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Urbanization in Africa in Relation to Socio-Economic

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Urbanization in Africa in Relation to Socio-Economic URBANIZATION IN AFRICA IN RELATION TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A MULTIFACETED QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Christian Tettey August, 2005 URBANIZATION IN AFRICA IN RELATION TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A MULTIFACETED QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Christian Tettey Dissertation Approved: Accepted: ___________________________ ______________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Ashok K. Dutt Dr. Raymond Cox ____________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Peter Leahy Dr. Charles B. Monroe _____________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Dean of Graduate School Dr. Nancy Grant Dr. George R. Newkome _____________________________ ______________________________ Committee Member Date Dr. Lathardus Goggins ______________________________ Committee Member Dr. Helen Liggett ________________________________ Committee Member Dr. Carolyn Behrman ii ABSTRACT Developing countries are fast urbanizing and those in Africa are among the fastest when compared to Asia and Latin America. The process of urbanization is believed to be connected with levels of development and some assert that, for a country to develop, there is the need for an increased level of industrialization because according to the modernization school of thought, there cannot be urbanization without economic growth. The developed countries passed through this process and according to this approach, developing countries must do the same. This situation, however, is believed to be different in the developing countries in general and in Africa in particular. Modernization theory of urbanization does not apply to developing countries which have not attained the economic growth of the developed countries before reaching high levels of urbanization. This then raises the question about how developing countries, to which all African countries belong, become urbanized and still continue to urbanize. In other words, is modernization theory of urbanization applicable to African urbanization? A standard measure, urbanization index, was developed for measuring urbanization in Africa since the traditional measure for urbanization depends on what each country defines as urban. This was then compared with the traditional measure of urbanization to note any differences in the prediction ability of urbanization in Africa. It was found that social indicators of development tend to predict urbanization more than the traditional economic variables on which modernization theory is based. Also, iii socioeconomic development variables tend to predict urbanization index more precisely than degree of urbanization, which is the traditional measure for urbanization. Though the applicability of modernization theory is validated for urbanization in Africa, modification is recommended for the theory. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to my dissertation committee for guiding this research and providing the opportunities toward its completion. The members include Dr. Ashok K. Dutt (Advisor), Dr. Peter J. Leahy, Dr. Nancy K. Grant, Dr. Lathardus Goggins, Dr. Helen Liggett and Dr. Carolyn Behrman. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Dutt through whose fatherly direction and encouragement this research became a reality and delaying his retirement for this course. To his wife Dr. Hiran M. Dutta, I say thank you for your motherly love and support. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Kwadwo Konadu-Agyemang for his invaluable assistance, resourcefulness and determination in helping me complete my dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr. Frank J. Costa for editing the final manuscript. I am equally grateful to the faculty and staff of the Department of Geography and Planning, for providing me office space and teaching opportunities. Finally, my sincere appreciation goes to my wife Josie Batson and my children Jordan and Jayda Tettey for their support and inspiration. The same goes to my mother Elizabeth Ntibrey and my brothers, Charles and Phanuel Nani, not forgetting Phanuela and Priscilla Nani. To my mother-in-law, Mrs. Mary Batson, I say thank you for all your help in the course of my study. I dedicate this research to the memory of Togbe Adase IV (Phanuel Kofi Dzadey), Asafofia of Ho Ahoe, in return for his love, advice and support. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………ix LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………...xii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION…………………………………...…………………………..1 II LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………..........……………5 Introduction……………………………………………………………………5 Global Urbanization……………………………………………………….…..5 History of Urbanization in Africa……………………………………………..9 The Arrival of the Europeans to Post Colonial Era………………...……….…9 Post Colonial Urbanization in Africa……………………………………..….13 Theories of Urbanization……...…………………………………...………...15 Modernization Theory…………………………………….…...............15 Dependency Theory……………………………….…………...............22 Urban Bias Theory…………………………….……………………….23 Pre-colonial Urbanization ignored by the Three Theories…………......24 Conceptual Framework…………………..…………………………………..25 Urbanization…………………………………………………………...25 vi Defining Development………………………………………………...29 Urbanization and Development……………….……..………...………34 Summary…..…………………………………………………………………42 III STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………...……………….45 Justification for the Study……………………………………………………50 Research Significance and Hypotheses……………………...………………52 Research Purpose and Research Question…………………………….52 Research Significance…………………………………………………53 Research Hypotheses…………………………………………………..54 IV DATA AND METHODOLOGY…………………...………………………..64 Data Sources…..…………..…………………………………………………64 Methodology……..…………………………………………………………..72 Factor Analysis……………………………..………………………………..76 Developing Indices……………………..……………………………………77 Urbanization Index…………………….…………….……………………….77 Human Development Index for Africa………………..……….…………….92 Descriptive Analysis and Spatial Presentation of Data…………….………..99 Limitations of the Study…………………………………………………….122 Summary……………………………………………………………………123 V RESULTS……………….……………………………...……………..…..…124 Hypothesis Testing……………………………………..…………………...124 Multiple Regression…...………………………………..…………………..124 vii Variables Predicting Urbanization……….…………………..……………..153 Urbanization Index……………………..…………………………………...154 Degree of Urbanization…………………………………..…………………158 VI CONCLUSION…...…………………………………………………………162 Summary of Findings……………………………..………………………...162 Measure for Urbanization and Human Development Index…………..……167 Implications of Findings for Urban Studies and Policy…..…………..….....169 Future Research………………………..…………………………………...175 BIBLIOGRAPHY……………...…………………………………………………176 APPENDICES………...………………………………………………………….191 APPENDIX A. REGIONS OF AFRICA…..……..……..………………….192 Appendix A1. Table showing Regions of Africa...……...…………..192 Appendix A2. Map showing Regions of Africa…………….……...193 APPENDIX B. FACTOR ANALYSIS – ROTATED COMPONENT MATRIX……….………………………………………..…….………….194 APPENDIX C. REGRESSION COEFFICIENT AND COLLINEARITY TEST………………………………………………………...….……...195 Appendix C1. Regression Coefficients with Collinearity Test for Degree of Urbanization…………………………………………...195 Appendix C2. Regression Coefficient with Collinearity Test for Urbanization Index………………………………………………..196 APPENDIX D. CORRELATION COEFFICIENT TABLE…………….....197 viii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Independence Dates for African Countries………………………………………12 3.1 Meaning of Abbreviations for African Countries.……………………………….47 3.2 Hypotheses and Tests…………………………………………………………….61 4.1 Variables Derived from Data Sources for the Study…………………...………..70 4.2 Scale of Population Concentration by Countries in Africa ...………….………...80 4.3 Urbanization Index for African Countries ………...………………….…………84 4.4 Number of Countries among the Top 10 and Bottom 10 in Terms of Urbanization Index…………………………………………………….…………90 4.4 Computed Human Development Index for African Countries...……….………..95 4.5 Gini Index above Continental Average by Regions of Africa….………………111 4.6 Countries with the Worst Rate of Life Expectancy…………………….………112 4.7 Number of Countries with 61% or more of the Total Population having Access to Improved Sources of Water Supply in Africa by Region …. .117 5.1 Model Summary - Degree of Urbanization using Enter Method with Socioeconomic Variables……………………………………. ………………...127 5.2 Model Summary - Urbanization Index using Enter Method with Socioeconomic Variables………………………………………………...……………………...127 5.3 Model Summary and Coefficient Table for Urbanization Index using Stepwise Method with Socioeconomic Variables ….……………………133 5.4 Model Summary and Coefficient Table for Degree of Urbanization using Stepwise Method with Socioeconomic Variables .………………………134 ix 5.5 Variable Grouping based on Factor Analysis…………………………………..135 5.6 Model Summary for Urbanization Index, using Enter Method, on Economic Variables………………………………………………………….…137 5.7 Model Summary and Coefficient Table for Urbanization Index, using stepwise method, on Economic Variables……............................………………………..138 5.8 Model Summary for Degree of Urbanization, using Enter Method, on Economic Variables…………………………………………………………….138 5.9 Model Summary and Coefficient Table for Degree of Urbanization, using Stepwise Method, on Economic Variables ……..…………………….…139 5.10 Model Summary for Social Indicators, using Enter Method, on Urbanization Index ……………………………………………………………..140
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