FREE EBOOK History Notes For UP Exams

UPSSSC PET, UP SI/ ASI, UPSC RO/ ARO Free e-book

History Notes Free E-book History has its own prominence when it comes to every competitive examination. Different questions are asked from this topic and is considered as one of the important topics for different government exams like: UPSSSC PET, UP Police SI/ ASI, UPSC RO/ ARO. To help you with the History we have brought you a free e-book on History Notes with sample questions. This e-book will help you cover the important history topics for the upcoming government exams. Let us have a look at what all is included in this free e-book:

1. World Ancient History (Page No. 2 to 8) 2. World Ancient Civilizations (Page No. 9 to 16) 3. Modern Indian History & Freedom Struggle (Page No. 17 to 22) 4. Important Historical Monuments of (Page No. 23 to 27) 5. Books & Authors of Ancient India (Page No. 28 to 33) 6. Famous Wars & Battles Fought In The World (Page No. 34 to 35) www.oliveboard.in

SSC Topics Series ANCIENT HISTORY History is classified into three parts:- Pre- history :- No written pieces of evidence. Proto-history :- Written one; but not yet deciphered. history :- Written and deciphered

What do you mean by Indian Ancient History ? India's history and culture is dynamic, spanning back to the beginning of human civilization. It begins with a mysterious culture along the Indus River and in farming communities in the southern lands of India. Available evidence suggests that the use of iron, copper and other metals was widely prevalent in the Indian sub-continent at a fairly early period, which is indicative of the progress that this part of the world had made. By the end of the fourth millennium BC, India emerged as a region of highly developed civilization. We will discuss Prehistoric period from the exam point of view.

PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD • Mainly the pre-historic period divided into four:- ➢ Palaeolithic period / Old stone age (500000 BCE – 10000BCE) ➢ Mesolithic period / Late stone age (9000 BCE- 4000 BCE) ➢ Neolithic period / New stone age (5000BCE – 1000 BCE) ➢ Chalcolithic period /Metal age /Bronze age(1800 BCE- 1000BCE) ➢ Iron Age (started from 1000BCE -)

• Palaeolithic period / Old stone age (500000 BCE – 10000BCE) -The term palaeolithic was coined by John Lubbock. -Father of pre-historic archaeology – Robert Bruce (Discovered palaeolithic tools from Attirampakkam (Tamil Nadu). Lower palaeolithic Middle palaeolithic Upper palaeolithic (500000-50000 (50000-40000 BCE) (40000-10000 BCE) BCE) • Formation of • Transformation of • Developed as Hominidae or great primitive - Homo Homosapiens or apes. erectus or upright Human. • Tools are used in this man • Tools are blades , period are choppers, • Main tools are chisels hand axe, clavers. blades, points, borers • Evidence in use of fire.

Features of palaeolithic age:- - People lived in Rock shelters and caves.

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- Obtained food by hunting, gathering edible plants and tubers. - Palaeolithic man is also called quartzite man (stones made of from hard rock called Quartzite). - Palaeolithic sites are all around India except the region of Indus and Ganga basins. Major Palaeolithic sites are:- - , -Belan valley, UP (remains of animals like cattle, sheep) – Bhimbedka, Madhya Pradesh (rock paintings), Chotanagpur plateau (tools are mainly found). • Mesolithic period / Late stone age (9000 BCE- 4000 BCE) -Transition stage from Paleolithic to the neolithic age. - Microliths were an important tool introduced in this period. -Tools have appeared in a more specialized way. -The domestication of animals (Dog is the first animal domesticated) and primitive agriculture started.

• Major Mesolithic sites are:- Bagor, Rajasthan -Langhnaj, , -- Sarai Nahar Rai, Chopani Mando, Mahdaha Damdama in Uttar Pradesh, -- Bhimbetka and Adamgarh in Madhya Pradesh (paintings and engravings in rocks), Orissa, Kerala, and south of river Krishna, Andhra Pradesh. • Neolithic period / New stone age (5000BCE – 1000 BCE) - Related with the invention of the wheel and pottery. - Major characteristics are:- Started agriculture ( Cultivated crops were Wheat, barley, Rice, Millets, Lentils) and settled life. - Polished tools with fine edge cuttings and developed Mortar and Pestel. Major Neolithic sites are- Mehargarh, Gufkral and Burzahom in Kashmir; Chirand in Bihar, Mahgara, Chopani Mando, and Koldihwa in Uttar Pradesh. • Chalcolithic period/Metal age (1800 BCE- 1000BCE) - Copper was the first metal used by man; This period which copper used with stone is referred to as chalcolithic or stone-copper period. - Metal age is also called the Bronze age. Major Chalcolithic sites are:- Harappan sites like Kalibangan, Rajasthan -- Banawali, Haryana - others are Malwa region include Daimabad, Kayatha etc.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION (2500 BC-1750 BC) (chalcolithic age/Bronze age) - Father of Indian Archaeology:- Alexander Cunningham - First discovered site is Harappa (Therefore, this civilization also got the name- Harappan civilization). - Contemporary civilizations are :- Mesopotamia, Egypt and Chinese civilization. - The total area of Indus valley Civilization – 12,60,000sq.km (India, Pakistan, Afghanistan). - Sir John Marshall – used the term Indus civilization.

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Sites Features 1. Harappa - In Rigveda, Harappa mentioned as a (1921- excavated by Daya Ram battle place called Hariyumpia Sahni) Situated near the Ravi river, Punjab, Pakistan. - Great granary, Naked Redstone Statue, a symbol of Swastik, Single room barrack. 2. Mohenjodaro - Mohenjodaro means (1922- R.D.Banerjee) ‘ Mount of dead’ - Located near the Indus, Sindh province, Pakistan. - Great Bath, Multi-pillared assembly hall, Two Bronze swords, Bronze statue of the dancing girl, Statue of beard man, Stamp/Seal. 3. Chanudaro - Location - Indus river, Pakistan. (1931 –N.G. - An only site without citadel. Majumdar) - Bead making factory, Evidence of Lipstick. 4. Kalibagan - Location – Ghaggar river, Rajasthan. ( 1953 – - Black bangles, ploughed fields, Tiled A.Ghosh) floor, Human head, Bones of camel, Two burials(Oval and rectangular pits) - 7 fire Altars, Mesopotamian seal. 5.Ropar - Located at Punjab (1953-Y.D.Sharma) - Strange burial – Dog buried with humans. - Only site divided into three parts;- Giant water resources, Unique water harnessing system, Dam, embankments 6. Lothal - Location – Bhogava river, Gujarat. (1957 – S.R.Rao) brick dockyard, Terracotta shi - Got p, Terracotta statue of the horse, Stamp seal, Compass like instruments. - Chess-like game and Rice granary, Double burial. 7.Surkotada - Location –Gujarat. (1964 – J.P. Joshi) - Bones of the horse, Pot burials, Oval grave. 8.Dholavira - Location –Gujarat.

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(1967- J.P.Joshi) - Rain Water Harvesting. - A Stadium 9.Banwali - Location – Hissar, Haryana (1973- R.S.Bisht) - Terracotta toy Plough - Grains of barley, mustard, Clay figure of the mother goddess

Other Important Sites:- - Mehargarh, Kashmir ( Mudbrick houses) - Burzahom, Kashmir (The neolithic site had Pit dwelling) - Rakhigarhi, Haryana - Rangpur, Gujarat - Daimabad, Maharashtra - Ganweriewala, Pakistan - Kot Diji, Sind, Pakistan - Suktagendor, Balochistan. - Shatughai, Afghanistan - Mundigaq, Afghanistan.

Capital Cities Port Cities

Lothal Surkagendor Harappa Balakot Mohenjodaro Kuntasi Allahdino

Features Of Indus Valley Civilization - Largest Site of Indus valley civilization:- Mohenjodaro. - Largest Indian site of Indus Valley Civilization:- Rakhigarhi. - Ancient port of Indus Valley Civilization:- Lothal. - This Civilization spread in Triangular shape. - Indus people were the first to cultivate cotton in the world. - Major crops cultivated by Indus people are wheat, barley, Rice (Evidence from Lothal and Rangpur).

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- Animals:- Sheep, goat, buffalo, boar, camel etc. Amari – an instance of Indian Rhinoceros. - Social and economic factors:- ▪ Town planning (grid pattern & well drainage system), Urbanization. ▪ Matriarchal society (Women as the head of the family). ▪ The main occupation was agriculture. ▪ Trade based on the barter system. (trade with Mesopotamia (Iraq) or Sumeria, Bahrain etc ▪ Main goddess –Maitridevi or Shakti ▪ Lord of Animals – Pashupati/Mahadeva and ▪ Important Animal- Unicorn (Humped bull). ▪ Important Bird –Dove and Pigeon. ▪ Tree worshipped – Peppal.

- Iron is not familiar to Indus people. - Meluha, the name given to Indus region in the Sumerian texts. - Pictographic Scripts (600 pictographs) and seals (steatite used for making seals). - Writing script was boustrophedon (from right to left and left to right-Proto Dravidian). - Origin of Swastika Symbol from Indus civilization.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

1. Which one of the following Indus Valley Civilization sites gives evidence of a stadium? (SSC 2017) (a) Harappa (b) Kalibangan (c) Mohenjodaro (d) Dholavira

2. Harappa is located on the bank of the river: (a) Indus (b) Ravi (c) Beas (d) Sutlej

3. To make tools and weapons, the earliest inhabitants of India used : (SSC Multitasking 2014) (a) clay (b) wood (c) stones (d) bronze

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4. In which state is the archaeological site of Surkotada situated? (SSC CPO,2019) (a) Karnataka (b) Haryana (c) Rajasthan (d) Gujarat

5. which of the following archaeological sites has evidence of pit dwellings? (SSC CPO,2019) (a) Mehrgarh (b) Burzahom (c) Rana ghundai (d) Palavoi

6. Which of the following was a port site of Indus Valley Civilization? (SSC CGL,2019) (a) Kalibangan (b) Lothal (c) Rakhigarhi (d) Dholavira

7. First Metal used by man? (a) Copper (b) Bronze (c) Iron (d) Tin

8. The People of Indus valley civilization worshipped? (SSC CGL, 2016) (a) Vishnu (b) Pashupati (c) Indra (d) Brahma

9. Match the following:- (SSC CGL, 2016) A.Mohenjodaro 1. Statue of a priest B.Harappa 2. Port C. Kalibangan 3. Plough marks D.Lothal 4. Great Bath (a) A4, B1, C3, D2 (b) A3, B2, C4, D1 (c) A2, B3, C1, D4 (d) A1, B4, C2, D3

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10. Remains of horse bares have been found from: (a) Mohenjodaro (b) Lothal (c) Surkotada (d) Sutkagendor

1. 1. d. Dholavira 2. b. Ravi 3. c. Stones 4. d. Gujarat 5. b. Burzahom 6. b. Lothal 7. a. Copper 8. b. Pashupathi 9. a. A4, B1, C3, D2 10. c. Surkotada

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WORLD HISTORY - ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS

SUMERIAN / MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION (3000 -1600 BC)

Oldest Civilization in the world and also known as ‘ the melting pot of civilization’. Flourished on the banks of Tigris and Euphrates (Mesopotamia –means the land between these two rivers). Mesopotamian( major portion of modern Iraq) civilization spread across three countries – Iraq, Turkey, Syria. The first dynasty in the world was established at Ur in Sumeria in 3000 BC. Potters Wheel, glassware is first used in this civilization. The script used in this civilization:- Cuneiform Script -It is the first proper system of writing invented around 3400 BC. -This script was deciphered by Henry Rawlinson. - It is a wedge-shaped script. - It is found on Clay tablets. - (It

The Pythagoras theorem in geometry was a system invented by the Mesopotamians. Counting system used by Mesopotamians:- Sexagesimal (counted by sixties). They divided the whole day into 24 hours and invented the lunar calendar.

Related Facts

Hammurabi (the greatest Babylonian ruler) united the whole of Iraq into a single kingdom. His code of law - Tit for tat ( ‘Eye for Eye’ or ‘Tooth for Tooth’ ).

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Egyptian Civilization (3000BC – 1750 BC )

Flourished on the banks of the River Nile (Egypt is known as the gift of Nile).

History of Egypt Kingdoms into 3:- - Old kingdom/ Age of pharaoh - Middle kingdom - New kingdom

Pyramids are the tombs built for Pharaohs – king of Egypt. Preserved dead bodies of the ancient Egyptians were called Mummies. The Great Pyramid at Giza (one of the Seven Wonders of the World) was built by King Cheops (Khufu of the old kingdom). Sphinx (Mythological creature – head of a man and body of a lion) is another important architectural excellence of Egyptian civilization. Egyptian script:- Hieroglyphic

-This script Invented around 3100 BC. - It consisted of 24 signs. - It is found on papyrus sheets made of reeds. - This hieroglyphic script is deciphered by Champollion.

Egyptians were the first to develop a solar calendar consisting of 365 days. Great temple of Abu Simbel is known as the Temple of the rising sun.

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HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION (3300 BC – 1300 BC)

Also known as Indus valley civilization; flourished on the banks of river Indus.

For more details refer:- https://download.oliveboard.in/pdf/Ancient- History-For-SSC-2020.pdf

CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1600 BC -221 BC)

Chinese civilization is also known as the Yellow River or Hwang-ho Civilization and the earliest Chinese civilization is known as Shang civilization. Chinese civilization script:- Pictographic Script.

The Great Wall of China (built by the Chin dynasty) is the architectural excellence of Chinese civilization. Chinese civilization was the first civilization to have a system of selecting public officials based on competitive exams (introduced by the Hans dynasty). Main Chinese inventions:- Paper, Seismograph, Gun powder, Abacus, Umbrella.

Related Facts

Herodotus of China – Ssumen Chien. Religions of China – Confucianism (teachings of Confucius- contemporary of Mahavira & Buddha); Taoism (teachings of Lao-tse)

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Persian/Iranian Civilization (559 BC – 331 BC)

Persian civilization located in the northern part of the Iranian plateau. Cyrus was the most powerful ruler in the Persian Empire ( Achaemenid Empire) in the sixth century; his capital at Pasargadae and Darius expanded the Persian empire. Aramaic was the official language of the Achaemenid Empire and they introduced the use of money (gold and silver coins). Later the Sassanid Empire accepted the Persian language (Pahlavi script). This civilization dealt with Alphabetical writings.

Related Facts

Darius II ( king of Persia) sent Scylax (explorer) for the exploration of the region of Indus to Egypt. Religions:- Zoroastrianism; Founded by Zoroaster (Zend Avesta (teachings of Zoroaster)is the holy book of Parsis).

GREEK CIVILIZATION (Back to 800 BC)

Greek Contributed much to the field of literature. The Iliad & Odyssey (Greek epic) is composed of Homer. Father of History:- Herodotus was a greek. And Other greek historians are Thucydides (wrote a history of the Peloponnesian War), Plutarch. Growth in all spheres was reached during the reign of Pericles, known as the Golden Age of Athens. The greatest contribution of the Greek Civilization:- Democracy. The First Olympic Games were held at Olympia in Greece in 776 BC.

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Greek civilization is known as the Classical Civilization of History. Greek Philosophers – Socrates; his disciple Plato (Author of book - Republic) and Aristotle (disciple of Plato). Father of Medicine:- Hippocrates (He laid the foundation of modern medicine). Greek astronomers:- Hipparchus (calculated the diameter of the moon), Eratosthenes (calculated the circumference of Earth). Greek mathematicians:- Euclid and Pythagoras.

Related Facts

Founder of Greek tragedy:- Aeschylus (His work – Prometheus Bound).

Master of Greek Comedy:- Aristophanes.

Greek worshipped:- Apollo (Sun god), Zeus (God of Sky), Poseidon( God of Sea), Athena (Goddess of victory & art), Dionysus (God of wine).

Greeks considered Mount Olympus as Sacred Mountain.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION (Back to 27 BC)

This civilization flourished on the banks of river Tiber (Italy). Founder of Rome City:- Romulus. The major contribution of Roman Civilization:- Concept of Republic. Punic wars (264 BC- 146 BC) between Romans and Carthaginians (Africans). Inventions:- Concrete and Combining brick & stone. Architectural contributions:- The Arch, The Dome, or Cupolas. Roman Philosophers:- Lucretius (His work – On the nature of things), Cicero, Marcus Aurelius & Seneca. Roman Poets:- Horace (His work - Odes) & Virgil (His work - Aeneids).

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Romans worshipped:- Jupiter (rains for crops), Mars (war), Mercury, Neptune (God of Sea), Vesta, Juno (protect women).

Related Facts

‘I came, I saw, I conquered’ – by Julius Caesar. The book ‘Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire’ – by Edward Gibbon.

OTHER CIVILIZATIONS

AMERICAN CIVILIZATION

- Incas, Mayan, Aztec are the main natives of America. - Mayan civilization ( 1000BC- 1000AD) was the oldest American Civilization. - Mayans created bark-paper books called codices. - Chinampas (floating land bodies) and Serpent worship were related to Aztec civilization. - Inca civilization prevailed in Peru (South America). - Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492. - America derived its name from an Italian Explorer, Americo Vespucci.

AFRICAN CIVILIZATION

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- Bantus are the Negroes of Central & South Africa. - Swahili is the native of Kenya and Tanzania. - The major African Civilization was the Egyptian Civilization.

Practise Questions

1. Which of the following Script is related to Egyptian Civilization? a) Pictographic Script b) Cuneiform script c) Hieroglyphic script d) Aramaic script

2. Mayans are related with______? a) Egyptian Civilization b) American Civilization c) African Civilization d) Roman Civilization

3. ______is considered as the centre of Roman Civilization? a) Turkey b) Germany c) Italy d)

4. “I came, I saw, I conquered”- the famous quote related to whom?

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a) Alexander b) Darius c) Julius Caesar d) Socrates

5. Consider the famous Greek Astronomer from the following? a) Hippocrates b) Pericles c) Lucretius d) Eratosthenes

Solutions

1. a) Hieroglyphic script

2. b) American Civilization 3. c) Italy 4. d) Julius Caesar 5. d) Eratosthenes

www.oliveboard.in Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Modern Indian History & Freedom Struggle

History is a continuity, and it is difficult to mark the beginning of Modern Indian History. For our convenience and better understanding while preparing for Modern Indian History for RRB, we shall start it with the advent of Europeans. It was the year 1498 when the first European, Vasco Da Gama of , arrived at Calicut, India. King Zamorin (Samuthiri) was the then ruler. Ironically, the First to arrive Portuguese were also the last to leave India in 1961. Commercial Success of the Portuguese tempted the other European States to come to India. Dutch became the second. After their arrival in India, the Dutch founded their first factory in Masulipatnam in 1605. English traders too wanted a share of profit from Eastern Trade. On December 31, 1600, Queen Elizabeth I issued them a charter and Company was formed with it. In 1608, Captain William Hawkins arrived at and in 1609 to the Mughal court of Jahangir. He brought with him a letter from James I (King of England) seeking permission to do business in India.

Preparing Modern Indian History: Timeline of British Rule

For our Exam, Englishmen are quite important for us. Let us check the timeline of the British rule.

1611: The English had started trading at Masulipatnam.

1613: A permanent factory of is established at Surat.

1615: Sir Thomas Roe, the ambassador of King James I, arrives at Jahangir’s court.

1616: The Company establishes its first factory in the south in Masulipatnam.

1632: The Company gets the “Golden Farman” from the Sultan of Golconda.

1633: The Company establishes its first factory in east India in Hariharpur, Balasore (Odisha).

1662: The British King, Charles II, is given Bombay as dowry for marrying a Portuguese princess Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

1667: gives the English a Farman for trade in Bengal.

1717: The Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar issues a Farman, called the Magna Carta of the Company.

French were the last Europeans to come to India with the purpose of trade. Though the British and the French came to India for trading purposes, they were ultimately drawn into the politics of India. Both had visions of establishing political power over the region. The Anglo-French rivalry in India reflected the traditional rivalry of England and France throughout their histories.

Anglo-French Wars:

1740-48: First Carnatic War The First Carnatic War is remembered for the Battle of St. Thome. 1749-54: Second Carnatic War The French defeated and killed Anwar-ud-din at the battle of Ambur (near Vellore) in 1749. 1758-63: Third Carnatic War The decisive battle of the Third Carnatic War was won by the English on January 22, 1760, at Wandiwash in Tamil Nadu. After understanding the chronological order of European Powers in India, let us shift our focus on the British Conquest of India and Our Freedom Struggle.

Battle of Plassey: The Battle of Plassey (June 23, 1757) is usually regarded as the decisive event that brought about ultimate British rule over India.

Battle of Plassey was decided before the battle was even fought. Due to the conspiracy of the nawab’s officials, the strong force of Siraj-ud-daula was defeated by a handful of Clive’s forces.

The Battle of Buxar: The combined armies of Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Awadh, and Shah Alam II were defeated by the English forces under Major Hector Munro at Buxar on October 22, 1764, in a closely contested battle.

The importance of this battle lay in the fact that not only the Nawab of Bengal but also the Mughal Emperor of India was defeated by the English.

The Battle of Buxar is followed by the Treaty of Allahabad concluded by Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Robert Clive in August 1765.

British Conquest of Mysore: • First Anglo-Mysore War (1767-69); Treaty of Madras. • Second Anglo-Mysore War (1779-1784); Treaty of Mangalore. • Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790-92); Treaty of Seringapatam. • Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799); Mysore is conquered by British forces.

Anglo- Struggle for Supremacy • First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82); Treaty of Surat (1775), Treaty of Purandhar (1776), and Treaty of Salbai (1782) • Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-05); Treaty of Bassein, 1802 • Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1819)

Conquest of Sindh (1843) • Lord Ellenborough was the Governor-General of India

Conquest of Punjab • Treaty of Amritsar (1809) took place between Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the British. • First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) • Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)

The Policy of Ring-Fence Warren Hastings the 1st Governor-General of India followed a policy of ring-fence. It was the policy of defence of their neighbours’ frontiers for safeguarding their territories.

Subsidiary Alliance This system was used by Lord Wellesley, to build an empire in India. Under the system, the allying Indian state’s ruler was compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance.

Doctrine of Lapse The doctrine stated that the adopted son could be the heir to his foster father’s private property, but not the state. Though this policy is attributed to Lord Dalhousie he was not its originator. Dalhousie annexed eight states during his eight-year tenure (1848-56) as governor-general. Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Paika Rebellion It was an armed rebellion against the British East India Company’s rule in Odisha in 1817.

It is regarded as the first war of independence.

The Revolt of 1857 The revolt began at Meerut on May 10, 1857.

The British captured on September 20, 1857.

Effect of the Revolt Crown took over and Company rule was abolished with the Queen’s Proclamation.

Indian National Congress: 1885 • INC was Formed by A.O. Hume. • The first session was presided over by Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee at Bombay in December 1885. • Annie Besant was the first woman President of the Indian National Congress. Partition of Bengal It was formally announced in July 1905 and came into force in October 1905. It was decided to annul the partition of Bengal in 1911.

The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement: 1905 Began as a reaction to the partition of Bengal, Swadeshi Movement fizzled out by 1908 due to Severe government repression, Lack of effective organisation, and a narrow social base.

Home Rule League Movement: 1916 It was pioneered by Tilak and Annie Besant on lines of a similar movement in Ireland.

It shifted the emphasis to the masses permanently and influenced the Moderate-Extremist reunion at Lucknow.

Emergence of Gandhi Gandhi returned to India in January 1915. During 1917 and 1918, Gandhi was involved in three struggles—in Champaran, Ahmedabad, and Kheda.

Champaran Satyagraha (1917)—First Civil Disobedience Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)—First Hunger Strike Kheda Satyagraha (1918)—First Non-Cooperation Rowlatt Act Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Passed in March 1919. The act allowed political activists to be tried without juries or even imprisoned without trial.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919) Hunter Committee/Commission was formed in October 1919 to inquire about the Jallianwala Bagh Incident.

Non Co-operation Movement: 1920 The Khilafat Committee started a campaign of non-cooperation and the movement was formally launched on 31st August 1920. Chauri-Chaura Incident of February 5, 1922, prompted Gandhi to withdraw the movement.

Simon Commission Came in 1928 to explore the possibility of further constitutional advance.

Boycotted by Indians because no Indian represented in the commission.

Lahore Congress Session (December 1929) Congress adopted complete independence as its goal.

January 26, 1930, celebrated as the first Independence Day all over the country.

Civil Disobedience Movement: 1930 The historic Dandi march began on March 12, 1930, marked the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement

Gandhi-Irwin Pact: March 1931 Congress agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference and to withdraw the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Communal Award and Poona Pact: 1932 Communal Award provided separate electorates to depressed classes.

Gandhi’s fast unto death (September 1932) led to the Poona Pact which abandoned separate electorates for depressed classes in favour of increased reserved seats for them.

Quit India Movement (1942) In July 1942, the Congress Working Committee met at Wardha and resolved that it would authorise Gandhi to take charge of the non-violent mass movement. The resolution is generally referred to as the ‘Quit India’ resolution. Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

The Quit India Movement is also known as the August Movement was launched on August 8, 1942, due to the failure of Cripps Offer. Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

List of Important State-wise Historical monuments of India

Andaman & Nicobar Islands

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Cellular Jail Port Blair A Colonial Prison used by the British to exile prisoners to the archipelago

Andhra Pradesh

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Venkateswara Temple Tirumala Temple dedicated to Lord Venkateswara, an incarnation of Vishnu.

Assam

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Kamakhya Temple Guwahati A Hindu Temple dedicated to Goddess Kamakhya.

Bihar

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Mahabodhi Temple Bodh The location where Lord Buddha is Gaya said to have attained enlightenment. Bihar A Buddhist Monastery in the Kingdom of Sharif Magadha. Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Goa

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Basilica of Bom Jesus Bainguinim Church in that holds the mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier. Se Cathedral Church Velha Church dedicated to Saint Catherine, constructed during the reign of King Dom Sebastiao.

Gujarat

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Rani Ki Vav Patan A Step-well constructed in the Maru- Gurjara Architectural Style.

Karnataka

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Gol Gumbaz Bijapur Sultan of Bijapur, Mohammed Adil Shah's Mausoleum. Gommateshwara Statue Shravanabela A Monolithic statue gola dedicated to Lord Bahubali. Halebidu Hassan Capital of the Hoysala Empire during the 12 and 13th Century. Monuments Hampi Important religious centre, which was once the seat of the Empire. Hoysala Temples Hoysala Temples built by the Hoysala Empire. Mysore Palace Mysore Residence of the Wodeyars (Royal family of Mysore) and a popular tourist attraction. group of Pattadakal Group of Hindu temples and a Jain monuments Sanctuary built during the Chalukya Dynasty. Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Rajasthan

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Amber (aka Amer Built by Raja Man Singh, one of the rst Fort) Generals of Emperor Akbar.

Chittor Fort Chittorgarh One of India's largest forts, which was once the capital of Mewar. Dilwara Temples Mount Abu Jain temples built during 11th and 13th century. Known for the striking use of marble in their construction. Hawa Mahal Jaipur A high wall with windows and screened balconies to enable royal women to observe street festivals while unseen from outside. Fort Jaisalmer Rajasthan's second oldest fort, made of sand stones. Jantar Mantar Jaipur Houses astronomical instruments built by Sawai Jai Singh. Also features the world's largest stone sundial. Lake Palace Udaipur Built under Maharaja Jagat Singh II during the 1740's. Voted as the most romantic hotel in India. Fort Jodhpur One of India's largest forts. Known for it's intricate architecture and courtyards.

Tamil Nadu

Name of the Place Remark Monument Darasuram Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, built in the 12th Century by Rajaraja Chola II. Brihadeeswarar Temple Thanjavur Fine example of Dravidian Architecture and one of India's largest temples.

Gangaikonda Ariyalur Built by Rajendra Chola. Renowned for Cholapuram Temple having the biggest Shivalingam in .

Mahabalipuram Group Mahabalipura Pallava period sites, containing several cave of Monuments m temples known for their architectural grandeur. Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Meenakshi Amman Madurai Temple dedicated to Parvati and Shiva. Temple Most visited tourist attraction in the city.

Telangana

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Charminar Hyderabad One of the most recognized monuments of India. A Global icon of Hyderabad. Golkonda Hyderabad One of India's most magnicent fortress ruled by the Qutub Shahi Kings in 16th and 17th century. Falaknuma Palace Hyderabad Built by Vikar-Ul-Umra, then PM of Hyderabad,later renovated by Taj Hotels into a Luxury hotel.

Uttar Pradesh

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Agra Fort Agra Home of the Mughal Emperors till 1638.

Akbar’s Fort Sikandra Tomb of Mughal Emperor Akbar.

Fatehpur Sikri Agra City with intricate architecture that integrates Jain, Hindu and Persian elements.

Taj Mahal Agra Built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal.

West Bengal

Name of the Monument Place Remark

Victoria Memorial Kolkata Dedicated to the memory of Queen Victoria. Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

New Delhi

Name of the Monument Place Remark Akshardham Noida Mor Hindu temple and a unique cultural complex dedicated to Lord Swaminarayan.

Humayun’s Tomb Nizamuddin Mughal Emperor 's tomb. East Built in 1560's under Emperor Akbar's patronage. India Gate Rajpath Commemorates soldiers of the Indian Army who died fighting for the British Army during WWI. Jama Masjid Chandni Chowk One of India's largest Mosques. Built by Shah Jahan. Lotus Temple Kalkaji Lotus-shaped temple. Last of the seven Baha'i Temples build around the world. Qutub (Qutb) Minar Mehrauli 2nd Tallest architecture in India and world’s tallest rubble masonry minaret Rashtrapati Bhavan President's Official home of the President of India. Estate Chandni Chowk Mughal Emperors' Main Residence and Political centre for 2000 years. Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Books & Authors of Ancient India

Name of Ancient Books Authors Amarakosha Amarasimha Prashnottarmalika Amoghavarsha

Surya Sidhanta and Aryabhatta Aryabhatta Buddhacharita Asvaghosha Suandarananda Asvaghosha Vajrasuchi Asvaghosha Harsha Charita Banabhatta Kadambari Banabhatta Natyashastra Bharata Swapanvasdattam Bhasa Lilawati Bhaskara II

Siddhanta Shiromani [4 parts Lilavati, Bijaganita, Grihaganita and Bhaskaracharya Gola (on Astronomy) Ravan Vadha Bhattin Uttarama-Charita Bhavbhuti Malati Madhava Bhavbhuti Saraswati Kanthabharana Bhoja Vikramanakadeva Charitra Bilhana Karnasundari Bilhana Bhoja prabandha Billal

Brahmasiddhanta; Khandakhya Brahmagupta Prithviraj Raso Chand Bardai Charaka Samhita Charaka Dasakumaracharita Dandin Parsvanathacharita (Jaina Narrative) Devabhadra Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Name of Ancient Books Authors

Shantinathacharita (Jaina Narrative) Devachandra

Dasharupa Dhananjaya Gathasaptashati Hala Ratnavali Harsha vardhan Nagananda Harshavardhana Priyadarsika Harshavardhana

Dvayashraya Mahakavya – Sapta Hemchandra Sadhana Si-yu-Ki Hiuen Tsang Tuzk-e-Jahangir Jahangir Geet Govinda Jaya Deva Prasanna raghava Jayadeva Prithviraja Vijay Jayanka Kumarapalacharita Jayasimha Rajtarangini Kalhana Malavikagnimitram Kalidas Kumar Sambhava Kalidasa Meghdoot Kalidasa Malavikagnimitra Kalidasa Raghuvansha Kalidasa Abhigyan Shakuntalam Kalidasa Vikramorvashi Kalidasa Nitisara Kamandaka Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Name of Ancient Books Authors Tisata - Vagabhatta's Chikitsakalika or Yogamala Son

Astanga-Sangraha Vagabhatta Astanga-Hirdaya-Samhita Vagabhatta Gudavaho Vakpati Panchsiddhantika Varahamihira Suryasiddhanta Varahamihira Brihatsamhita Varahamihira

Adinathacharita (Jaina Narrative) Vardhamana

Panchsidhantika Varharmihara Brihat Samhita Varharmihara Kamasutra Vatsayana Mitakasara Vijnanaeshvara Navratna Virsena Harikeli Nataka Visaladeva Mudra Rakshasa Vishaka Dutta Devichandraguptam Vishakhadatta Panchatantra Vishnu Sharma Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Famous Wars & Battles of India

Battle/War Year Fought Between First Battle of Tarain 1191 Prithviraj Chauhan and Mahmud Ghuri Second Battle of 1192 Prithviraj Chauhan and Mahmud Tarain Ghuri Battle of Chandawar 1194 Ghurid Empire and Gahadavala Dynasty Portuguese conquest 1510 and Bijapur of Sultanate Goa Battle of Panipat 21 April 1526 Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi Battle of Khanwa 17 March Babur and Rana Sanga 1527 Battle of Chanderi 1528 Babur and Medini Rai Battle of Ghaghra 1529 Babur and Afghans Battle of Chausal 1539 Sher Shah and Mughal emperor Humayun Battle of Kanauj 1540 Sher Shah Suri and Mughal emperor Humayun Battle of Panipat 1556 Bairam Khan (For Akbar) and Hem Chandra Vikramaditya (Hemu)

Battle of Talikota 1565 Unified Army of the five and Vijayanagara Army

Battle of Haldighati 1576 Akbar and Rana of Mewar Pratap

Battle of 1659 and Adilshahi Dynasty 1659 Maratha Empire and Adilshahi Dynasty Battle of Pavan 1660 Maratha Empire and Adilshahi Khind Dynasty Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Battle of Surat 1664 Maratha Empire and 1665 Maratha Empire and Mughal Empire Battle of 1670 Maratha Empire and Mughal Empire Battle of Colachel 1741 Kingdom of and Siege of Trichinopoly 1741 Maratha Empire and Mughal Empire Battle of Madras 1746 French East India Company and British East India Company Siege of Arcot 1751 British East India Company and Nawab of Arcot, French East India Company Second Carnatic War 1752 Chanda Sahib, Muzaffar Jung, French and Nawab of Ambur Battle of Seringham 1753 British East India Company and French East India Company troops and Chanda Sahib Battle of Plassey 1757 Robert Clive and Siraj Ud-Daulah

Third Battle of 1761 Ahmad Shah Abdali and Marathas Panipat Battle of Wandiwash 1761 British East India Company and French East India Company Battle of Buxar 1764 Hector Munro and Combined armies of Nawab Mir Qasim(Bengal), Nawab Shuja- ud- daulah(Awadh)& Mughal emperor Shah Alam First Anglo-Mysore 1766-1769 British and Mysore (Haider Ali) War First Anglo-Maratha 1775-1782 British and Marathas War Second Anglo- 1780-1784 British and Mysore (Haider Ali) Mysore War Third Anglo-Mysore 1789-1792 British and Mysore (Tipu Sultan) War Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Fourth Anglo-Mysore 1798-1799 British and Mysore (Tipu Sultan) War Second Anglo- 1803-1805 British and Marathas Maratha War Anglo-Gorkha war 1814-1816 British and Gorkhas

Third Anglo-Maratha 1817-1818 British and Marathas War First Anglo-Sikh War 1845-1846 British and Sikhs

Second Anglo-Sikh 1848-1849 British and Sikhs War Indian Rebellion Of 1857 British Troops and Indian Sepoys 1857 / First War of Independence War of 1947 India and Pakistan Independence / Indo-Pakistani War Sino-Indian War 1962 India and China

Indo-Pakistani War 1965 India and Pakistan

Kargil War 1999 India and Pakistan Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

Important Wars & Battles of The World

Year Battle / War 1815 Battle of Waterloo 1817 Liberation of Chile 1817 Mexican War of Independence 1817 British-Kandyan War 1821 Sardinian Revolt 1821 Greek Independence War 1823 First British-Burmese War 1824 Liberation of Peru 1831 First Syrian War 1832 First Mexican War 1834 Egypt-Palestinian Anti-Conscription Revolt 1836 First Bosnian War 1839 Second Syrian War Phase 1 1839 First Opium War 1840 Lebanon Insurgency 1840 First Colombian War 1840 Second Syrian War Phase 2 1841 Second Bosnian War 1843 British-Sind War 1844 Franco-Moroccan War 1852 Second British-Burmese War 1853 Crimean War 1856 Second Opium War 1856 Anglo-Persian War 1859 Netherlands-Bone War 1859 War of Italian Unification 1860 Neapolitan War 1865 British-Bhutanese War 1879 War of the Pacific 1880 Gun War 1882 Conquest of Egypt 1883 Haitian Civil War 1884 Sino-French War 1894 First Sino-Japanese War Free e-book History Notes For UP Exams

1898 Spanish-American War 1900 Sino-Russian War 1904 Russo-Japanese War 1912 Balkans War 1914 World War I 1917 Russian Civil War 1918 Second Sino-Tibetan War 1920 Conquest of Mongolia 1920 Italian Fascist War 1936 British-Palestinian War 1937 Third Sino-Japanese War 1939 World War II 1946 French-Indochina War 1947 Taiwan Revolt 1947 Paraguay War 1947 Palestine War 1950 Korean War 1955 Vietnam War 1956 Suez Crisis, or the Second Arab–Israeli War 1957 French-Cameroon War 1958 First Lebanese War 1958 Cuban Revolution 1971 Pakistan-Bengal War 1990 Gulf War 1991 Croatian Independence War 2001 America Afghanistan War 2003 Second Gulf/Iraq War FREE Ebooks Current Affairs

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