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Commonwealth Yearbook 2013 487

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Commonwealth Yearbook 2013 487 T r i n Trinidad and Tobago i d a d a n d T o b a g o KEY FACTS there are rolling hills in the south and the flat Caroni Plain lies in between. Trinidad is well supplied with rivers, some of which end Joined Commonwealth: 1962 in mangrove swamps on the coast. The Pitch Lake in the south- Population: 1,346,000 (2011) west is the world’s largest natural reservoir of asphalt. A string of GDP p.c. growth: 4.8% p.a. 1990–2011 small islands off the north-west peninsula are the remnants of the UN HDI 2011: world ranking 62 land-link with the continent. There are sandy beaches in the north Official language: English and east, and Trinidad has many excellent harbours. Tobago also Time: GMT minus 4hr has a central mountain range descending to a plain in the south- Currency: Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) west and many fine beaches. Geography Climate: Tropical, tempered by north-east trade winds, with a temperature range of 22–31°C and an average annual rainfall of Area: 5,128 sq km 1,631mm. The dry season is January to May and the wet season Coastline: 362km June to December, with a short dry sunny season called the Petit Capital: Port of Spain Careme during September and October. The country, the most southerly of the West Indian island states, Environment: The most significant environmental issues are water situated 11.2km off the Venezuelan coast, consists of two islands: pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes and raw Trinidad and Tobago. sewage; oil pollution of beaches; deforestation; and soil erosion. Area: 5,128 sq km: Trinidad (4,828 sq km) and Tobago (300 sq Vegetation: Forest covers 44% of the land area, having declined km). at 0.3% p.a. 1990–2010. The forest is tropical evergreen: high in the mountains are mountain mangrove, tree-ferns and small palms; Topography: Trinidad and Tobago are unique among Caribbean on the lower slopes, hog-plums and sand-box; and in the fresh and islands in that only 10,000 years ago they were a part of the South brackish swamps, mangrove and gable-palms. The most important American mainland; the geology and rich flora and fauna are agricultural areas are in the central plain of Trinidad. Arable land closely akin to Venezuela. A mountain range runs along the north comprises 5% and permanent cropland 4% of the total land area. coast, rising to Trinidad’s highest point, El Cirro del Aripo (940m); Wildlife: There are many more species of birds and butterflies than on any other Caribbean island, including 15 varieties of hummingbird (131 species of birds and only one endangered, 2002). There is a wildlife sanctuary in the Northern Range on Trinidad at El Tucuche with agouti, golden tree-frogs and more than 400 species of birds, and the Caroni Swamp reserve is the home of thousands of scarlet ibis. The government has proposed a did you know? Kamla Persad-Bissessar became the first woman prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago in May 2010. Sir Vidia Naipaul, born in Chaguanas, Trinidad, in August 1932, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2001; and Earl Lovelace won the Commonwealth Writers’ Prize in 1997. Brian Lara, born in Santa Cruz, Trinidad, in May 1969, was Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World in 1994 and 1995. Scholarships for postgraduate study are awarded by Trinidad and Tobago to citizens of other Commonwealth countries under the Commonwealth Scholarship and Fellowship Plan. The Commonwealth Yearbook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(&)'21.-,"-,&",,"('"' +- .)&$%.'- # &%&%*+),+++ )+-'+,!")0"-!$2,-$!(%+, ,')&)) *)*##)+ &% )&,% National Parks and Wildlife Bill, which aims to protect endangered sciences and social sciences. The University of Trinidad and Tobago T r i species of which there are now relatively very few. was established in 2004 and includes the Eastern Caribbean Institute n i of Agriculture and Forestry. Other tertiary institutions include College d Main towns: Port of Spain (capital, pop. 50,300 in 2010), of Science, Technology and Applied Arts; and Polytechnic Institute, a Chaguanas (77,400), San Fernando (57,300), San Juan (greater d which provides adult education in the evenings and shares premises Port of Spain, 56,200), Arima (greater Port of Spain, 38,000), a with the Sixth Form Government School. There is virtually no n Marabella (greater San Fernando, 26,700), Tunapuna (greater Port d illiteracy among people aged 15–24. of Spain, 19,100), Point Fortin (18,800), Sangre Grande (17,500) T o and Princes Town (11,000) on Trinidad; and Scarborough (4,800) Media: English-language dailies include Trinidad and Tobago b on Tobago. Guardian , Daily Express and Newsday ; The Bomb , The T’n’T Mirror a g and Sunday Punch are weeklies. o Transport: There are 8,320km of roads, 51% paved. There is no railway. The Caribbean News Media Group operates public radio and TV services; and there are a number of private radio stations and TV Port of Spain and Point Lisas are the main ports. Point Lisas deep- channels. water port on the west coast serves the petro-chemical industries. Other terminals are at Pointe-à-Pierre, Point Fortin and Some 88% of households have TV sets (2006). There are 132 Guayaguayare (petroleum); Claxton (cement); Tembladora (bauxite); personal computers per 1,000 people (2007). Brighton (asphalt); Chaguaramas (dry-docks); and Scarborough on Communications: Country code 1 868; internet domain ‘.tt’. Tobago. Tourist cruiseships dock in Scarborough and Port of Spain. Mobile phone coverage is good. There are numerous internet cafes Piarco International Airport, 25km east of Port of Spain, is a major and post office branches on the islands. regional centre for passenger and cargo traffic and aviation-related There are 217 main telephone lines, 1,356 mobile phone industries. Crown Point International Airport on Tobago can handle subscriptions and 552 internet users per 1,000 people (2011). wide-bodied intercontinental aircraft. Public holidays: New Year’s Day, Spiritual Baptist Liberation Day Society (30 March), Indian Arrival Day (30 May, 1845), Labour Day (19 June), Emancipation Day (1 August, 1834 and 1838), KEY FACTS 2011 Independence Day (31 August), Republic Day (24 September), Population per sq km: 262 Christmas Day and Boxing Day. Life expectancy: 70 years Net primary enrolment: 94% (2010) Religious and other festivals whose dates vary from year to year include Carnival (Monday and Tuesday before Lent), Good Friday, Population: 1,346,000 (2011); some 54,000 on Tobago; 14% of Easter Monday, Corpus Christi, Eid al-Fitr (End of Ramadan) and the total population lives in urban areas; growth 0.5% p.a. Diwali (October/November). Carnival is celebrated during the 1990–2011; birth rate 15 per 1,000 people (27 in 1970); life month leading up to Carnival Monday and Tuesday. expectancy 70 years (66 in 1970). The population is of about 40% Indian, 38% African and 21% Economy mixed descent, with smaller numbers of people of European, Latin KEY FACTS 2011 American and Chinese descent (2000 census). GDP: US$22.5bn Language: English is the official and national language; English-, GDP p.c.: US$16,699 French- and Spanish-based Creoles, Indian languages including GDP growth: 0.0% p.a. 2007–11 Hindi and Chinese dialects are also spoken. Inflation: 8.5% p.a. 2007–11 Religion: Mainly Christians (Roman Catholics 26%, Anglicans 8%, Trinidad and Tobago has a very sophisticated economy for a Pentecostals 7%), Hindus 23% and Muslims 6% (2000 census). country of its size, embracing mineral extraction, agriculture, industry, tourism and services, but which is underpinned by a single Health: Public spending on health was 3% of GDP in 2010. commodity – oil – which was first discovered in 1866. The high Traditionally good services have suffered somewhat from reductions in public expenditure. 94% of the population
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