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Korean National Emissions Inventory System and 2007 Air Pollutant Emissions Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment Vol. 5-4, pp.278-291, December 2011 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2011.5.4.278 Korean National Emissions Inventory System and 2007 Air Pollutant Emissions DaeGyun Lee, Yong-Mi Lee, Kee-Won Jang*, Chul Yoo, Kyoung-Hee Kang, Ju-Hyoung Lee, Sung-Woon Jung, Jung-Min Park, Sang-Bo Lee, Jong-Soo Han, Ji-Hyung Hong and Suk-Jo Lee Division of Air Pollution Engineering, Department of Climate and Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Korea *Corresponding author. Tel: +82-32-560-7337, E-mail: [email protected] highly industrialized and urbanized during the past 40 ABSTRACT years, which has resulted in rapid economic growth (for example, the sharp increase in gross domestic pro- Korea has experienced dramatic development and has duct). Due to industrialization and urbanization, how- become highly industrialized and urbanized during ever, air pollutant emission sources have increased the past 40 years, which has resulted in rapid eco- substantially as well, for example, rapid increases have nomic growth. Due to the industrialization and urban- occurred in the number of vehicles and energy con- ization, however, air pollutant emission sources have 2 increased substantially. Rapid increases in emission sumption. Because of the small land area (99,720 km sources have caused Korea to suffer from serious air as of 2007) and very small habitable area (65% of total pollution. An air pollutant emissions inventory is one land area is forested land), the rapid increase in emis- set of essential data to help policymakers understand sion sources has resulted in serious air pollution in the current status of air pollution levels, to establish Korea. During the last 20 years in Seoul City (the cap- air pollution control policies and to analyze the im- ital of Korea), the ambient concentration of nitrogen pacts of implementation of policies, as well as for air dioxides increased from 27 ppb in 1989 to 38 ppb in quality studies. To accurately and realistically esti- 2008, and that of ozone soared from 8 ppb in 1989 to mate administrative district level air pollutant emis- 19 ppb in 2008 (NIER, 2009). sions of Korea, we developed a Korean Emissions An air pollutant emissions inventory is one set of Inventory System named the Clean Air Policy Sup- essential data used by policymakers to understand the port System (CAPSS). In CAPSS, emissions sources current status of air pollution levels, to establish air are classified into four levels. Emission factors for pollution protection policies and to analyze the impacts each classification category are collected from various of the implementation of policies. It is also fundamen- domestic and international research reports, and the tal data for air quality studies; for example, air quality CAPSS utilizes various national, regional and local modelers need national emissions data because atmos- level statistical data, compiled by approximately 150 pheric photochemical dispersion models require accu- Korean organizations. In this paper, we introduced rate and realistic emissions inputs to determine air pol- for the first time, a Korean national emissions inven- lutant concentrations through chemical reactions. tory system and release Korea’s official 2007 air pol- In order to accurately and realistically estimate the lutant emissions for five regulated air pollutants. administrative district level air pollutant emissions of Key words: Emission inventory, Emission estimation Korea, we developed a Korean Emissions Inventory method, CAPSS, Air pollutant, SCC System named the Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS). In CAPSS, emissions sources are classified into four levels (12 upper levels - 54 intermediate levels - 312 lower levels - 527 detail levels). Although emis- 1. INTRODUCTION sion factors for each classification category are collect- ed from various domestic and international research South Korea (hereafter Korea) is a country in East reports, in principle, domestic emission factors are uti- Asia, located on the southern part of the Korean Peni- lized preferentially to reflect Korean conditions. For nsula. It is neighbored by North Korea to the north, activity data, the CAPSS utilizes various national, re- Japan to the east and China to the west. Korea has gional and local level statistical data, compiled by experienced dramatic development and has become approximately 150 Korean organizations, such as the Korean NEI System and 2007 Air Emission 279 National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), into four levels, based on the European Environment Ministry of Environment (ME), Ministry of Land, Tran- Agency’s (EEA) CORe Inventory of AIR emissions sport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM), Statistics Korea, (EMEP/CORINAIR), in consideration of the Korean Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), Korea Standard Industrial Classification System (EEA, 2006): Energy Economics Institute (KEEI), Korea National (1) the upper level (SCC1): 12 source categories, (2) Oil Corporation (KNOC), Korea Coal Association the intermediate level (SCC2): 54 source categories, (KCA), Korea City Gas Association (KCGA), Korea (3) the lower level (SCC3): 312 source categories and Automobile Manufacturers Association (KAMA), (4) the detail level (SCC4): 527 source categories. Korea Environment Corporation (EMC), Korea Tran- Some categories in the SCC3 are not divided further sportation Safety Authority (TSA) and a large number into SCC4. Although we know that more SCC levels of private companies. result in higher resolution results, we could not segre- In this paper, we introduce for the first time a Korean gate SCC into more than four levels due to the limita- national emissions inventory system and release Korea’s tion of statistical data at a higher level. Detailed infor- official 2007 air pollutant emissions for five regulated mation about the four level SCC categories used in air pollutants, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides CAPSS is presented in Table 1. (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), fine particulate matter (PM10) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). 2. 2 Emissions Estimation Method for Point and Area Sources In general, there are two emissions estimation meth- 2. METHODOLOGY ods for point sources, the direct method and the indirect method. The direct method uses real-time air pollutant 2. 1 Inventory Domain and Source emissions released through stacks in industrial sites, Classification Categories whereas the indirect method (also called the emission The domain of CAPSS covers a total of 248 admin- factor method) utilizes emissions factors and activity istrative districts in South Korea, as shown in Fig. 1. data to calculate emissions. We used both the direct The Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), which includes and indirect methods for point sources depending on Seoul City, Gyeonggi Province and Incheon City, is a the available real-time emissions data. For the estima- highly urbanized area which houses almost half of the tion of emissions from area sources, we used the indi- Korean population. City-province (7 cities and 9 pro- rect method utilizing various ample data from organi- vinces) level emissions are calculated by summing dis- zations in Korea. trict emissions in each city or province. When summed, 2. 2. 1 Point Sources by the Direct Method all of the city-province level emissions represent the According to the Air Pollution Prevention Law national level emissions. (Korean Clean Air Act) in Korea, large facilities (for We divided the Source Classification Category (SCC) example, power plants and cement kilns) should install a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) in stacks to continuously monitor air pollutant emissions and report real-time data to the governmental CEMS Gangwon management center. We collected officially approved Seoul Incheon Gyeonggi CEMS database (DB) information and utilized this to more accurately and reliably estimate emissions for Chungbuk Incheon Chungnam large point sources. Annual emissions from the CEMS Seoul Gyeongbuk Daejeon DB were estimated as follows, Gyeonggi Daegu Jeonbuk Ulsan Conc×MW×FR×OT×OD Gyeongnam E=mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm Eq. (1) Gwangju Busan 22.4×106 Seoul Metropolitan Area Jeonnam where E is annual emissions (kg), Conc is concentra- tion (ppm), MW is molecular weight, FR is flow rate (m3), OT is operation time (hour), OD is operation day 6 Jeju (day) and 10 is used for unit conversion. Fig. 1. Korean national emissions inventory domain: 7 cities 2. 2. 2 Point and Area Sources by the Emission and 9 provinces (right) and Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) Factor Method with administrative districts (left). Emissions from point sources with no CEMS or areas 280 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 5(4), 278-291, 2011 sources were basically estimated by the multiplication Stack Emission Management System (SEMS). Indivi- of emission factors and relevant activity data in consid- dual companies input their source information throu- eration of the removal efficiencies of control devices. gh SEMS such as fuel consumption, amount of pro- Air pollutant emission factors for each SCC4 category ducts and information about stacks and control devices. were compiled from a wide range of published sources, After quality assurance and quality control, SEMS for example, Korean research reports published by the information was put into a database and utilized in NIER, ME and numerous universities, as well as the CAPSS for point source emissions estimation. Activity EEA’s EMEP/CORINAIR
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