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Abraham Cresques ? Atlas De Cartes Marines, Dit [Atlas Catalan]

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Abraham Cresques ? Atlas De Cartes Marines, Dit [Atlas Catalan] BnF Archives et manuscrits Abraham Cresques ? Atlas de cartes marines, dit [Atlas catalan]. Cote : Espagnol 30 Réserver Ancienne cote : Supplément français 1191 Ancienne cote : Regius 6816 Abraham Cresques ? Atlas de cartes marines, dit [Atlas catalan]. XIVe siècle (vers 1375) Ce document est rédigé en catalan. Bibliothèque nationale de France. Département des Manuscrits Majorque. Ecriture minuscule. Décoration : Douze peintures à pleine page ; dessin à la plume ; peinture couvrante aux couleurs vives (bleu, vert, orange, mauve, jaune d’or, ocre, rose, rouge) ; plusieurs motifs peints à l’or bruni avec rehauts de couleur, argent bruni. Décors filigranés à motifs de palmettes occupant le fond des schémas circulaires. Dans le texte, lettres d’or bruni à décor filigrané restreint. Encres rouge et violette. En 2018, les peintures ont fait l'objet d'analyses physico-chimiques par le laboratoire scientifique de la BnF (dossier BnF RIL 2018-014). Parchemin ; 6 doubles feuillets de parchemin, collés sur cinq planches de bois (recto et verso) et sur les contreplats en bois de la reliure ; 645 x 250 mm. Le parchemin des cartes maintenait seul les planches ensemble ; il s’est depuis rompu, si bien que les cartes sont très abîmées en leur milieu. Traces d'eau sur le bord des planches. Reliure parisienne de veau brun sur ais de bois léger dont le dos a complètement disparu, à décor de fers estampés à froid et dorés, attribuable à l'atelier de Simon Vostre, dit aussi atelier de Louis XII, et datable vers 1515 ; tranches des planchettes dorées et ciselées de losanges et de rinceaux (travail contemporain de la reliure du XVIe siècle). Restaurations de peau au chiffre BN et RF réalisées en 1797 ou en 1803, par le relieur parisien Durand ou par son fils. Restauration moderne de la couvrure de cuir (1991). Estampille BN récente apposée sur le ms. à l'occasion de la restauration de la reliure en 1991. Conditions d'accès Communication exceptionnelle, soumise à l’autorisation du directeur du département, sur demande motivée. Documents de substitution Il existe une version numérisée de ce document. Numérisation effectuée à partir d'un document original. Numérisation en haute définition (2017). http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52509636n Documents de substitution Il existe une version numérisée de ce document. Numérisation effectuée à partir d'un document original. http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55002481n Historique de la conservation Cet atlas de cartes marines en langue catalane a été réalisé en 1375 environ, date qui apparaît dans le calcul du nombre d’or. Il est déjà présent dans les collections du roi de France Charles V avant le 6 novembre 1380, lorsque Jean Blanchet procède au récolement de la Librairie du Louvre, déjà inventoriés par Gilles Malet depuis 1373. L’atlas y est mentionné à l'article 200 : « Une Quarte de mer, en tabliaux faite par maniere de unes tables painte et ystoriee, figuree et escripte, et fermant a .IIII. fermoers. –En marge gauche : + Il y est » (BnF, ms. Français 2700, f. 11v, art. 200). Le décor de fleurs de lys et de motifs géométriques des premiers feuillets laisse à penser que le manuscrit a été dès l’origine prévu pour le roi de France. L'atlas est répertorié dans la Librairie du Louvre jusqu'à sa dispersion: - « Item une Quarte de mer en tableaux, faite par maniere de unes tables painte et historiee, figuree et escripte et fermant a quatre fermouers de cuivre, laquele quarte contient six grans fueillez qui sont de bois [dans l’interligne : sur] lesquelz fueillez est colé le parchemin ouquel sont faites lesdites figures, couvert de cuir blanc a deux rondeaux ouvrez » (Inventaire de 1411, BnF, ms. Français 2700, f. 63, art. 132) - « Item Une Quarte de mer en tableaux, faitte par maniere d’unes tables, painte et historié, figuree et escripte et fermant a .IIII. fermouers de cuivre, laquele quarte contient .VI. grans fueillez qui sont de bois, sur lesquelz fueillez est colé le parchemin ouquel sont faites lesdites figures, couvert de cuir blanc a deux rondeaux ouvrez. – En marge gauche : Elle y est » (Inventaire de 1413, BnF, ms. Français 9430, f. 10, art. 129) - « Item une carte de mer en tableaux, faite par maniere d’une table peinte et historiee, figuree et escripte, et fermant a .IIII. fermouers de cuivre ; laquelle carte contient .VI. grandes fueilles qui sont de bois, sur lesquelles feuilles est colé le parchemin ouquel sont faites lesdites figures ; couvert de cuir blanc a .II. rondeaux ouvrez : : IIII l. p. » (Inventaire de 1424, Bibl. Mazarine, ms. 2030, f. 16r-v). 29/09/2021 https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc78545v Page 1 / 5 BnF Archives et manuscrits L’auteur qui lui est traditionnellement assigné, « Abraham Cresques », ou plutôt, « Cresques Abraham » est identifié par des documents postérieurs à cette date. L’infant Jean d’Aragon fait ainsi savoir par deux lettres datées du 5 novembre 1381 qu’il désire faire parvenir en présent au jeune roi de France Charles VI(1380-1322), par l’intermédiaire de Guillaume de Courcy, une mappemonde qui lui appartient et qui est conservée dans les archives de Barcelone, sous la garde de P. Palau. Le prince ordonne de faire chercher l’auteur de la mappemonde, Cresques le Juif, qui fournira à Guillaume de Courcy toutes les informations utiles à répéter au roi de France, et s’il n’est pas présent, on requerra deux bons marins qui renseigneront de leur mieux l’envoyé du prince . Dès 1891, E. T. Hamy faisait déjà remarquer que la mappemonde mentionnée dans ce document ne pouvait être l’atlas catalan, qui se trouvait alors déjà dans la librairie de Charles V. Néanmoins, les nombreux documents concernant un certain « Cresques Abraham » permettent de penser que l’atlas catalan a été réalisé sinon par lui, du moins dans son entourage proche, bien qu’aucune mappemonde ou carte marine ne nous soit parvenue avec sa signature . Ce Juif de Majorque est en effet désigné dans plusieurs pièces d’archives comme étant « boussolier et maître de mappemonde ». Habitant la juderia de Majorque, il est remarqué par le souverain d’Aragon, Pierre le Cérémonieux, qui le 15 avril 1368 lui accorde le privilège d’entrer dans sa familia en reconnaissance de ses services ; cet honneur lui permet, entre autres, d’être dispensé de l’infamante rouelle que les Juifs devaient alors porter sur leurs vêtements. Notable de la ville, il possède une maison avec un jardin près de la porte dite du Temple, et en 1378, il obtient le droit de canaliser une partie de l’eau d’une fontaine de la ville pour son usage domestique. Le fils de Pierre IV, l’infant Jean, reconnaît lui aussi les mérites de Cresques Abraham, et renouvelle, ainsi qu’à son fils Jafuda (= Jehuda), sa qualité de « familiarius » (1381). Entre les années 1360 et les années 1390, les souverains d’Aragon demandent à plusieurs reprises aux autorités de Majorque qu’on leur envoie des mappaemundi, sans toujours préciser le nom du fabricant. Mais dans une lettre du 20 mars 1382 de Pierre IV d’Aragon à son trésorier, le roi ordonne explicitement le paiement de 150 florins d’or aragonais à Cresques Abraham « judeo de domo nostra, magistro de mapamundi » pour le prix de « quasdam tabulas in quibus es figura mundi ». En 1387, une lettre de Jean Ier ordonnant le paiement de 60 livres 8 sous à Jafuda Cresques pour une mapa mundi commencée par Abraham deux ans plus tôt, atteste que le fils a repris les activités de son père, mort probablement peu de temps auparavant. On sait par ailleurs de Jafuda Cresques qu’il fut forcé de se convertir au christianisme, comme le reste de sa famille, en 1391, et qu’il prit alors le nom de Jacobus (=Jaume) Ribes. J. Riera, dans un article de 1975, apporte plusieurs éléments à la connaissance de cette famille d’artisans de Majorque spécialisés dans la fabrication des mappemondes. Une bible enluminée hispano-provençale du XIVe siècle, appelée la Bible de Farhi, contient en effet un colophon intéressant : « Eliça, fils d’Abraham, fils de Benveniste, fils d’Eliça appelé Cresques a achevé la Bible appelée Mikdashiyah le mercredi 13 de Kislev 5143 (19 novembre 1382) pour lui- même, l’ayant commencée quand il avait 41 ans, l’année 1366. » Cette bible possède, de fait, quelques parentés stylistiques avec l’atlas catalan : le cadre des illustrations, imitant des motifs d’entrelacs qui font penser à des bordures de tapis orientaux, les fonds quadrillés des enluminures, les couleurs vives, le motif des tentes ouvertes que l’on trouve pour figurer dans la bible le campement de Jacob, et dans l’atlas catalan les peuplements nomades du Maghreb. Il est donc tout à fait possible que la Bible et l’atlas de Charles V aient été décorés par le même enlumineur. J. Riera affirme quant à lui qu’Eliça et Cresques Abraham sont un seul et même personnage. D’après lui, « Abraham » n’est pas un prénom, mais le nom du père du peintre Cresques, et « Eliça » (Elija) serait son nom liturgique. Les dates de naissance (1325) et d’activité (entre les années 1360 et la fin des années 1380) correspondraient bien à ce que l’on sait par ailleurs de Cresques Abraham. La mention de la veuve d’un « Eliça Cresques », qualifié lui aussi de « buxolerius », apparaît dans des documents judiciaires datés de 1410, aux côtés de Dulcia, veuve de Jaime Ribes (sans doute Jafuda Cresques). Cresques Abraham / Eliça aurait donc eu cinquante ans en 1375, date présumée de l’atlas catalan et 57 ans lorsqu’il acheva la Bible de Fahri. Il serait mort vers 1387, à 62 ans.
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