DOCSLIB.ORG

De Facto Presidentialization in Turkey Under Erdoğan's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
De Facto Presidentialization in Turkey Under Erdoğan's DE FACTO PRESIDENTIALIZATION IN TURKEY UNDER ERDOĞAN’S LEADERSHIP A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY HASAN FARUK USLU IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEPTEMBER 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Fethi Açıkel (AU, PADM) Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata (METU,ADM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Pınar Akçalı (METU, ADM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayça Ergun (METU, SOC) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elif Çolakoğlu (ATAUNI, ADM) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Hasan Faruk Uslu Signature : iii ABSTRACT DE FACTO PRESIDENTIALIZATION IN TURKEY UNDER ERDOĞAN’S LEADERSHIP Uslu, Hasan Faruk Ph.D., Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata September 2015, 235 pages The aim of this thesis is to focus on the concept of de facto executive presidentialization, implying that regimes are becoming more presidential in actual practices without changing their constitutional and formal characteristics, in Turkey. While doing so, this thesis sheds lights into the prime ministry and presidency periods of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The main argument is that the Turkish system has been de facto presidentialized at the executive level in both periods. However, there have been little or no meaningful evidence in order to argue for a presidentialization within the broader system. Keywords: Presidentialization, Institutional Stretch, Personalization of Politics, Turkish Type Presidential System Proposal iv ÖZ ERDOĞAN’IN LİDERLİĞİ ALTINDA TÜRKİYE’DE FİİLİ BAŞKANLAŞMA Uslu, Hasan Faruk Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata Eylül 2015, 235 sayfa Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de, anayasal ve formel karakteristikleri değişmeden, rejimlerin gittikçe başkanlık sisteminin işlevsel mantığını yansıttığını ileri sürmekte olan, fiili başkanlaşma kavramına yoğunlaşmaktır. Bu yapılırken, Türkiye’de Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın başbakanlık ve cumhurbaşkanlığı dönemlerine ışık tutmaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışmanın temel iddiası, her iki dönem açısından sistemde yürütme düzeyinde fiili bir başkanlaşmanın gözlemlenebilir olduğudur. Ancak, sistemin tamamı hakkında fiili bir başkanlaşmanın varlığını gösterecek kanıtlar bulmak oldukça zordur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Başkanlaşma, Kurumsal Genişleme, Siyasetin Kişiselleşmesi, Türk Tipi Başkanlık Sistemi Önerisi v To my wife… vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ayşe Ayata. This thesis would not have been possible without her enduring support, encouragement and constructive criticism. I would like to express my sincere thanks to the members of my thesis examining committee Fethi Açıkel, Pınar Akçalı, Ayça Ergun and Elif Çolakoğlu. Their constructive criticisms and insightful comments are invaluable. I would like to thank Mehmet Gökhan Uzuner and Berkay Ayhan for their friendship, motivation and comments on almost every parts of this thesis. I am indebted to the family of Humboldt University Berlin Graduate School of Sciences, especially to Prof. Dr. Silvia von Steinsdorff, for their support and for putting trust in my career plans. Without their hospitality, help and ciritical comments the process of research in Berlin would be more difficult. Last but not least, the words are too inadequate to express my gratitude to my wife, Ceyda Uslu. Her presence has been my main motivation behind completing this dissertation. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 2. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................... 13 2.1 Types of Executive .............................................................................. 13 2.2 The Concept of Presidentialization ..................................................... 18 2.2.1 The British Context ................................................................. 19 2.2.1.1 The Rise of the British Presidency ....................................... 22 2.2.1.2 Presidentialization of Parliamentary Elections .................... 29 2.2.2 The Presidentialization of Politics ........................................... 33 2.2.2.1 Factors Leading to Presidentialization of Politics ................ 36 2.2.2.2 Indicators of Presidentialization ........................................... 39 2.3 Overview of the Conceptual Framewok .............................................. 41 2.3.1 Presidentialization and Other Approaches .............................. 44 2.3.1.1 Personalization of Politics .................................................... 46 2.3.1.2 The Decline of Party Government ....................................... 49 2.3.1.3 Institutionalization of Parties ............................................... 51 viii 2.4 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................... 53 3. THE ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURAL AND CONTINGENT FACTORS LEADING TO EXECUTIVE PRESIDENTIALIZATION IN THE TURKISH CASE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ERDOĞAN’S LEADERSHIP ........................................................................... 58 3.1 Constitutional Presidentialization?: The Turkish Case ....................... 59 3.2 Behavioural Presidentialization?: The Motherland Party and The Justice and Development Party Cases .......................................................... 62 3.2.1 The Motherland Party (ANAP) ............................................... 63 3.2.2 The Case of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) ......... 68 3.3 The Analysis of the Structural Factors Leading to Presidentialization through the Leadership of Erdoğan ............................... 72 3.3.1 The Leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.............................. 72 3.3.1.1 Structural Factors and Erdoğan: The International Politics . 80 3.3.1.2 The Media and Erdoğan ....................................................... 83 3.4 Concluding Remarks ........................................................................... 86 4. INDICATORS OF THE EXECUTIVE PRESIDENTIALIZATION UNDER THE AKP EXPERIENCE: ERDOĞAN’S PREMIERSHIP .............. 88 4.1 Indicators of Presidentialization at the Executive Level ..................... 91 4.2 The Analysis on the Indicators as a Basis for the Manifestation of Executive Presidentialization in Turkey: Erdoğan’s Premiership ...... 94 4.2.1 Public Opinion Polls and Voter Policy Preferences ................ 96 4.2.2 Prime Minister – Cabinet Relations ...................................... 101 4.2.3 Special Advisers to Prime Minister....................................... 104 4.2.4 The Prime Minister’s Personality as an Anchor ................... 106 4.3 Concluding Remarks ......................................................................... 111 5. ERDOĞAN’S PRESIDENCY: THE CASE OF INSTITUTONAL STRETCH AND PRESIDENTIALIZATION ................................................. 114 5.1 The Office of the Turkish Presidency ............................................... 116 5.1.1 The History of the Turkish Presidency ................................. 116 ix 5.1.1.1 The 1924 Constitution ........................................................ 116 5.1.1.2 The 1961 Constitution ........................................................ 118 5.1.1.3 The 1982 Constitution ........................................................ 119 5.1.2 The 2007 Constitutional Amendment ................................... 122 5.1.3 The 2014 Presidential Election ............................................. 125 5.2 Erdoğan at the Office of the Turkish Presidency .............................. 128 5.2.1 The Concept
Load more

Recommended publications
  • European Integration and Democratic Consolidation: Spain, Poland and Turkey in Comparative Perspective Engin I
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-9-2011 European Integration and Democratic Consolidation: Spain, Poland and Turkey in Comparative Perspective Engin I. Erdem Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI11120509 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Erdem, Engin I., "European Integration and Democratic Consolidation: Spain, Poland and Turkey in Comparative Perspective" (2011). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 486. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/486 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION: SPAIN, POLAND AND TURKEY IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in POLITICAL SCIENCE by Engin Ibrahim Erdem 2011 To: Dean Kenneth G. Furton College of Arts and Sciences choose the name of dean of your college/school choose the name of your college/school This dissertation, written by Engin Ibrahim Erdem, and entitled European Integration and Democratic Consolidation: Spain, Poland and Turkey in Comparative Perspective, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Ronald Cox _______________________________________ Dario Moreno _______________________________________ Barry Levitt _______________________________________ Cem Karayalcin _______________________________________ Tatiana Kostadinova, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 9, 2011 The dissertation of Engin Ibrahim Erdem is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Independence and Non-Impartiality of the Turkish Judiciary
    A COMPREHENSIVE REPORT ON THE ABOLITION OF RULE OF LAW IN TURKEY 2017 NON-INDEPENDENCE AND NON- IMPARTIALITY OF THE TURKISH JUDICIARY 1 NON-INDEPENDENCE AND NON-IMPARTIALITY OF THE TURKISH JUDICIARY This report is written by a group of human rights lawyers and activists for the persecuted victims of the heinous coup attempt of the 15th of July 2016 who – although they had nothing to do with it – were dismissed from their jobs, sentenced to civil death, detained and/or arrested, and could not use lawyers because they could not afford to. The report is predicated on the concrete evidence that there is no effective domestic remedy in relation to applications to the ECHR and other international organizations with respect to the ECHR Articles 6 and 10. NON-INDEPENDENCE AND NON-IMPARTIALITY OF THE TURKISH JUDICIARY 2 PLATFORM FOR PEACE & JUSTICE NON-INDEPENDENCE AND NON-IMPARTIALITY OF THE TURKISH JUDICIARY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 3 FACTS REVEALING THAT NEITHER THE HSYK (HSK) NOR THE COURTS OF FIRST AND SECOND INSTANCES ARE INDEPENDENT ................................................................................... 6 1. The Formation of the HSYK after the Elections of the 13th of October 2014 .............................. 6 2. The Composition of the HSYK after the Amendment Dated the 16th of April .......................... 11 3. Concrete facts showing that the courts of first and second instances have lost their
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey's Status-Seeking Policies In
    GREAT EXPECTATIONS: TURKEY’S STATUS-SEEKING POLICIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY A Master’s Thesis by MUHAMMED YUSUF YILMAZ Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara August 2020 To My Family and Feyza GREAT EXPECTATIONS: TURKEY’S STATUS-SEEKING POLICIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by MUHAMMED YUSUF YILMAZ In partial fulfillments of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2020 ABSTRACT GREAT EXPECTATIONS: TURKEY’S STATUS-SEEKING POLICIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY Yılmaz, Muhammed Yusuf M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Seçkin Köstem August 2020 This thesis aims to analyze the role of status concerns in Turkish foreign policy in the 21st century. Utilizing Richard Ned Lebow’s theory that he built in his book A Cultural Theory of International Relations, this research argues that Turkish foreign policy makers have been adopting policies that are primarily driven by status-concerns. Although status concerns are rooted in the human need for self-esteem, they have systemic consequences as they govern political behavior. Benefitting two other complementary theories -Social Identity Theory (SIT) and Prospect Theory-, this thesis demonstrates how numerous agendas in Turkish foreign policy are the manifestations of this human motive. While SIT is employed to identify the policies that are pursued to enhance Turkey’s status in the international system, Prospect Theory is used to explain Turkey’s risky and ambitious policies after the Arab Spring which were resulted from the reference point bias.
    [Show full text]
  • FACULDADE DE LETRAS Giray Halıcıoğlu 2º Ciclo De Estudos Em
    FACULDADE DE LETRAS UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO Giray Halıcıoğlu 2º Ciclo de Estudos em História, Relações Internacionais e Cooperação Political Islam and Social Polarization in Turkey 2013 Orientador: Isabel Maria Galhano Rodrigues Coorientador: José Maciel Honrado Morais Santos Classificação: Ciclo de Estudos: Dissertação: Versão Definitiva ABSTRACT In the last years Turkish society has gone under major transformations. Since the Ottomans acknowledged that their Muslim identity was the main reason of their backwardness, the social compromise was never maintained again. As a result of Ottoman Empire‟s numerous defeats by the West which it always despised, Ottoman authorities had to make a choice by acknowledging either the issue was Islam itself or the believers. Thus, Ottoman authorities defined that the issue was Islam and accepted that its dominance on the administration should be reduced. This way Ottomans got under an extensive modernization period which extended their life remarkably. Following the fall of Ottoman Empire, young Turkey was founded from its ashes and carried on the westernized reforms. Atatürk also saw the issue with Islam and implemented a series of reforms in the lead of Republican People‟s Party to eliminate Islam from all spheres of social and political life. However, this was not welcomed by the majority of the society and in the first free elections in 1950; society showed its desire for a change and elected the opposing Democrat Party with an overwhelming majority which followed a moderate policy towards religion. In the following years, as the welfare state declined, Islamist parties were able to gain a remarkable ground in Turkish politics.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkish Criminal Peace Judgeships a Comprehensive Analysis
    TURKISH CRIMINAL PEACE JUDGESHIPS A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS SEPTEMBER 2018 This page is intentionally left blank. 1 / 51 TURKISH CRIMINAL PEACE JUDGESHIPS Executive Summary __________________________________________________________ 3 Introduction ________________________________________________________________ 6 A. Establishment Process of the Criminal Peace Judgeships in 2014 ____________________ 6 1. The emergence of facts _______________________________________________________ 6 2. First apparent interferences to the Turkish Judiciary ________________________________ 10 B. Establishment of Criminal Peace Judgeships ___________________________________ 11 1. Evidence that Criminal Peace Judgeships do not satisfy the requirements of independence and impartiality, and violate the principle of a natural judge _________________________________ 13 2. Structure and composition of the Council of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK/HSK)__________ 14 3. Formation of the ‘HSYK’ After the Elections of the 13 of October 2014 __________________ 15 4. Composition of the ‘HSK’ After the Constitutional Amendment on 16 April 2017 __________ 20 C. Concrete facts showing that the courts of first and second instance have lost their independence and impartiality _________________________________________________ 21 1. Tribunals and Courts of First Instance, Including Criminal Peace Judgeships ______________ 21 2. Courts of Second Instances (Regional Courts of Justice and Regional Administrative Courts) _ 27 D. Concrete facts proving the lack of independence of the
    [Show full text]
  • Public Funding Solutions for Political Parties in Muslim-Majority Societies
    Public Funding Solutions for Political Parties in Muslim-Majority Societies Writers Marcin Walecki Kevin Casas-Zamora Omer Genckaya Dina Ammar Chantal Sarkis-Hanna Karma Ekmekji-Boladian Elobaid Ahmed Elobaid. Public Funding Solutions for Political Parties in Muslim-Majority Societies Copyright © IFES. All rights reserved. IFES 1101 15th Street, NW Ste. 300 Washington, D.C. U.S.A. Notice of rights All rights reserved. No part of this report can be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without the prior permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 1-931459-34-7 P a g e | 1 Table of Contents Foreword .......................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements .......................................................................... 4 Biographies ....................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary ........................................................................... 7 Introduction .................................................................................... 10 Dr. Kevin Casas-Zamora Part I Public Funding in Established and Transitional Democracies ......... 25 Dr. Marcin Walecki Part II Public Funding of Political Parties: ................................................. 39 The Case of Turkey Omer Faruk Genckaya Public Funding of Political Parties: .................................................. 50 The Case of Egypt Dina Ammar Public Funding for Political Parties: ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Turkish Model How Turkey Has Coped with 3.6 Million Syrian Refugees
    Commentary The Turkish model How Turkey has coped with 3.6 million Syrian refugees *This Commentary was written by Robert Ellis. Rue de la Science 14, 1040 Brussels [email protected] + 32 02 588 00 14 THE TURKISH MODEL HOW TURKEY HAS COPED WITH 3.6 MILLION SYRIAN REFUGEES Vocal Europe Rue De la Science 14B, 1040 Brussels Tel: +32 02 588 00 14 Vocaleurope.eu twitter.com/thevocaleurope Facebook.com/Vocaleurope Youtube.com/vocaleurope instagram.com/vocaleurope 1 THE TURKISH MODEL HOW TURKEY HAS COPED WITH 3.6 MILLION SYRIAN REFUGEES There is one issue that has preoccupied Europe since the outbreak of civil war in Syria in 2011: immigration. More than six million Syrians are internally displaced and five million have fled to neighbouring countries, mainly Turkey but also Lebanon and Jordan. As of November, there are now 3.6 million registered Syrian refugees in Turkey, to which can be added some 300,000 -400,000 who are unregistered and more than 400,000 non-Syrian refugees, mainly from Iraq, Afghanistan and Iran. In fact, Turkey is hosting the world’s largest refugee population. As conditions in Syria deteriorated, there was a sharp rise in the number of refugees fleeing to Turkey, so that there were two and half million by 2015, and with Russia’s intervention the number increased to over three and a half million. Correspondingly, there was a marked increase in the number of asylum seekers in Europe, which spiked in 2015 with a record 1.3 million. Half of these came from Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq with Germany as the primary destination.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Civil Society'?
    September 2018 10th Anniversary of small National Assemblies of Turkey Please wrap up AS WE START Greetings, We would like to express our happiness in sharing this 10th Year Report of the small Provincial Assemblies of Turkey (sPAT). The report starts with an evaluation of the period between October 2017 and June 2018 with statistics of the same period. It then continues with the section where we explain different dimensions of the sPAT project. Differing from our annual reports, we prepared an infographic on our ten-year journey in this report. This was the most practical solution we could find to reveal the start and the current destination of our ten-year journey. A short introduction for those we’re meeting for the first time… (Even though it’s best to join an sPAT meeting and experience the work in person), let us attempt to imitate the meeting with an enactment for you: “We bring together representatives of active NGOs, MPs and mayors together around a round table on the first weekend of every month to debate one local and one national/international topic that are priorly determined. Both the general and the local agenda have to be topics that are on the concerning location’s current agenda as well, and we determine both agendas by receiving feedback from our participants. The Kitchen compiles and summarizes suggestions for the general agenda and prepares a presentation video on the topic that will be debated the most. The monthly meeting starts with the screening of this presentation video and a short debate on the general agenda.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue Full File
    K DÜNY R A Ü S TÜRK DÜNYASI I T A I R F A ARAŞTIRMALARI Ş K T A Journal Of Turkic World Researches IR I V MALAR ISSN: 0255-0644 KOVID-19 VE GEÇMİŞTEN GÜNÜMÜZE SALGINLAR İstanbul - 2020 I Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Dergisi Journal Of Turkic World Researches - ISSN: 0255-0644 Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı The Foundation Of Researches About Turks All Around The World Kurucusu / Founder Prof. Dr. Turan YAZGAN Sahibi / Owner Közhan YAZGAN Yazı İşleri Müdürü / Managing Editor Saadet Pınar YILDIRIM Yayın Kurulu / Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Salih AYNURAL (Emekli) Prof. Dr. M. Metin KARAÖRS (İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Emin ÖZBAŞ (Marmara Üniversitesi Rektör Yardımcısı - Emekli) Prof. Dr. Necdet ÖZTÜRK (Bahçeşehir Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Ahmet TAŞAĞIL (Yeditepe Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Ramazan TAŞDURMAZ (Emekli) Prof. Dr. Fatma ÜREKLİ (Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. İsmail YAKIT (Akdeniz Üniversitesi - Emekli) Doç. Dr. Muzaffer ÜREKLİ (Beykent Üniversitesi) Prof. Dr. Fadıl HOCA (Uluslararası Vizyon Üniversitesi - Makedonya) Prof. Dr. Aycamal KANTÖRÖEVA (Uluslararası Kantörö Şaripoviç Toktomamatov Üniversitesi - Kırgızistan) Prof. Dr. Fariz AHMADOV (Azerbaycan Devlet İktisat Üniversitesi - Azerbaycan) Yayına Hazırlayan / Editor Doç. Dr. Serkan KEKEVİ Editör Yardımcısı / Co-Editor Doç. Dr. Gökmen KILIÇOĞLU Dizgi / Typesetting Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı Yuluğ Tekin Dizgi Merkezi İç Tasarım / Design Gökhan KAYA Yabancı Dil Editörü / Foreign Language Editor Mehmet Töre YILDIRIM İletişim Adresi / Management Center Kemalpaşa Mah. Bukalıdede Sok. No: 4 Saraçhane - İstanbul / TÜRKİYE Tel: (0212) 511 10 06 / Belgegeçer: (0212) 520 53 63 İnternet adresleri: www.tdadergi.com - www.turan.org.tr / e-posta: [email protected] - [email protected] Posta Çeki Hesabı Numarası: İstanbul Aksaray PTT Şubesi - 141720 Vakıfbank İstanbul Fatih Şubesi: TR76 0001 5001 5800 7287 8397 25 Baskı / Press Şenyıldız Matbaacılık: Maltepe Mah.
    [Show full text]
  • The Battle for Turkey's Soul. Party Closures, Gangs and the State of Democracy
    PICTURE STORY The battle for Turkey's Soul. Party closures, gangs and the state of democracy April 2008 The battle for Turkey's Soul. Party closures, gangs and the state of democracy 2007 was a dramatic year for Turkish politics and society, even by the standards of a country used to political drama. However, few people would have expected 2008 to be even more volatile, and potentially catastrophic, for Turkish democracy. Today the headscarf has again become a potent symbol of the struggle between the conservative AKP government, re-elected in July 2007 with overwhelming public support, and its Kemalist opponents. The question is now whether the Constitutional Court, with its record of siding with the Kemalist establishment, is prepared to attempt a judicial coup, plunging Turkey into a deep constitutional crisis. The prospect of a judicial coup seems extraordinary for a country that is a member of NATO and the Council of Europe and is negotiating for EU membership. But sadly, derailing Turkey's move towards Europe may be the very goal of this political manoeuvre, by those who prefer international isolation to giving up their traditional power and privileges. We believe that Turkey's friends and allies should urge the Government to go on the offensive. The AKP should use its popular mandate to push ahead with plans for an overhaul of the current constitution, not waiting for the judgement of the Court. The present constitution, dating from 1982, is still all too obviously the product of the military coup that took place in 1980. A referendum on a new, more liberal constitution would under current conditions become a referendum on the very essence of Turkish democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconciling Religion and Sexuality: an Ethnography of Youth in Turkey
    RECONCILING RELIGION AND SEXUALITY: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF YOUTH IN TURKEY by ZEYNEP KUYUMCU Submitted to the Graduate School of Social Sciences in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabancı University August 2020 RECONCILING RELIGION AND SEXUALITY: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF YOUTH IN TURKEY Approved by: Prof. Ayşe Gül Altınay . (Thesis Supervisor) Assoc. Prof. Hülya Adak . Asst. Prof. Evren Savcı . Date of Approval: August 17, 2020 ZEYNEP KUYUMCU 2020 c All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT RECONCILING RELIGION AND SEXUALITY: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF YOUTH IN TURKEY ZEYNEP KUYUMCU CULTURAL STUDIES M.A. THESIS, AUGUST 2020 Thesis Supervisor: Prof. Ayşe Gül Altınay Keywords: LGBT Muslims, Sexuality, Islam, Turkey, Ethnography Based on participant observation, oral history and ethnographic interviews with LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans) Muslims from Turkey, this research investi- gates sexual and religious negotiations of LGBT Muslims. How do LGBT Muslims in Turkey narrate themselves and their religious and sexual experiences? How do they interpret their spiritual and sexual practices in relation to their Muslim iden- tity? What are some of the ways in which LGBT Muslims negotiate their position as non-normative sexual subjects in a country where Muslims constitute the major- ity and as religious subjects within predominantly secular LGBTI+ communities? What are the existing theoretical and political frameworks with which one can make sense of LGBT Muslim lives, particularly in the Turkish context? Situating the ex- periences of LGBT Muslims in Turkey within the global context and literature, this research shows the ways in which LGBT Muslims have developed creative ap- proaches to the tensions that exist between Islam, sexuality, piety and spirituality.
    [Show full text]
  • Weekly Media Report –Nov. 3-9, 2020 Further Reproduction Or Distribution Is Subject to Original Copyright Restrictions
    Weekly Media Report –Nov. 3-9, 2020 Further reproduction or distribution is subject to original copyright restrictions. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…… EDUCATION: 1. Joint Artificial Intelligence Center Keeps Branching Out (National Defense Magazine 3 Nov 20) … Yasmin Tadjdeh When the Pentagon’s Joint Artificial Intelligence Center was stood up in 2018, it was established to bring together the Defense Department’s various AI programs and projects. Two years later, JAIC is pivoting to new mission sets, expanding its portfolio and more closely working with industry. The organization, in partnership with the Defense Acquisition University and the Naval Postgraduate School, was slated to launch an intensive six-week pilot course in October to train over 80 defense acquisition professionals of all ranks and grades. The trainees will learn how to apply AI and data science skills to operations, [SECDEF Mark] Esper said. RESEARCH: 2. New Air Force 6th-Gen Aircraft Takes Flight with F-35 (Fox News 6 Nov 20) … Kris Osborn The fact that the Air Force’s new 6th-Gen aircraft has taken to the skies raises too many interesting questions to engage at one time. Many might wonder, who built the one that flew already? What might it mean for the F-35 and F-22? This challenge, explored by a Naval Postgraduate School essay called "The 6th-Generation Quandry,” posed the question as to whether it might be equally if not “ more effective to postpone formal sixth-generation development until truly breakthrough advances emerge, while pursuing advanced variants of current, yet upgradeable platforms in the interim. FACULTY: 3. Turkey’s Naval Expansion Doctrine Aims to Bring Greece, Cyprus to Knees - Analyst (Ahval 3 Nov 20) Turkey’s Blue Homeland doctrine, which lays claim to expansive territorial waters in the Aegean and Mediterranean seas, intends to submit Greece and Cyprus to Turkish ambitions in the region, Ryan Gingeras, professor at the U.S.
    [Show full text]