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Chapter One: Introduction ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ACADEMIC PROBLEMS OF WORKING SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA BY NWOKEDINOBI, JOY NGOZI MATRICULATION NO: 919003104 B.A (FRENCH), UNIVERSITY OF BENIN 1984 PGDE, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS 1988 M.ED (GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING), UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS 1992 A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FOUNDATIONS (WITH PSYCHOLOGY) SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES. UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PH.D) IN GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS NOVEMBER 2010 1 APPROVAL This research has been approved for the department of educational foundations and the school of post graduate studies, University of Lagos BY: DR. C.E OKOLI (Supervisor) DR. (Mrs) I. I. ABE (Supervisor) Prof. (Mrs) A. M. Olusakin DATE Head of Department 2 SCHOOL OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS CERTIFICATION This is to certify that the Thesis: “ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHOSOCIAL AND ACADEMIC PROBLEMS OF WORKING SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA.” Submitted to the School of Post-graduate Studies University of Lagos For the award of degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) is a record of original research carried out BY NWOKEDINOBI, JOY NGOZI In the Department of Educational Foundations ----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------- AUTHOR’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------ 1st SUPERVISOR’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------ 2ND SUPERVISOR’S NAME SIGNATURE DATE ------------------------------------ - ------------------ ------------ 1ST INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE ------------------------------------ ------------------ ------------ 2ND INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE ----------------------------------- ------------------ ------------ EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE ------------------------------------ ------------------ - ------------ SPGS REPRESENTATIVE SIGNATURE DATE 3 DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to the Almighty God in whom there is nothing impossible. He is my glory and the lifter of my head. To my loving husband Kanayo Nwokedinobi who is always my pillar of support. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my profound gratitude to the Almighty God whose goodness and mercies in my life have led to the successful completion of this work. Who is like unto Thee, O Lord? Glorious in holiness and fearful in praises. Always doing wonders! Alleluia! I wish to express my deep appreciation to my amiable supervisors Dr. C. E. Okoli and Dr. (Mrs.) I.I. Abe whose invaluable contributions have made this work a success story. Truly, their steadfast guidance and encouragement boosted my morale and zeal to forge ahead. May the Almighty God bless and protect them and their families in Jesus‟ name, Amen. My special thanks go to the Head of Department in the person of Professor A.M. Olusakin for her counsel and prayers that sustained me. May the Almighty God uphold her and her family. My sincere gratitude goes to all the lecturers in the Department namely: Prof. N.A. Osarenren, Prof. O. M. Omoegun, Dr. I.P. Nwadinigwe, Prof G.C. Ilogu, Associate Prof. M.B. Ubangha, Dr. B. O. Makinde, Dr. O. M. Alade, Rev (Fr), Dr F.M. Isichei, Dr. A. A. Oni and Dr. M. S. Aletan for their counsel, assistance and support to make this work to become a reality. I appreciate, most especially, the warm and cordial relationship between the Ph. D students and the lecturers in the department. We are like one big family. May the Lord God bless them and their families. I am also very grateful to Prof. S. B. A .Oloko (retired) for the invaluable role she played to shape this work, as my first supervisor before her retirement. 5 I am highly grateful to my loving husband, Mr. Kanayo Nwokedinobi whose love, care, assistance and understanding and words of encouragement have motivated me to move on to this great height. I say a big thank you to my lovely children Dr. Chinwe Nwokedinobi, Amara Nwokedinobi, Chizoba Nwokedinobi and Chibuike Nwokedinobi for all their love, support and prayers to make this work a success. I must acknowledge their kindness in typing some part of the work. May the Lord replenish their efforts and grant them their hearts desires. My profound gratitude goes to my parents, Pa & Mrs Godwin Ihetu and my siblings Mrs Lois Alozie and Mr. I.K Takwas Ihetu for their ceaseless prayers and encouragement. I am also grateful to my brothers - in-law, Engr. Charles Alozie, Engr. Sam Ahams, Mr. Chiedozie Onuoha and Mr. Obinna Nwokei. Many thanks as well to my friends: Mrs. Adaora Ejem, Mrs. Nelly Ohuabunwa, Mrs.Chinonso Nwokei and Mrs. Adaobi Ugwunze for their support and prayers. I will not forget to express my heartfelt gratitude to my colleagues and friends in the Department especially Dr. Pat Emeri, Dr. Ifeoma Nnoli, Dr. Ngozi Etolue, Dr. Cordelia Aneke, Dr. Ngozi Okafor, Dr. Charity Iriobe, Dr. Chidinma Anya, Mrs Stella Anyama, Dr. Rev. J.A. Aremu, Mrs Afoma Nwolisa, Dr.. E . O. Bamidele and others for their esteemed support to the success of this work. I extend my appreciation to the principals, vice principals, counsellors and all other members of staff of the schools which participated in this research for making this work a success. I appreciate the efforts and contributions of Mr. 6 Samuel Iyelumi, Miss Deborah Oluwakorede, Mr. M.M. Onoka, Mrs. E O. Apata, Mrs.J.F. Shobande, Mrs. Kehinde Ogunlabi, Mr. S. Adeyemi and Mrs. Folasade Adefila. May God bless them all. 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title page i Approval ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgement v - vi Table of Content vii-x List of Tables xi-xii List of Figures xiii List of Appendices xiv Abstract xv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Background to the study 1 Theoretical framework of the study 12 Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy 12 Theory of Motivation: Maslow‟s 14 Hierarchy of Needs 14 Statement of the problem 15 Purpose of the Study 17 Research Questions 18 Research Hypotheses 19 Significance of the Study 20 Scope of the Study 21 8 Operational Definition of Terms 21 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction 26 History of Child Labour 27 Concept of Child Work 36 Theoretical Perspective of Child Labour 39 A Labour Market Perspective 39 A Human Capital Perspective 41 A Social Responsibility Perspective 42 A Child Centred Perspective 44 Types of Child Labour 46 Prevalence of Child Labour 53 Effects of Child Labour on the Development of the Child 59 Physical Development 60 Cognitive Development 65 Emotional Development 68 Social and Moral Development 72 Effects of Labour on Children‟s‟ Health 76 Causes of Child Labour 79 Psychosocial and Academic Problems of Working Children 92 Self Esteem 94 Peer Relationship 97 Academic Achievement 100 Study Habits 103 Test Anxiety 105 9 Conflict 108 Education and Child Work 110 Child Right and Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 117 Child Rights Law in Lagos State 121 Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, Psychosocial and Academic Problems 124 Life skills Education, Psychosocial & Academic Problems 128 Child‟s Welfare and Poverty Alleviation Programmes 131 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction 140 Research Design 140 Study Variable 141 Area of Study 141 Study Population 142 Sample and Sampling Technique 143 Instrumentation 144 Validation of Instrument 149 Procedure for Data Collection 150 Administration of Instruments 151 Treatment Procedure 151 10 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS, HYPOTHESES TESTING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULT Introduction 164 Report of Assessment of Biographic, Demographic and Socio-economic variables characteristics of Working Students and their Parents 164 Hypotheses Testing and Interpretation of Result 169 Hypothesis One 179 Hypothesis Two 172 Hypothesis Three 174 Hypothesis Four 177 Hypothesis Five 179 Hypothesis Six 181 Hypothesis Seven 182 Psycho-social and Academic Problems of Working Secondary School Students in Lagos State. 184 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Introduction 187 Discussion of Finding 187 More Discussions 195 Implications for Counselling 198 Recommendations 202 Suggestions for Further Research 205 Contributions to knowledge 206 Summary of findings 207 REFERENCES 209 APPENDICES 229 11 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 Distribution of the Participants by Gender and Experimental Conditions 144 2 Mean, Standard Deviation and Test-Retest Reliability Co-efficient of Assessment measures obtained during pilot study 149 3 Working students‟ age by years 164 4 Occupation of Working Students‟ fathers 165 5 Age when student started working 165 6 Geo – political zones/nationalities of study participants 166 7 Working student‟s household type 166 8 Working student‟s hours of work per day 167 9 Class when student started working 167 10 Who decides student‟s work 168 11 Father‟s number of children 168 12 Working student‟s economic activities 168 13 Number of rooms occupied by student‟s household 169 14 Descriptive data of Pretest and Post scores of self esteem across the groups 169 15 2 x 3 ANCOVA on differences in pretest and Post test scores on self-esteem 170 16 Protected t-test analysis of Index of Self esteem across groups 171 17 Descriptive data of pretest and post test scores on peer relation across the Groups 172 18 2x3 ANCOVA on differences in pretest and post-test scores on peer relation across the groups 173 19 Protected t-test analysis
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