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Rethinking Gentrification in Istanbul Through Planetary Urbanization a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Natural

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Rethinking Gentrification in Istanbul Through Planetary Urbanization a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Natural RETHINKING GENTRIFICATION IN İSTANBUL THROUGH PLANETARY URBANIZATION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY TUĞÇE EKEN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ARCHITECTURE MARCH 2020 Approval of the thesis: RETHINKING GENTRIFICATION IN İSTANBUL THROUGH PLANETARY URBANIZATION submitted by TUĞÇE EKEN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Architecture, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Cana Bilsel Head of the Department, Architecture Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Supervisor, Architecture, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasü City and Regional Planning, METU Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Architecture, METU Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç Sociology, METU Prof. Dr. Tayyibe Nur Çağlar Architecture, TOBB ETU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bülent Batuman Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, BİLKENT Date: 04.03.2020 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Eken, Tuğçe Signature : iv ABSTRACT RETHINKING GENTRIFICATION IN İSTANBUL THROUGH PLANETARY URBANIZATION Eken, Tuğçe Doctor of Philosophy, Architecture Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın March 2020, 307 pages Drawing on an emerging epistemological stance that reworks Henri Lefebvre’s notion of planetary urbanization, this dissertation responds to recent calls for the examination of the geography of gentrification. It does so through the case of the Airport and Airport City Project, which have been constructed on an erstwhile rural settlement, forest, and mining area along the northern coast of İstanbul. On this basis, this study aims to reveal the complex relations hidden behind the concrete abstraction in order to understand the nuanced way of gentrification in Turkey, which is thought to be dialectically enmeshed within the broader totality. The dissertation begins by offering a process-oriented epistemological framework that explodes the inherent binaries (periphery/center, rural/urban) in the analysis of gentrification, building on the planetary urbanization thesis. Through this epistemological stance, the study builds its own research methodology, drawing on Lefebvre’s social levels of G, M, and P and his notion of concrete abstraction. In this way, it extends the planetary urbanization thesis through an inextricable engagement with struggle and everyday life. Furthermore, the integration of the notion of concrete abstraction as an analytical category allows this study to examine the thing/process dialectic on different scales. v Mediating between theory and concrete research, the dissertation goes on to examine the operationalization of abstract conceptualization in response to the place-specific trajectory of the gentrification process in Turkey. Through re-scaling its research methodology, the dissertation provides empirical evidence from the Third Airport and Airport City Project in İstanbul. In so doing, it aims at recasting gentrification as being intrinsic to planetary urbanization rather than a detached concept that exists in only some neighborhoods. Keywords: Gentrification, Planetary Urbanization, Henri Lefebvre, Third Airport Project vi ÖZ İSTANBUL’DA SOYLULAŞTIRMA SÜRECİNİ GEZEGENSEL KENTLEŞME KAVRAMI ÜZERİNDEN YENİDEN DÜŞÜNMEK Eken, Tuğçe Doktora, Mimarlık Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın Mart 2020, 307 sayfa Bu tez, Henri Lefebvre’in gezegensel kentleşme kavramını temel alarak oluşturulan bir epistemolojik çerçeve aracılığıyla İstanbul’da yaşanan soylulaştırma sürecini incelemektedir. Çalışma, gezegenzel kentleşme tezinden faydalanarak geliştirilen ve geleneksel ikiliklere (merkez/çeper, kentsel/kırsal) dayanmayan süreç odaklı bir epistemolojik çerçeve önerisiyle başlamaktadır. Bu çerçeve aracılığıyla tez, Henri Lefebvre’in ‘sosyal düzeyler’ ve ‘somut soyutlama’ kavramlarından yararlanarak özgün araştırma metodolojisini geliştirmektedir. Böylelikle, gündelik yaşam ve mücadele kavramlarını gezegensel kentleşme tezinin ayrılmaz parçaları haline getirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, somut soyutlama kavramını analitik bir kategori olarak metodolojiye ekleyerek ‘şey/süreç’ diyalektiğini her düzeyde ve ölçekte analiz etmeye çalışmaktadır. Teori ve uygulama arasında diyalektik bir ilişki kuran bu metodoloji aracılığıyla soyut kavramsallaştırmanın Türkiye’ye özgü soylulaştırma süreci karşısında işleyişi analiz edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bunun için tez, özgün araştırma metodolojisini yeniden ölçeklendirmek suretiyle İstanbul’un Kuzey kıyılarında yer alan ve daha önceleri orman alanlarının, su havzalarının ve maden sahalarının bulunduğu bölgeye inşa edilen havalimanı projesini incelemektedir. Bu doğrultuda, araştırma ‘somut soyutlama’ olarak kavramsallaştırılan proje aracılığıyla soylulaştırma sürecinin vii Türkiye’ye özgü özelliklerini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu veriler ışığında çalışma, soylulaştırmanın bazı semtlerde ortaya çıkan müstakil bir fenomenden öte kapitalist kentleşmeye içkin bir süreç olduğunu savunmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Soylulaştırma, Gezegensel Kentleşme, Henri Lefebvre, Üçüncü Havalimanı Projesi viii To My Mother ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I have read an article by Hande Özdinler, Professor of Neurology, in which she describes the transmission of mitochondria from the mother. She notes that all cells in the body have mitochondria inherited from the mother, which generate the energy to run the cells for breathing, moving, seeing, hearing, and doing. A mother might pass away, but she is still embodied in the creation of energy in her child’s cells. So, first of all, my gratitude is to my mother, not only for providing me unconditional love and support throughout her life but also for the energy inherited from her that made this dissertation possible. This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of Selma Eken. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Güven Arif Sargın. He has been a dedicated and supportive supervisor whose work has had a profound impact not only on this dissertation but also on my intellectual development as a whole for years. His caring supervisory work brought me much strength to continue this dissertation. I also owe a great debt of gratitude to committee members Prof. Dr. Helga Rittersberger Tılıç and Prof. Dr. Serap Kayasü for their rigorous examination and constant constructive feedback during this long journey. Their guidance and encouragement were crucial for me to complete my study in all of its steps. I am also thankful to jury members Prof. Dr. Nur Çağlar and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bülent Batuman for their important questions and thoughtful advices which refined my research. Thank you to my father, Soner Eken, who has always made me feel loved, and to my aunt Melda Göktekin, grandmother Güner Göktekin, and cousins Görkem and Ecem Çitoğlu for their care and support throughout my life. I also want to express x my heartfelt thanks to Özlem, İsmail, İbrahim, Hasan and Tevhide Çalışkan and also İbrahim and Necmiye Büyükbaykal as well as Nazmiye Atalay who became my family after marriage. They provided me invaluable emotional and physical support without which I could not have completed my research. Here, I should also mention my great debt of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Anlı Ataöv, whom I have come to see as a part of my family. She has been a source of inspiration for me not only as a scholar but also as a human being with her loving kindness since my master studies. She believed in me more than myself and paved the way to this Ph.D for me in the first place. I feel very lucky to have wonderful friends. First, I’m grateful to Ece Alkoç, whom I have been calling when I see a beautiful butterfly in the street or feel angry at a driver in traffic for nearly twenty years, every day. Thank you for being there whenever I need you. I’m also grateful to my friend Dr. Gülşah Aykaç for her caring support during the last weeks of my research. I also want to express my gratitude to my dear friends with whom I enjoy, travel, chat, laugh and cry, in no particular order: Simge, Emre, Gözde, Serhat, Fulya, Onur, Aylin, and Nevzat. This process would have been so much harder and less tolerable without you. Finally, my special gratitude is to the two ‘gentlemen’ of my life: First, my husband, Burak Çalışkan, whose good heart, intelligence, kindness, and love have illuminated every aspect of my life. He kept up with ‘thousands of things’ to support my study and also always showed his appreciation to me. And to my son, Özgür: you gave me joy of life and reason to struggle again in the midst of the most difficult time of my life. You have shifted my whole mindset and taught me a lot. Thank you for landing on Earth as my son and thank you for your timing. This dissertation would not have been possible without the joy you have brought to my life. xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. v ÖZ ............................................................................................................................ vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................
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