International Decision-Making in the Age of : 1993-1995

Conference in , June 29 – July 1, 2015

Annex A - Persons Cited

A Fikret Abdić: Muslim politician and businessman Salman Ahmed: one of the authors of the 1999 UN Report on Srebrenica Yasushi Akashi: Special Representative for the UN Secretary- (1993-1997) Madeleine Albright: US permanent representative to the UN Security Council (1993-1997) Viktor Andreev: Head of UNPROFOR Civil Affairs (1992-1995) Kofi Annan: Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping (1993-1995) Diego Arria: Venezuelan representative to the UN Security Council (1991-1993) Les Aspin: US Secretary of Defense (1993-1994) B James Baker: US Secretary of State (1989-1992) Bert Bakker: Srebrenica researcher and expert, aided in writing NIOD Report on Srebrenica Reginald Bartholomew: US Ambassador to (1993-1997) James Baxter: , assistant to Rupert Smith Ramiz Bećirović: of the of the Republic of in Srebrenica enclave Sandy Berger: US Deputy National Security Advisor (1993-1996) Carl Bildt: Special Envoy to the former (1995) Tony Birtley: British journalist in Srebrenica reporting for ABC Robert Block: Reporter for The Independent Mate Boban: Bosnian Croat politician and president of the self-proclaimed Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (1991-1994) Urs Boegli: Head of ICRC operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Jeremy Boorda: US , Commander in Chief, NATO Allied Forces Southern Europe (February 1993-April 1994) Boutros Boutros-Ghali: UN Secretary-General (1992-1996) Jeremy Brade: British Diplomat, David Owen/ICFY Representative in Taylor Branch: American author and historian Charlie Brantz: Dutch Colonel, Deputy Commander of Sector North East Tone Bringa: Norwegian social anthropologist and UN official in Zagreb Francis Briquemont: Belgian , UNPROFOR commander in Bosnia (July 1993–January 1994) Fletcher Burton: Deputy Chief of Mission at the US Embassy in Sarajevo (1995-1996) C Jimmy Carter: President of the (1977-1981) Jacques Chirac: President of (1995-2007) Warren Christopher: US Secretary of State (1993-1997) Vitaly Churkin: Deputy Foreign of the Russian Federation, Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation to the talks on the former Yugoslavia (1992- 1994) : Lieutenant General in the US Army, Director for Strategic Plan and Policy in the Joint Chiefs of (1993-1996) : President of the United States (1993-2001) Eliot Cohen: US Policy Planning Staff of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, now professor Roddy Cordy-Simpson: British Lieutenant General, Chief of Staff of UNPROFOR (1992- 1994) Jean Cot: French General, Force Commander of UNPROFOR (June 1993-March 1994) Hans Couzy: Dutch General, Commander in Chief of the Royal Army D Hervé de Charette: French Minister of Foreign Affairs (May 1995-June 1997) Harm de Jonge: Dutch , Chief of Operations to General Janvier Bertrand de La Presle: French General, Force Commander of UNPROFOR (March 1994– February 1995) Rasim Delić: Chief of Staff of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Norman Dixon: British psychologist most noted for this 1976 book On the Psychology of Military Incompetence Milorad Dodik: President of (2010-present) Tom Donilon: US Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs and Chief of Staff to the Secretary of State (1993-1996) Terry Dornbush: US Ambassador to the Netherlands (1994-1998) Muhamed Duraković: Srebrenica survivor, worked with international aid organizations during and after the fall of Srebrenica E Lawrence Eagleburger: US Secretary of State (1992-1993) Vincent Egbers: Dutch Lieutenant based in Srebrenica with Dutchbat III Manfred Eisele: served in the UN Secretary-General’s office Christopher Elliot: General, military aide to General de La Presle André Erdös: Hungarian representative to the UN Security Council (1990-1993) P.L.E.M. Everts: Dutch Lieutenant-Colonel, Commander of Dutchbat II prior to Thom Karremans F Adrian Foster: British , provided military planning support to UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations Robert Franken: Major and Deputy Commander of Dutchbat III (January-July 1995) Robert Frasure: US Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs (1994-1995) Leon Fuerth: National Security Advisor to US Vice President Al Gore (1992-2000) G Peter Galbraith: US Ambassador to Croatia (1993-1998) Ejup Ganić: Yugoslav member of Presidency of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1990-1996) Tom Geburt: Canadian Lieutenant Colonel, head of Canadian contingent in Srebrenica Chinmaya Gharekhan: Special Political Advisor to the Secretary-General Hervé Gobilliard: French General, Commander for UN troops in Sarajevo Richard Goldstone: first chief prosecutor of the UN International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda (1994-1996) Al Gore: Vice President of the United States (1993-2001) Marrack Goulding: Undersecretary-General for Peacekeeping (1986-1993), Undersecretary-General for Political Affairs (1993-1997) Mate Granić: Foreign Minister of Croatia (1993-2000) Hanne Sophie Greve: Norwegian war crimes investigator Jelte Groen: , Company Commander of Bravo Company, Srebrenica Roy Gutman: journalist, author of Witness to Genocide Milan Gvero: General in the H David Hannay; UK permanent representative to the UN Security Council (1990-1995) Sefer Halilovic: General and Commanding Officer of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Dag Hammarskjöld: Secretary-General of the (April 1953-September 1961) David Harland: Head of UN Civil Affairs, Sarajevo (1993-1995), co-author of UN report on Srebrenica Pamela Harriman: US Ambassador to France (1993-1997) Vere Hayes: British General, Chief of Staff to UNPROFOR (1993) General Hauckland: Norwegian commander in UNPROFOR Alexis Herman: Assistant to US President Bill Clinton, head of the White House Office of Public Liaison (1993-1997) Peggy Hicks: human rights advisor to the UN Special Representative of the Secretary- General in the former Yugoslavia Chris Hill: Director, Office of South-Central European Affairs at the US Department of State (1994-1996) : Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs (1994- 1996) Larry Hollingworth: UNHCR, Sarajevo-Srebrenica Robert Hunter: US Ambassador to NATO (1993-1998) Douglas Hurd: UK Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (1989-1995) I Karl (Rick) Inderfurth: US special representative for political affairs to the UN Alija Izetbegović: President of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1990-1996) J Victor Jackovich: US Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1995) Henry Jacolin: French ambassador to Bosnia (1993-1995) Bernard Janvier: Lieutenant General of France, Force Commander of UNPROFOR (March 1995-January 1996) Laurens Jolles: UNHCR representative in the former Yugoslavia George Joulwan: American General, Supreme Allied Commander for Europe (October 1993–July 1997) Alain Juppé: Prime Minister of France (1995-1997) K Grace Kang: UN human rights officer Radovan Karadzić: President of Bosnian Serb Republic (1992-1996) Thom Karremans: Colonel, Commander of Dutchbat III (January–July 1995) Obrad Kesic: representative of Republika Srpska in Washington : Netherland prime minister (1994-2002) Peter Kooijmans: Netherlands Minister of Foreign Affairs (January 1993-August 1994) Karel Kovanda: Czech Ambassador to the United Nations (1993-1997) Momčilo Krajišnik: Bosnian Serb leader Radislav Krstić: Deputy Commander, later Chief of Staff of the Drina Judith Kumin: UNHCR representative in the former Yugoslavia L Zlatko Lagumdžija: deputy prime minister, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1993-1996) Tony Lake: US National Security Advisor (1993-1996) Jacques Lanxade: French Admiral, Army chief of staff (1991-1995) : Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1982-1994) Vladimir Lukic: Prime Minister of Republika Srpska Edward Luttwack: American military strategist, political scientist and historian M Lewis MacKenzie: Canadian General, established and commanded Sector Sarajevo as part of UNPROFOR in 1992 Rusmir Mahmutćehajić: Deputy Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991-1992), Minister for Energy, Mining and Industry of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1994) John Major: Prime Minister of Great Britain (1990-1997) Nesib Mandžić: Bosnian Muslim high school principal who was pulled into negotiations with Mladic at the Fontana Hotel after the fall of Srebrenica Simon Mardel: WHO doctor in Bosnia Jamsheed Marker: Pakistani Ambassador to the United Nations Kati Marton: Hungarian-American author and journalist, married to Richard Holbrooke in 1995 Kees Matthijssen: Dutch General, company commander, Dutchbat III, Srebrenica (1995) Tadeusz Mazowiecki: Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights José María Mendiluce: Head of UNHCR to the conflict in the (1991-1993) John Menzies: US Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996) Jean-Bernard Mérimée: Permanent Representative of France to the UN (1991-1995) John McCain: US Senator from Arizona (1987-present) Peter McCloskey: ICTY Prosecutor John Menzies: US Ambassador to Bosnia and Herzegovina Jean-Bernard Mérimée: French Ambassador to the UN (1991-1995) Charles Millon: French Minister of Defense (1995-1997) Slobodan Milošević: President of the Republic of (1989-1997) Manojlo Milovanovic: Lieutenant General and Chief of Staff of the Army of Republika Srpska François Mitterrand: President of France (1981-1995) Ratko Mladić: Commander of Bosnian Serb Army (1992-1996) Alois Mock: Foreign Minister of (1987-1995) Philippe Morillon: French Lieutenant General, UNPROFOR commander in Bosnia (September 1992–July 1993) Hasan Muratović: minister for relations with UNPROFOR, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992- 1995) N Satish Nambiar: Indian Lieutenant General, Force Commander of UNPROFOR (March 1992– March 1993) Kees Nicolai: Dutch General, Chief of Staff to General Smith Momir Nikolić: intelligence officer in the Bratunac Hasan Nuhanovic: Dutchbat interpreter, Srebrenica survivor O Terrence O’Brien: Permanent Representative of New Zealand to the UN (1980-1983, 1990- 1993) Sadako Ogata: UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (1991-2001) Naser Orić: Commander of the ARBiH 28th in Srebrenica David Owen: EU peace negotiator in the former Yugoslavia (1992-1995) Stephen Oxman: US Assistant Secretary of State for European and Canadian Affairs (1993- 1994) P Rudolph Perina: Chief of Mission of the US Embassy in Belgrade (1993-1996) William Perry: US Secretary of Defense (1994-1997) Jacques Poos: Minister for Foreign Affairs in (1984-1999) Vujadin Popović: Bosnian Serb Leiutenant Colonel, Chief of Security of the Drina Corps of the Bosnian Serb Army Michael Portillo: UK Secretary of State for Defense (July 1995-May 1997) Colin Powell: Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff (October 1989-September 1993) Samantha Power: journalist covering the Yugoslav wars, currently US Ambassador to the United Nations Q R José Ramos-Horta: President of Timor-Leste (2007-2012), Chair of the UN High-level Independent Panel on Peace Operations David Reiff: author of Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West Iqbal Riza: Assistant Secretary-General, Department of Peacekeeping Operations (1993- 1996) David Rohde: journalist and author Endgame: The Betrayal and Fall of Srebrenica Michael Rose: British Lieutenant General, UNPROFOR commander in Bosnia (January 1994–January 1995) James Rubin: advisor to US Ambassador to the UN, Madeleine Albright S Muhamed Sacirbey: Foreign Minister of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Ambassador to the UN (1992-1997) Fahrudin Salihović: Mayor of Srebrenica Patrice Sartre: French Colonel, was involved in the escort of Bosnian Deputy Prime Minister Turajlić when he was shot David Scheffer: Senior Advisor to US Ambassador to the UN Norman Schindler: Chief, US Balkan Task Force John Shalikashvili: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Supreme Allied Commander (1993-1997) John Shattuck: Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy and Human Rights Vasily Sidorov: Deputy Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the UN) Haris Silajdzić: Prime Minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1996) Walter Slocombe: US Undersecretary of Defense for Policy (1993-2001) Leighton “Snuffy” Smith: Admiral in the US Navy, Commander of NATO forces, Southern Europe (1994-1996) Rupert Smith: British General, UNPROFOR commander in Bosnia (1995), Assistant Chief of Defense Operations (1992-1994) Cornelio Sommaruga: President of the ICRC (1987-1999) Thorvald Stoltenberg: Special Representative of the Secretary-General (May-December 1993), UN Representative to the International Conference on the Former Yugoslavia (1992- 1995) Hurem Suljic: survivor of the Srebrenica genocide, one of the first witnesses to share his story of survival with outside investigators Osman Suljić: Srebrenica war president Gojko Šušak: Croatian defense minister (1992-1998) T Strobe Talbott: US Deputy Secretary of State (1994-2001) Peter Tarnoff: US Undersecretary of State for Political Affairs (1993-1997) George Tenet: Deputy Director of Central Intelligence (July 1995-July 1997) : Netherlands Defense Minister (November 1989-August 1994) Shashi Tharoor: senior advisor to Kofi Annan, UN Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations Cedric Thornberry: Director of UNPROFOR Civil Affairs (1992-1994), Deputy Chief of Mission of UNPROFOR and senior negotiator Zdravko Tolimir: General, Bosnian Serb military commander Piers Tucker: British Major, aide to General Philippe Morillon Franjo Tudjman: President of Croatia (1991-1999) Hakija Turajlić: Deputy Prime Minister of Bosnia until he was murdered in 1993 inside of a French APC at a Serb checkpoint U V : Netherlands Minister of Foreign Affairs (November 1982-January 1993) : Dutch Foreign Minister (1994-1998) Cyrus Vance: former US Secretary of State (1977-1980), Special Envoy of the UN Secretary- General for Croatia, and UN Special Envoy to Bosnia Alexander Vershbow: Senior Director for Europe, US National Security Council (1994- 1997) Richard Vincent: Field , Baron of Coleshill, Chair of the Military committee of NATO Philipp von Recklinghausen: German journalist in Srebrenica Yoris Voorhoeve: Netherlands defense minister (1994-1998) Yuli Vorontsov: Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the UN (1991- 1994) W Lars-Eric Wahlgren: Lieutenant General, Force Commander of UNPROFOR (March–June 1993) Jenonne Walker: Europe director, National Security Council (1993-1995) John Weston: UK Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council (NATO) (1992- 1995) Cees Wiebes: Dutch author, wrote Intelligence and the War in Bosnia: 1992-1995 Manfred Wörner: 7th Secretary-General of NATO (July 1988-August 1994) X Y Boris Yeltsin: President of the Russian Federation (1991-1999) Z Jovan Zametica: Bosnian Serb spokesman and political consultant Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein: political officer, UNPF 1994-1996 Milenko Živanović: Bosnian Serb Major-General, Commander in Drina Corps

Acronyms

ABC: American Broadcasting Company

AK-47: selective-fire assault rifle or Kalashnikov

APC: armored personnel carrier

AWAC: airborne warning and control system (communications aircraft)

BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation

BH: Bosnia-Herzegovina

BSA: Bosnian Serb Army

CAS: Close Air Support

Chapter VI: term referring to “classic peacekeeping” as described in Chapter VI of the UN Charter

Chapter VII: term referring to “peace enforcement” as described in Chapter VII of the UN Charter

CIA: US Central Intelligence Agency

CNN: Cable News Network

CO: Commanding Officer

DPKO: UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations

DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo

Dutchbat: Dutch of UNPROFOR

EA-6B Prowler: twin-engine, four-seat, mid- electronic warfare aircraft

EBBSTREAMS: “Must be a Serb”

EF-111: electronic warfare aircraft

EU: European Union

F-15: twin-engine, all-weather tactical fighter jet

F-16: single-engine multirole fighter aircraft

FNL: National Forces of Liberation, political party in Burundi

HQ: Headquarters

ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross

ICTY: International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia IFOR: NATO-led Implementation Force, Operation Joint Endeavour (December 1995-December 1996) IMSM: International Military Staff Memorandum

Intel: military intelligence

JCO: Joint Commission Observer

MID: Netherlands military intelligence service

MSF: Médecins Sans Frontières

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NID: National Intelligence Daily

NIOD: Netherlands Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies

NSC: US National Security Council

OP: Observation Post

PDB: President’s Daily Brief

PDD: Presidential Decision Directive

PTT: Post office building in Srebrenica (Postes, Télécommunications et Télédiffusion)

“recce”: reconnaissance mission

RRF: Rapid Reaction Force

RS: Republika Srpska

SA-7 Launcher: man-portable, shoulder-fired, low-altitude, surface-to-air missle system

SAS: Special Air Service, British intelligence unit

Sector NE: Sector Northeast, headquarters in Tuzla

SFOR: NATO-led Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Jan 1996-December 2005)

SG: UN Secretary-General

SRSG: UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General

UK:

UN: United Nations

UNCRO: United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia

UNHCR: UN High Commissioner for Refugees

UNMO: UN Military Observer

UNPROFOR: UN Protection Force

UNSC: United Nations Security Council US: United States

USUN: United States Mission to the United Nations

WEU:

WFP: World Food Programme