Ear Development Ear Development

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ear Development Ear Development Ear Development Ear Development The ear can be divided into three parts ◦ External Ear Auricle external auditory canal ◦ Middle Ear tympanic cavity auditory tube auditory ossicles malleus, incus, stapes ◦ Inner Ear Cochlea vestibular apparatus semicircular canals Utricle Saccule Development of Inner Ear All of inner ear derivatives arise from ectoderm Late in 3rd week ◦ otic placode (disc) appears next to hindbrain During 4th week ◦ otic placode form: otic pit otic vesicle or otocyst Young neurons delaminate from ventral otocyst Form statoacoustic (vestibulocochlear) ganglion Rhombencephalon region:formation of otic vesicles Derivatives of the 1st & 2nd branchial arches Rhombencephalon region:otic placode , otic pit and otic vesicle Development of Inner Ear epithelial structures of Otic vesicle develops to membranous labyrinth dorsomedial region elongate to form: ◦ endolymphatic appendage endolymphatic sac rest region expanded to: ◦ pars superior Utricle semicircular canals endolymphatic duct ◦ pars inferior Its ventral tip elongate and coil form cochlear duct differentiate to spiral organ of Corti Its rest gives rise to: Saccule connected to cochlea by ductus reuniens Development of the otic vesicle showing a dorsal utricular portion with endolymphatic duct, and a ventral saccular portion Saccule, cochlea & organ of Corti Outgrowth of cochlear duct-spiral fashion 8th wk.- 21/2 turns Cochlear duct conect with saccule through ductus reuniens Sensory cells of Inner Ear specialized mechanotransducers arise in six prosensory regions within developing otic vesicle ◦ In the cochlea organ of Corti ◦ In the saccule and utricle Maculae ◦ in the semicircular canals Cristae All of these sensory regions innervated by the vestibulocochlear nerve Development of the scala tympani & scala vestibuli Note:the auditory nerve and spiral ganglion Scala media - organ of Corti Hair cells Tectorial mem. (gelatineous substance) Lateral wall-spiral ligament Medial - modiolus - spiral ganglion Development of the organ of Corti Semicircular canals development flattened bilayered discs grow from the pars superior ◦ In the center of discs epithelial walls meet epithelium regresses leaving anlagen of semicircular canals Semicircular canals & Utricle Vestibular portion-central portion appose to each other disappearance 3 semicircular canals Crus ampullare-crista ampullaris Utricle&Saccule-maculae acousticae Statoacoustic ganglion CN VIII Development of the semicircular canals Note:disappearance of the central portion & the ampullae in the semicircular canals Development of Bony labyrinth Beginning in the 9th week of development ◦ mesenchyme surrounding the membranous labyrinth chondrifies to form a cartilaginous otic capsule During 3-5th months ◦ Cartilage vacuolated to form perilymphatic space scala vestibuli scala tympani between 16-23rd weeks ◦ otic capsule ossifies petrous portion of temporal bone Development of Middle Ear first pharyngeal pouch ◦ tubotympanic recess tympanic cavity auditory (eustachian) tube Cartilaginous & Muscle precursors: ◦ 1st pharyngeal arch malleus and incus tensor tympani ◦ 2nd pharyngeal arch Stapes stapedius During 9th month ◦ surrounding mesenchyme around auditory ossicles removed ◦ tympanic cavity expands to enclose them ◦ tympanic cavity endoderm lines ossicles forms transient endodermal mesenteries until their definitive supporting ligaments develop ◦ tympanic cavity expands to form mastoid antrum tympanic membrane or eardrum ◦ outer lining of ectoderm ◦ inner lining of endoderm ◦ Intervening fibrous stratum derived from infiltrating neural crest cells Development of the Middle Ear Expansion of 1st pharyngeal pouch middle cavity & auditory tube **Lining- endodermal origin** *2nd mo.-blind end oftubotympanic tube 1st pharyngeal cleft Development of the middle ear Note:tubotympanic recess, mesenchymal condensation ear ossicle formation 6thwk.-condensation of mesenchyme (mesoderm):just dorsal to the end of tubotympanic end ear ossicles fTympanic cavity-ear ossicles in loose mesenchyme late pregnancy: programmed cell death suspension of ear ossicles g2 mo. after birth-free movement of ear ossicles Development of the ear ossicles in the tympanic cavity Note: malleus contact with eardrum, stapes contact with oval window and endodermal epithelium of tympanic cavity Dual origin of ear ossicles •malleus & incus-mesoderm of 1st branchial arch •stapes-mesoderm of 2nd branchial arch *Tensor tympani mus.- CN V *Stapedius - CN VII Development of External Ear external auditory meatus ◦ develops from dorsal portion of 1st pharyngeal cleft At the beginning of 3rd month ◦ epithelial cells at bottom of meatus Proliferate Forms a solid epithelial plate meatal plug In 7th month ◦ plug dissolves ◦ Epithelial participates in definitive eardrum Development of External Ear The auricle develops from six auricular hillocks ◦ that arise during 5th week ◦ on 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches From ventral to dorsal ◦ hillocks on 1st arch (1-3) tragus, helix, and cymba concha ◦ hillocks on 2nd arch (4-6) antitragus, antihelix, and concha During the 7th week ◦ auricular hillocks begin to enlarge, differentiate, and fuse As the face develops ◦ Auricle translocated from its original location low on the side of neck to a more lateral and cranial site Development of the External Ear Pinna - mesenchyme of 1st &2nd branchial arches:2nd mo. auricular hillock enlargement(asymmetry) External auditory meatus - inward expansion of the 1st branchial cleft 3rd-meatal plug(solid epith. plate) 7th-dissolution of meatal plug Lateral view of the head showing the six auricular hillocks surrounding the dorsal end of the 1st pharyngeal cleft Congenital malformation of the ear •Congenital deafness-inner ear deafness(rubella),middle ear deafness (1st & 2nd arches),agenesis of external ear •Auricular anomalies Auricular Defects Anotia ( first arch defect) Microtia ( atresia EAM) Preauricular pit Preauricular appendages - Hypothyroidism Rubella virus Trisomy 18 Anotia ( first arch defect) .
Recommended publications
  • Endolymphatic Sac Tumors: an Overview Michael B
    Endolymphatic Sac Tumors: An Overview Michael B. Gluth, MD, FACS Associate Professor Director, Comprehensive Ear & Hearing Ctr. Section of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery VHL Alliance, Chicago, 2015 Disclosure • No relevant financial interests or other relevant relationships to disclose • Will discuss off-label use of cochlear implants for single-sided SNHL VHL | 2 Outline • What is an endolymphatic sac tumor? • What are the symptoms? • What is the work-up and treatment? VHL | 3 Endolymphatic Sac Anatomy VHL | 4 Endolymphatic Sac Function • Part of the “membranous labyrinth” • Filled with fluid called endolymph • Secretes locally acting chemical called “saccin” • Involved with inner ear fluid homeostasis, mechanisms not fully understood – ELS is involved with Meniere’s disease VHL | 5 ELS Tumors • Extremely rare tumor originating from the endolymphatic sac, only recognized as a unique entity since 1989 • Benign (not cancer) • Highly destructive, slowly progressive – Destroy bone of inner ear, around cranial vault/skull base, and around facial nerve – Can grow into nerves, pass through dura (sac around brain) and press on cerebellum • May be asymptomatic until inner ear is partially destroyed • Key: if hearing loss is present: high chance dura is invaded VHL | 6 Symptoms • Most common presenting symptoms: – Hearing loss (85%) – Visible mass in the ear (50%) – Ringing in the ear (48%) – Facial paralysis (44%) – Dizziness/imbalance (44%) – Headache (37%) – Other neurologic (cranial nerve) weakness (25%) • If present in both ears, outlook
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Functional Changes in a New Animal Model Of
    Laboratory Investigation (2013) 93, 1001–1011 & 2013 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0023-6837/13 Morphological and functional changes in a new animal model of Me´nie`re’s disease Naoya Egami1, Akinobu Kakigi1, Takashi Sakamoto1, Taizo Takeda2, Masamitsu Hyodo2 and Tatsuya Yamasoba1 The purpose of this study was to clarify the underlying mechanism of vertiginous attacks in Me´nie`re’s disease (MD) while obtaining insight into water homeostasis in the inner ear using a new animal model. We conducted both histopatho- logical and functional assessment of the vestibular system in the guinea-pig. In the first experiment, all animals were maintained 1 or 4 weeks after electrocauterization of the endolymphatic sac of the left ear and were given either saline or desmopressin (vasopressin type 2 receptor agonist). The temporal bones from both ears were harvested and the extent of endolymphatic hydrops was quantitatively assessed. In the second experiment, either 1 or 4 weeks after surgery, animals were assessed for balance disorders and nystagmus after the administration of saline or desmopressin. In the first experiment, the proportion of endolymphatic space in the cochlea and the saccule was significantly greater in ears that survived for 4 weeks after surgery and were given desmopressin compared with other groups. In the second experiment, all animals that underwent surgery and were given desmopressin showed spontaneous nystagmus and balance disorder, whereas all animals that had surgery but without desmopressin administration were asymptomatic. Our animal model induced severe endolymphatic hydrops in the cochlea and the saccule, and showed episodes of balance disorder along with spontaneous nystagmus.
    [Show full text]
  • ANATOMY of EAR Basic Ear Anatomy
    ANATOMY OF EAR Basic Ear Anatomy • Expected outcomes • To understand the hearing mechanism • To be able to identify the structures of the ear Development of Ear 1. Pinna develops from 1st & 2nd Branchial arch (Hillocks of His). Starts at 6 Weeks & is complete by 20 weeks. 2. E.A.M. develops from dorsal end of 1st branchial arch starting at 6-8 weeks and is complete by 28 weeks. 3. Middle Ear development —Malleus & Incus develop between 6-8 weeks from 1st & 2nd branchial arch. Branchial arches & Development of Ear Dev. contd---- • T.M at 28 weeks from all 3 germinal layers . • Foot plate of stapes develops from otic capsule b/w 6- 8 weeks. • Inner ear develops from otic capsule starting at 5 weeks & is complete by 25 weeks. • Development of external/middle/inner ear is independent of each other. Development of ear External Ear • It consists of - Pinna and External auditory meatus. Pinna • It is made up of fibro elastic cartilage covered by skin and connected to the surrounding parts by ligaments and muscles. • Various landmarks on the pinna are helix, antihelix, lobule, tragus, concha, scaphoid fossa and triangular fossa • Pinna has two surfaces i.e. medial or cranial surface and a lateral surface . • Cymba concha lies between crus helix and crus antihelix. It is an important landmark for mastoid antrum. Anatomy of external ear • Landmarks of pinna Anatomy of external ear • Bat-Ear is the most common congenital anomaly of pinna in which antihelix has not developed and excessive conchal cartilage is present. • Corrections of Pinna defects are done at 6 years of age.
    [Show full text]
  • Endolymphatic Hydrops Meniere's
    ENDOLYMPHATIC HYDROPS MENIERE’S DISEASE Introduction: Meniere’s Disease, or endolymphatic hydrops, is a disorder of the inner ear. This condition occurs because of abnormal fluctuations in the inner ear fluid called endolymph. A system of membranes, called the membranous labyrinth, contains a fluid called endolymph. This fluid bathes the inner ear balance and hearing system sensory cells and allows them to function normally. The membranes can become dilated like a balloon when pressure increases. This is called "hydrops". The amount of fluid is normally kept constant by altering the production and absorption of the fluid. Endolymph also contains a specific concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride, and other electrolytes. If the inner ear is damaged by disease, injury, or other causes, the volume and composition of the inner ear fluid can fluctuate with changes in the body’s fluid and electrolyte levels. This fluctuation in inner ear fluid can cause the symptoms of hydrops, including pressure or fullness of the affected ear, tinnitus, hearing loss, and imbalance or dizziness. Treatment of this condition is geared towards stabilizing the body fluid levels so that fluctuations in the endolymph volume can be avoided. Meniere's episodes may occur in clusters in which several attacks may occur within a short period of time. On the other hand, years may pass between episodes. Between the acute attacks, most people are free of symptoms or note mild imbalance, tinnitus, and/or hearing loss. Meniere’s affects roughly 0.2% of the population, about 200 out of 100,000 people (or in other words, 2/1000).
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • Organum Vestibulocochleare INTERNAL EAR MIDDLE EAR EXTERNAL EAR PETROSAL BONE- Eq EXTERNAL EAR AURICLE
    EAR organum vestibulocochleare INTERNAL EAR MIDDLE EAR EXTERNAL EAR PETROSAL BONE- Eq EXTERNAL EAR AURICLE The external ear plays the role of an acoustic antenna: auricle the auricle (together with the head) collects and focuses sound waves, the ear canal act as a resonator. tympanic membrane anular cartilage meatus acusticus externus EXTERNAL EAR EXTERNAL EAR AURICLE scutiform cartilage Auricular muscles: -Dorsal -Ventral -Rostral -Caudal EXTERNAL EAR MEATUS ACUSTICUS EXTERNUS auricular cartilage vertical canal auditory ossicles horizontal cochlea canal auditory tube tympanic tympanic eardrum bulla cavity tympanic membrane MIDDLE EAR Auditory ossicles STAPES INCUS Tympanic cavity: (anvil) (stirrup) - epitympanium - mesotympanium - hypotympanium MALLEUS (hammer) auditory vestibular window- ossicles or oval window through which mechanical stimuli (transmitted by the auditory ossicles) enter the epitympanic internal ear for translation recess into nerve impulses auditory tube (Eustachian tube) cochlear window- or round window tympanic cavity bulla tympanica through which the vibration of the perilympha is absorbed MIDDLE EAR MIDDLE EAR GUTTURAL POUCH- Eq MIDDLE EAR AUDITORY OSSICLES head INCUS processus rostralis (stirrup) STAPES processus muscularis (anvil) manubrium short crus body MALLEUS (hammer) Two muscles of the ossicles: long crus m. tensor tympani- n. tensoris tympani ex. n. base mandibularis (footplate) m. stapedius- n. stapedius ex. n. facialis crus The muscles fix the bones and protect the cochlea crus against the harmful effects
    [Show full text]
  • The Temporal Bone
    Anatomic Moment The Temporal Bone Joel D. Swartz, David L. Daniels, H. Ric Harnsberger, Katherine A. Shaffer, and Leighton Mark Despite the advent of thin-section high-reso- the inner ear structures and the external lution computed tomography and, more re- environment. cently, unique magnetic resonance imaging se- Virtually all textbooks define the inner ear as quences with thin sections, T2 weighting, and a membranous labyrinth housed within an os- maximum-intensity projection techniques, seous labyrinth. The membranous labyrinth three-dimensional neuroanatomy of the tempo- contains endolymph, a fluid rich in potassium ral bone and related structures remains some- and low in sodium, similar to intracellular fluid. what of an enigma to many medical specialists, Interposed between the membranous labyrinth neuroradiologists included. Therefore, we are and the osseous labyrinth resides a supportive undertaking a series of anatomic moments in perilymphatic labyrinth. Perilymph is similar to the hope of solidifying the most important ana- cerebrospinal fluid and other extracellular tissue tomic concepts as they relate to this region. Our fluid. approach will be organized so as to consider the The osseous labyrinth consists of the bony temporal bone to represent the complex inter- edifice for the vestibule, semicircular canals, relationship of three systems: hearing, balance, cochlea, and vestibular aqueduct. The mem- and related neuroanatomic and neurovascular branous labyrinth consists of the utricle and structures. saccule (located within the vestibule), the semi- The ear originated in fish as a water motion circular ducts, the cochlear duct, and the en- detection system (1). The vestibular (balance) dolymphatic duct. The latter is a channel within mechanism becomes more complex as we the vestibular aqueduct with communications to scale the embryologic ladder and endolymph the utricle and saccule.
    [Show full text]
  • Balance and Equilibrium, I: the Vestibule and Semicircular Canals
    Anatomic Moment Balance and Equilibrium, I: The Vestibule and Semicircular Canals Joel D. Swartz, David L. Daniels, H. Ric Harnsberger, Katherine A. Shaffer, and Leighton Mark In this, our second temporal bone installment, The endolymphatic duct arises from the en- we will emphasize the vestibular portion of the dolymphatic sinus and passes through the ves- labyrinth, that relating to balance and equilib- tibular aqueduct of the osseous labyrinth to rium. Before proceeding, we must again remind emerge from an aperture along the posterior the reader of the basic structure of the labyrinth: surface of the petrous pyramid as the endolym- an inner membranous labyrinth (endolym- phatic sac. phatic) surrounded by an outer osseous laby- The utricle and saccule are together referred rinth with an interposed supportive perilym- to as the static labyrinth, because their function phatic labyrinth. We recommend perusal of the is to detect the position of the head relative to first installment before continuing if there are gravity (5–7). They each have a focal concen- any uncertainties in this regard. tration of sensory receptors (maculae) located The vestibule, the largest labyrinthine cavity, at right angles to each other and consisting of measures 4 to 6 mm maximal diameter (1–3) ciliated hair cells and tiny crystals of calcium (Figs 1–3). The medial wall of the vestibule is carbonate (otoliths) embedded in a gelatinous unique in that it contains two distinct depres- mass. These otoliths respond to gravitational sions (Fig 4). Posterosuperiorly lies the elliptical pull; therefore, changes in head position distort recess, where the utricle is anchored.
    [Show full text]
  • Titel NAV + Total*
    NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA FIFTH EDITION (revised version) Prepared by the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.G.A.N.) and authorized by the General Assembly of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.) Knoxville, TN (U.S.A.) 2003 Published by the Editorial Committee Hannover (Germany), Columbia, MO (U.S.A.), Ghent (Belgium), Sapporo (Japan) 2012 NOMINA ANATOMICA VETERINARIA (2012) CONTENTS CONTENTS Preface .................................................................................................................................. iii Procedure to Change Terms ................................................................................................. vi Introduction ......................................................................................................................... vii History ............................................................................................................................. vii Principles of the N.A.V. ................................................................................................... xi Hints for the User of the N.A.V....................................................................................... xii Brief Latin Grammar for Anatomists ............................................................................. xiii Termini situm et directionem partium corporis indicantes .................................................... 1 Termini ad membra spectantes .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Anatomic Moment
    Anatomic Moment Hearing, I: The Cochlea David L. Daniels, Joel D. Swartz, H. Ric Harnsberger, John L. Ulmer, Katherine A. Shaffer, and Leighton Mark The purpose of the ear is to transform me- cochlear recess, which lies on the medial wall of chanical energy (sound) into electric energy. the vestibule (Fig 3). As these sound waves The external ear collects and directs the sound. enter the perilymph of the scala vestibuli, they The middle ear converts the sound to fluid mo- are transmitted through the vestibular mem- tion. The inner ear, specifically the cochlea, brane into the endolymph of the cochlear duct, transforms fluid motion into electric energy. causing displacement of the basilar membrane, The cochlea is a coiled structure consisting of which stimulates the hair cell receptors of the two and three quarter turns (Figs 1 and 2). If it organ of Corti (Figs 4–7) (4, 5). It is the move- were elongated, the cochlea would be approxi- ment of hair cells that generates the electric mately 30 mm in length. The fluid-filled spaces potentials that are converted into action poten- of the cochlea are comprised of three parallel tials in the auditory nerve fibers. The basilar canals: an outer scala vestibuli (ascending spi- membrane varies in width and tension from ral), an inner scala tympani (descending spi- base to apex. As a result, different portions of ral), and the central cochlear duct (scala media) the membrane respond to different auditory fre- (1–7). The scala vestibuli and scala tympani quencies (2, 5). These perilymphatic waves are contain perilymph, a substance similar in com- transmitted via the apex of the cochlea (helico- position to cerebrospinal fluid.
    [Show full text]
  • Mmubn000001 20756843X.Pdf
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/147581 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-07 and may be subject to change. CATION TRANSPORT AND COCHLEAR FUNCTION CATION TRANSPORT AND COCHLEAR FUNCTION PROMOTORES: Prof. Dr. S. L. BONTING EN Prof. Dr. W. F. B. BRINKMAN CATION TRANSPORT AND COCHLEAR FUNCTION PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT TE NIJMEGEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS DR. G. BRENNINKMEIJER, HOOGLERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN DE SENAAT IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP VRIJDAG 19 DECEMBER 1969 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 2 UUR DOOR WILLIBRORDUS KUIJPERS GEBOREN TE KLOOSTERZANDE 1969 CENTRALE DRUKKERIJ NIJMEGEN I am greatly indebted to Dr. J. F. G. Siegers for his interest and many valuable discussions throughout the course of this investigation. The technical assistance of Miss A. C. H. Janssen, Mr. A. C. van der Vleuten and Mr. P. Spaan and co-workers was greatly appreciated. I also wish to express my gratitude to Miss. A. E. Gonsalvcs and Miss. G. Kuijpers for typing and to Mrs. M. Duncan for correcting the ma­ nuscript. The diagrams were prepared by Mr W. Maas and Mr. C. Reckers and the micro- photographs by Mr. A. Reijnen of the department of medical illustration. Aan mijn Ouders, l Thea, Annemarie, Katrien en Michiel. CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
    [Show full text]
  • Otic Capsule Or Bony Labyrinth
    DEVELOPMENT OF EAR BY DR NOMAN ULLAH WAZIR DEVELOPMENT OF EAR The ears are composed of three anatomic parts: External ear: • Consisting of the auricle , external acoustic meatus, and the external layer of the tympanic membrane. Middle ear: • The internal layer of the tympanic membrane, and three small auditory ossicles, which are connected to the oval windowsof the internal ear. • Internal ear: Consisting of the vestibulocochlear organ, which is concerned with hearing and balance. • The external and middle parts of the ears are concerned with the transference of sound waves to the internal ears, which convert the waves into nerve impulses and registers changes in equilibrium. DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNALEAR The internal ears are the first to develop. • Otic placode: Early in the 4th week, a thickening of surface ectoderm takes place on each side of the myelencephalon,the caudal part of thehindbrain. • Inductive signals from the paraxial mesoderm and notochord stimulate the surface ectoderm to form theplacodes. • Each otic placode soon invaginates and sinks deep to the surface ectoderm into the underlying mesenchyme. • In so doing, it forms an otic pit. • The edges of the pit come together and fuse to forman otic vesicle the primordium of the membranous labyrinth. • The otic vesicle soon loses its connection with the surface ectoderm. • A diverticulum (endolymohatic appendage) grows from the vesicle and elongates to form the endolymphatic duct and sac. the rest of the oticvesicle differentiates into an expanded pars superior (Ventral saccularparts, which give rise to the sacculeand cochlearducts) and an initially tapered pars inferior (Dorsal utricular parts, from which thesmall endolymphaticducts, utricles and semicircular ductsarise).
    [Show full text]