Camp Piperwood Orienting Manual

GSWNY

Orienteering Leadership Training Manual and Maps

Piperwood Camp Perinton, New York

January 2015 - 1st edition

by DEBORAH SUNBECK [email protected] Six GSWNY Troops Installed Posts for the Orienteering Course at Piperwood.

Above Photos: Troop 60210 Above: Rob Stevens, course designer from Rochester Orienteering Club, with his daughter from troop 60122.

Above: Troop 60127

Troop 60164 also Above: Member of Troop 60843 Above: Troop 60803 contributed a post. with help of her scouting family. TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE 3 1 Welcome to Piperwood’s Orienteering Leadership Training Program 4 Comparing Piperwood’s Aerial, Topography, Orienteering and Road Maps 5 1 Piperwood Camp’s Orienteering Course - Placement of Permanent Markers 6 1 International Orienteering Maps vs. U.S. Topography Maps 7 1 Orienteering Maps Color Coding 8 1 Piperwood’s Orienteering Maps’ Scale and Legend 8 1 Using the Compass Metric Ruler with Piperwood’s “White Mini” Novice Training Map 8 1 Using Piperwood’s Orienteering Map Legend to Better Strategize and Navigate a Route 9 1 Using a Clear Baseplate Compass with Piperwood’s “White Mini” 9 1 A Quick Beginner Learning Exercise 10 1 Learn from the four most frequent compass reading mistakes that are made by hikers 11-16. Learn as You Go: Navigating Piperwood’s Short Beginner White-Mini Map and Course

APPENDICES

19 I. Orienteering Glossary

21-26 II. Piperwood Orienteering Maps

Mini-White Learning Course White 1 Level Beginner Course White 2 Level Course Yellow Level Course Score-O Course (all course markers) Blank Orienteering Map for Other Course Configurations and Uses

28 III. Piperwood Orienteering Extras: Control Marker Clues & a GPS Activity

IV. Compass and Pre-Orienteering Skill-Building Activities -

30 “North by North Best” Activity– by GS of America and Compasses for Loan 31- Pre-Orienteering Skill Camp Map with Mini-White Course Marked

32 V. Piperwood Camp Maps – Current as of 2014

Piperwood Camp Aerial Map with Structures and Trails Piperwood and Surrounding Area Topography Maps Piperwood Picture Map of ½ Mile Fitness Trail for Daisies and Brownies Historic Map of Perinton in 1852 with current location of Piperwood Camp

35 VI. Resources, Useful Web Links and Acknowledgements

2 Welcome to Piperwood’s Orienteering Leadership Training Program

Orienteering is an outdoor fitness and trailblazing activity, which also teaches us progressively more advanced mental skills that are needed to navigate our way to exact locations –anywhere in the world – without getting lost. Orienteering combines map reading skills with a second very important orienting skill that helps us select the correct direction and stay on course. Orienteering activities help us develop important cognitive, perceptual, decision-making, and attention skills while offering fitness and recreation for all ages and skill levels. For this reason, orienteering is often called a “thinking sport”.

People who become skilled at orienteering can hike, bike, kayak, cross-country ski, horseback ride, or race through the wilderness without fear of getting lost. Orienting technology is used on ships and planes to plan the best route and then stay on course. Orienteering can be done as a relaxing self-paced activity or as a timed competitive event.

Orienteering clubs around the world create special orienteering maps so that outdoor adventurers can explore nature’s beauty without being limited to what can be seen from roads and trails. Orienteering maps have extra detail, not found on other types of maps, which is very useful to the hiker. Orienteering maps are also uniquely designed so that north on an orienteering map is already aligned with the earth’s magnetic north. No declination adjustment needs to be made for the difference between earth’s magnetic north that is used for navigating, and true north that is used for US land and survey maps.

Piperwood is fortunate to have beginning and intermediate mapped orienteering courses with permanently installed control markers along Piperwood’s trail system. At Piperwood, orienteering can be enjoyed as a guided skill-building activity; as a self-paced outdoors activity that visits some or all of the 20 control markers while exploring the trails; or, as a planned competitive event with a timed start and finish for each competitor or troop team. 1 Mystery information or additional instructions found at each control marker confirms that a control marker was actually visited.

Piperwood’s orienteering training is for scouts who have already developed some basic map and compass reading skill through the Girl Scout’s North by North Best activity. Piperwood’s short ( < 1 km ) and easy white-mini orienteering course and map is helpful for reviewing North by North Best compass and map reading skills, and for making the transition to orienteering, which usually begins at the Cadette level. Additionally, for leaders who are planning a geocaching adventure at Piperwood, the GSP coordinates for all orienteering control markers are available in ppendix of this training manual.

After learning the basics of orienteering at Piperwood, scouts A III can practice and advance their skills at Letchworth Park, Mendon Ponds Park, Webster Park, and Durand Eastman Park. These parks have permanently installed orienteering courses.2

1 Piperwood’s orienteering courses were created by Rob Stevens and the Rochester Orienteering Club. Mr. Stevens is a local expert in orienteering and has competed nationally. His daughter is a girl scout and an experienced orienteering competitor.

2 http://roc.us.orienteering.org Monroe County Parks’ orienteering maps can be purchased from Rochester Orienteering Club for a small fee. In addition, if you and your troop wish to develop advanced orienteering skills, Rochester Orienteering Club provides many excellent training opportunities, as well as a wide variety of very fun competitive and non-competitive events all year long, for all ages and skill levels.

3 Comparing Piperwood’s Aerial, Topography, Orienteering and Road Maps

Various maps provide different information. Road maps can guide us as far as we can drive. Aerial maps show a bird’s eye view and distinguish types of vegetation; however much is hidden, including the contours of wooded terrain. In contrast, the contour map immediately reveals the slope of the land and helps us know where the terrain is flat and where it is steepest and most challenging. US topographic maps also provide altitude information in “feet above sea level”. Piperwood’s terrain varies from 725’ to 820’ above sea level.

Knowing both the type of vegetation and the contour of the terrain is very important when planning the best hiking route for our goals. Do we want the fastest, easiest, or most scenic route? Do we want the challenge of a steep hill? Are we preferring a shady woodland hike or preferring a sunny route? An orienteering map provides us with all the information that we need to plan the perfect hike, stay on course, and know exactly what to expect along the way. (Piperwood’s full size orienteering maps are located in the appendix II of this manual.)

Piperwood Drive (road map)

Piperwood Drive (aerial map)

Piperwood Camp Enhanced Aerial Map with Buildings and Trails

These types of maps all use TRUE NORTH vs. magnetic north for reference; and, the scale of these types of US maps is in the US standard of FEET vs. the international standard of meter.

(2014- At Piperwood, Magnetic North is between 11°-12° west Shaded of True North. The Earth’s contour Magnetic North changes map over time. True North is used for property boundaries, and is never changed.

Piperwood Camp US Contour Map Showing Peak of Turk Hill

4 Piperwood Camp’s Orienteering Course - Placement of Permanent Markers

By the end of this self-paced training program, the above orienteering map and the sport of orienteering will not only be familiar to you, but you’ll be well on your way to being ready to introduce orienteering to your scouts.

Piperwood has a short easy “white ” course, which is just right for learning the basics. White level orienteering courses place control markers on, or near, major features that are easy to find and are either on a trail or easy to see from a trail. -mini A responsible person who is also experienced in orienteering accompanies scouts on white courses to enhance their skill building experience. - Piperwood also has permanently marked “yellow courses”, which are the next most difficult. They are somewhat longer than white courses and some of the control markers are slightly hidden from view, and require a bit more map and compass reading skills. Piperwood’s white courses should be completed before trying a yellow course. White courses prepare the way for smoothly accomplished navigation successes at higher challenge levels of map and compass reading.

Scouts who enjoy advancing their orienteering skills through Piperwood’s white and yellow courses are encouraged to continue on to more expert training. Our local Rochester Orienteering Club (ROC) is a great resource, and a number of local parks have orienteering courses and maps, with a mix of easy, moderate and difficult to find control marker locations. permanent This booklet takes you through the basics of what you need to know to get started with orienteering and to be ready to answer your scouts’ questions during their learning experience.

Copies of all of Piperwood’s white and yellow level course maps are in ppendix .

A II 5 International Orienteering Maps vs. U.S. Topography Maps

All Contour Maps Created in the United States use the American Standard of Measuring Land in FEET. Piperwood’s Contour Map is Based on a US 5’ (5 foot) Contour Interval Between Adjacent Contour Lines.

All Orienteering Maps use the International Standard of Measuring Land in METERS (1 meter = 3.21 feet). Piperwood’s Orienteering Map Contour Lines are based on 3 Meter (9.843 feet) Contour Intervals. ______Orienteering Maps US Topographic Maps 3 Meter Contour Intervals 5 Foot Contour Intervals (i.e., almost 10 foot intervals)

Summit of Turk Hill at Piperwood Camp

Florence Fryer Camp at Piperwood

6 Orienteering Maps use the international

standard of measuring land by METERS and are already adjusted to MAGNETIC NORTH so that a compass is easily used with the map while trailblazing across distances.

Orienteering Map

Color Coding is used internationally. It is easy to learn, and is very useful when hiking in new areas and for planning the best route.

Vegetation Color Codes

Shades of Green – The color green is used to alert us about vegetation density. The darker the green, the more difficult it is to walk through. The darkest green may represent impassable vegetation. Notice that the grassy field around Piperwood’s Lodge is not coded as any shade of green, even though grass is green. That is because mowed grass does not slow us down. Piperwood’s orienteering maps have three shades of green, with the lightest shade being most easy to walk through.

Shades of Yellow - The range of colors from light yellow to deep gold or orange are used to show low, passable vegetation that indicates open or unforested land. The deeper golden or orange color represents very low vegetation such as mowed grass, moss, or low ground cover. The lighter yellow represented higher grasses such as found in a meadow. An easy logical way to remember this is that the yellow range represents terrain that enjoys sunlight. How much sun gets through to the soil depends on the depth of the ground cover. A mowed lawn is shorter than a meadow. The sun gets closer to the roots of mowed grass and thus the amount of density of yellow is stronger on the orienteering map. Piperwood’s orienteering maps show the color of the mowed lawn around the lodge as a darker yellow gold, and the south meadow as a lighter shade of yellow

White - White indicates a forest with little or no / bushy undergrowth, making trailblazing possible. . Another way to think about it is that no yellow sunlight can get through the forest canopy when the trees are full of leaves. Piperwood’s north and east woods show as white because they have a thick canopy in summer.

Blue – Blue is just what it seems – it represents water. Piperwood has a seasona stream that flows north. You’ll find it along the ravine trail at the base of the north hill along with some beautiful red pines. l

Other Orienteering Map Color Codes

Black Black is used for non vegetation features and permanent objects that help orient us. They include rock features from large boulders to stony ground; linear features that represent roads, trails and fences; and other features that have been created by humans, such as buildings and permanent objects. - - Orienteering has many , unique black symbols that distinguish different types of objects. Piperwood’s orienteering maps use special black symbols for birdhouses and fire pits.

Brown - Brown is used for contour lines and land formationscamp that change the contour of land.

Purple/Dark Red Purple or dark red lines mark an orienteering course on the map and are also used for conditions that are pre set for an orienteering event, such as out of bounds areas. - - 7 Piperwood’s Orienteering Maps’ Scale and Legend

Using the Compass Metric Ruler with Piperwood’s “White Mini” Novice Training Map

Piperwood’s Orienteering Maps are scaled so that 100 meters of land, “as the bird flies” is equal to 2.5 cm. on the maps. The north-to-south vertical black lines on the orienteering map denote a distance of 100 meters between them. They are called meridian lines and are used, along with orienting lines on a compass, to keep us on course.

(Photo to right) The edge of the compass plate includes a metric ruler so that linear distance, “as the bird flies”, can be quickly estimated.

Notice that .5 cm. (½ cm) on the map represents a distance of 20 meters of walking steps if the ground was level.

The contour lines inform us that the actual amount of ground covered in real steps will be more because of the added slope of the land. We can see that course markers (called control markers or control flags) are located at control numbers 3 and 4 on this map.

The metric ruler informs us that our straightest route from control 3 to control 4 would be about 120 meters plus the additional ground covered that is caused by the added slope of the land. We can see that the straightest route is almost due west. However, we can also see a nearby mowed path. It is longer, but may also be faster.

Using Piperwood’s Orienteering Map Legend to Better Strategize How to Plan for and Navigate a Route We have more information to consider. The map legend informs us that the lighter shade of gold/yellow represents a rough open area (meadow) and that there is a southerly meandering mowed grass path that connects controls 3 and 4; and also that both controls are very near that mowed path.

Sometimes taking the closest groomed path is faster than walking straight ahead. It is important to consider vegetation and land contour clues, even when the path is longer. Piperwood’s south meadow is in summer, but passable in winter and early spring before the new dense growth appears. tall and dense This type of strategic decision-making is part of initial preplanning, and is also repeated along the way, as new information about our surroundings require that we be flexible in changing our navigation strategy.

The map legend also informs us that control marker 3 is on or near a birdhouse pole, and that control marker 4 is on or near a leafy tree. Again, the season must be considered, since leafy trees are bare for many months out of the year. Orienteering maps are unique in letting us know if we are looking for leafy trees or evergreen trees.

What else does the orienteering map legend tell us? We can expect that our walk along this mowed path will go through an area of very dense vegetation (dark green on map) . This southern section of Piperwood trails is thick with pines and spruce trees as well as thickets of off-trail bushes that produce berries and seeds for birds. 8 Using a Clear Baseplate Compass with Piperwood’s “White Mini” Novice Training Map

A map becomes much more useful when we combine map reading and compass reading skills so that we can determine our direction of travel in real three-dimensional life. When hiking, or even when driving a car to someplace new, it is easy to lose our sense of direction after turning left and right a few times. A compass keeps us on course, and is always dependable, unlike GSP devices that require satellite triangulation – which is often blocked by deep woods and mountain terrain.

At Piperwood, earth’s dynamic magnetic north pulls 11 12 degrees to the west of true north (2014). Piperwood’s orienteering maps are accurate for use with a compass, without needing to adjust for magnetic declination. -

Caution: Keep metal away from your compass when taking a reading or your reading will be false. To observe how metal creates a false compass reading, place your cell phone next to your compass and watch the needle react. Always pre-test buckles, zippers, watches, jewelry, keys, backpacks, and anything else that may be on you when taking a reading on the trail. Also, watch out for metal posts, stakes, nails and fencing hardware when taking a compass reading. Relying on a false reading while trailblazing will get you lost!

A Quick Beginner Learning Exercise

Place your compass on Piperwood’s “mini-white” orienteering map so that you duplicate what you see in this photo.

The following order of steps is useful.

1. Line up the edge of the compass baseplate so that it is parallel with both the Start/Finish Control and Control 1. The long red arrow on the baseplate, called the “direction of travel arrow”, should be pointing in the same direction as your planned travel, just like in the photo.

2. Turn the round dial on the compass housing until the N and the S, at exactly 0 and 180 degrees on the dial, are sitting on the map’s black vertical meridian line. It’s ok to slide the compass on the map a little to get the N and S on the compass dial lined up with the meridian line, but be sure to keep the edge of the compass baseplate parallel with your planned line of travel from Start/Finish to Control #1. Notice that the red arrow in the rotated with the compass dial and that it points to N on the dial. This red arrow is called the “orienting arrow” or the “north alignment arrow” side dial housing 3. Find 70° on the dial and notice that it is lined up with the long red directionand is always wider than the -magneticof-travel arrow. metal needle.Make a mental or written note that your first bearing, also called a heading, is N 70°E. That is, your bearing is 70 ° east of magnetic north, which is also represented as a 70° angle off of the map’s meridian line. Make a mental note that when both of the two red arrows on the compass are lined up properly on your map, using step #1 and step #2 above, then you will find your bearing for angle of travel at the point where the dial intersects with the long red “direction of travel arrow” on the baseplate.

9 4. This last step orients you and your 2-D map to your real surroundings. If you are not yet at Piperwood, pretend for a few minutes that you are. This last step requires that you do not separate the compass and map. Keep them oriented to each other. Holding them together, stand up and slowly turn your body while watching the red end of the metal compass needle. (The compass must be held level so that the needle can turn freely.) Keep turning in a very slow circle until the compass’ red end of the metal needle rests directly the wider red “north orienting arrow” that is painted on to the compass housing. When you have the red end of the compass needle lined up with the red orienting arrow, then you have oriented the mapon ’s north with the real world’s magnetic north. If you were standing at the Start/Finish Cdial ontrol at Piperwood, facing magnetic north, you would be able to look 70 degrees to the east and see your direction of travel towards Control #1. You would then make mental notes of trees, vegetation and terrain that you could see along that N 70°E line of sight. By letting the vegetation and terrain help guide you, you may only need to glance down at the compass occasionally after you have started out in the correct direction towards the next control marker. Practice memorizing each next bearing along the trail (i.e. in the above example N 70°E) and always check to be sure that your compass dial has not moved before relying on it to reorient yourself.

Helpful Hint: Steps 1-3 can be done as part of pre-planning before arriving at Piperwood, because these steps plan angles of travel and distances on the map. However, step 4 is about orienting the map and compass with your actual body, magnetic north and your immediate surroundings. It’s this last step that shifts the activity from a map skill to a real life outdoor adventure.

LEARN FROM THE FOUR MOST FREQUENT COMPASS READING MISTAKES THAT ARE MADE BY HIKERS

Avoiding Common Mistake #1. Only the red end of the metal compass needle points north. If your lighting is not good, use a flashlight to be sure that you are looking at the red end of the needle. The color red looks gray as dusk approaches. Don’t guess. Use your flashlight. Many a hiker has lost time heading in the exact opposite direction because they accidently start orienting themselves using the black end of the compass needle.

Avoiding Common Mistake #2. Check for ed nearby metal before taking a heading on your compass. Any metal that affects a magnet will throw off your compass reading. Your compass will act overly sensitive and erratic if nearby metal is competing with the earth’s magnetic pull on it. (e.g., cell phones, watches, buckles, keys.)

Avoiding Common Mistake #3. Once you have a bearing on your compass, don’t let the compass dial accidently turn while you are hiking. The compass dial keeps track of the angle of your direction of walking in relationship to magnetic north. To prevent this mishap, either put the current reading to memory or write it down. Remember that each control marker will require a new bearing, so find a system that works best for you.

Avoiding Common Mistake #4. Correctly orient both the compass direction of travel arrow and the compass north orienting/alignment arrow to the map. Then make the map and compass “stick together like glue” in your hand, while you orient your body to the correct direction of travel by turning until the red end of the metal compass needle aligns with the north-orienting arrow. The direction of travel arrow will now be pointing in the correct direction to begin or continue your hike, and your bearing will be found on the compass dial where it intersects with the direction of travel arrow.

With practice it will become obvious that orienting the compass to your map while pre-planning a route on the map does not require that the magnetic needle is actually pointing north, just that the short red “north orienting arrow” that is painted on the bottom of the compass housing is pointing to your map’s north, and that the long red ”direction of travel arrow” is pointing in the same direction on the map that you wish to travel. However, when you are ready to orient your planned map route with real magnetic north so that you can start walking in the correct direction, you must then the map and compass together so that they do not lose their orientation to each other, and continue turning them together until the magnetic north red end of the metal needle is lined up with the red north orienting arrowrotate. If the map is on a flat surface you can very carefully turn the map without disturbing the compass to align the needle with the north orienting arrow.

10 Learn as You Go: Navigating Piperwood’s Short Beginner White-Mini Map and Course (0.8 km easy)

If you are at Piperwood and the weather is inviting, walk this short easy training course to learn as you go. However you can also learn a lot by using your map and compass reading skills while you “walk” across the map in your imagination.

Finding the Start/Finish Post The start/finish post is illustrated on the map by a triangle over a circle. You’ll find Piperwood’s start post a mowed field, east of the splash pad and ropes challenge course. The post has the in official orienteering control marker on it. You’ll be looking for a 4” x 4” square divided diagonally by white and orange triangles that looks like this.

The remaining control markers are on trees, posts, and other objects. ______A control marker is found somewhere LET’S GET STARTED! inside the area of each red circle on the map. The control number is placed CHECK YOUR WORK AGAINST THE FOLLOWING STEP- outside of the circle so that it does not BY-STEP NAVIGATION GUIDE. IT IS PROVIDED TO SPEED hide features that give us navigation UP YOUR LEARNING PROCESS SO YOU CAN GET ON clues. Control letters are on the WITH HELPING YOUR SCOUTS DEVELOP THEIR markers. NAVIGATION STRATEGIES AND ORIENTEERING SKILLS. actual

Navigating to Control #1

Put your map and compass skills together, give it a try, and see if you get a bearing of N 70°W.

Suggested Decision-Making for Finding Control #1 on Your Hike:

Line of vision is across a rough open meadow (light golden yellow on map) with few trees and is slightly downhill. The contour lines show an easy decline. Visibility should be good all the way to the edge of the east woods tree line (shown as white on the map).

The map informs us that control #1 is near a path junction where a mowed path and woodland trail meet.

Look for symbol and text clues in the map clue box to learn that this control is near a “path junction”; and, that the Letter A is on control marker #1. *

* If this was an orienteering activity or event for scouts, a second mystery letter be used to prove that each marker might was visited. Additional mystery information or further clues can also be placed at the controls for planned activities and events.

11 Navigating to Control #2

Using your map and compass skills, give this a try.

Did you get a bearing of 182° on your compass, which is almost due south, but angling 2° towards the west?

Many hikers prefer to describe bearings using the quadrant bearing format, and they learn to quickly translate this azimuth bearing of 182° into a quadrant bearing of S 2°W.

It’s a matter of preference. Just be consistent.

Shifting formats requires a little bit of mental math, but becomes easy when we consider that every quadrant has 90 degrees; the SW mid-point between due south and due west is 45 degrees from due south and due west, and so on. We also can see that every integer marking on the compass dial equals 2°. Our quadrant bearing is (due) south (plus) 2° west.

Suggested Decision-Making for Finding Control #2 on Your Hike:

Our map shows us that a mowed path will take us all the way to control 2. This is common for the easiest level of “white” orienteering courses, but is not likely as skill advances, so we will take advantage of the ease of this section of the hike to learn more about orienteering. The biggest mistake that a hiker might make at this point is over confidence. Sometimes the convenience of a trail causes a hiker to forget to double-check their bearing. We want to hike south, not north!

Our map shows us that we will be hiking south, with the east woods directly to our left and a meadow directly to our right. It helps to visualize this, especially when planning for an orienteering competition when you have to think fast and move fast! The contour lines show that the trail is flat or near flat.

The map tells us that control #2 is near a multiple path junction where mowed paths and woodland trails come together. Thinking ahead we want to make a mental note that we don’t get confused and head down one of the many other trails when we get to this junction. Looking even further ahead to control #3 on our map, we make a mental note that we will be continuing to head almost due south, after we find control #2. As we approach the junction, we sight the trail that will take us further south to control #3 before searching for control #2, and mentally store away features about that southward trail's entrance in our mind.

The map clue box confirms that the control marker will be found at a path junction, but which one? The circle on the map eliminates one of the two trails that head east into the woods, so that helps narrow down our search. We’ll find the Letter Q on control #2.

After we find control #2, we turn towards the southward trail that will lead us to control #3. To be double sure of direction, we glance down at our compass to confirm that we are heading almost due south.

12 Navigating to Control #3

Give it a try. Notice that your bearing is the same as it was for navigating to control #2. The edge of the compass shows that control #1, #2, and #3 are all found along the same bearing, an azimuth bearing of 182°, which is also a quadrant bearing of S 2°W.

However, while the bearing is the same, this southward section of mowed path is a bit different because it curves quite a bit. Notice that this mowed path first curves west of our bearing and then east of our bearing, and then curves west again. This gives us an opportunity to practice more exacting skills to help us find control markers faster and more efficiently.

Suggested Decision-Making for Finding Control #3 on Your Hike:

The below section of map is blown up to show the direction of travel that we will be heading in when we are likely to spot control #3. The symbol in control #3 circle is that of a birdhouse. We will find the birdhouse on the side of the path. Since we are traveling south, it will be to our right.

west As we approach the birdhouse we will be hiking more westward than our straight “as a bird flies” bearing. To fine tune our compass skills, we can make a much closer estimate of what our bearing will be when we spot the birdhouse, and then watch for it. We can get this more precise bearing by lining up our compass edge along the small section of mowed path where we would be walking when we anticipate that we might first see the birdhouse to our right side (i.e., of the mowed path).

west Give it a try. Your bearing on the mowed path when you spot the birdhouse will be closer to an azimuth bearing of 200°, or S 20°W, which is quite different than our control to control bearing of S 2°W!

- - There is another pitfall to watch for on this section of mowed path. Notice on your map that there are two birdhouses on this section of path that are on the st side of the path and also that our control is on or near the

we second one. If we miss seeing the first birdhouse when the meadow is high, we might pass by the second one without looking for control #3, thinking that the second birdhouse is still ahead of us. One solution is to do the math and estimate the distance to each birdhouse and figure out how many walking strides will get us to each birdhouse. However, because the path curves quite a bit our estimate could be off. Another solution is to keep track of the direction of the curving path with then the help of our compass and our knowledge that the first birdhouse is along a section of path that appears to head due south, while the second birdhouse is on a section of path that has a

quadrant bearing of S 20°W.

Notice that the birdhouse is a “special item” in the clue box. This tells us to go to the legend to see if we can discover more clues about the special item, where we discover that the symbol means “birdhouse”. The X in the clue box tells us that the control marker is on the special item. This clue saves us from searching throughout the entire area that is surrounded by the circle on the map. 13 Navigating to Control #4

Our azimuth bearing “as the bird flies” is 272°, or almost due west. The quadrant bearing is N ° W.

Suggested Decision-Making for Finding Control #4 on Your Hike: 88

The mowed path curves south of our bearing before turning north and intersecting with our bearing again close to control #4. If we decide to cross the meadow instead of following the mowed path then we run the risk of wandering too far north in the meadow. If the grasses are high we may not be able to see the mowed path and miss control #4 entirely. If we start out west across the meadow we are committed until we pass by the dense stretch of thick bushes (dark green) that line part of the path.

Usually, only a hiker with advanced orienteering training will consider a short-cut through a meadow if the vegetation growth is high enough to obscure a mowed path. The contour of the land tells us that we would be looking and walking slightly uphill, making it less likely that we could see a mowed path ahead of us once we would start uphill across the meadow.

We’ll stay on the mowed path and enjoy the hike. After the mowed path passes through some dense bushes and trees, we see that the path curves northwest. This will be a good time to start tracking our progress with our compass.

We’ll start watching for a control marker at a “bend in path” after our direction of travel changes from NW to what looks like due west on the map.

We are looking for a bend in the trail that will bend south soon after we pass a “leafy tree” that is on the north side of the path. Since this is a meadow, finding a distinct tree is a little easier. This one is likely to be tall if it was selected as a distinct feature to help us find a control marker on an easy level white course. If we start heading south again before finding control #4 then we’ll know that we have gone too far. The map also shows that there are some evergreen trees nearby. We want to keep our eyes searching for a big deciduous tree that stands out in some way.

If it is late fall, winter, or very early spring, then we’ll be looking for a large bare tree. , near a bend on the trail,

(Hint: Tree type is found in the map legend.)

14 Navigating to Control #5

Suggested Decision-Making for Finding Control #5 on Your Hike:

Control #5 requires that we start heading north, back to familiar camp buildings and human-made structures. We’ll continue following the mowed path. According to the contour lines, we will reach the summit of the hill shortly before the path begins to turn north.

After we hike north, along dense bushes and trees to the east, for about 140 meters, the mowed path will intersect with Piperwood’s gravel service road that leads to the splash pad. The map legend identifies it as a “road”. Depending on the season and density of vegetation, we might be able to see the lodge and splash pad to the north of us.

We’ll turn east (right) and hike along the side of the gravel service road, continuing to follow it as it turns north towards the splash pad. Now is when we need to turn our attention to locating control marker #5. The map shows the marker to be near the gravel service road as it heads towards the splash pad. The circle on the map is a bit off center towards the east of the road, so it is a good guess that marker #5 is on the east side of the service road.

Another clue that we have is that the control marker is near a “road and path junction”, so let’s watch for a mowed path that might veer off to the east. Our control marker also looks like it may be near an area of mowed grass, but probably is located somewhere before we reach the mowed grass.

We’re almost done, just two to go.

Now is a good time for a bit of strategy that will get us back to the start/finish post faster. Before starting towards control #6, we’ll also get a line of vision from control #5 to control #7 and the start/finish post.

We have a good sense of where the start/finish post is, and we won’t lose track of that position while going for controls #6 and #7.

We also notice that according to the map, once we reach control #6, our view of control #7 may be blocked by the splash pad and rope challenge course. So we take an extra minute to get a bearing from control #5 to control #7 and then we follow that line of vision from our vantage point at control #5. We take a mental picture of that section of the field.

After doing this mental planning for control #7, we turn our attention back to finding control #6, which appears to be very near the south side of the splash pad.

15 Navigating to Control #6

Suggested Decision-Making for Finding Control #6 on Your Hike:

Our map informs us that control #6 is very near the splash pad, on the south side of it, and near the main gate to the splash pad. A black dot is at the center of the control #6 circle on the map.

From our vantage point at control #5, we saw a gazebo near that location. Now we know that the small round dot is the gazebo. We head straight to it, and find the control marker on the south side of the gazebo.

We look to the clue box on the map and it confirms that we are looking for a building of some sort and that the control marker will be found on the “south edge of the building”.

This is an example of when a compass is not critical. The combination of the map and the familiar landmarks are enough to determine which side of the gazebo is the south side. Navigating to Control #7

Suggested Decision-Making for Finding Control #7 on Your Hike:

If we want to take a bearing to find control #7, the easiest one might actually be from the start/finish post. We have to pass by it to get to control #7. If we look ahead to the final clue in the map’s clue box, we see that control #7 and the start/finish post are just 60 meters apart for one another. We’ll use this as a fallback option, in case we can’t find control #7 quickly.

We are looking for a control marker that is on the “north side of a thicket” according to the clue box, and is identified as “thick bushes” in the Legend. The small round shape of it, surrounded by meadow suggests that it is a distinctive bush or tight grouping of bushes. We should not expect to see the control maker until we are on the north side of this thick bush, so we need to be sure to circle to the north of any large bush in the vicinity.

We can see on the map that the bush or thicket is northeast of the rope challenge course. It’s time to find that bush and then head back to the start-finish post.

Returning to the Start/Finish Post from Control #7

If you would like one last compass challenge, here it is. Your quadrant bearing will be S 18°E for a distance of about 60 meters (measured as 1.5 cm. on the compass cm. ruler) This heading is indicated on your compass as an azimuth bearing of 162°.

CONGRATULATIONS! LEARNING THE BASICS OF ORIENTEERING IS A HUGH ACCOMPLISHMENT.

16 APPENDICES

I. Orienteering Glossary

II. Piperwood Orienteering Maps

Mini-White Learning Course White 1 Level Beginner Course White 2 Level Course Yellow Level Course Score-O Course (all course markers) Blank Orienteering Map for Other Course Configurations and Uses

III. Piperwood Orienteering Extras: Control Marker Clues & a GPS Activity

IV. Map and Compass Skill-Building Activities -

“North by North Best” Activity– by GS of America Compasses for Loan - GSWNY Rochester Service Center ADDITIONAL ENTRIES ARE WELCOME HERE

V. Piperwood Camp Maps – Current as of 2014

VI. Resources, Useful Web Links and Acknowledgements

17 APPENDIX I

Orienteering Glossary

18 ORIENTEERING GLOSSARY

Aiming Off – deliberately navigating to one side of a control or feature before reaching the control in order to advantage an approach to the control.

Attack Point – an obvious feature near a control that can be used as a waypoint, or as a way to navigate more carefully to a control by using map and compass.

Bearing/heading– the direction of travel that is indicated on the compass, read as a degree.

Catching Feature/Backstop/Collecting Feature – an obvious feature that would not be reached until after passing by a control, “catching” the orienteering from over-shooting the control.

Check Point – an obvious feature on a planned route that indicates that the orienteer is still on route.

Clue Sheet/Clue Box/ Control Description – a list that briefly describes each control feature and also gives the control code.

Contour/contour line/contour interval – a continuous line on a topographic map that represents an elevation. Adjacent contour lines represent higher or lower elevations in a step-wise fashion. The fixed vertical distance between adjacent contour lines is called the contour interval. The closeness of one contour line to the next reveals the shape of the land.

Control/ Control Marker/Marker - a square marker, divided diagonally into white and orange trapezoids that marks the destination of each location to be visited on an orienteering course.

Course – control points marked on a map that are to be visited by an orienteer.

Knoll – a small hill, including a small mound of earth that creates a distinct landform.

Legend/map legend – a list of symbols used on a given map.

Linear feature/“handrail” - a natural or human-made feature that extends in one direction for some distance, such as a fence, road, or stream. It acts as a visual “handrail” aid when it parallels a planned route.

Magnetic North - north as indicated by a magnetic compass, differing in most places from true north, and changing over time.

Orienting the Map - aligning the orientation of the map with the features on the ground, using either a compass, the terrain and unique features, or both.

Pacing/Pace Counting - counting every time the left or right foot hits the ground while walking in order to measure distance covered.

Safety Whistle – a whistle that is used when an orienteer is injured or lost. The international distress signal is (6) six short whistle sounds, repeated after a minute. 19 True North – fixed north according to the earth's physical, non-magnetic, axis. APPENDIX II

Piperwood Orienteering Maps

White-Mini Learning Course White 1 Level Beginner Course White 2 Level Course Yellow Level Course Score-O Course (all course markers) Blank Orienteering Map for Other Course Configurations and Uses

20 Camp Piperwood POC White Mini 0.8 km Piperwood Cresent Trail (orange blazes) Start: Girl Scouts of Western NY 1 A Path junction 2 Q Path junction ROCHESTER 7 3 E Special item ORIENTEERING CLUB 1 4 N Bend in path 5 P Road and path junction 6 G S edge of building 7 L N side of thicket 60 m Navigate 60 m to finish 6 5

2 Cresent Trail (orange blazes)

4 3

LEGEND Scale 1:4000 100 m Open area Leafy tree Building Contour Interval 3 meters Map courtesy of the Rough open, w/trees Pine tree Man-made object Rochester Orienteering Club The Rochester Orienteering Club appreciates receiving permission from the Thick bushes Trail Birdhouse Fire pit Girl Scouts of Western NY to produce this map of their Camp roc.us.orienteering.org Woods (white) Mowed path Contour line Pinewood and to use their facilities for the sport of Orienteering. Orienteering is a sport that enhances one's self-esteem by permitting Field Work and drawing: Linda Kohn 12/2008 Paved area Road Private property participation as a competitor or just for fun at a level comfortable for you. Updates: Rob Stevens 4/2014

21 Piperwood POC Camp White 1 1.0 km

Piperwood 6 Start: Cresent Trail (orange blazes) Girl Scouts of Western NY 3 1 L N side of thicket 2 K S side of broad-leaved 2 distinctive tree 3 S Path junction ROCHESTER ORIENTEERING 1 4 H <1 m Boulder, <1 CLUB 5 W side of needle-leaved 5 R distinctive tree 6 I Special item 7 O NW outside corner of building 9 8 T Bend in path 9 G S edge of building 4 7 10 P Road and path junction 90 m Navigate 90 m to finish

8 10 Cresent Trail (orange blazes)

22 2 Piperwood POC Camp White 2 1.3 km Piperwood Cresent Trail (orange blazes) Start: Girl Scouts of Western NY 8 1 A Path junction 9 2 M Path junction ROCHESTER 3 B Top of low hill ORIENTEERING 10 CLUB 4 D Knoll 3 5 N Bend in path 1 6 F Distinctive tree 7 O NW outside corner of building 8 S Path junction S side of broad-leaved 7 9 K distinctive tree 10 L N side of thicket 60 m Navigate 60 m to finish

6 4 Cresent Trail (orange blazes)

23 2 Piperwood POC Camp Yellow 1.8 km

Piperwood 6 Start: Cresent Trail (orange blazes) Girl Scouts of Western NY 1 B Top of low hill 2 M Path junction 3 L N side of thicket ROCHESTER 3 ORIENTEERING S part of vegetation boundary CLUB 4 4 J 5 R W side of needle-leaved 5 distinctive tree 1 6 I Special item 7 T Bend in path 8 F Distinctive tree 9 E Special item 10 D Knoll 10 11 11 C Bend in path 7

230 m Navigate 230 m to finish Cresent Trail (orange blazes) 8

9 LEGEND Scale 1:4000 100 m Open area Leafy tree Building Contour Interval 3 meters Map courtesy of the Rough open, w/trees Pine tree Man-made object Rochester Orienteering Club The Rochester Orienteering Club appreciates receiving permission from the Thick bushes Trail Birdhouse Fire pit Girl Scouts of Western NY to produce this map of their Camp roc.us.orienteering.org Woods (white) Mowed path Contour line Pinewood and to use their facilities for the sport of Orienteering. Orienteering is a sport that enhances one's self-esteem by permitting Field Work and drawing: Linda Kohn 12/2008 Paved area Road Private property participation as a competitor or just for fun at a level comfortable for you. Updates: Rob Stevens 4/2014

24 Piperwood POC Camp 13 Score-O 20 controls

Piperwood 9 Start: Cresent Trail (orange blazes) Girl Scouts of Western NY 1 A Path junction 19 2 B Top of low hill 11 3 C Bend in path ROCHESTER ORIENTEERING 4 D Knoll CLUB 18 12 5 E Special item 2 10 6 F Distinctive tree 1 7 G S edge of building 8 H <1 m Boulder, <1 8 7 9 I Special item 10 J S part of vegetation boundary 11 K S side of broad-leaved 15 3 distinctive tree 20 16 12 L N side of thicket 17 13 M Path junction 14 N Bend in path 4 Cresent Trail (orange blazes) 15 O NW outside corner of building 6 16 P Road and path junction 17 Q Path junction W side of needle-leaved 5 18 R distinctive tree 14 19 S Path junction 20 T Bend in path

25 725

Camp

Piperwood Cresent Trail (orange blazes) Girl Scouts of Western NY

ROCHESTER ORIENTEERING

CLUB Cresent Trail (orange blazes)

LEGEND Scale 1:4000 100 m Open area Leafy tree Building Contour Interval 3 meters Map courtesy of the Rough open, w/trees Pine tree Man-made object Rochester Orienteering Club The Rochester Orienteering Club appreciates receiving permission from the 26 Thick bushes Trail Birdhouse Fire pit Girl Scouts of Western NY to produce this map of their Camp roc.us.orienteering.org Woods (white) Mowed path Contour line Pinewood and to use their facilities for the sport of Orienteering. Orienteering is a sport that enhances one's self-esteem by permitting Field Work and drawing: Linda Kohn 12/2008 Paved area Road Private property participation as a competitor or just for fun at a level comfortable for you. Updates: Rob Stevens 4/2014 APPENDIX III

Piperwood Orienteering Course: Extras for Instructors

Table of Maps and Controls by Difficulty, with Additional Control Marker Clues (Scouts should not have access to this table if following rules of orienteering as a sport.)

Advanced Activity that Combines Orienteering (Compass) and GPS Skills

Additions to this Appendix are Welcome. If you or your troop develop a great orienteering-based activity for use at Piperwood Camp please submit it for addition to the manual.

27 Piperwood Orienteering Course Control Markers with Additional Location Clues for Instructors

Score-O White- White 1 White 2 Yellow Marker is on a: Nearest Trail Special Comments mini for teaching 1.0 k 1.3 k 1.8 k 0.8 k START/FINISH POST white Excellent 360 view of camp for teaching. A A A POST white/blue B B B TREE blue C C TREE yellow D D D POST blue Considered Difficult, but can be seen from trail. E E E Bird House Pole yellow Late summer high grasses may hinder view F F F TREE yellow G G G BLDG white H H POST red Eyes open! Scouts made this one less obvious. I I I Bird House Pole red Late summer high grasses may hinder view Considered Difficult – search uphill in the red pines; J J TREE red/yellow in sight of merged red/yellow trail along stream. K K K TREE white/yellow L L L L L POST white/yellow M M M TREE yellow/blue N N N POST yellow O O O BLDG white/red P P P TREE white Q Q POST white/yellow/blue R R R POST red S S S TREE yellow/red Near path junction. Circle the red pines to find it . T T T TREE near back of lodge On shaded grass path to playhouse

28 Piperwood Camp Orienteering Course GPS Coordinates for Advanced GPS Skill Development

Score-O Control Troop 60210’s An Advanced Hiking Activity Using GPS For Map Marker GPS Readings Scouts Who Have Developed Orienteering 1 A N 43° 03.314’ Skill at the Yellow Course Level or Above. W 077° 25.441’ Background: GPS uses triangulation of satellites to 2 B N 43° 03.316’ provide coordinates. Different electronic devices that W 077° 25.400’ measure GSP will vary somewhat in their readings. 3 C N 43° 03.257’ Each GPS device will provide data about its own W 077° 25.356’ accuracy, e.g., accurate within ± 33 ft.) All together 4 Q N 43° 03.247’ this means that GPS is most useful when using the W 077° 25.394’ same device for all destinations in that area of satellite 5 E N 43° 03.186’ triangulation. Below is a challenge for your troop. W 077° 25.442’ 6 F N 43° 03.234’ W 077° 25.580’ 1. Find the GPS coordinates for control marker “J”, 7 G N 43° 03.273’ which is a yellow course marker. W 077° 25.569’ 8 H N 43° 03.282’ 2. Collect GPS coordinates from a number of the W 077° 25.704’ other orienteering control markers and calculate any 9 I N 43° 03.359’ variation between your troop’s findings and the W 077° 25.712’ original set of coordinates found in the table to the left. 10 J ? 3. Use math to adjust for the difference so that you can predict the J marker coordinates that complete the 11 K N 43° 03.334’ table to the left. (Provided by Troop 60210) W 077° 25.548’ 12 L N 43° 03.323’ QUESTIONS W 077° 25.526’ What were Troop 60210’s coordinates for the “J” 13 M N 43° 03.383’ control? W 077° 25.372’ 14 N N 43° 03.186’ W 077° 25.535’ What were your coordinates for the “J” control? 15 O N 43° 03.277’ W 077° 25.669’ 16 P N 43° 03.256’ W 077° 25.548’ What is your device’s range of accuracy (e.g. ± 35 ft.) 17 D N 43° 03.245’ W 077° 25.450’ 18 R N 43° 03.326’ W 077° 25.716’ DO THE MATH. DETERMINE THE DIFFERENCE IN 19 S N 43° 03.353’ FEET BETWEEN THE TWO “J” GPS READINGS. THEN W 077° 25.635’ ADD ON YOUR OWN GPS DEVICE’S RANGE OF 20 T N 43° 03.250’ ACCURACY. YOUR RESULT WILL ESTIMATE THE W 077° 25.600’ TOTAL NUMBER OF FEET THAT MIGHT NEED TO BE SEARCHED - WHEN USING ANOTHER HIKER’S GPS DATA TO FIND THEIR HIDDEN CACHE. Troop 60210 provided this first set of coordinates.

29 APPENDIX IV

Map and Compass Skill-Building Activities -

“North by North Best” Activity– by GS of America Compasses for Loan - GSWNY Rochester Service Center

Piperwood Camp Map with the White-Mini Course for Pre-Orienteering Skill Training

Additions to this Appendix are Welcome. If your troop develops a great map or compass skill activity for use at Piperwood Camp please submit it for addiiton to the manual.

30 North by North...Best!

Gain your bearings—and a smart survival skill—when you learn how to use a compass.

• Direction-of-travel arrow • Compass housing • Orienting arrow • Magnetic needle • Cardinal points • Degree readings (or bearings) • Baseplate

With a compass, you can ﬁ nd your way If you can read a clock, you can read a compass, anywhere in the world. Even though these days, you and the directions, or cardinal points, are arranged might use your cell phone, an app, or the GPS system on a compass the same way as the numbers on in your car to get directions, you can accomplish the a clock, so here’s another way to remember them: same thing with a compass. This handheld instrument North (N) is at 12 o’clock indicates 360 di erent directional degrees, or bearings, East (E) is at 3 o’clock in which you can travel. When you’re outdoors hiking or camping, if you know how to read a compass, South (S) is at 6 o’clock you’ve mastered a smart survival skill that can take West (W) is at 9 o’clock you down a nature trail, through a park, a forest— Tip: Remember these directions by thinking: or even your own backyard! “Never Eat Slimy Worms.” You’ll need a compass to get started—and don’t Tip: To orient a compass to north, hold it level forget to ask a parent, Girl Scout volunteer, troop in front of your body and turn the compass leader, or trusted adult to help as you learn how to housing until the N on the compass lines up orient yourself, which means ﬁ guring out your with the red tip of the compass needle. location on Planet Earth! Tip: When using a compass, be careful not to hold The most important thing is to learn the four basic it too close to anything that might have directions found on a compass. Look at your compass magnetic properties or the needle will point and you’ll see these letters arranged around the edge toward the object and not toward the north. of the compass housing in a circle: Tip: If you stand on your head, your compass N stands for North. needle will still point north. Hold the compass E stands for East. in your hand and practice turning your body so you’re standing in di erent directions. S stands for South. W stands for West. These directions are known as the 31 ForGirls.GirlScouts.org cardinal points of a compass. © 2013 Girl Scouts of the USA. All rights reserved. Not for commercial use. Does Your Troop Need Compasses for a Piperwood Camp Activity?

GSWNY’s Rochester service center reports having 20 compasses for loan. They look like the compass in the below picture. ( July 2014,)

Simple compasses like this are considered moreas of than adequate for learning the basics of compass reading and orienteering. A more expensive compass is not necessary for a new learner who will not be trailblazing outside of the line of vision to marked trails and known identifying features.

If you plan to borrow this particular set of available compasses for use with the enclosed White-Mini learning module, take a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the differences between the compass in the above photo and the compass that is described and illustrated on pages 8 through 15.

Always refer to your scouts’ compass features when instructing, even if you have a more sophisticated compass for your own use.

When we select words to describe the features of a scout’s compass, we need to be careful to not create confusion. For instance, this simple compass for youth and novices has a magnetized red metal arrow instead of a red end of a magnetized metal needle. This is not common on compasses, so it is better to keep calling it the red end of the magnetic needle, and not call it a red arrow.

Red arrows on compasses are normally non magnetic parts of the compass housing . Confusing the function of a “red arrow” can frustrate learners - dial and the baseplate new . To avoid this, just stay consistent in always referring to the red north end of the magnetic needle and avoid naming the arrow shape of the metal needle on this 32 particular compass. 33 APPENDIX V

Piperwood Non-Orienteering Camp Maps – Current as of 2014 Piperwood Camp Aerial Map with Structures and Trails Piperwood and Surrounding Area Topography Maps Piperwood Picture Map of ½ Mile Fitness Trail for Daisies and Brownies Historic Map of Perinton in 1852 with current location of Piperwood Camp

34 Off-Site Perinton Trails are Troop Led Only GSWNY and Parent Permissions Required

Girl Scouts of WNY LEGEND PIPERWOOD TRAILS Camp Piperwood 1 Ranger’s House (Private) 6 Playground/Playhouse Inner Fitness Loop .55 miles Monroe County, NY 2 Storage Barns 7 Splash Pad Outer Fitness Loop and South Meadow 1.13 miles 3 Lodge – Camp Anne & Jennifer 8 Ropes Challenge Course North Hill Challenge * see restrictions 4 Florence Fryer A-Frame Camp 9 Archery Field East Woods Blue Butterfly Trail and Knoll .28 miles 5 Constance Mitchell Pavilion P Parking Lots Archery Field and North Pine Ravine .22 miles 5 Ga Ga Pit T Trash Bin (near entrance) North Pines Ravine Climb * see restrictions * Camp boundaries are posted and marked on trees with dark red paint. North Hill hiking is weather permitting only and requires proper shoes. Offsite Perinton trails to the north and east of camp are troop led only. Rev 5.30.14 Use the Crescent Trail Association map for offsite hiking. Purchase at Perinton Town Hall. Page 2, Map 2

Piperwood Camp Contour Map with Structures and Trails

(See page 1 for full color map with legend.)

Map 3 Perinton Town Trails Adjacent to Piperwood Camp

REQUIRES ADULT SUPERVISION & GSWNY/PARENT PERMISSION

Full color/well-labeled Perinton trail maps are purchased at Perinton Town Hall for $1.00 (not seen left)

The Crescent Trail Association maintains 35 miles of hiking trails that also benefit troops looking for day hikes from Piperwood to Indian Hill, Thayer Park, or longer hikes to Lollypop Farm and the Erie Canal.

Crescent Trail Association also gives guided trail tours.

Piperwood shares the highest point on Turk Hill with Perinton’s woods at the most northeast section of our yellow trail. (See NE peak on contour map above and yellow trail on Map 1.)

The Perinton Blue Blaze Trail heads north through a tall pine woods. Perinton Red Blaze Trail heads north bypassing much of the pines and then heads east to various destinations.

36 Piperwood Camp Picture Map for Daisies and Brownies - Inner Fitness Loop, ½ mile – White Trail Markers - Easy Terrain 37 38 APPENDIX VI

Resources and Acknowledgements

ROCHESTER AREA ORIENTEERING CLUB (w/info about public park courses) Rochester Orienteering Club roc.us.orienteering.org

REGIONAL ORIENTEERING CLUBS Central New York Orienteering Club (Ithaca-Syracuse) cnyo.us.orienteering.org Buffalo (NY) Orienteering Club buffalo-orienteering.org

NATIONAL CLUB Orienteering USA (US Orienteering Federation) orienteeringusa.org

INTERNATIONAL CLUB International Orienteering Federation orienteering.org

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ORIENTEERING YOUTUBE VIDEOS: Many to choose from. Here are two:

Orienteering - What's That? http://youtu.be/Jb3zSkVFrSw

A youth group demonstrates and explains orienteering from their perspective: “A 5 min. video clip in which some of our current juniors explain what orienteering is and why it is so much fun!”

Orienteering - Norway http://youtu.be/wjNV9yb48tw

Teens showing off their orienteering skills with some added athletic fun and power music: “This film was created in two unforgettable weeks in a training camp in Norway with the youth squad Zurich/Schaffhausen. In addition to the many hours of training, we always found time to devote ourselves to the film. We hope you will enjoy this video.”

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. Piperwood Orienteering Maps by Rob Stevens (2013-14), Linda Kohn (2008), ROC . Piperwood Orienteering Course Designs and Implementation by Rob Stevens . Piperwood Orienteering Leadership Training Manual by Deborah Sunbeck . Piperwood Camp Maps by Deborah Sunbeck . Historic Map of Perinton in 1852 courtesy of Perinton Town Historian – Bill Poray