Pudong New District Pǔdōng Xīnqū 浦东新区 3.05 Million Est

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Pudong New District Pǔdōng Xīnqū 浦东新区 3.05 million est. 2007 pop.

Even by the standards of rapidly developing China, Pudong New District, a designed economic zone to the east of Shanghai, is far beyond average. The district has shat- tered development goals, as well as expectations in education, social welfare, and the environment.

hina’s port city of Shanghai is known as the “pearl of the East.” More than a pearl, Shanghai has been a magnet, attracting global attention for some time. As one of the cities in China with the most significant level of development, Shanghai is becoming an international city, and Pudong New District reflects this change. As an area for experimental policies to promote harmonious development, Pudong sets an example for other areas in China in terms of government support, infra- structure construction, and function.

Location Pudong Jinmao Dasha, Shanghai. The Jinmao Pudong New District is located east of Shanghai and the Tower, built in 1998, boasts 88 floors (eight be- Yangzi (Chang) River delta. It lies between Nanhui and ing an auspicious Chinese number— hence the Minhang Districts in the south and Luwan, Huangpu, starting time of the Beijing Olympics opening Hongkou, Yangpu, and Baoshan Districts in the west. The ceremony at eight minutes and eight seconds district covers 570 square kilometers and contains twelve past eight p.m. on 8 August 2008). Photo by subdistricts and eleven towns. Joan Lebold Cohen. The area has a long history. Pudong New District was 1811 C © 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 1812 Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 宝库山中华全书

The Pudong “new district” of Shanghai. The city itself is called known as the “pearl of the East.” Photo by Tom Christensen. called “Zhousha” in 535 ce and didn’t belong to Shanghai comprehensive reform. The district was to be a “tripod” until 1292 in the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368). From that time area: an area for applying new opening and reforming strat- to 1984 the administrative region of Pudong (Zhousha) was egies, an area for innovation, and an area for a modern ser- changed many times. In 1990 the central government and vice industry, promising a new era in its development. the State Council of China decided to develop this area, After seventeen years of planning, the construction and the area was given the name “Pudong.” In 1993 the Pu- of Pudong New District went well. The district has been dong New District Management Committee was formed, commonly referred to as the “window of China’s opening and the name “Zhousha” officially became history. and reform policies” and an “epitome of the moderniza- tion process in Shanghai.” In terms of economic development Pudong New Dis- National Strategy trict has been solid and sustainable. The gross domestic product (GDP) of the district increased from 6 billion On 18 April 1990 the central government and the State yuan in 1990 (the beginning of the development policy) Council of China decided to develop Pudong New District to 210 billion yuan in 2005, with an average growth of 15 in Shanghai, with follow-up implementation from Shang- percent per year. Advanced manufacturing and modern hai’s municipal government and the Chinese Communist service industries have been leading, with total produc- Party Central Committee. In 2005 the State Council ap- tion volume of the former exceeding 420 billion yuan in proved Pudong New District as an experimental site for 2005. This accounts for 25 percent of the city’s total, of

which tertiary industry (banking, finance, insurance and The Waigaoqiao Bonded Zone promotes international tourism) accounted for 49 percent. In the same year the trade and logistics for bonded goods, which strengthen consumption of Pudong New District exceeded 40 billion the function of transportation and the communication yuan, and foreign trade volume reached $90 billion, with of seaports and airports. The economic volume, sales in- an export volume of $37.2 billion. come, and tax revenue of the Waigaoqiao Bonded Zone In addition, by 2006, more than thirteen thousand for- accounts for one-half of those from fifteen bonded zones eign enterprises from more than one hundred countries in China, and the container throughput accounts for two- had invested in Pudong New District, with a contract value thirds of Shanghai’s total (12 million standardized con- of more than $30 billion. More than ninety- three hundred tainers per year), making it one of the most important domestic enterprises have invested in Pudong New Dis- ports and logistics centers in the Yangzi River delta or trict, with a contract value of more than 60 billion yuan. even all of China. Pudong New District accounts for one-fourth of the GDP, The Jinqiao Export Processing Zone excels in ad- one-half of the foreign trade volume, and one-third of the vanced manufacturing and research and development foreign direct investment in Shanghai and clearly has been (161 research institutes from China and abroad are located a powerful engine for economic development in the city. there), with more than $11 billion in investment and at least ninety major projects (each has on average more than a $10 million investment). In 2005 the industrial Multifunction Center production value reached 129 billion yuan, and sales income in the zone reached 150 billion yuan. Furthermore, After more than a decade’s development Pudong New the progress in microelectronics, biotechnology, and in- District is a multifunction center for Shanghai. Different formation technology in the Jinqiao Export Processing kinds of development zones in the district enhance the Zone has promoted technological innovation and indus- city’s functions. For example, the Lujiazui Finance Zone try upgrades. contains 360 financial institutes from China and abroad, including a branch of People’s Bank of China. Securities, futures, and properties can be efficiently exchanged in the More Than Economic zone, and financial resources are allocated according to Development free market rules. More than 60 percent of foreign bank assets and 80 percent of security turnover are found in the The strategy of developing Pudong New District does Lujiazui Finance Zone, and the property exchange scale not focus only on development. Development can bring is one of the top ones in China. economic benefit, but sustainable growth will also bring

The view of the Bund from Pudong side, 1930s. The Pudong (in foreground) remained a farming village until 1990s. Now it has become China’s financial and business center.

© 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 1814 Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 宝库山中华全书 social benefits and promote a harmonious nation, which is a long-term goal of the Chinese government. The ecological environment of Pudong New District has also been emphasized. Large gardens, ecological parks, and forests have been built on the edge of the district, and statistics show the result: By 2006, green space in the district increased by 3,000 hectares compared with the area covered in 1990, with 35 percent of Pudong New District being green space.# Water pollution and air pollution have also received attention. The policy of “develop first and protect later” was eliminated, and a policy of “prevent first” is taking the lead. Since the end of 2005 all rivers and streams have been properly monitored, sewage treatment plants have covered the whole water system (8.3 percent of Pudong New District is covered by water), and all industrial sewage has reached required standards. In an area with busy traffic, automobile emissions have been limited so that during 85 percent of days in 2005 the air reached grade II of the air quality system, with 90 percent being the next goal of Pudong New District. As a busy area with a large population, Pudong New District works hard at noise control and rubbish collection. Since 2005 noise in Pudong has been held to 60 decibels during the day and 50 decibels at night. Measures have been taken to promote rubbish categorization and collection as well, and 80 percent of residents’ rubbish has View of the Pudong New District, looking across been categorized and recycled. to the Bund in Shanghai. The Pudong was set Although Pudong New District is a busy area with up to be a “tripod” area—for applying new open- high-speed economic development, it contains a national ing and reforming strategies, for innovation, nature conservation area of 420.2 square kilometers of and as the base of a modern service industry. wetlands that migratory birds visit every year. It is the Photo by Joan Lebold Cohen. best-preserved space in the country.

The government encourages industries, such as contempo- Urbanization and the rary services and other labor-intensive industries, to cre- Working Environment ate adequate employment opportunities, and private and community enterprises are also supported. An effective Urbanization is a sign of city progress and in China a sign market-oriented mechanism is promoted for job hunters of what is called a “harmonious society.” The integration of in which employment information is widely disseminated, suburbs and urban areas is among the top five of Pudong’s and government macroadjustment is applied when needed. development strategies in terms of city planning, manage- In addition, some facilitating policies, such as those that ment, system insurance, education, and medical care. provide small loans and employment training workshops, A positive employment and business environment is are offered to encourage unemployed residents to start their vital for people’s sense of security and enterprise stabil- own businesses, and an unemployment security system has ity in any area, and Pudong New District is no exception. been set up to provide an anxiety-free environment.

Future Directions needed as a backup for high-speed development of science and technology (in 2005 more than fifty thousand em- In spite of its success, Pudong New District has more ployees worked in the Zhangjiang Science and Technol- to achieve, and the next stage of development is being ogy Park; more than fifteen thousand of them had more planned. One goal of the district is building a top science than one college degree). Investment and finance-related and technology zone with solid innovation ability by inter- facilities, as a kind of policy guidance (including govern- national standards. Enterprise-centered innovation will ment financial support and finance mortgage), will be be encouraged to promote and take advantage of the en- put in place to encourage new businesses to start or to thusiasm of entrepreneurs, and research and development coach investment decisions of existing investment com- centers will be built by Chinese and foreigners to improve panies and listed corporations. Public laboratories, hubs, competitiveness and attract enterprises to the district. technology evaluation centers, and other institutes are An innovative mechanism is only the core, and it also required to make Pudong New District versatile and needs a comprehensive service system as its coordinating multifunctional. periphery. Public information platforms will be built for New industries with high added value and great space better communication and understanding between enter- for future development are expected to be the leading prises and government, and a human resource reservoir is industries in Pudong New District. The most advanced

Pudong, Shanghai. The Shanghai International Exposition will come to Pudong in 2010. Under construction are a conference venue and a convention theme park that will host 20 million people and twelve hundred conferences annually. Photo by Joan Lebold Cohen.

© 2009 by Berkshire Publishing Group LLC 1816 Berkshire Encyclopedia of China 宝库山中华全书 assembly line for complementary metal-oxide semicon- Feng, Z. (2005). Xun huan jing ji yu Pudong fa zhan [Re- ductor (CMOS) chip production has been imported to cycle economy and Pudong development]. Beijing: Pudong, which was already a national leader in the field Ren Min Chu Ban She. (as of 2005 there were ten CMOS chip assembly lines with Li, G., & He, X. (1992). Pudong fa zhan yu shanghai jin bu more than 150 related enterprises). Pudong Software Park, [Development in Pudong and progress in Shanghai]. with an annual income of 20 billion yuan, is also promi- Jiangsu, China: Jiangsu Ren Min Chu Ban She. Shanghai Census Office. (1992).Pudong xin qu ren kou yu nent: More than fifty thousand employees work there. wei lai fa zhan [Population in Pudong New District Also booming is biomedication, which in 2005 had an and future development]. Beijing: Zhong Guo Tong output of 15 billion yuan from more than two hundred Ji Chu Ban She. enterprises. Other industries, such as automobiles and Shanghai Pudong New District Working Committee. new materials, have already started and are expected to (2000). Pudong shi nian fa zhan: 1990–2000 [Ten years develop in coming years. of development in Pudong: 1990–2000]. Shanghai: Pudong’s international airport and seaport offer the Shanghai Fareast Publishing. Shanghai: Shanghai necessary transportation to build Pudong as a logistics Yuan Dong Chu Ban She. center. Existing logistics, especially third-party logis- Shanghai Social and Science Association. (1990). Pu- tics resources, can help to build a network of national or dong fa zhan zhi dao [Guideline for development in multinational shippers, shipping agents, purchase cen- Pudong]. Shanghai: Shanghai She Hui Ke Xue Chu ters, and delivery centers, which can bring further com- Ban She. mercial prosperity to the district. An efficient municipal Wang, H. (1992). Pudong: Li shi he dang dai fa zhan [Pu- dong: History and recent development]. Shanghai: traffic network will be improved based on existing river Shanghai She Hui Ke Xue Chu Ban She. routes, roads, railways and subways. Wang, X. (2007). Liao jie Pudong: shi wu nian de fa zhan Conferences and tourism can be the side products of the li cheng [Understanding Pudong: After 15 years’ de- Shanghai International Exposition in 2010. Under construc- velopment]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ren Min Chu Ban tion are a conference venue and a convention theme park She. that can host 20 million people during a year and twelve Yao, X. (1995). Pudong jue qi yu chang san jiao fa zhan [R ise hundred conferences annually. This development will make of Pudong and development in the Yangtze River Pudong a conference and commercial tourism center. delta]. Shanghai: Shanghai Ke Ji Chu Ban She. With natural advantages, public expectations, and sup- Yubing Zhai. (1997). Pudong New Area development proj- port from the government and other sources, Pudong New ect in Shanghai, China (Working paper). America: District has become a shiny pearl in the east of China. Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. ZHOU Guanqi Zhang Xuebin. (2007). Shanghai Pudong (Shanghai Se- ries). Australia: Cengage Learning; 01 edition. Zhang, Z. (1995). Xin shi ji de Pudong fa zhan yu zhong guo Further Reading jing ji [Development in Pudong and Chinese economy Chen, S., & Gu, B. (2000). Pudong fa zhan de guan jian in the new century]. Shanghai: Shanghai She Hui Ke wen ti [Key issues in Pudong development]. Shanghai: Xue Chu Ban She. Shanghai Pudong Li Shi Yan Jiu shi. Zhao, Q. (2007). Pudong luo ji: Pudong fa zhan yu jing ji Fan, W. (2004). Quan qiu hua yu Pudong fa zhan [Global- quan qiu hua [Pudong logics: Pudong development ization and the development in Pudong]. Beijing: She and economic globalization]. Shanghai: Shanghai San Hui Ke Xue Chu Ban She. Lian Chu Ban She.

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