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Area, Population and GDP of the 53 Countries in Africa ……………………… 176 Final Report (July 2009) AAffrriiccaa RReevviieeww RReeppoorrtt oonn SSuussttaaiinnaabbllee CCoonnssuummppttiioonn aanndd PPrroodduuccttiioonn African Roundtable on Sustainable Consumption and Production (ARSCP) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms and Abbreviations ……………………………………………… iii Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………… vii 1 Introduction ………………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Background ……………………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Relevance of SCP to Africa …………………………………………………… 2 1.3 Methodology of the study ……………………………………………………… 4 1.4 Structure and outline of the report …………………………………………….. 7 2 Broad trends in production and consumption in Africa ……….... 8 2.1 Regional overview ……………………………………………………………… 8 2.2 Economic growth and welfare ………………………………………………… 9 2.3 International trade and impacts on production ………………………………… 16 2.4 Socio-demographic trends of relevance to consumption ……………………… 18 2.5 Consumption by State and Households ………………………………………… 20 2.6 Production and Consumption trends in key sectors……………………………. 22 2.6.1 Food production and consumption……………………………………………... 22 2.6.2 Energy production and consumption…………………………………………... 24 2.6.3 Water supply and sanitation……………………………………………….……. 28 2.6.4 Industrial production ……………………………………………………..……... 30 2.6.5 Human settlements development…………………………………………………. 33 2.6.6 Tourism development………………………………………………………….….. 37 2.7 Ecological Footprints …………………………………………………………… 38 2.8 SCP perspective for African countries ………………………………………… 41 3 Review of progress and achievements made in SCP in Africa ….. 44 3.1 The Ten-Year Framework of Programmes on SCP …………………………… 45 3.1.1 Development and implementation of the African 10-YFP on SCP ………… 47 3.1.2 Key Projects and Initiatives undertaken under the African 10YFP ……….. 50 3.1.3 Achievements……………………………………………………………………… 51 3.2 Energy for Sustainable Development …………………………………………. 53 3.3 Water and Sanitation ……………………………………………………………. 59 3.4 Habitat and urban development ……………………………………………….. 61 i 3.5 Sustainable industrial development and corporate social responsibility ……….. 65 3.6 Food Production and consumption ……………………………………………. 70 3.7 Chemicals and hazardous waste management …………………………………. 72 3.8 Sustainable Tourism Development ……………………………………………… 79 3.9 Cleaner Production and Eco-efficiency ……………………………………….. 83 3.10 Development of Policies and Plans in Support of SCP in Africa ……………… 86 3.10.1 Legislation and Enforcement …………………………………………………… 87 3.10.2 Economic Instruments ……………………………………………………………. 88 3.10.3 Eco-labelling ……………………………………………………………………….. 88 3.10.4 Sustainable Public Procurement ………………………………………………… 91 3.10.5 SCP National and City-wide Action Plans. …………………………………… 92 3.11 Research and Education for SCP ……………………………………………… 95 4 Challenges and constraints ………………………………………... 99 4.1 Status of SCP in Africa …………………………………………………………. 99 4.2 Challenges and Constraints in implementing SCP activities ……………………. 100 4.3 SCP challenges in specific sectors ….…………………………………………… 108 5 Lessons Learned and the Way Forward ………………………….. 115 5.1 SWOT Analysis of SCP in Africa …………………………………………….. 115 5.2 Lessons learned ………………………………………………………………… 117 5.3 Role of Stakeholders in the promotion of SCP………………………………… 123 5.4 The Way Forward ……………………………………………………………… 124 5.4.1 Institutional and Policy Mechanisms …………………………………………… 125 5.4.2 Supporting tools and instruments ………………………………………………. 129 5.4.3 Education for SCP ……………………………………………………………….. 133 5.4.4 Means of implementation ………………………………………………………… 135 5.4.5 Priority SCP Projects for Africa ……………………………………………….. 138 6 Conclusions …………………………………………………………. 140 References …………………………………………………………………. 145 Annexes ……………………………………………………………………. 150 Annex 1 – JPOI Chapter III………………………………... ……………………………… 150 Annex 2 - Synthesis of Responses to Questionnaire Survey ………………………………. 162 Annex 3 – Area, population and GDP of the 53 countries in Africa ……………………… 176 ii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 10-YFP: 10 Year Framework of Programmes A21: Agenda 21 ABREW: African Brewery Sector Water Savings Initiative AEO: Africa Environment Outlook AEM: African Eco labelling Mechanism AfDB: African Development Bank AICC: African Institute of Corporate Citizenship AMCEN: African Ministerial Conference on Environment APCI: African Productive Capacity Initiative APRM: African Peer Review Mechanism ARSCP: African Roundtable on Sustainable Consumption and Production ASCN: African Sustainable Cities Network AU: African Union BCRC: Basel Convention Régional Centre CAADP: Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CDM: Clean Development Mechanism CFSSD: Committee on Food Security and Sustainable Development CO2: Carbon Dioxide CP: Cleaner Production CPCT: Cleaner Production Centre of Tanzania CSD: Commission on Sustainable Development CESR: Corporate Environmental and Social Responsibility CFL: Compact Fluorescent Lamp CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility DAA: Development Assistance Agencies DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo DTIE: Division of Technology, Industry and Economics EAC: East African Community EC: European Commission ECA: Economic Commission for Africa ECOSOC: Economic, Social and Cultural Council ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States EE: Energy Efficiency iii EMA: Environmental Management Accounting EMS: Environmental Management Systems ESC: Education for Sustainable Consumption EST: Environmentally Sound Technologies EU: European Union FAO: Food and Agricultural Organization FARA: Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa GDP: Gross Domestic Product GEF: Global Environment Facility GLTN: Global Land Tool Network GNP: Gross National Product GRI: Global Reporting Initiative IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency ICCM: International Conference on Chemicals Management ICLEI: International Council for Local Environment Initiative IEA: International Energy Agency IETC: International Environment Technology Centre ILO: International Labour Organization IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISO: International Organization for Standardization ISWM: Integrated Solid Waste Management IWRM: Integrated Water Resources Management JPOI: Johannesburg Plan of Implementation KNCPC: Kenya National Cleaner Production Centre LA21: Local Agenda 21 LCA: Life Cycle Assessment LCC: Life Cycle Costing MDGs: Millenium Development Goals MEAs: Multilateral Environment Agreements MESA: Mainstreaming Environment and Sustainability in African Education MSC: Marine Stewardship Council MSWM: Municipal Solid Waste Management MTFs: Marrakech Task Forces iv MVA: Manufacturing Value Added NEAP: National Environment Action Plan NCPC: National Cleaner Production Centre NEPAD: New Partnership for Africa’s Development NEPAD-EAP: NEPAD Environment Action Plan NGO: Non-Governmental Organization NSSD: National Strategies on Sustainable Development OAU: Organization of African Unity ODA: Official Development Assistance OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OMVG: Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du Fleuve Gambie PES: Payment for Ecosystem Services PFIA 21: Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 PGM : Platinum Group Metals PPP: Public Private Partnership PPP: Purchasing Power Parity PPT: Pro-Poor Tourism PRSP: Poverty Reduction Strategies Paper QSPs: Quick Start Programmes R&D: Research and Development REC: Regional Economic Commission RIMs: Regional Implementation Meetings ROAAS: Regional Office for Africa and the Arab States RSC: Regional Steering Committee RUSPS: Regional Urban Sector Profile for Sustainability SADC: Southern African Development Community SAICM: Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management SC: Sustainable Consumption SCP: Sustainable Consumption and Production SD: Sustainable Development SETAC: Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry SIFT: Sustainable Investment and Finance in Tourism Network SME: Small and Medium Enterprise SP: Sustainable Production v SSA: Sub-Saharan Africa TOE: Tonnes Oil Equivalent UCPC: Uganda Cleaner Production Centre UN: United Nations UNCED: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development UNDESA: United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs UNEP: United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UN-Habitat: United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation UNITAR: United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNWTO: United Nations World Tourism Organisation USEPA: United States Environmental Protection Agency WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development WHO: World Health Organization WSS: Water Supply and Sanitation WSSD: World Summit on Sustainable Development vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The African Roundtable on Sustainable Consumption and Production (ARSCP) sincerely acknowledge, with thanks, the inputs of all those who contributed to the preparation of this report. We are particularly indebted to Prof. Toolseeram Ramjaewon of Mauritius University who was the Consultant for the study. Our sincere thanks also go to Dr Desta Mebratu of UNEP and Charles A‘kol of UNECA for their constructive and timely comments on the draft reports. A special word of gratitude is extended to our partners, the Marrakech Task Force on Cooperation with Africa, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for their support in the course of this work and the continued commitment to the promotion of SCP in the Africa region. Lastly, but not least, we would like to extend our appreciation
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