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Hydrogen Potential from Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear, and Hydro Power (Tonnes/Year)

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Hydrogen Potential from Coal, Natural Gas, Nuclear, and Hydro Power (Tonnes/Year) Technical Report Hydrogen Resource Assessment NREL/TP-560-42773 Hydrogen Potential from Coal, Natural February 2009 Gas, Nuclear, and Hydro Power Anelia Milbrandt and Margaret Mann Technical Report Hydrogen Resource Assessment NREL/TP-560-42773 Hydrogen Potential from Coal, Natural February 2009 Gas, Nuclear, and Hydro Power Anelia Milbrandt and Margaret Mann Prepared under Task No. H278.2100 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC Contract No. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: mailto:[email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Acknowledgments The study was performed by analysts at the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The authors would like to thank Johanna Levene from NREL and Stephen Lasher from TIAX LCC for their review and recommendations. The authors also extend a special thanks to Fred Joseck from DOE’s Hydrogen Program for his continued assistance, making the completion of this study possible. iii List of Acronyms CH4 Methane CO2 Carbon dioxide EIA Energy Information Administration GIS Geographic Information System H2A U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Analysis Group kg Kilogram SMR Steam methane reforming Tonne Metric ton USGS U.S. Geological Survey Conversions Hydrogen from coal: 7.6 kg of coal/kg hydrogen Hydrogen from natural gas: 4.5 normal cubic meters/kg of hydrogen Hydrogen from nuclear and hydro power: 58.8 kWh/kg of hydrogen On average, about 3 gallons of water are needed to produce 1 kg of hydrogen 1 kg of hydrogen can potentially displace 4.35 kg or 1.58 gallons of gasoline iv Executive Summary As an energy carrier, hydrogen can be produced from any primary energy source. Currently, most hydrogen is produced from natural gas via steam reforming. Other sources like coal and biomass can also be used to generate hydrogen through gasification. Electricity, once produced from nuclear, hydro, solar, wind, or geothermal, can generate hydrogen through electrolysis. Given that this wide diversity of energy resources is geographically specific, it’s important to understand where resources are located so that appropriate plans can be made for hydrogen production technologies and infrastructure. The objective of this study is to estimate the hydrogen production potential from coal, natural gas, nuclear, and hydro power by county in the United States, and to create maps for easy visualization of the results. To accomplish this, fossil fuels production and power generation data are analyzed both statistically and graphically using a state-of-the-art Geographic Information System (GIS), a computer-based information system used to create, manipulate, analyze, and visualize geographic information. In addition to estimating the hydrogen potential from the sources mentioned above, the study discussed the major factors that need to be considered when choosing a site for a hydrogen production facility. These include the availability of feedstock, distribution infrastructure, and water. The study concluded that regions with high hydrogen potential, such as the Rocky Mountain States, have access to existing distribution infrastructure, but may not have sufficient water availability. Previous work by the authors (Milbrandt and Mann 2007) estimated the hydrogen production potential from key renewable resources (wind, solar, and biomass) in the United States at about 1,000 million tonnes per year (far more than would be needed to fuel all cars in the United States), and identified the Great Plains as the region with the highest potential. The present study is a continuation of that work in an attempt to provide a comprehensive picture of all resources currently available for hydrogen production in the country. The study estimated that more than 72 million tonnes of hydrogen can be produced from coal and natural gas resources, nuclear, and hydro power per year (considering only 30% of their total current annual production). Leading states include Wyoming (26% of total potential), Texas (16%), West Virginia (8%), Kentucky (6%), and New Mexico (5%). The United States consumed about 396 million tonnes of gasoline in 2007 (IEA 2008), therefore the amount of hydrogen derived from these sources could displace about 80% of this consumption1. Although this study uses current production of coal/natural gas and electricity generation from nuclear/hydro power plants rather than the total amount of resources available or power generation capacity, it helps highlight opportunities for first-generation hydrogen production during the transition period to a hydrogen economy. 1 1 kg of hydrogen can potentially displace 4.35 kg or 1.58 gallons of gasoline. v vi Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Hydrogen Production Potential ................................................................................................... 2 Hydrogen from Coal ................................................................................................................... 2 Hydrogen from Natural Gas ........................................................................................................ 4 Hydrogen from Nuclear and Hydro Power ................................................................................. 5 Hydrogen from All Resources .................................................................................................... 9 Integrated Hydrogen Production Analysis ............................................................................... 11 Distribution Infrastructure ........................................................................................................ 11 Water Availability ..................................................................................................................... 13 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 17 References .................................................................................................................................... 19 vii List of Figures Figure 1. U.S. coal supply regions .................................................................................................. 2 Figure 2. Hydrogen potential from coal resources by county ......................................................... 3 Figure 3. U.S. natural gas supply regions ....................................................................................... 4 Figure 4. Hydrogen potential from natural gas by county .............................................................. 5 Figure 5. U.S. nuclear power plants ................................................................................................ 6 Figure 6. U.S. hydro power plants .................................................................................................. 7 Figure 7. Hydrogen potential from nuclear power.......................................................................... 8 Figure 8. Hydrogen potential from hydro power ............................................................................ 8 Figure 9. Hydrogen potential from coal, natural gas, nuclear and hydro power as a percentage of total hydrogen potential ................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 10. Hydrogen potential from coal, production facilities, and railroads ............................
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