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GAW Report No. 205 GAW Report No. 205 WMO/IGAC Impacts of Megacities on Air Pollution and Climate For more information, please contact: World Meteorological Organization Research Department Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.html © World Meteorological Organization, 2012 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chair, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-0-9882867-0-2 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. This document (or report) is not an official publication of WMO and has not been subjected to its standard editorial procedures. The views expressed herein do not necessarily have the endorsement of the Organization. WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH WMO/IGAC IMPACTS OF MEGACITIES ON AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE Lead authors Tong Zhu, Megan Melamed, David Parrish, Michael Gauss, Laura Gallardo Klenner, Mark Lawrence, Abdourahamane Konare and Cathy Liousse September 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................iii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Urbanization..............................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Atmospheric Chemistry of Air Pollution.....................................................................................................4 1.3 Health Impacts of Air Pollution..................................................................................................................11 1.4 Air Quality Regulation ...............................................................................................................................12 1.5 Scientific Tools for Studying Air Pollution in Megacities ...........................................................................14 1.6 Summary...................................................................................................................................................23 CHAPTER 2 – AFRICA .........................................................................................................................................28 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................28 2.2 West Africa................................................................................................................................................30 2.3 South Africa ..............................................................................................................................................41 2.4 Northern Africa..........................................................................................................................................49 2.5 General Conclusions.................................................................................................................................53 CHAPTER 3- ASIA................................................................................................................................................59 3.1 Asian Megacities: General Characteristics ...............................................................................................59 3.2 Bangkok, Thailand ....................................................................................................................................63 3.3 Beijing, China............................................................................................................................................68 3.4 Delhi, India................................................................................................................................................73 3.5 Dhaka, Bangladesh...................................................................................................................................86 3.6 Hong Kong, China.....................................................................................................................................88 3.7 Jakarta, Indonesia.....................................................................................................................................95 3.8 Manila, Philippines....................................................................................................................................98 3.9 Osaka, Japan............................................................................................................................................104 3.10 Pearl River Delta.......................................................................................................................................107 3.11 Seoul, Korea .............................................................................................................................................113 3.12 Shanghai, China .......................................................................................................................................119 3.13 Tokyo, Japan ............................................................................................................................................123 3.14 Tehran, Iran ..............................................................................................................................................127 CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA .........................................................................................................................141 4.1 Overview...................................................................................................................................................141 4.2 Bogotá.......................................................................................................................................................149 4.3 Buenos Aires, Argentina ...........................................................................................................................152 4.4 Lima, Peru.................................................................................................................................................153 4.5 Medellín, Colombia ...................................................................................................................................154 4.6 Santiago, Chile..........................................................................................................................................155 4.7 São Paulo, Brazil ......................................................................................................................................160 4.8 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil................................................................................................................................162 4.9 Summary and Outlook ..............................................................................................................................163 CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICA.........................................................................................................................172 5.1 Los Angeles ..............................................................................................................................................173 5.2 The US Northeast Urban Corridor and Houston, Texas ...........................................................................178 5.3 Mexico City ...............................................................................................................................................181 5.4 Pollution Transport in North America ........................................................................................................185 5.5 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................................187 CHAPTER 6 – EUROPE........................................................................................................................................193
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