Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program（ SIP） Energy Carriers SIP Energy Carriers

Reducing CO2 emission is a global issue. For Japan, a country poor in energy resources, it is necessary to construct a low-carbon society as well as to promote a stable energy supply through the diversification. We have large expectations for the role of hydrogen energy. However, towards the large-scale use of hydrogen, there remains a lot of issues to overcome technology barriers and high cost . Proceeding the research, development and demonstration of hydrogen technologies with industry-academia-government collaboration under the leadership of government will contribute significantly to solve energy and environment problems in Japan. And it will eventually bring Japan a world leader in hydrogen utilization and the related industries. Under these circumstances,“Energy carriers", a technology development program toward the realization of hydrogen society has been launched as one of the 10 themes of the Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion Program (SIP) spearheaded by the Council for Science, Technology and Innovation in 2014.“Energy carriers“ is the method to efficiently store and transport hydrogen as liquid, while hydrogen, gaseous at normal state, is difficult to handle.

In this program, we aim to build CO2 -free hydrogen value chain by focusing on the developments

of technologies for CO2 -free hydrogen production, conversion to energy carriers; liquid hydrogen, organic hydride and ammonia, and storage, transportation and utilization.

Strategy of Energy Carriers 〜 Development of CO2 free hydrogen value chain〜

Hydrogen Transport（Energy carriers） Utilization Natural gas production Petroleum Coal Fuel cell vehicle Reforming/ Gasification gasification Liquid hydrogen LH₂ H₂ Power generation H₂

（conceptual） Fuel cell Carbon capture Organic hydrides Renewable （methylcyclohexane） energy and storage MCH Dehydrogenation H₂

NH3 direct combustion gas turbine Production by Ammonia electricity and heat NH₃ Direct use

Fuel cell NH3 furnace

● Hydrogen can be produced from various energy sources and can be utilized for electricity as well as fuel

(Potential to reduce CO2 emission significantly) ● Hydrogen has a difficulty in transportation, because it is low Btu gaseous form. It is essential to develop viable mass- transportation methods and related technologies (energy carrier) and make hydrogen to be affordable energy source. Vision

Realize the world’s first new type low carbon society utilizing hydrogen in Japan by 2030 and be a role model in the world.

2015-2020 2020-2030 2030-

● Expansion of fuel cell ● Commercialization of large ● Commercialization of fuel markets scale hydrogen power plant cell vehicle, residential ● Introduction of hydrogen ● Introduction of carbon free fuel cell cogeneration power generation hydrogen in large scale

● Developments of technologies related to carbon free hydrogen ● Demonstration of high ● Japanese hydrogen production, energy carrier efficient power generation relevant industries play an and utilizations of hydrogen using hydrogen and energy and carriers active role in the global carrier from small scale up market ● Demonstration of hydrogen to large scale society in 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics

Research & Development subjects April 1, 2016

Hydrogen-related Ammonia-related Organic hydrides -related research subjects research subjects research subjects

High-Temperature Solar Thermal Energy Supply

Production Hydrogen Production Technology Using Development of Solar Heat Ammonia Synthesis Development of Carrier Process from Hydrogen Supplying CO Free Hydrogen Development of Cargo transformation 2 Technology Based on Loading/unloading System Transportation Organic Hydride for Liquid Hydrogen and Storage Basic Technology the Relevant Rules for Hydrogen Station for Operation Utilizing Ammonia Utilization Development of Hydrogen Engine Ammonia Direct Ammonia Fuel Cell Technology Combustion

Safety Assessment of Energy Carrier High-Temperature Solar Thermal Development of Ammonia Synthesis

Energy Supply System Process from CO2- Free Hydrogen

Research Professor, Laboratory for Advanced Nuclear Research General Manager, R&D Center, Technology Director Yukitaka Kato Energy, Tokyo Institute of Technology Director Yasushi Fujimura Innovation Center, JGC Corporation

Purpose Development of high-temperature (650°C) solar thermal Purpose Development of high-efficiency ammonia synthesis energy supply system to produce H2 efficiently by introduction process from CO2-free hydrogen produced from renewable of new solar thermal corrector, collecting tube, heat transfer energy or fossil fuel Research media and thermal energy storage technologies Outline Major R&D Item is as follows:

Research Outline The team is aiming that ammonia which has high volume ◆ Development of ammonia hydrogen density is produced as an energy carrier by hydrogen synthesis produced from solar thermal energy supply system. High- catalyst with temperature (650°C) solar thermal energy collection system high activity with more than 70% of solar radiation and heat collection at low efficiency in which the temperature is higher than conventional temperature ＋ solar thermal system is developed. Elemental technologies ◆ The pilot of solar corrector, heat transfer fluid, solar thermal energy plant will be correction tube, and thermal energy storage for 24 hour heat constructed supply to H2 production system are developed. and

Point solar thermal operated collector in 2018 to Linear focused solar thermal collector N 2 confirm H 2 H 2 NH NH 3 performance Production: 3 Production Heat Heat IS Process, of the new Storage Exch. Electrolysis catalyst and H2O Electricity Power plant process.

Solar Thermal Linear Heat Transfer Fluid/ Integration to H2 Corrector for 650°C Material and Corrosion production Solar thermal energy Thermochemical Energy Combination with Point collection tube storage solar thermal collector

Total System Design

Hydrogen Production Basic Technology for Hydrogen Technology Using Solar Heat Station Utilizing Ammonia

Research Group Leader, HTGR Hydrogen & Heat Application Research Director, Institute for Advanced Materials Director Nariaki Sakaba Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency Director Yoshitsugu Kojima Research, Hiroshima University

Purpose Development of highly efficient hydrogen production Purpose The purpose of this research is to develop ammonia technologies by water splitting without CO2 emission using decomposition and high purity H2 supply system for hydrogen solar heat at around 650°C filling station.

Research Research Outline Development of elemental technologies and Outline High purity H2 supply system with low cost hydrogen demonstration of technical feasibility will be performed for the transportation is a key issue to spread fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) following two hydrogen production methods. and FC fork lifts. In this theme, we focused on ammonia as a 1) Membrane hydrogen carrier Ammonia decomposition and high IS Process; Heat Heat because of high ~400̊C HTGR purity H2 supply system hydrogen ~650̊C gravimetric and NH3 cracker Small amount of NH3 remover H2 Production of 1/2O2 production + 2HI H2SO4 + volumetric H2 NH3 I2 HI and H2SO4 SO2+H2O by thermal densities. We High 2HI + H2SO4 Iodine (I) Sulfur (S) purity cycle I2 + SO2 + 2H2O cycle SO2 water splitting + will develop a I2 H2 H2O H2O using chemical high purity H2 reactions with Hydrogen iodide Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) supply system, (HI) decomposition decomposition H O iodine and sulfur, Reaction Scheme of Membrane IS Process which satisfies 2 Promote the decomposition of sulfuric acid and N2 and membrane hydrogen iodide by the membrane separation technology hydrogen fuel technologies Anode Cathode specifications for 2) New steam Electricity FCVs (ISO e- e- electrolysis; 14687-2) by NH3 H O H hydrogen Heat 2 H+ 2 decomposition NH3 production by and separation H2 O steam splitting 2 technologies. with proton Proton conducting oxide conducting oxide Principle of New Steam Electrolysis Split steam at high efficiency using using electricity electricity and heat and heat Development of Hydrogen Supplying Ammonia Fuel Cell Technology Based on Organic Hydride

Research Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Research Principal Researcher, Central Technical Research Director Koichi Eguchi Kyoto University Director Hideshi Iki Laboratory, JX Nippon Oil & Energy Corporation

Purpose Development and demonstration of highly effective Purpose To develop a practical hydrogen refueling station ammonia-fueled fuel cell systems and hydrogen supplying system based on organic hydride Research Outline ◆ Developing the direct ammonia-fueled SOFC systems technology Research and demonstrating 1 kW-scale power generation systems (main Outline The followings are focused to develop a modular target) dehydrogenation system for hydrogen refueling stations: ◆ Investigating the combined systems as follows: (1) ammonia (1) Improving performance of the dehydrogenation catalyst auto-thermal cracker and SOFC; (2) ammonia cracker and (2) Improving efficiency & reducing the size of modular AEMFC (sub-target) dehydrogenation system ◆ Elucidating the compatibility of ammonia for the fuel cell (3) Developing systems and the degradation behavior of the ammonia-fueled low-cost hydrogen fuel cells purification system (4) Conducting safety assessments H Solid oxide fuel cell（SOFC） NH3-fueled SOFC system Technologies for 2 Gas in Inverter AC 1 kW Power Methyl cyclohexane ◆ System 1 Direct supply efficient organic Hot module hydride production are Control FCV ◆ System 2 unit also being developed. Autu-thermal SOFC Further goal is to NH3 cracker Gas out develop organic- Air Anion exchange membrane fuel cell（AEMFC） Filter hydride based Toluene Gas in Pump Blower H2

NH3 hydrogen refueling NH cracker Combustor 3 Exhaust

Heat stations and to

Radiator Drain Gas out promote widespread adoption of FCVs.

Modular dehydrogenation system

Development of Cargo Loading/ Ammonia Direct Combustion unloading System for Liquid Hydrogen and the Relevant Rules for Operation Research Professor, Institute of Fluid Science, Director Hideaki Kobayashi Tohoku University Research Deputy Managing Director, Director Tetsuya Senda Japan Ship Technology Research Association Purpose To develop ammonia direct combustion technology to utilize ammonia which is a hydrogen energy carrier as well as a Purpose This research aims to develop a loading and unloading

CO2 - free fuel system for liquid hydrogen and to establish relevant rules for Research Outline Highly efficient utilization of ammonia combustion such operation of the system. Research as: Outline In the research, swivel joints and emergency release 1) Gas turbine power generation using ammonia alone and systems for liquid hydrogen are to be developed, based on the ammonia/natural-gas mixed fuel existing LNG handling technology, and a loading and unloading 2) Application system for liquid hydrogen integrating the developed of ammonia equipment will liquid natural gas carrier reciprocal NH3 be constructed. engines for Operational safety measures transportations Hydrogen production and ammonia synthesis 3) Heat utilization using renewable energy are also specified in industrial Chemical energy storage taking advantages and rules and of ammonia in terms of preservation and furnaces using transportation standards will be ammonia as a fuel established for NH3 NH3 This project the safe operation LNG loading system Swivel joint for LNG performs of the world- technology NH3 first system. development Applications of ammonia The rules and Reciprocal engine direct combustion and verification Industrial furnace standards will be Gas turbine

NH3 flame NH3 Combustor Air NH3 internationalized, tests based on Generator

CP TB fundamental !"#$%&"'( as necessary. Air N2,H2O start releasing Close cascaded valves Finish relea sing combustion Emergency release system for LNG research. Utilization of power, electricity and heat Development of Hydrogen Engine Technology Energy Carriers; their physico-chemical properties

Research Senior Manager, Technical Institute, Kawasaki Pressurized Organic Director Masahide Kazari Heavy Industries , Ltd. Liquid Hydrogen Hydride Ammonia Hydrogen （Methyl Purpose （700MPa） We conduct the research for high efficiency and low-NOx- Cyclohexane) emission hydrogen engine realization. Research We conduct the following research items for high efficiency Outline Molecular 2.0 2.0 98.2 17.0 and low-NOx-emission open-cycle hydrogen engine which shall Weight be used for power generation or ship propulsion. ◆ Hydrogen Hydrogen engine H Content combustion 2 100 100 6.2 17.8 （wt％） control technology ◆ Low-NOx Volumetric H Density technology 2 39.6 70.8 47.3 121 3 （kg-H2/m ） ◆ High Hydrogen injector pressure Hydrogen Boiling hydrogen combustion control Point ー -253 101 -33.4 technology injector （℃ ） ◆ High High pressure hydrogen H2 Release pressure pump Enthalpy ー 0.90 67.5 30.6 hydrogen Change pump ※（kJ/mol-H2） Liquid hydrogen ● High H ● High purity ● Existing oil 2 Other ● Widely density ● Low energy infrastructures Properties used ● Direct use for to pressurize can be utilized. combustion open-cycle hydrogen engine

※ H2 release enthalpy change

Safety Assessment of Eenergy Carrier

Research Professor, Center for Creation of Symbiosis Society Director Atsumi Miyake with Risk, Yokohama National University

Purpose The purpose is to build the vital society in which hydrogen energy can be operated safely and sustainably within an acceptable cost in suitable area.

Research Outline Risk assessment and management of the following three supply chain in the transportation, storage, and supply processes are carried out not only from the perspective of Transportation the operators and Analysis of hydrogen gas Explosion analysis leakage behavior manufacturers, but also H2 from the perspective of H2 the citizens. Storage 1) Compressed hydrogen supply chain Risk assessment of energy carrier Supply 2) Liquid hydrogen transportation supply chain 3) Organic hydride supply chain I would like to demonstrate the hydrogen technologies developed for production, transportation, storage and utilization as tangible results at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

It is not only a demonstration as a showcase but also aims to be a big first step toward hydrogen society in Japan.

I have a confidence that hydrogen energy would contribute to the attractive urban development.

Program Director, SIP Energy Carriers Shigeru Muraki Exective Adviser, Tokyo Gas Co.,Ltd

Basic Scheme of Hydrogen Society

High temperature Hydrogen from unused renewable water vapor digester gas, biomass, etc. electrolysis Refinery hydrogen, By-product hydrogen, Production Gas reforming hydrogen Hydrogenation (electrolysis etc.) Renewable energy MCH Ammonia Liquid Compressed CH3 hydrogen NH hydrogen 3

Transportation and storage as an energy carrier Transportation

Hydrogen Hydrogen storage Hydrogen PEFC Dehydrogenating Ammonia SOFC tri-generation powered powered emergency power Ammonia FC generation generation HYDROGEN STATION Utilization

Hydrogen station

The use of waste heat FC Bus from FC systems for FC Boat air conditioning FCV hot water supply etc.

V2G：Vehicle to Grid

Energy management for buildings, housing Advanced smart Operation of buses by ART system and facilities（ Hydrogen、heat、electricity ） (Advanced Rapid Transit) For Low-carbon, BCP(Business continuity plan) community to take advantage of the hydrogen http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/gaiyo/sip/ http://www.jst.go.jp/sip/k04.html 2016. 5