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1.4. United Nations Peacekeeping in Bosnia and Herzegovina ...56 UNIVERSITY OF NOVA GORICA GRADUATE SCHOOL The United Nations Peacekeepers and Local Population of the United Nations Safe Area Srebrenica: (De) Construction of Human Relationships DISSERTATION Tea Rozman – Clark Mentor: Prof. Dr. Mirjam Milharčič - Hladnik Nova Gorica 2014 CONTENTS CONTENTS....................................................................................................................... 2 List of Photographs .................................................................................................... 4 List of Narrators ......................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgments...................................................................................................... 9 Notes on Transliteration ........................................................................................... 12 List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................... 14 Preamble .................................................................................................................. 20 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 24 Theoretical Framework: ................................................................................................ 28 Memory Studies ....................................................................................................... 28 The Narrative ........................................................................................................... 32 Time, Space and Intervention .................................................................................. 33 Field Research .......................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER ONE: The Socio-Political Context ............................................................ 50 1.1. The United Nations Peacekeeping .................................................................... 50 1.2. The United Nations Safe Areas......................................................................... 53 1.3. War in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1991 – 1995 ................................................. 55 1.4. United Nations Peacekeeping in Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................... 56 1.5. United Nations Safe Areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina ................................... 60 1.6. The United Nations Safe Area Srebrenica ........................................................ 62 1.6.1. Local Bosniak Population .......................................................................... 67 1.6.2. The Canadian United Nations Peacekeepers ............................................. 68 1.6.3. The Dutch United Nations Peacekeepers ................................................... 71 1.6.4. UN Military Observers and UN Civilian Police ........................................ 75 1.6.5. Humanitarian Aid Agencies ....................................................................... 75 1.7. The Fall of the United Nations Safe Area Srebrenica and the Aftermath ........ 76 CHAPTER TWO: Relationships between the Dutch UN Peacekeepers and Local Population in the UN Safe Area Srebrenica ................................................................. 80 2.1. Confinements Imposed on the Relationships by the UN Mandate and Widespread Deprivation .......................................................................................... 81 2.2. The Restrictions Imposed on the Relationships by the DATCHBAT Command .................................................................................................................................. 95 2.3. Three Different Types of Relationships ............................................................ 99 2.3.1. The Relationship between the UN Peacekeepers and the Children in the UN Safe Area Srebrenica ........................................................................... 100 2.3.1.1. Peacekeepers as a Window to the World ...................................... 101 2.3.1.2. Small Acts of Kindness: Candy, Pens........................................... 103 2.3.1.3. Children Represented a General Risk ........................................... 105 2.3.1.4. Special Friends, Delivery Boys and Exchanges ........................... 110 2.3.1.5. Internally Displaced Children ....................................................... 117 2.3.1.6. Children at the Garbage Field ....................................................... 122 2.3.1.7. Watching Children Die ................................................................. 124 2.3.1.8. Children and the Enclave’s Final Days ......................................... 127 2.3.1.9. In Sum ........................................................................................... 131 2 2.3.2. The Relationship between the UN Peacekeepers and the Women in the UN Safe Area Srebrenica ........................................................................... 132 2.3.2.1. Local Women Working for DUTCHBAT .................................... 134 2.3.2.2. Thin Line between Intimate Relationships and Prostitution ......... 139 2.3.2.3. Hostesses ....................................................................................... 144 2.3.2.4. Women’s Health ........................................................................... 146 2.3.2.5. Women and the Enclave’s Final Days .......................................... 149 2.3.2.6. In Sum ........................................................................................... 156 2.3.3. The Relationship between the UN Peacekeepers and the Men in the United Nations Safe Area Srebrenica ............................................................. 157 2.3.3.1. Local Men Working for DUTCHBAT ......................................... 159 2.3.3.2. Stereotypes, False Perceptions, Mistrust and Confrontations ....... 165 2.3.3.3. Cooperation ................................................................................... 174 2.3.3.4. War Cruelty ................................................................................... 181 2.3.3.5. UN Peacekeepers in the Crossfire................................................. 184 2.3.3.6. Men and the Enclave’s Final Days ............................................... 186 2.3.3.7. In Sum ........................................................................................... 194 CHAPTER THREE: The End of UN Safe Area Srebrenica and the Beginning of New Relationships ......................................................................................................... 197 3.1 The Relationships between the Dutch Peacekeepers and the Srebrenica people continuing post-1990s ............................................................................................ 197 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 207 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 214 Abstract (in Slovenian) .......................................................................................... 220 3 List of Photographs Photograph 1 (a, b) Graffiti by unknown Dutch UN peacekeeper (Photo courtesy of Tea Rozman-Clark, August 2005, UN compound, Potočari) ........................................... 21 Photograph 2 Henry and Fazila meeting for the first time in 2007 in Fazila’s souvenir shop in Potočari (Photo courtesy of Henry Van Der Belt, October 2007, Potočari) ........ 40 Photograph 3: Areal view of the UN compound in Potočari (Photo courtesy of Ramon Timmerman, narrator 9, July 1994 - January 1995, Potočari) .......................................... 47 Photograph 4 Internally displaced people looking for refuge in town of Srebrenica (Photo courtesy of Serge Jenssen, January - June 1994, Potočari) ................................... 63 Photograph 5 The fence surrounding the UN compound (Photo courtesy of Serge Jenssen, January - June 1994, Potočari)............................................................................ 81 Photograph 6 DUTCHBAT I travelled via Split, a Croatian coastal town (Photo courtesy of Serge Jenssen, January - June 1994, Croatian Coast) .................................... 81 Photograph 7 Saskia Jongma (Narrator 7) DUTCHBAT I, posing with her father, DUTCHBAT II (Photo courtesy of Saskia Jongma, date and place unknown)................ 84 Photograph 8 Wounded girl with shrapnel in her leg that prevented the proper growth of her leg. (Photo courtesy of Ramon Timmerman, January - June 1994, Potočari)........ 86 Photograph 10 Wounded girl with shrapnel in her leg that prevented the proper growth of her leg. (Photo courtesy of Ramon Timmerman, January - June 1994, Potočari) ............................................................................................................................ 87 Photograph 11 UN compound in Potočari: The UN peacekeepers had the most advanced transportation vehicles, but not enough fuel. They relied on local horses to carry some of their burden when on patrols or resupplying the OPs (Photo courtesy of Serge Jenssen, January - June 1994, Potočari) ................................................................. 89 Photograph 12 UN peacekeepers
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