DOCSLIB.ORG

GAW Report No. 205

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GAW Report No. 205 GAW Report No. 205 WMO/IGAC Impacts of Megacities on Air Pollution and Climate For more information, please contact: World Meteorological Organization Research Department Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch 7 bis, avenue de la Paix – P.O. Box 2300 – CH 1211 Geneva 2 – Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 81 11 – Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 81 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/gaw_home_en.html © World Meteorological Organization, 2012 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chair, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-0-9882867-0-2 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. This document (or report) is not an official publication of WMO and has not been subjected to its standard editorial procedures. The views expressed herein do not necessarily have the endorsement of the Organization. WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE WATCH WMO/IGAC IMPACTS OF MEGACITIES ON AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE Lead authors Tong Zhu, Megan L. Melamed, David Parrish, Michael Gauss, Laura Gallardo Klenner, Mark Lawrence, Abdourahamane Konare and Cathy Liousse September 2012 (Updated January 2013) TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ..................................................................................................................................................................i Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................iii CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Urbanization..............................................................................................................................................1 1.2 Atmospheric Chemistry of Air Pollution.....................................................................................................4 1.3 Health Impacts of Air Pollution..................................................................................................................11 1.4 Air Quality Regulation ...............................................................................................................................12 1.5 Scientific Tools for Studying Air Pollution in Megacities ...........................................................................14 1.6 Summary...................................................................................................................................................23 CHAPTER 2 – AFRICA .........................................................................................................................................28 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................28 2.2 West Africa................................................................................................................................................30 2.3 South Africa ..............................................................................................................................................41 2.4 Northern Africa..........................................................................................................................................49 2.5 General Conclusions.................................................................................................................................53 CHAPTER 3- ASIA................................................................................................................................................59 3.1 Asian Megacities: General Characteristics ...............................................................................................59 3.2 Bangkok, Thailand ....................................................................................................................................63 3.3 Beijing, China............................................................................................................................................68 3.4 Delhi, India................................................................................................................................................73 3.5 Dhaka, Bangladesh...................................................................................................................................86 3.6 Hong Kong, China.....................................................................................................................................88 3.7 Jakarta, Indonesia.....................................................................................................................................95 3.8 Manila, Philippines....................................................................................................................................98 3.9 Osaka, Japan............................................................................................................................................104 3.10 Pearl River Delta.......................................................................................................................................107 3.11 Seoul, Korea .............................................................................................................................................113 3.12 Shanghai, China .......................................................................................................................................119 3.13 Tokyo, Japan ............................................................................................................................................123 3.14 Tehran, Iran ..............................................................................................................................................127 CHAPTER 4 - SOUTH AMERICA .........................................................................................................................141 4.1 Overview...................................................................................................................................................141 4.2 Bogotá.......................................................................................................................................................149 4.3 Buenos Aires, Argentina ...........................................................................................................................152 4.4 Lima, Peru.................................................................................................................................................153 4.5 Medellín, Colombia ...................................................................................................................................154 4.6 Santiago, Chile..........................................................................................................................................155 4.7 São Paulo, Brazil ......................................................................................................................................160 4.8 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil................................................................................................................................162 4.9 Summary and Outlook ..............................................................................................................................163 CHAPTER 5 - NORTH AMERICA.........................................................................................................................172 5.1 Los Angeles ..............................................................................................................................................173 5.2 The US Northeast Urban Corridor and Houston, Texas ...........................................................................178 5.3 Mexico City ...............................................................................................................................................181 5.4 Pollution Transport in North America........................................................................................................185 5.5 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................................187 CHAPTER 6 – EUROPE........................................................................................................................................193
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Korea Market Study
    Environment & Water Technologies Korea Market Study JUNE 2020 © Copyright EU Gateway | Business Avenues The information and views set out in this study are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Neither the European Union institutions and bodies nor any person acting on their behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of EU Gateway | Business Avenues and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. The purpose of this report is to give European companies selected for participation in the EU Gateway | Business Avenues Programme an introductory understanding of the target markets countries and support them in defining their strategy towards those markets. For more information, visit www.eu-gateway.eu. EU GATEWAY to KOREA Central Management Unit Korea Market Study June 2020 Submitted to the European Commission on 23 June 2020 Environment & Water Technologies – Korea Market Study - Page 3 of 75 Table of contents LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 LIST OF ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Visibility Prediction Over South Korea Based on Random Forest
    atmosphere Article Visibility Prediction over South Korea Based on Random Forest Bu-Yo Kim * , Joo Wan Cha, Ki-Ho Chang and Chulkyu Lee Convergence Meteorological Research Department, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Seogwipo, Jeju 63569, Korea; [email protected] (J.W.C.); [email protected] (K.-H.C.); [email protected] (C.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-64-780-6695 Abstract: In this study, the visibility of South Korea was predicted (VISRF) using a random forest (RF) model based on ground observation data from the Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) and air pollutant data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) model. Visibility was predicted and evaluated using a training set for the period 2017–2018 and a test set for 2019. VISRF results were compared and analyzed using visibility data from the ASOS (VISASOS) and the Unified Model (UM) Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System (LDAPS) (VISLDAPS) operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Bias, root mean square error (RMSE), and correlation coefficients (R) for the VISASOS and VISLDAPS datasets were 3.67 km, 6.12 km, and 0.36, respectively, compared to 0.14 km, 2.84 km, and 0.81, respectively, for the VISASOS and VISRF datasets. Based on these comparisons, the applied RF model offers significantly better predictive performance and more accurate visibility data (VISRF) than the currently available VISLDAPS outputs. This modeling approach can be implemented by authorities to accurately estimate visibility and thereby reduce accidents, risks to public health, and economic losses, as well as inform on urban development policies and environmental regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Environment & Climate Regulation 2021
    Environment & Climate Regulation 2021 & Climate Regulation Environment Environment & Climate Regulation 2021 Contributing editors James M Auslander and Brook J Detterman © Law Business Research 2020 Publisher Tom Barnes [email protected] Subscriptions Claire Bagnall Environment & [email protected] Senior business development managers Adam Sargent Climate Regulation [email protected] Dan White [email protected] 2021 Published by Law Business Research Ltd Meridian House, 34-35 Farringdon Street London, EC4A 4HL, UK Contributing editors James M Auslander and Brook J Detterman The information provided in this publication is general and may not apply in a specific Beveridge & Diamond situation. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any legal action based on the information provided. This information is not intended to create, nor does receipt of it constitute, a lawyer– Lexology Getting The Deal Through is delighted to publish the sixth edition of Environment & client relationship. The publishers and Climate Regulation, which is available in print and online at www.lexology.com/gtdt. authors accept no responsibility for any Lexology Getting The Deal Through provides international expert analysis in key areas of acts or omissions contained herein. The law, practice and regulation for corporate counsel, cross-border legal practitioners, and company information provided was verified between directors and officers. August and September 2020. Be advised that this is a developing area. Throughout this edition, and following the unique Lexology Getting The Deal Through format, the same key questions are answered by leading practitioners in each of the jurisdictions featured. © Law Business Research Ltd 2020 Our coverage this year includes new chapters on Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Korean National Emissions Inventory System and 2007 Air Pollutant Emissions
    Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment Vol. 5-4, pp.278-291, December 2011 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2011.5.4.278 Korean National Emissions Inventory System and 2007 Air Pollutant Emissions DaeGyun Lee, Yong-Mi Lee, Kee-Won Jang*, Chul Yoo, Kyoung-Hee Kang, Ju-Hyoung Lee, Sung-Woon Jung, Jung-Min Park, Sang-Bo Lee, Jong-Soo Han, Ji-Hyung Hong and Suk-Jo Lee Division of Air Pollution Engineering, Department of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea *Corresponding author. Tel: +82-32-560-7337, E-mail: [email protected] highly industrialized and urbanized during the past 40 ABSTRACT years, which has resulted in rapid economic growth (for example, the sharp increase in gross domestic pro- Korea has experienced dramatic development and has duct). Due to industrialization and urbanization, how- become highly industrialized and urbanized during ever, air pollutant emission sources have increased the past 40 years, which has resulted in rapid eco- substantially as well, for example, rapid increases have nomic growth. Due to the industrialization and urban- occurred in the number of vehicles and energy con- ization, however, air pollutant emission sources have 2 increased substantially. Rapid increases in emission sumption. Because of the small land area (99,720 km sources have caused Korea to suffer from serious air as of 2007) and very small habitable area (65% of total pollution. An air pollutant emissions inventory is one land area is forested land), the rapid increase in emis- set of essential data to help policymakers understand sion sources has resulted in serious air pollution in the current status of air pollution levels, to establish Korea.
    [Show full text]
  • THREE ESSAYS on ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS by Hyemin Park THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in Partial
    THREE ESSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS By Hyemin Park THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DEVELOPMENT POLICY 2019 THREE ESSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS By Hyemin Park THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DEVELOPMENT POLICY 2019 Professor Wonhyuk Lim THREE ESSAYS ON ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS By Hyemin Parkr THESIS Submitted to KDI School of Public Policy and Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN DEVELOPMENT POLICY Committee in charge: Professor Wonhyuuk Lim, Supervisor Professor Hyungna Oh Professor Siwook Lee Professor Choongki Kim Professor Dong-Young Kim Approval as of April, 2019 Dedicated to My husband and parents TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1. THE CROSS-BORDER SPILLOVER EFFECT OF PARTICULATE MATTER POLLUTION IN KOREA ······················································· 1 1.1. Introduction ···················································································· 4 1.2. An Overview of PM Pollution ····························································· 7 1.2.1. Major Characteristics of PM ························································· 7 1.2.2. Air pollution control measure and their limitations ······························· 8 1.3. Literature review ············································································
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Ambient Air Pollution on Glucose Metabolism in Korean Adults
    Hwang et al. Environmental Health (2020) 19:70 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-020-00623-9 RESEARCH Open Access Impacts of ambient air pollution on glucose metabolism in Korean adults: a Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey study Myung-Jae Hwang1, Jong-Hun Kim1, Youn-Seo Koo2, Hui-Young Yun2 and Hae-Kwan Cheong1* Abstract Background: Exposure to air pollution was reported to affect glucose metabolism, increasing the risk of diabetes mellitus. We conducted an epidemiological study on glucose metabolism and air pollution by exploring the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) with changes in ambient air quality, depending on the characteristics of the susceptible population. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative sample of 10,014 adults (4267 in male and 5747 in female) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2012 and 2013 along with data from the Korean Air Quality Forecasting System. The analysis was performed using a generalized linear model stratified by sex, age, and presence of diabetes. We assessed the changes in FBG and HbA1c associated with exposures to particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) after controlling for confounders. Results: There were 1110 participants with diabetes (557 in male and 553 in female). Overall, the FBG level increased by 7.83 mg/dL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.80–12.87) per interquartile range (IQR) increment of NO2, 5.32 mg/dL (95% CI: 1.22–9.41) per IQR increment of PM10 at a moving average of 0–6 days, and 4.69 mg/dL (95% CI: 0.48–8.91) per IQR increment of PM2.5 at a moving average of 0–5 days.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Asian Dust Storms on Daily Mortality in Seven Metropolitan Cities of Korea
    Atmospheric Environment 79 (2013) 510e517 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Atmospheric Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/atmosenv Effect of Asian dust storms on daily mortality in seven metropolitan cities of Korea Hyewon Lee a, Ho Kim a,*, Yasushi Honda b, Youn-Hee Lim c, Seungmuk Yi a a Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea b Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan c Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea highlights graphical abstract We explore the effect of Asian dust Asian Dust and storms (ADS) on daily mortality in Storms(ADS) • First study showing significant effects of ADS in Korea Korea. • Multi-city study Meta-analysis is applied for 7 cities to estimate the pooled effects of ADS. • Time-series analysis, controlling for NO We firstly show positive and signifi- • Meta-analysis cant associations between ADS and mortality in Korea. • Significant excessive mortality for Daily mortality of seven metropolitan cardiovascular(2.91%) , male(2.74%) , cities in South Korea <65 years(2.52%) , total non- accidental(1.57%) deaths 1: lag 0 day, 2: lag 3 day article info abstract Article history: The adverse effects of dust storms on health have been a major issue in several countries. A substantial Received 12 February 2013 number of studies have found significant associations between dust storms and morbidity such as Received in revised form emergency visits and hospitalizations. However, the results of the studies on the association between 23 June 2013 dust storms and mortality are inconsistent. In Korea, no study has found statistically significant effect of Accepted 24 June 2013 Asian dust storms on daily mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • Current State of Research on the Risk of Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Air Pollution in Korea
    Review Article Yonsei Med J 2019 Mar;60(3):243-256 https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2019.60.3.243 pISSN: 0513-5796 · eISSN: 1976-2437 Current State of Research on the Risk of Morbidity and Mortality Associated with Air Pollution in Korea Sanghyuk Bae1 and Ho-jang Kwon2 1Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; 2Department of Preventive Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea. Purpose: The effects of air pollution on health can vary regionally. Our goal was to comprehensively review previous epidemio- logical studies on air pollution and health conducted in Korea to identify future areas of potential study. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched all published epidemiologic studies examining the association between air pollution and occurrence of death, diseases, or symptoms in Korea. After classifying health outcomes into mortality, morbidity, and health impact, we summarized the relationship between individual air pollutants and health outcomes. Results: We analyzed a total of 27 studies that provided 104 estimates of the quantitative association between risk of mortality and exposure to air pollutants, including particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm, particulate matter with aero- dynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide in Korea between January 1999 and July 2018. Regarding the association with morbidity, there were 38 studies, with 98 estimates, conducted during the same peri- od. Most studies examined the short-term effects of air pollution using a time series or case-crossover study design; only three co- hort studies that examined long-term effects were found.
    [Show full text]
  • The Health Costs of Inaction with Respect to Air Pollution
    OECD Environment Working Papers No. 2 The Health Costs of Inaction Pascale Scapecchi with Respect to Air Pollution https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/241481086362 Unclassified ENV/WKP(2008)1 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 06-Jun-2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE Unclassified ENV/WKP(2008)1 ENVIRONMENT WORKING PAPERS No. 2 THE HEALTH COSTS OF INACTION WITH RESPECT TO AIR POLLUTION By Pascale Scapecchi JEL classification: D61, D62, H43, I18, Q51, Q53. All OECD Environment Working Papers are available at www.oecd.org/env/workingpapers. English - Or. English JT03247295 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format ENV/WKP(2008)1 OECD ENVIRONMENT WORKING PAPERS This series is designed to make available to a wider readership selected studies on environmental issues prepared for use within the OECD. Authorship is usually collective, but principal authors are named. The papers are generally available only in their original language English or French with a summary in the other if available. The opinions expressed in these papers are the sole responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the OECD or the governments of its member countries. Comment on the series is welcome, and should be sent to either [email protected] or the Environment Directorate, 2, rue André Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- OECD Environment Working Papers are published on www.oecd.org/env/workingpapers --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to: OECD Publishing, [email protected] or by fax 33 1 45 24 99 30.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Environmental Factors Caused by Exposure to Air Pollution in Yeosu Industrial Complex
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 2 August 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202008.0053.v1 Article Analysis of environmental factors caused by exposure to air pollution in Yeosu industrial complex: Analyzing Google Trend Trends in Cancer Generation through Big Data Kil Yong Choi1, BuSoon Son2, WonHo Yang3* 1 Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Anyang University, Anyang-si 14028, Republic of Korea; [email protected] (K.Y.C); 2 Department of Environmental Health Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Republic of Korea; [email protected] (B.S.S.) 3 Department of Occupational Health, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan-si 38430, Republic of Korea; [email protected] (W.H.Y.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-53-850-3739, Fax : +82-53-850-3736 Abstract: Depending on the characteristics of the industrial area, toxicity evaluation of human body, risk assessment and health impact assessment may directly cause cancer due to air pollution. Environmental data collection is from August 2018 to January 31, 2019, and the average, minimum, and maximum values of air pollution data respectively. According to the global data on global trends using the Big Data, high blood pressure is confirmed at 33rd place in the world, and myocardial infarction among the environmental diseases is confirmed to be lower than Korea. Disease that occurred in Jeolla province industrial complex considering the characteristics of our country was identified as representative. Air pollutants are considered to be the causes of allergic diseases in Korea. PM10 was found to be higher than the control area (28.8804348 (㎍ / ㎥), 31.7065217 (㎍ / ㎥) and 32.8532609 (㎍ / ㎥).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the KORUS‐AQ Rapid Science Synthesis Report
    Introduction to the KORUS‐AQ Rapid Science Synthesis Report Under the leadership of Korea’s National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER) and the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Korea‐United States Air Quality Study (KORUS‐ AQ) assembled a large team of measurement and modeling experts to conduct a field study in Korea. The overarching goal of this study was to improve our understanding of the factors contributing to poor air quality in Korea. The KORUS‐AQ study collected detailed measurements from aircraft, ground sites, and ships during May and early June of 2016. Observations were guided by model forecasts of meteorology and air quality, but they also serve to evaluate the performance of these models as part of the ongoing analysis of KORUS‐AQ data. The detailed report that follows provides a set of high level findings that are intended to be useful for policy makers to consider in the development of air quality mitigation strategies and the identification of specific emission sources that should be targeted for reduction. The KORUS‐AQ study provided unprecedented comprehensive measurements of pollutants (both trace gases and aerosol particle properties) with extensive spatial and vertical coverage. It is important to recognize that the brief KORUS‐AQ measurement period is insufficient to address all of the air quality issues confronting Korea, thus we provide this introduction to summarize both the value and limitations of the KORUS‐AQ observations. 1 Air quality in Korea consists of both visible and invisible components of pollution which need to be addressed. Air quality in Korea is monitored for six pollutants: PM10, PM2.5, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Regional Cooperation on Air Pollution in Northeast Asia Transferring Lessons from Europe and North America, Progress and Future Development
    Developing Regional Cooperation on Air Pollution in Northeast Asia Transferring lessons from Europe and North America, progress and future development SEI report May 2021 Gayoung Choi1 Johan Kuylenstierna2 Sue Kyoung Lee1 Eve Palmer2 Kevin Hicks2 Eunmi Lee1 Dukwoo Jun1 Jaee Nikam2 Diane Archer2 Christer Ågren3 * Martin Williams4 * 1 Green Technology Center 2 Stockholm Environment Institute 3 Air Pollution & Climate Secretariat 3 Imperial College London * Christer Ågren and Martin Williams contributed to Section 2 Stockholm Environment Institute Linnégatan 87D 115 23 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +46 8 30 80 44 www.sei.org Author contact: Johan Kuylenstierna [email protected] Editor: Frances Dixon Layout: Richard Clay Cover photo: Air pollution in Seoul City, Republic of Korea © Patrick Foto / Getty This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes, without special permission from the copyright holder(s) provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose, without the written permission of the copyright holder(s). Copyright © May 2021 by Stockholm Environment Institute Stockholm Environment Institute is an international non-profit research and policy organization that tackles environment and development challenges. We connect science and decision-making to develop solutions for a sustainable future for all. Our approach is highly collaborative: stakeholder involvement is at the heart of our efforts to build capacity, strengthen institutions, and equip partners for the long term. Our work spans climate, water, air, and land-use issues, and integrates evidence and perspectives on governance, the economy, gender and human health.
    [Show full text]