Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – Pg.1

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.1

Starflower Image Herbarium Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R

These species pages has been valuable and loved for over a decade by WNPS members and the PNW plant community. Untouched since 2007, these pages have been archived for your reference. They contain valuable identifiable traits, landscaping information, and ethnobotanical uses. Species names and data will not be updated. To view updated taxonomical information, visit the UW Burke Herbarium Image Collection website at http://biology.burke.washington.edu/herbarium/imagecollection.php. For other useful plant information, visit the Native Plants Directory at www.wnps.org.

Compiled September 1, 2018

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.2

Contents

About Ann Lennartz ...... 3 Penstemon serrulatus...... 4 Coast Penstemon ...... 4 Petasites palmatus ...... 5 Palmate Coltsfoot ...... 5 Phlox diffusa ...... 6 Spreading Phlox ...... 6 Platanthera dilatata ...... 7 White Rein-Orchid, Bog Candle ...... 7 Plectritis congesta ...... 8 Sea Blush ...... 8 Polemonium pulcherrimum...... 9 Showy Jacob's-ladder ...... 9 Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica ...... 10 Silverweed ...... 10 Potentilla gracilis ...... 11 Graceful Cinquefoil ...... 11 Potentilla palustris ...... 12 Marsh Cinquefoil ...... 12 Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata ...... 13 Self Heal ...... 13 Pyrola asarifolia ...... 14 Pink Wintergreen ...... 14 Ranunculus occidentalis ...... 15 Western Buttercup...... 15 Ranunculus sceleratus ...... 16 Cursed Buttercup ...... 16 Rorippa curvisiliqua ...... 17 Curvepod Yellowcress ...... 17 Rorippa palustris ...... 18 Bog Yellowcress ...... 18 References ...... 19

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.3

About Ann Lennartz

Founded in 1996 by Ann Lennartz, Starflower Foundation assisted with the creation, rehabilitation, and stewardship of Pacific Northwest native plant communities in Seattle, Washington, by supporting community-driven restoration and education projects. Having met the founder’s expectations, Starflower Foundation ceased operations in December 2007.

Resources developed by Starflower Foundation included an array of educational materials, plant ID cards, project case studies, and this image herbarium. All resources contain Western Washington native plant information and images for use in education, restoration and landscaping projects. As mutually agreed upon with Starflower Foundation, Washington Native Plant Society has made Starflower's learning and education materials available on our website.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.4

Penstemon serrulatus Coast Penstemon

At a Glance: Perennial, sprawling sub-shrub from a woody stem base, with large purple tubular flowers at stem tips. Photo © Ben Legler  Height: 8-28 inches (20-70 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Several leafy and hairless to hairy stems, branching, woody base.  Leaves: Leaves opposite, hairless and stalkless, saw toothed; lower leaves are reduces and often stalked; shape: lance to oblong egg-shaped;  Size: 3-8 cm (1-3 in).  Flowers: Hairless, deep blue to dark purple tubular flowers on short stalks in 1 to several compact clusters at stem tips; 4 fertile stamens;  Size: 17-25 mm long.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.  Fruits: Dry capsules 5-8 mm long.

Wildlife Value Nectar for hummingbirds Nectar for butterflies Insects: Bumblebees, night-flying moths, and butterflies (swallowtails, common wood nymphs, and Lorquins admirals) are attracted to the flowers of penstemons

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Name Info: Penstemon is from Latin (pente = 5 and stemon = stamens).

The flowers have 4 fertile stamens and 1 sterile. Interesting Facts: Penstemons also called beard-tongues because of their Habitat Preferences hairy throats and lower lips of the flowers. Some species also have hairy Shorelines and Riparian: stamens or anthers. Stream or river banks Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Sun/Shade Tolerance Rocky slopes full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Gullies partial sun and shade 40%- 60% Sub-alpine and Alpine: Hydrology Tundra moist dry Avalanche tracks Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation sub-alpine

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.5

Petasites palmatus Palmate Coltsfoot

At a Glance: Many-stemmed perennial with umbrella-like leaves from creeping rhizomes.

 Height: Up to 30 inches (80 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: The flowering stems precede the leaves.  Leaves: All basal on long stalks; deeply divided heart or kidney shape, almost palmate, with 5-7 toothed lobes; green

and hairless above, white-woolly below. Stem leaves reduced Photo © Heidi Bohan to alternate bracts.  Flowers: Ray flowers creamy white; disk flowers whitish to pinkish; involucres 7-16 mm high, the bracts lance-shaped, with hairs at the base; heads several to many, on glandular and often white-woolly stalks.  Flowering Period: February, March.  Fruits: Hairless achenes, 5-10 ribbed; pappus hairs numerous, white.

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Aquatic and Wetland: Forests and woods Marshes or swamps Forest edges, openings, or Forested wetlands clearings Shorelines and Riparian: Thickets Streams or rivers Disturbed Areas: Riparian corridors Roadsides

Hydrology wet moist

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Photo © 2004, Heidi Bohan Material Uses: The Quinault used the leaves to cover berries in steam-pits. Sun/Shade Tolerance Medicinal Uses: A decoction of roots were used to treat tuberculosis mostly sunny 60%-80% symptoms or as an emetic. Leaves were warmed and applied to areas partial sun and shade 40%- 60% afflicted with rheumatism. mostly shady 60%-80% Food Uses: Young leaves and stems were eaten, ashes from burned Elevation Range leaves was a salt substitute. The roots were eaten as a cough low elevation medicine, boiled or raw. mid elevation Name Info: "Palmate" implies veins spread like fingers on the leaves.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.6

Phlox diffusa Spreading Phlox

At a Glance: Mat forming perennial with showy white to pink flowers.

 Height: Up to 4 inches (10 cm). Habitat Preferences  Growth Form: Herb. Rocky or Gravelly Areas:  Leaves: Opposite, linear, entire, fused at base in pairs, green and Rocky slopes hairless except for hairy lower edges, 5-20 mm long. Outcrops  Flowers: Showy; 5 sepals fused into whitened, long-hairy tube Sub-alpine and Alpine: with sharp lobes; petals fused into tube 9-17 mm long, spreading Tundra flat into 5-9 mm long lobes, solitary and stalkless at ends of Avalanche tracks stems and branches; primary color: pink to lavender or whitish; Forests and Thickets: Size: 1.3 cm across. Open forests  Flowering Period: May, June, July, August. Forest edges, openings, or  Fruits: Capsules, 3-chambered; seeds usually 1 per chamber, not clearings mucilaginous when moistened. Disturbed Areas: Trailsides

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology moist dry

Elevation Range mid elevation sub-alpine high elevation

Soil Preferences gravelly soils

Wildlife Value Insects: The nectar attracts a variety of insects.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Name Info: "Phlox" is Greek for flame, the name given to this group with its bright flowers. "Diffusa" means spreading, referring to the plants tendency to form low mats. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.7

Platanthera dilatata White Rein-Orchid, Bog Candle

At a Glance: Perennial orchid with spikes of white flowers from tuber- like roots.

 Height: Up to 28 inches (70 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.

 Stems: Stout, leafy. Photo © Ben Legler  Leaves: Alternate, oblong to broadly lance-shaped, sheathing, gradually getting smaller up the stem.  Flowers: White to greenish tinge, waxy, small but very fragrant, spur slender, cylindrical, curved longer than lip, 5-30 flowers in loose to densely packed terminal spikes.  Flowering Period: June, July, August.  Fruits: Elliptic capsules.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Habitat Preferences full sun > 80% Aquatic and Wetland: mostly sunny 60%-80% Swales or wet ditches Marshes or swamps Habitat Preferences Bogs, fens Forests and Thickets: Seeps, springs Coniferous forests Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores Forest edges, openings, or clearings Bog margins Photo © 2004, Ben Legler Meadows and Fields: Stream or river banks Meadows or grassy areas Hydrology wet Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts moist Material Uses: The Shuswap used extracts as a poison on coyote and Wetland Indicator Status: grizzly bait. FACW (facultative wetland) Food Uses: Tuber-like roots reportedly edible. Elevation Range Toxicity: Some aboriginal groups consider it poisonous, exact poisonous mid elevation nature not known. sub-alpine Name Info: Rein orchid comes from the Latin habenas meaning strap or high elevation rein and refers to the thong-like shape of the lip and spur. Soil Preferences Interesting Facts: Very fragrant, often smelled before being seen. muddy soils

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.8

Plectritis congesta Sea Blush

At a Glance: Delicate annual herb with large dense clusters of small pink flowers.

Photo © Ben Legler  Height: Up to 2 feet (60 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Angled.  Leaves: Opposite, hairless, oblong-elliptic, stalkless, lowermost leaves spoon or egg shaped, short-stalked ; margins smooth or obscurely; Size: 0.5-5 cm (to 2 in) long.  Flowers: Pink or rarely white, small (2-8 mm long), petals 5, fused in two lips, with a thick spur; several to many in head-like or spike-like, terminal clusters.  Flowering Period: April, May.  Fruits: Dry, falling without opening, sharply winged, hairy or hairless, 1-seeded, convex side keeled, not grooved.

Soil Preferences

Habitat Preferences Sun/Shade Tolerance Saltwater Areas: full sun > 80% Rocky or Gravelly Areas: mostly sunny 60%-80% Coastal bluffs Cliffs Rocky slopes Hydrology Outcrops moist Meadows and Fields: dry Meadows or grassy areas Mossy areas Wetland Indicator Status: FACU (facultative upland) Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Name Info: Plectritis is from the Greek plectros meaning plaited, Elevation Range congesta means congested or crowded, referring to inflorescence. low elevation

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.9

Polemonium pulcherrimum Showy Jacob's-ladder

At a Glance: Taprooted perennial with mostly basal leaves and blue bell- shaped flowers.

 Height: Up to 14 inches (35 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Leaves: Mostly basal, often tufted, pinnately compound (ladder- like), leaflets 11-25, opposite or offset, egg-shaped to circular, often glandular-hairy, at least when young.  Flowers: Blue with yellow centers, showy, bell-shaped, 7-13 mm long and as wide; petals rounded at tip; in crowded clusters at top of stems.  Flowering Period: May, June.  Fruits: Capsules, 3 chambered; seeds several per chamber, mucilaginous when moistened.

Sun/Shade Tolerance mostly sunny 60%-80% partial sun and shade 40%- 60%

Hydrology

dry Wetland Indicator Status: UPL (obligate upland)

Soil Preferences sandy soils gravelly soils

Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Rocky slopes Forests and Thickets: Open forests Elevation Range Forest edges, openings, or clearings mid elevation Meadows and Fields: sub-alpine Meadows or grassy areas high elevation

Interesting Facts: Unpleasant scent when bruised.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.10

Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica Silverweed

At a Glance: Low growing hairy herb with runners and solitary yellow flowers.

 Height: Up to 16 inches (40 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Reddish runners.  Leaves: Basal, to 40 cm (16 inches) long, erect, pinnately compound with a mix of large and small leaflets that are woolly beneath.  Flowers: Petals yellow, oval, to 1.3 cm long; flowers single on leafless stalks to 20 cm (8 in) tall.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.  Fruits: Flattened oval achenes to 2 mm long.

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Material Uses: The Blackfoot of Alberta used the runners as ties for leggings and blankets. Medicinal Uses: The roots were collected and boiled by the Haida, who drank the tea as a purgative. The roots mixed with other herbs were used for medicinal preparations. The Kwakwakawakw boiled the roots, mixed them with fish oil and applied them as a poultice. They also pressed the roots and applied the juice to inflamed eyes. Food Uses: The roots were used as food by almost all of the coastal groups. Habitat Preferences Silverweed has two types of roots, short, curly roots near the surface, and long, fleshy taproots. These were dug and steamed to remove their bitter flavor. When Aquatic and Wetland: cooked, they taste like sweet potatoes, but retain a slightly bitter flavor. Among Marshes or swamps the Nuu-chah-nulth, silverweed roots were second only to bracken rhizomes as a Bogs, fens root vegetable. In Kwakwakawakw tradition, the men cooked silverweed roots at Shorelines and Riparian: feasts. Layers of curly and long roots were steamed over hot rocks. The chiefs Bog margins and high-ranking persons ate the long roots and the commoners ate the curly Stream or river banks roots. Leftovers were taken home to the wives. Saltwater Areas: Name Info: The name silverweed refers to the silvery-gray appearance of the Saltmarshes plant. Coastal dunes or beaches Interesting Facts: Silverweed patches were often owned by certain chiefs, especially among the Nuu-chah-nulth, Kwakwakawakw, and Haida. Soil Preferences Sun/Shade Tolerance sandy soils muddy soils full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80% Elevation Range Hydrology low elevation mid elevation wet moist

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.11

Potentilla gracilis Graceful Cinquefoil

At a Glance: Light green herb with toothed palmate leaves and diffuse panicles of yellow, saucer-shaped flowers.

 Height: Up to 32 inches (80 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Each plant has several erect stems that branch extensively in upper sections.

 Leaves: Basal leaves on stalks; palmate with 5-9 highly dissected leaflets 3-8 cm (1-3 in) long; stem leaves 1-3, stalkless, divided into 3 spreading leaflets that have deep triangular teeth around the edges.  Flowers: Clusters of attractive, saucer-shaped yellow flowers atop stems, 5 petals, many stamens;  Size: 1.3 cm across.  Flowering Period: May, June.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Hydrology full sun > 80% wet mostly sunny 60%-80% moist

Habitat Preferences Shorelines and Riparian: Stream or river banks Saltwater Areas: Brackish water Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Pastures or fields Meadows or grassy areas

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Medicinal Uses: A Chehalis woman can drink a tea made from the flowers, if she drinks the yellow flower, he child will be a girl; if she Elevation Range drinks white flowers in tea, the baby will be a boy. low elevation Name Info: This highly variable plant has been classified into at least mid elevation seven different varieties. Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.12

Potentilla palustris Marsh Cinquefoil

At a Glance: Perennial from long, creeping, often floating, somewhat woody rhizomes, with small maroon flowers.

 Height: Ip to 3 feet (1 meter).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Stems prostrate to ascending. Leaves: Alternate, mainly on flowering stems; lower leaves pinnately divided into 5-7 leaflets that are oblong, coarsely toothed, pale-green above, glaucous to finely hairy below; upper leaves smaller.  Flowers: Strikingly reddish-purple, bowl-shaped, about 2 cm across; sepals and petals 5; stamens and ovaries numerous; few to several in loose terminal clusters.  Flowering Period: June, July, August.  Fruits: Numerous achenes, plump, egg-shaped, brownish-purple, buoyant;  Size: 1.5 mm long.

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Ponds or lakes Shallow pools Marshes or swamps Forested wetlands Bogs, fens Shorelines and Riparian: Sun/Shade Tolerance Lake shores full sun > 80% Bog margins mostly sunny 60%-80% Stream or river banks Hydrology wet Wildlife Value - Nectar attracts carrion flies, and other flies and bees. Wetland Indicator Status: Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts OBL (obligate wetland) Medicinal Uses: The Haida used the stem in a medicinal preparation for Elevation Range tuberculosis. low elevation The name cinquefoil literally means 5 leaves, many Potentilla species mid elevation have leaves divided into 5 leaflets. Soil Preferences Interesting Facts: Flower emits fetid odor. muddy soils

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.13

Prunella vulgaris ssp. lanceolata Self Heal

At a Glance: Fibrous-rooted perennial from short rhizome or stem-base with small purple flowers.

 Height: Up to 20 inches (50 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Stems square.

 Leaves: Opposite, relatively few, lance-egg-shaped to oblong or elliptic, minutely hairy to hairless, stalked; margins smooth or obscurely toothed.  Flowers: 1 cm long; sepals in 2-lipped, spine-tipped tube; petals a 2-lipped tube, upper lip hooded, bonnet-like, lower lip 3 lobed, center lobe fringed, 4 stamens; primary color: Purplish to pink, occasionally white; shape: snapdragon-like, in cluster.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.  Fruits: 4 nutlets.

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Roadsides Trailsides

Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Medicinal Uses: The Nuxalk boiled the entire plant to make tea for the heart. The Quinault and Quileute put the juice on boils. The leaves were placed on cuts, bruises and skin inflammations, and the plants were crushed and mixed Sun/Shade Tolerance with grease as an ointment. full sun > 80% Name Info: The medicinal uses of the plant explain the common names. Interesting Facts: An old French proverb claims, "No one wants a surgeon who mostly sunny 60%-80% keeps Prunelle." This is because a good surgeon should not leave his patients partial sun and shade 40%- bleeding. Older common names such as hook-heal and carpenters herb refer to 60% the plants use in healing wounds caused by sharp-edged tools. Hydrology moist Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.14

Pyrola asarifolia Pink Wintergreen

At a Glance: A small woodland herb with a basal clump of glossy green leaves and slender spikes of pink flowers.

 Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: May, June, July.

Sun/Shade Tolerance Photo © Ben Legler mostly shady 60%-80% full shade > 80% Hydrology moist Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Forests and Thickets: Forests and woods Coniferous forests Old growth forests

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.15

Ranunculus occidentalis Western Buttercup

At a Glance: Slender perennial herb with fibrous roots and yellow flowers.

 Height: Up to 2 feet (60 cm).  Growth Form: Herb.  Stems: Hollow, hairy.  Leaves: Basal leaves long stalked, variously lobed but normally with 3 wedge-shaped, coarsely lobed and toothed divisions; stem leaves alternate, short stalked, deeply divided, smaller and narrower up stem.  Flowers: Yellow, 10-25 mm wide; sepals and petals normally 5 to 8; sepals hairy, bent downwards and falling off early; several at the ends of long stalks; primary color: bright yellow; shape:

saucer shaped.  Flowering Period: April, May.  Fruits: Smooth, usually hairless achenes, with minutely hooked beaks; 5-20 in a spherical head; shape: barbed sphere;  Size: 6-10 mm diameter; color: green.

Soil Preferences nutrient rich soils

Habitat Preferences Rocky or Gravelly Areas: Coastal bluffs Forests and Thickets: Open forests Forest edges, openings, or clearings Meadows and Fields: Sun/Shade Tolerance Pastures or fields full sun > 80% Meadows or grassy areas mostly sunny 60%-80% Ethnobotanical Uses and Other Facts Hydrology Medicinal Uses: Possible use as a tea for tuberculosis in small quantities. moist

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.16

Ranunculus sceleratus Cursed Buttercup

At a Glance: A much-branched herb of wet areas, with tiny yellow flowers.  Growth Form: Herb.  Flowering Period: May, June, July, August.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology wet

Elevation Range low elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland: Shallow pools Swales or wet ditches Seasonally inundated areas Seeps, springs

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.17

Rorippa curvisiliqua Curvepod Yellowcress

At a Glance:  Growth Form: Herb.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology moist

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences

Aquatic and Wetland: Swales or wet ditches Seasonally inundated areas

Meadows and Fields: Meadows or grassy areas Disturbed Areas: Disturbed sites

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.18

Rorippa palustris Bog Yellowcress

At a Glance:

 Growth Form: Herb.

Sun/Shade Tolerance full sun > 80% mostly sunny 60%-80%

Hydrology wet

Elevation Range low elevation mid elevation

Habitat Preferences Aquatic and Wetland:

Swales or wet ditches Seasonally inundated areas Marshes or swamps Seeps, springs Shorelines and Riparian: Lake shores River bars

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.19

References

Penstemon serrulatus Suggested References

 Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 436.  Link, R. 1999. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 283.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 302.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 266.

Petasites palmatus Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 137.  Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 154.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 176.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 541.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 324.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 198.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 294.

Phlox diffusa Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 850.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 376.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 271.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 236.

Platanthera dilatata Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 195.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1216.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 703.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 212.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 122.

Plectritis congesta Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 1084.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 454.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 284.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 333.

Polemonium pulcherrimum Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 852.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 376.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 316.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 237.

Starflower Image Herbarium & Landscaping Pages Emergent Flowering Plants, P-R – pg.20

Potentilla anserina Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 161.  Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 168.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 114.  Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 37.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 964.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 216.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 198.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 221.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 186.  Turner, N.AJ. 1975. Food Plants of British Columbia Indians: part 1, Coastal Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Page 219.

Potentilla gracilis Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 161.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 114.  Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 37.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 968.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 218.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 439.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 221.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 186.

Potentilla palustris Suggested References

 Cooke, S.S. A Field Guide to the Common Wetland Plants of Western Washington and Northwetern Oregon. Seattle Audubon Society and Washington Native Plant Society. Page 169.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 114.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 216.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 198.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 297.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 339.

Prunella vulgaris Suggested References

 Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 725.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 406.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 264.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 306.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 246.

Ranunculus occidentalis Suggested References

 Alden, P., D. Paulson. 1998. National Audubon Society, Field Guide to the Pacific Northwest. Chanticleer Press. Page 141.  Guard, B.J. 1995. Wetland Plants of Oregon & Washington. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 112.  Gunther, E. 1973. 2nd ed. Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington Press. Page 29.  Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press. Page 928.  Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press. Page 139.  Jacobson A.L. 2001. Wild Plants of Greater Seattle. Published by author. Page 441.  Lyons, C., W. Merilees. Trees and Shrubs to Know in Washington and British Columbia. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 217.  Pojar, J., A. Mackinnon. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Lone Pine Publishing. Page 176.