Cultural Commodities in Japanese Rural Revitalization Social Sciences in Asia
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Cultural Commodities in Japanese Rural Revitalization Social Sciences in Asia Edited by Vineeta Sinha Syed Farid Alatas Chan Kwok-bun VOLUME 28 Cultural Commodities in Japanese Rural Revitalization Tsugaru Nuri Lacquerware and Tsugaru Shamisen By Anthony S. Rausch LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rausch, Anthony, 1960- Cultural commodities in Japanese rural revitalization : Tsugaru Nuri Lacquerware and Tsugaru Shamisen / by Anthony S. Rausch. p. cm. — (Social sciences in Asia ; v. 28) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17996-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Rural development—Japan—Case studies. 2. Cultural industries—Japan—Case studies. I. Title. II. Series. HN730.C6R38 2010 307.1’4120952—dc22 2009047720 ISSN 1567-2794 ISBN 978 90 04 17996 7 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Th e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS List of Figures ...................................................................................... vii List of Tables ....................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ............................................................................. xi Chapter One Th e Future of Local Places .................................... 1 Cultural Commodities in Local Revitalization .......................... 2 Local Revitalization and the Culture Economy ........................ 5 Framework and Methodology ...................................................... 10 Chapter Two Th e Tsugaru District of Aomori Prefecture ....... 15 Contextualizing Local Revitalization in Aomori Prefecture .................................................................................... 15 Aomori Prefecture and the Tsugaru District ............................ 18 Th e Cultural Commodities of Aomori and the Tsugaru District ......................................................................................... 24 Chapter Th ree Culture in Revitalization: Policy, Production and Consumption .......................................................................... 33 Policy: Local Opportunity in a Culture Economy .................... 33 Production: Characteristics of Cultural Industries ................... 40 Consumption: Representation and Consumption Ethos ........ 51 A Research Framework ................................................................. 58 Chapter Four Tsugaru Revitalization Policy and Cultural Commodities ................................................................................... 63 Toward a Culture Economy: Local Identity and Cultural Commodities ............................................................................... 63 Cultural Commodities in Local Revitalization .......................... 66 Tsugaru Lacquerware: National, Prefectural and Local Policy ............................................................................................ 86 Tsugaru Revitalization Policy and Cultural Commodities: Modern Patronage versus Missed Opportunity ................... 96 vi contents Chapter Five Th e Production of Tsugaru Cultural Commodities ................................................................................... 99 Th e Characteristics of Tsugaru Lacquerware Production ....... 99 Th e Characteristics of Tsugaru Shamisen Music Production ................................................................................... 122 Tsugaru Cultural Commodities Production: Workers and Artisans, Hobby Players and Professionals ........................... 140 Chapter Six Th e Consumption of Tsugaru Cultural Commodities ................................................................................... 143 Th e Representation of Tsugaru Lacquerware and Tsugaru Shamisen ...................................................................................... 144 Th e Consumption of Tsugaru Lacquerware and Tsugaru Shamisen ...................................................................................... 162 Tsugaru Cultural Commodities Consumption: Multi- Dimensionality in Representation and Consumption ......... 179 Chapter Seven Cultural Commodities and Local Revitalization ................................................................................... 183 Tsugaru Revitalization: Government Policy and a Culture Economy ...................................................................................... 183 Th e Future of Tsugaru Lacquerware and Tsugaru Shamisen ...................................................................................... 185 Th e Reality of Cultural Commodities in Local Revitalization: Historical Trajectory .................................................................. 189 Th e Promise of Cultural Commodities in Local Revitalization: Conceptual and Operational Space ......................................... 199 Epilogue: Tsugaru Revitalization and Tsugaru Cultural Commodities, 2009 .................................................................... 205 Appendices ........................................................................................... 209 References ............................................................................................ 221 Index ..................................................................................................... 231 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Th e Combinative Nature of Place, Process and Product as Cultural Commodities ........................... 10 Figure 1.2 Place, Process and Product as Policy, Production and Consumption ....................................................... 11 Figure 2.1 Aomori Prefecture and the Tsugaru District ......... 19 Figure 2.2 Characteristics for Assessing Cultural Commodities ................................................................ 25 Figure 3.1 Characterizing Industrial Production ...................... 41 Figure 3.2 Research Frames for Cultural Commodities in Local Revitalization ..................................................... 59 Figure 4.1 Characteristics for Assessing a Culture Economy in Local Revitalization ................................................ 63 Figure 4.2 Summary of Hirosaki City Revitalization Policy and Cultural Commodities ........................................ 85 Figure 5.1 Scheme for Assessing Cultural Commodities Production .................................................................... 99 Figure 5.2 Tsugaru Lacquerware Production Assessment Outline .......................................................................... 100 Figure 5.3 Designated Tsugaru Nuri Lacquerware Patterns ......................................................................... 103 Figure 5.4 Shikake-bera used in Tsugaru Lacquerware ........... 103 Figure 5.5 Cross-section of Kara-nuri ........................................ 104 Figure 5.6 Cross-section of Nanako-nuri ................................... 105 Figure 5.7 Tsugaru Lacquerware Production: Representative Producer Types ............................................................ 120 Figure 5.8 Tsugaru Shamisen Production Assessment Outline .......................................................................... 123 Figure 5.9 Tsugaru Shamisen Production: Representative Player Types ................................................................. 139 viii list of figures Figure 6.1 Scheme for Assessing Cultural Commodities Consumption ............................................................... 143 Figure 6.2 Social Representation of Tsugaru Lacquerware and Tsugaru Shamisen ............................................... 157 Figure 6.3 Consumption of Tsugaru Lacquerware and Tsugaru Shamisen ....................................................... 181 Figure 7.1 Tsugaru Cultural Commodities Conceptual Space .............................................................................. 200 Figure 7.2 Conceptual Space for Tsugaru Lacquerware and Tsugaru Shamisen ....................................................... 201 Figure 7.3 Operational Space for Tsugaru Lacquerware and Tsugaru Shamisen: Exploitation ............................... 202 Figure 7.4 Conceptual-Operational Space: Combination and Coordination ................................................................ 203 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Aomori Prefectural Revitalization: Priorities ......... 17 Table 2.2 Major Craft Products of Aomori Prefecture .......... 24 Table 2.3 History of Tsugaru Lacquerware, 1600–1975 ......... 29 Table 2.4 Historical Periods of Tsugaru Shamisen ................. 32 Table 3.1 JAPAN BRAND Product Distribution (2008) ....... 38 Table 3.2 Local Brand Registration (2008) ............................... 40 Table 3.3 Jōmon Products Age and Th eme Consumer Targets ........................................................................... 58 Table 4.1 Tsugaru District Identity