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Framing China: How U.S. Media Reported Eight U.S. State Visits by Top Chinese Leaders Yao Chang Iowa State University

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Framing China: How U.S. Media Reported Eight U.S. State Visits by Top Chinese Leaders Yao Chang Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2008 Framing China: how U.S. media reported eight U.S. state visits by top Chinese leaders Yao Chang Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the International Law Commons, International Relations Commons, Journalism Studies Commons, and the Mass Communication Commons Recommended Citation Chang, Yao, "Framing China: how U.S. media reported eight U.S. state visits by top Chinese leaders" (2008). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15420. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15420 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Framing China: How U.S. media reported eight U.S. state visits by top Chinese leaders by Yao Chang A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Journalism and Mass Communication Program of Study Committee: Eric Abbott, Major Professor Dennis Chamberlin Xiaoyuan Liu Cindy Yu Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2008 Copyright © Yao Chang, 2008. All rights reserved. 1457576 1457576 2009 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ......................... 1 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW .................. 4 Framing theory .................................................................................................................. 4 Media Framing .................................................................................................................. 5 Determinants of international news flow and coverage .................................................... 6 Five major media frames ................................................................................................ 10 Sources ............................................................................................................................. 11 Visual Framing ................................................................................................................ 12 Publications ..................................................................................................................... 14 China-U.S. relations in different periods ........................................................................ 14 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................... 24 Content analysis .............................................................................................................. 24 Questions/codebook ........................................................................................................ 26 Quantitative analysis of text ........................................................................................... 26 Quantitative analysis of photos ....................................................................................... 35 Qualitative analysis of texts and photos ......................................................................... 38 Comparisons by publications .......................................................................................... 39 Inter-coder reliability ...................................................................................................... 39 Methods of analysis ........................................................................................................ 40 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...................................................................... 41 Text quantitative study .................................................................................................... 41 Photo quantitative study .................................................................................................. 57 Text and photo qualitative study ..................................................................................... 65 Comparisons of the four publications ........................................................................... 104 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................ 112 Limitations of the study ................................................................................................. 112 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................ 115 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………….…………….121 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Year, dates and coding dates of eight Chinese leaders’ visits ................................... 28 Table 2: Comparison of text frequencies, mean and total number of words by visits ............ 41 Table 3: Comparison of text report front/interior page locations by visits ............................. 43 Table 4: Comparison of news sources by visits ...................................................................... 44 Table 5: Comparison of text quotations by visits .................................................................... 45 Table 6: Comparison of dominant frames by visits ................................................................ 46 Table 7: Comparison of total frames by visits ........................................................................ 52 Table 8: Ranking comparison between dominant and total frames ........................................ 53 Table 9: Comparison of overall tone by visits ........................................................................ 54 Table 10: One-way ANOVA, F=29.982, P<.000 .................................................................... 55 Table 11: Comparison of photo positive tone and negative tone by visits.............................. 56 Table 12: Photo Frequencies in different state visits .............................................................. 57 Table 14: Comparison of photo front/interior page placement by visits ................................ 58 Table 15: Comparison of photo news sources by visits .......................................................... 61 Table 16: Comparison of people portrayed in photos by visits .............................................. 62 Table 17: Comparison of photo frames by visits .................................................................... 63 Table 18: Comparison of photo tone by visits ........................................................................ 64 Table 19: Text and photo summary of 1979 Deng’s visit ....................................................... 67 Table 20: Photo summary of 1979 Deng’s visit ...................................................................... 67 Table 21: 1979 Deng’s visit dominant frames example .......................................................... 69 Table 22: Text summary of Zhao’s 1984 visit ......................................................................... 74 Table 23: Photo summary of Zhao’s 1984 visit ...................................................................... 74 Table 24: 1984 Zhao’s visit dominant frames example .......................................................... 76 Table 25: Text summary of 1985 Li’s visit ............................................................................. 77 Table 26: Photo summary of 1985 Li’s visit ........................................................................... 78 Table 27: Li’s 1985 visit dominant frames example ............................................................... 79 Table 28: Text summary of Wan’s 1989 visit .......................................................................... 81 Table 29: Photo summary of 1989 Wan’s visit ....................................................................... 81 Table 30: Wan’s 1989 visit dominant frames example ........................................................... 82 Table 31: Text summary of 1997 Jiang’s visit ........................................................................ 86 Table 32: Photo summary of 1997 Jiang’s visit ...................................................................... 86 Table 33: 1997 Jiang’s visit dominant frames examples ........................................................ 88 Table 34: Text summary of 1999 Zhu’s visit .......................................................................... 92 Table 35: Photo summary of 1999 Zhu’s visit ........................................................................ 92 Table 36: 1999 Zhu’s visit dominant frames example ............................................................ 93 Table 37: Text summary of 2003 Wan’s visit .......................................................................... 96 Table 38: Photo summary of 2003 Wan’s visit
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