, 114n73, 114n74, Novels (as historical documents), viii, 116–119, 121, 123, 124, 128, 8, 13–15, 70, 76, 126, 139, 185, 135–138, 143, 144, 146, 148, 186, 248 153–157, 163, 164, 174, 175, No Vote campaign, 38, 107, 264 179–187, 189–192, 196–207, 209, 214, 220, 222, 223, 227, 228, 230, 231, 234, 237–240, O 243, 244, 249, 251, 252, 257, O’Halloran, John, 67, 87, 143, 144, 259–264, 268–270, 272–277, 147, 157, 163, 164 281–284, 287, 289, 291, 293, Oil boom, 106–109, 112, 115, 127, 296, 298, 299, 301–312, 314, 133, 141, 156, 158, 169, 172, 182 320, 321 Oilfeld Workers’ Trade Union Performativity, 22 (OWTU), 59, 96 Persad-Bissessar, Kamla, 302, One Love, 189–194 303, 309–312 Organisation for National Perspectives for a New Society, 95 Reconstruction (ONR), 154–156, Petrotrin, 269 164, 174, 175, 190, 192, 303, Philip, Jean Baptiste, 3, 42, 99 304, 312 Pichakaree, 246n67 Orientalism, 42 Pioneer Industries, 55, 58, 94 INDEX 341

Plantation, 16, 33, 34, 41, 47, 81, 83, S 84, 115, 154 Salt (novel), 14, 241, 249, 251, 253 Plantation economy, 83 Sam P Wallace (scandal), 144, 164 “Plastic surgery for the Other,” 29, Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha (SDMS), 241, 320 28, 73, 130, 170, 174–176, 218, Plural society, 23 227, 241, 248, 283, 287, 297 Point Lisas, 207, 234 Sanderson Commission of 1909, 45 Power 102.1 FM, 263, 283, 298 Sandesh newspaper, 12, 151, 177, 178, Prestige (secondary) school, 102 194, 318 Prophetess, 301, 309 Sat sangs, 172 Public Sector Investment Programme Sat Sharma, Chief Justice, 152 (PSIP), 271 Scott Drug Report, 151, 153, 161, 174, 259 Seapaul, Occah, 205, 206, 214 Q Secession (Tobago), 37, 38 Queen’s Royal College Senghor, Leopold, 63, 64 (QRC), 77, 101 Shah, Raffque, 93, 108, 117, 126, 154, 264 Sing de Chorus, 223 R Singh, HP, 47, 53, 318 Radio 103 FM, 210, 211, 216, 228, Sir George Williams University 284, 298 incident, 93 Ramaya, Narsaloo, 72, 130 Slavery, vii, 3, 23, 33, 49, 50, 103, Ramayana, 20, 28, 71, 103, 167, 208, 241, 249, 314 171, 172, 178, 218, 225, Soap operas, 26, 28, 160, 210, 224, 247, 248 225, 251, 252, 313, 321 Ramchand, Ken, 13, 137, 138 Soca, 166, 222 Ramleela, 177, 247 Social capital, 12, 282 Rape campaign, 93, 129, 217 Social Democratic Liberation Party Refugee status, 194 (SDLP), 107, 117 Reparation, 187, 241, 249–251 Socialism, 46, 82 Richardson, John, RF, 107, 108 Socialist, 60, 77 Richardson, Selwyn, 153, 156, Social Stratifcation in 156n37, 190 Trinidad, 14, 104 Robinson, Arthur NR, 31, 36–39, 67, Sparrow, Mighty, 2, 22, 66, 67, 106–108, 155, 189–193, 116–118, 150, 164, 165, 196–198, 202, 203, 219, 231, 175–177, 246, 321 232, 232n19, 236, 236n34, 242, Squatters, 120, 200 257, 260, 272, 293 State(s) of emergency, 53, 54, 60, 93, Rowley, Keith, 7, 40, 258, 304, 96, 107, 199, 206, 274, 305 304n155, 305, 310–312 Statesman newspaper, 54, 62, 78, 80, Rudder, David, 166, 222, 223, 321 143n8, 151, 152 342 INDEX

State Socialism, 113 Trinidad Workingmen’s Association Steelband, 15, 48, 62–65, 67, 69, (TWA), 45 70, 95, 96, 138, 167, TV6, 209, 224, 230 220, 221 Stock market, 266 Strikes, 56–60, 67, 96, 195, 198 U Structure(s) of feeling, 28–30, 50, Uff Commission, 278, 304, 310 142, 266 Uff Report, 305n157 Subversive activity (commission to Underclass, 57, 66, 97, 114, 138, investigate), 57 201, 222, 223, 238, 248, 249, Sugar Aloes (calypsonian), 196, 246 251, 289 Sugar Aloes (Michael Ousouna), Unemployment Relief Programme 196, 246 (URP), 205, 263, 271, 275, 276 Summit of People’s Organisations Union of Revolutionary Organisations (SOPO), 195, 197, 198 (URO), 106 Symbolic discourse, 49 United Labour Front (ULF), 108, Symbolic modelling, 29, 284 117, 132, 154, 190–193, Syrian, 6, 7, 209, 214, 215, 285 264, 302 United National Congress (UNC), 4, 39, 193, 195, 203, 204, T 211–212, 228–240, 242–245, Talk radio, 149, 239, 242, 243, 257, 247, 249, 257–264, 267, 260, 273, 283, 286, 289, 292, 284–287, 293, 299, 300, 298, 313, 318 302–305, 310, 311, Tapia, 27, 82–87, 106, 117, 152, 154 314–316, 319 Team Unity, 260, 264 United National Independence Party Theatre, 65, 109, 124, 125, 139, 142, (UNIP), 85 143, 163, 167, 224, 225, 294, United Progressive Party (UPP), 107 296, 312 Universal suffrage, 49 Thomas, John Jacob (JJ), 6, 7, 42 University of the West Indies (UWI), TnT Mirror, 153, 163, 210 12, 67, 89, 92–94, 123, Tobago House of Assembly 128–130, 135, 137, 150, 174, (THA), 39, 40 182, 185, 202, 206, 219, 234, Tobago love, 190 235, 270, 287, 288, 294, 296, Tobago self government, 31 314, 318, 320 Trinidad Theatre Workshop (TTW), University of Trinidad and Tobago 124, 125, 224 (UTT), 125, 269, 296 Trinidad & Tobago Television (TTT), Urban Development Corporation of 61, 117, 132, 159, 161, 162, Trinidad & Tobago 168, 175, 178, 190, 198, 210, (UDeCOTT), 271, 277–279, 224, 252 304, 305, 307 INDEX 343

V 62–68, 70, 76–78, 80, 82, 83, Videocassette recorder (VCR), 161, 162 85–87, 89, 91, 93–95, 97–99, Vision 2020, 268 101–106, 102n33, 108, 109, Visual regimes, 210 109n54, 111–115, 114n73, Voter padding, 242–244, 261 114n74, 117–119, 121, 123, Voting machines, 54, 61, 106, 110 124, 132, 135–137, 162–164, 170, 172, 179, 183, 193, 201, 203, 204, 208, 219, 232, 243, W 243n55, 284, 287, 289, 317 Walcott, Derek, 27, 62, 63, 66, 67, Williams, Henry Sylvester (HS), 86, 124, 125, 185, 220, 224 45, 46, 317 Warner, Jack, 242, 302, 304, 308 Wooding, Sir Hugh, 65, 108 Washington Consensus, 203, 207 Workers and Farmers Party Weekes, George, 58, 61 (WFP), 61, 79 Weekly press, 12, 151–153 Wrestling, 71, 158–160, 225, Western United Liberation Front 313, 321 (WOLF), 108 West Indian Federation, 36, 51, 118 Westwood Park (WWP), 26, 249, Y 252, 253 Yagnas, 71, 172, 218 Wight, Gerald, 53 The Young and the Restless, 26, Williams, Eric, vii, 4, 22, 27, 36–39, 224, 251 48–55, 52n44, 56n5, 57, 60, Young Power, 92