Camden’S Labour Market

Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets

Gender Profile of Camden’s Labour Market

Centre for Social Inclusion Sheffield Hallam University Howard Street Sheffield S1 1WB

Tel 0114 225 5786 Fax 0114 225 5706 E-mail [email protected] Web www.shu.ac.uk/research/csi Dr Lisa Buckner Dr Ning Tang ISBN 1 843 87103 3 Professor Sue Yeandle © Sheffield Hallam University 2004

Centre for Social Inclusion

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Preface

“The average woman working full-time is being paid about 80p for every pound a man is earning. For women working part-time it is 60p.”

(Rt.Hon. Patricia Hewitt, Secretary of State for Trade and Industry and Minister for Women and Equality, Equal Opportunities Commission “Gender & Productivity” Seminar 26 Oct 04)

The London Borough of Camden has welcomed the opportunity to participate in this innovative gender and employment project led by Sheffield Hallam University’s Centre for Social Inclusion. The first stage of the project has produced this Gender Profile, which has enabled comparisons to be made between the local situation in Camden, the rest of the London region and England as a whole. It is a valuable piece of research, which has mined the 2001 census data and other labour force statistics, to produce a detailed analysis of men’s and women’s situations across a range of issues including employment, pay, modes of transport, unpaid care, and educational attainment. It allows us to identify areas of priority and provides us with some key challenges for the future. Currently, Camden is in the process of developing a new Comprehensive Equality Policy, in line with our commitment to meeting the requirements of the generic Equality Standard for Local Government, and in the context of our Social Inclusion Policy. The data compiled and analysed by the Sheffield Hallam team will inform the development of Camden’s approach. At a time when gender issues have gained a higher profile on the Government’s agenda, with the creation of the Gender Unit within the Department of Trade & Industry, it is vitally important that local authorities take a lead responsibility for progress in this area. Despite the Equal Pay Act 1970 the UK is lagging behind other European countries in working to bridge the gender pay gap. Meanwhile, the local statistics demonstrate that this is also an area of particular concern for Camden. Gender-based disadvantage in the labour market is alive and kicking in Camden! The next step is to make use of the data, and ensure that we address the challenges it highlights, in order to make a real difference to the way we promote and address equal opportunities for both men and women in the labour market. It is important to develop a thorough understanding of the reasons for social exclusion and an acknowledgement that although at times statistics may present a favourable picture on the surface – they may also mask a different reality. The project as a whole will assist Camden and its partners in providing both baseline quantitative and qualitative data, which will enable us to construct well-researched regeneration initiatives and appropriately targeted interventions.

Signed

Moira Gibb Chief Executive London Borough of Camden

Acknowledgements

This Gender Profile for the London Borough of Camden, one of eleven Gender Profiles being published in autumn 2004 as part of the national Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets (GELLM) project, is the product of team work at the Centre for Social Inclusion, Sheffield Hallam University, carried out in close partnership with the eleven local authorities concerned1. In particular we would like to thank Lisa-Marie Bowles, David Walker, Neil Storer and Yemane Wolde-Rufael from the London Borough of Camden. The GELLM team at the Centre for Social Inclusion is directed by Sue Yeandle, and includes the following staff, all of whom have played important roles in sustaining the project: Ian Chesters (administrator), and, in a variety of research roles, Lisa Buckner, Karen Escott, Pamela Fisher, Linda Grant, Anu Suokas, and Ning Tang. We are grateful for the support of our Faculty’s Deputy Dean, Professor Christine Booth and of Tim Strickland of the University’s Enterprise Centre, and for the assistance of Ryan Powell, Lorna Hewish and Bernadette Stiell. The authors of the Gender Profile would also like to thank the project’s national partners, especially David Darton and David Perfect of the Equal Opportunities Commission, and Rebecca Gill and Richard Exell of the TUC, for their guidance and suggestions, as well as the project’s academic advisers, Professors Ed Fieldhouse, Damian Grimshaw and Irene Hardill. We acknowledge with thanks the co-operation of our contacts at DWP, ONS, DfES and other government departments2, and of course the financial support of the European Social Fund, without which this project could not have been developed. Publication of the Gender Profiles completes Phase 1 of the GELLM project, which in autumn 2004 moves into Phase 2, during which Local Research Studies will be completed in the participating local authorities, covering the following topics. The reports of these studies will be published in summer 2006. 1. Low Paid, Part Time work - why do Women work Below their Potential? 2. Building Bridges to Work: Gender, Local Labour Markets and Neighbourhood Projects. 3. Enhancing Employment Opportunities for Women from Black and Minority Ethnic Groups. 4. Career Development in the Local Authority Sector in England: Opportunities and Constraints. 5. Women’s Poverty and Economic Disadvantage: the Impact of Regeneration Initiatives and Developments. 6. Local Challenges in Meeting Demand for Domiciliary Care.

Sue Yeandle on behalf of the GELLM research team Sheffield, September 2004

1 These authorities are: Birmingham City Council, East Staffordshire Borough Council, Leicester City Council, the London Borough of Camden, Newcastle City Council, Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council, Thurrock Council, Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council, Somerset County Council, Wakefield Metropolitan District Council, and West Sussex County Council. All the eleven local authorities are making match funding contributions to support the ESF grant funding the GELLM project, and we would like to take this opportunity to publicly thank these authorities for their engagement in and support of the project.

2 Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland. Any maps containing Ordnance Survey boundaries or information are produced from OS maps with the permission of the Controller of HMSO. Licence number LA086339.

Contents

1. Introduction and Executive Summary 2 2. The Local Setting 6 The London Borough of Camden 6 The People of Camden 7 Households and Housing 9 3. Education and Skills 10 Educational Indicators in Camden 10 Educational Attainment at ages 7-16 11 Destination of pupils after age 16 17 A/AS Level Attainment 18 Higher Education 20 Qualifications and Skills in the Working Age Population 20 Key Points 21 4. Trends and Patterns in Women’s and Men’s Employment 22 Structure of Employment Opportunities 22 People and Employment 26 Key Points 33 5. The Gender Pay Gap 34 Causes of the Gender Pay Gap 35 Pay In Camden 35 Key Points 37 6. Unemployment and Economic Inactivity 38 Unemployment 38 Economic Inactivity 41 Key Points 45 7. Women, Men and Diversity 46 The Employment Circumstances of People from Black and Minority Ethnic Groups 46 Economic Activity 46 Occupations of the employed population 52 Industrial distribution of the employed population 54 Key Points 55 8. Work-Life Balance 60 Flexible Working Patterns 57 Barriers to Employment 58 Key Points 63 Appendix A Glossary of Census Terms 65 Appendix B Examples of Occupations in each of the main 2001 Census Occupational Categories 67

At all levels of analysis - international, national, regional 1. Introduction and and local - it is widely recognised that participation in formal labour markets is highly gendered. This means Executive Summary that women and men tend to predominate in different This Gender Profile of Camden’s Labour Market occupations and industries, and to have different explores the relative situation and resources of women working patterns. Some of this arises from choices freely and men in Camden, compared with London and made, but it is also known that stereotyping, England as a whole. It focuses on how women and men discrimination, recruitment practices and promotion in Camden experience the labour market, both in arrangements all sometimes come into play. Where this working within it and seeking to enter it, drawing happens, the result can be indefensible differences in attention to features which are specific to, or particularly men’s and women’s pay, a concentration of women in important in, Camden, as well as to features which are lower level jobs which do not make full use of their skills experienced in similar ways across the country. or potential, and difficulties for both men and women who wish to enter occupations not typical for their sex. In preparing the Profile, we have used the most up-to- We also know that most women and men aim to access date information available, and relied upon a wide range employment which is local to where they live: for of official statistics. The 2001 Census has been used example, in England as a whole only 16 per cent of men extensively, and we have commissioned special tables and 9 per cent of women usually travel more than 20 from it, since for many aspects of labour force behaviour kilometres each day to work. this is the most reliable available source of information. It is also the only major data-set which can be used to Given these two factors - the gendered nature of labour examine labour force participation by the combined force participation, and the local nature of most factors of gender, age and ethnicity at district level. employment - it is perhaps remarkable that so little attention has been given in analysis of labour force The Profile is organised in chapters which focus on participation and behaviour to gender-disaggregated specific topics relevant to women’s and men’s data at the sub-regional level. The research team participation in the labour market, described in more responsible for producing this Gender Profile of Camden detail below. It includes some data on those who are still (alongside comparable documents for ten other local in full-time education and therefore not yet in the labour authorities drawn from every one of the nine English market, because indicators of their performance are regions) believe that it represents a major step forward important in understanding the attributes of, and choices in developing evidence-based policy in this field. Our made by, labour market entrants. It also includes work has been inspired by the challenge of ‘gender information about people of working age who are not mainstreaming’. This is a relatively new approach to currently in paid work or economically active. Again, this tackling sex discrimination and gender inequality, which is because it is important to know more about the simply asks that, in whatever policy field, an accurate situation of the large numbers of working age men and assessment of men’s and women’s situation is made, so women who are not employed or self-employed, and to that policy can be developed to address any unfairness consider whether they are encountering any barriers to and inequality which disadvantages either women or employment or forms of discrimination which need to be men, and that the circumstances, views and aspirations addressed in employment or social policy. of both women and men are taken into account when The Gender Profile thus offers an extensive description decisions are made. and commentary on the position of Camden’s men and The remainder of this Gender Profile is organised in the women, and is being made available to employers, trade following Chapters, which are briefly summarised here: unions and policy-makers to enable them to make evidence- based decisions about their policies and The Local Setting priorities. Although a very comprehensive document, Camden is one of the most socially diverse authorities in naturally the Gender Profile cannot provide absolutely the country with deprived areas adjacent to areas of exhaustive detail about all aspects of the labour market; expensive private housing. Camden is characterised in cases where we have selected examples (as in both by high land and housing vales and a shortage of looking at selected subjects studied by pupils in schools, suitable sites on which to develop social housing. The or in examining features of selected occupations), we demand for social housing continues to exceed supply. hope the Profile will alert interested parties to the full Camden has a very low proportion of owner occupied scope of the available data, and encourage greater use households, a high proportion of households that rent of gender-disaggregated statistics in all forms of analysis from the council and high levels of private renting. and decision-making.

2 Camden has a diverse industrial structure. A third of jobs than London and nationally in the standard assessment in the borough are in business or professional services, tests at ages 7 and 14. with a further third being in the public sector. Camden Results for boys at GCSE are below the London and has a high proportion of small or micro businesses, national averages, while girl’s achievement was similar employing fewer than 10 people. This sector has to that of their counterparts in London and England. At A enormous employment potential and is responsible for level, the percentage of boys and girls achieving a good much of the vitality and success of the commercial areas pass in their ‘A’ levels was higher than in London and in the borough as it is seen as an attractive place to start England. a new business. In 2003, a higher proportion of pupils stayed on in The ‘day population’ of 290,966 people in Camden3 is education and training in Camden than in London and considerably larger than the resident population nationally. A large majority of the boys and girls who (202,600 in 2001) with a large number of commuters entered the labour market aged 16 went into jobs in and students coming into the area each day. Camden’s elementary occupations6. resident population has proportionally fewer children, more people aged 25-34 and fewer people aged 50+, Camden has far more men and women with higher especially women aged 75 and above than in England. qualifications than London and England as a whole. A much higher proportion of men and women are qualified Taken as a whole, indicators of health and wellbeing in to degree level, particularly in the 25-34 age group. Camden are similar to those in the London region. However, there is a significant gender difference. More Trends and Patterns in Women’s and Men’s men than women are living with a limiting long-term Employment illness particularly in the 35-49 age group. Men’s life Between 1991 and 2002, Camden experienced a net expectancy is lower than for their counterparts in London gain of 56,970 jobs, a 28 per cent increase. This was and England. higher than both regional (21 per cent) and national (19 The distinctive cultural mix of Camden is reflected in the per cent) trends. It included increases in both full-time high proportion of men (46 per cent) and women (49 per (up 16 per cent) and part-time work (up 104 per cent) for cent) from Black and Minority Ethnic groups4. For the both women and men. New jobs were concentrated in purposes of this report Black and Minority Ethnic groups service sectors such as finance, banking and insurance7 include all those groups other than White British. (mainly affecting men) and distribution, hotels and Therefore the White Irish and White Other populations restaurants (mainly affecting women). are included as Black and Minority Ethnic Groups. The Among Camden’s men and women, a higher proportion figure for Camden is higher than in London (40 per cent than in London or in England work in finance, real estate of males and 41 per cent of females) and in England (13 and the category ‘other’ which includes employment in per cent of men and 13 per cent of women). In Camden, refuse disposal, membership organisations, recreational the largest Ethnic Minority groups are the White Other and sporting clubs, private households and extra group5 (16 per cent of the population), people of territorial organisations. Fewer women and men in Bangladeshi origin (6.3 per cent) and Black Africans (6.0 Camden work in manufacture, wholesale, retail, per cent). restaurants and hotels and construction than in the Education and Skills region and England as a whole. Gender differences in industrial sector reflect national trends but are less At all Key Stages and geographical levels, a higher pronounced. percentage of boys than girls have a Statement of Educational Need (SEN). In Camden significantly more Men of working age in Camden work very long hours pupils have a SEN than in London and England. with almost one in three working above the threshold of 48 hours per week, a higher proportion than in London Camden’s official education statistics show a mixed (25 per cent) and England (24 per cent). 12 per cent picture, with both boys and girls achieving lower results work over 60 hours. Women also work longer hours than

6 3 Source: 2001 Census Univarite and Theme Tables, Crown Copyright Note: Elementary occupations include farm workers, labourers, 2003. packers, postal workers, hospital porters, hotel porters, kitchen and catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar staff, window cleaners, 4 Black and Minority Ethnic groups include all those groups other than road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and salvage occupations, security White British. guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, school mid-day

5 assistants, car park attendants, shelf fillers. The White Other category includes Romany Gypsies, Turkish 7 Cypriots, people from the former Yugoslavia, and other people of Banking, finance and insurance includes business services such as Eastern European origin as well as people from other European advertising, recruitment agencies, accountancy, engineering and countries, South Africa, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. architecture. 3 their female counterparts nationally and regionally and dependent children live in households with two or more proportionally fewer women work part-time hours. In working adults, compared with 50 per cent nationally. Camden 8 per cent of people have a second job High proportions of lone parents with dependent children compared to 4 per cent in both London and England. were economically inactive or unemployed compared to those in England. In Camden a high proportion (33 per cent) of both women and men take the underground to work Women, Men and Diversity compared to 19 per cent and 18 per cent respectively in There are marked differences in the way Camden’s London. A lower proportion drive to work, more walk or Black and Minority Ethnic groups experience the labour take the bus, and more work from home than in London market. Among people of working age, the White Other, and England as a whole. White Irish, Black African, and Bangladeshi populations The Gender Pay Gap are the largest groups after the White British population. Camden has a larger pay gap in all occupations than for Economic activity indicators vary considerably between London or England as a whole, particularly among ethnic groups. Among those under 25 years, there were managers and senior professionals and in customer much higher unemployment rates among young Black service occupations. Women in full-time work earn less Caribbean women and men, Mixed White and Black than their male counterparts at all geographical levels. Caribbean men, Bangladeshi men and White Irish men. Part-time employment was more common among young Low pay is less prevalent in Camden than in London or people from Black Caribbean and Bangladeshi groups. England as a whole, with 6 per cent of women working A higher proportion of young women from Bangladeshi, full time earning less than £250 a week compared to 11 Other Black and Mixed White and Black African groups per cent of their London counterparts and 24 per cent of were looking after their home and family. Camden’s English counterparts. Among full-time women workers, young Chinese population contained a very high the top 10 per cent of earners in Camden earned more proportion of students. per week than in any part of London or England. Amongst Black and Minority Ethnic men aged over 25 to Unemployment and Economic Inactivity retirement age the full-time employment rate was lower Unlike the clear downward trend of unemployment with than in London and nationally, particularly for Indian, age at regional and national level the pattern in Camden White Other, Chinese and Mixed White and Asian men. is more complex. Fewer young people aged 16-24 in Rates were lowest for Bangladeshi and Mixed White and Camden are unemployed than in London and England. Black African men. Economic inactivity due to sickness and disability was highest among Mixed White and Camden has a high number of unemployed women and Asian and Pakistani men. men who have never worked. Although the area compares favourably with London it varies significantly The pattern of economic activity for Black and Minority from the English average. Ethnic women aged 25-59 differs both from men’s and between women of different Black and Minority Ethnic A substantial 11 per cent of men and 13 per cent of groups. women of working age in Camden were students, considerably higher than the London and national The highest full-time employment rates were found in averages. Indian women - 54 per cent compared with 49 per cent of the overall female population aged 25-59. A low 28 per cent of unemployed men and 30 per cent of employment rate was found among Camden’s unemployed women in Camden have not worked for 5 Bangladeshi women, with just 7 per cent in full-time and years. This is significantly different to England as a 55 in part-time employment. Bangladeshi women were whole where 18 per cent of women are in this position. also more likely to look after their home or family full- Compared with similar women in London and England time than women from other ethnic groups. fewer women were economically active due to family The occupational distribution of employment in Camden and household commitments across nearly all age also varies by ethnicity. Camden’s Indian and White groups. The main difference in the pattern occurs for the Other populations contain a higher proportion of men 35-49 age group where the percentage of Camden and women who work as managers and senior officials women looking after their home or family full-time rises than other ethnic groups. In most cases, more Black and markedly, to 18 per cent above London and England. Minority Ethnic men and women work in this occupation Over a third of dependent children in Camden live in in Camden than in the region or England as a whole. A households with no working adult; the proportion is even higher percentage of men and women from the Chinese higher for children aged 5-9. Only 31 per cent of and Indian groups were in professional jobs, compared

4 with other Camden men and women and also compared men in this role being much more likely to be carers of with the national pattern. others who require support because of long-term illness or disability than women. More women than men from Black and Minority Ethnic groups worked in associate professional and technical 8 jobs. Over a quarter of Bangladeshi men were in Using the Gender Profile elementary occupations compared with 8 per cent of the The Gender Profile has been designed as a resource for whole male population in Camden. all those interested in Camden’s men and women. It The industrial distribution of employed men and women provides a detailed picture of how Camden’s residents, in Camden also shows a diverse pattern by ethnicity: in all their diversity, are faring in relation to the county’s Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men were less labour market at the start of the 21st century. Recent likely to be employed in manufacturing than their labour market changes and trends, particularly in counterparts in the region and in England as a whole. Camden’s industries, occupations and patterns of employment are highlighted in the profile. Bangladeshi men and women were heavily concentrated in the wholesale, retail, restaurants and hotels sector. Uniquely in a document of this type, the Gender Profile Black Caribbean, Black African and Mixed White and also provides evidence relevant to the provision of other Black Caribbean men were more likely to work in services provided in Camden - for example in education, transport, storage and communications than other ethnic transport, childcare, and care support - and offers insight groups. into continuing difference between men’s and women’s participation in the labour market and in the experiences Camden’s men and women from Chinese, White Other, of men and women of different ages and from different Indian and Pakistani groups were more likely to work in ethnic backgrounds. finance and real estate than other Camden residents. The Gender Profile has been produced using the full Comparatively more Other Mixed women, Black African range of available official statistics, and includes women, Black Caribbean, Mixed White and Black presentations of data specially commissioned for this Caribbean women and Other Asian women worked in study. Almost all data of this type can be disaggregated public administration and defence and social security by sex, although analysis of gender differences has only than other Camden women. rarely been a feature of previous local labour market Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic women were more analysis. We hope that this profile (alongside the ten likely than other Camden women to work in health and others being produced for other English local authorities social work. This is similar to the regional and national in autumn 2004) will be a major resource for, and patterns of Black and Minority Ethnic women working in stimulus to, the gender mainstreaming of public policy. this industry. By demonstrating the range and scope of data available on women and men, we believe the Gender Profile can Work-Life Balance also ensure that, in future, the differences and Analysis of working time patterns in Camden show that a similarities in women’s and men’s labour market lower proportion of women and men working full-time circumstances will be the focus of documentation, policy have flexi-time arrangements compared with their development and decision-making at local, regional and counterparts in London and England as a whole. In national levels. Camden, 80 per cent of men and 70 per cent of women working full-time and 70 per cent of men and 60 per cent of women working part-time report that they have no 8 Every effort has been made to check the accuracy of the data flexibility in their working arrangements. presented in this document, and to use the latest data available during its preparation (spring/summer 2004). The data from the 2001 Census Women in Camden are more likely than men to provide will remain the latest source for much analysis at district level until the unpaid care. The amount of care women and men 2011 Census results are released. However, it is acknowledged that provide is similar to their counterparts in London but Camden was one of the areas in England that ONS found the 2001 Census to have undercounted the population, especially of younger lower than the English average. 11 per cent of men and men. Other data is produced on an annual basis, and data users 14 per cent of women in employment are providing should consult the source agency concerned for relevant updates. The unpaid care in Camden. There is considerable variation Camden Strategy Unit’s work on Gender and Employment in Local in the amount of unpaid care provided by men and Labour Markets project continues until summer 2006, and from autumn 2004 onwards will focus on the collection of new data through a local women of different ethnicities. research study: “Low Paid, Part Time Work - Why do Women work Below Their Potential?”. The Camden Strategy Unit and Sheffield 12 per cent of women and 1 per cent of men gave Hallam University’s Centre for Social Inclusion welcome enquiries from looking after home and family as a reason for economic organisations and individuals interested in participating or inactivity. There are marked gender differences, with commissioning future work of this type.

5 The authority is one of the most socially diverse in the 2. The Local Setting country with deprived areas adjacent to areas of expensive private housing. Camden is characterised both by high land and housing values and a shortage of suitable sites on which to develop social housing. The The London Borough of Camden9 demand for social housing continues to exceed supply. The London Borough of Camden is in north London, and The ‘day population’ of 290,966 people in Camden10 is stretches from the fringes of the West End to Hampstead considerably larger than the resident population Heath. The Borough is varied with the urban villages of (202,600 in 2001) and a large number of commuters and Hampstead and Highgate, the dense areas of housing students come into the area each day, doubling the such as the Regent’s Park Estate and Ampthill Square, resident population. the inner city environment of Kings Cross and St. Pancras, and the commercial areas of Holborn and Euston. The London Borough of Camden is made up of 18 Wards. Figure 2.1 shows these wards, indicating the The borough includes St Pancras, King’s Cross and Euston Index of Deprivation 2004 scores for the areas within mainline stations, the British Museum, the British Library, them. Within Camden the areas of greatest deprivation substantial parts of London University and many other are in Camden Town with Primrose Hill ward. One of the medical and educational establishments. Overall, areas within this ward is ranked 675 out of 32,482 sub- Camden is a borough of contrasts in its physical environment, with 30 conservation areas containing 5,600 listed buildings.

Figure 2.1 Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004

Source: ODPM, Crown Copyright 2004. 2001 Census,Super Output Area Boundaries, Crown Copyright 2003. This work is based on data provided through EDINA UKBORDERS with the support of the ESRC and JISC and uses boundary material which is Copyright of the Crown

9 10 Source: Camden Comprehensive Performance Assessment and Source: 2001 Census Univarite and Theme Tables, Crown Copyright www.camden.gov.uk 2003.

ward areas in England, known as Super Output Areas • more people aged 25-34 and (SOA). 8 out of Camden’s 133 SOAs are ranked in the 5 per cent most deprived in the country. None of • fewer people aged 50+, especially men aged 50-64 Camden’s SOAs are ranked nationally in the 10 per cent and women aged 75 and above least deprived areas. Overall, the average of the scores for Camden rank it 19 out of 354 local authorities, where Figure 2.2 Camden’s population profile by age and sex 1 is the most and 354 the least deprived. Males 30.0 Females Camden’s Industrial Structure and Labour Market11 25.0 Camden has a diverse industrial structure. A third of jobs 20.0 in the borough are in business or professional services, with a further third being in the public sector. Local firms 15.0 employ 224,000 people, 49 per cent of whom are women. Concentrations of business in the borough 10.0 include: 5.0 Percentage of population of Percentage • higher education in Bloomsbury; 0.0 0-4 5-9 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 50- 65- 75+ 14 19 24 34 49 64 74 • the legal sector in Holborn; Agebands

• a tourism and business location of national Figure 2.3 Difference between the percentage of the significance at Covent Garden; population in each age band for Camden and England Males • business services in Bloomsbury and Holborn; 14.0 Females 12.0 • retail, media and leisure business in the Tottenham 10.0 Court Road and Fitzrovia area and retail activity in 8.0 Hampstead, Finchley Road, Kilburn, West End Lane and Kentish Town. 6.0 4.0 Camden is also the home to a large number of 2.0 businesses that employ fewer then 10 people, and is 0.0 seen as an attractive area to start a business. This 0-4 5-9 10- 15- 20- 25- 35- 50- 65- 75+ -2.0 14 19 24 34 49 64 74

sector has enormous employment potential and is profile national from Difference responsible for much of the vitality and success of the -4.0 commercial areas in the borough. -6.0 Agebands

The People of Camden Source: Registrar General’s Mid 2002 Population Estimate revised, Population Estimates Unit, ONS, Crown Copyright 2004 Camden has a population of 207,000 people12. Figure 2.2 shows the population profile for Camden by age and Population Change and Migration sex and Figure 2.3 the difference between the profiles for Camden and England. It can be seen that Camden Between 1991 and 2002 the population of Camden has proportionally: increased by 26,300 people or 15 per cent of the total. However, as Figure 2.4 illustrates, this was mainly as a • fewer children consequence of an increase in people of working age and of children aged 0-15. This is similar to the pattern in London, however, in England as a whole there was also an increase in people aged over retirement age. 11 Source: Camden Comprehensive Performance Assessment and www.camden.gov.uk 12 Source: Registrar General’s Mid 2002 population estimate revised, Population Estimates Unit, ONS, Crown Copyright 2004. Note: The recently released Mid 2003 population estimate for Camden was 210,700. Source: Registrar General’s Mid 2003 population estimate, Population Estimates Unit, ONS, Crown Copyright 2004

Figure 2.4 Change in population 1991 to 2002 Establishments, compared with 1.3 per cent in the Area Change in the proportion in each London region, and 1.8 per cent in England. Total age group (%) change For people resident in households in Camden, the key (%) 0-15 16-64/59 65/60+ age group for migrants is 16-24 and 25-34 for both men and women. For communal establishment residents, the Camden 26,300 5,200 25,800 -4,700 key age groups are 0-15 for men and 16-24 for both (14.6) (18.2) (21.0) (-15.9) men and women. Overall a higher proportion of women London 541,900 113,500 509,700 -81,200 in communal establishments had a different address one (7.9) (8.5) (11.7) (-7.2) year ago than men in communal establishments. England 1,771,900 195,300 1,292,100 284,500 (3.5) (3.7) (4.4) (3.2) Source: Registrar General’s Mid 2002 Population Estimate revised, Selected Health Indicators Crown Copyright 2004. Registrar General’s Mid 1991 Population The proportion of people with a Limiting Long-Term Estimate revised, Crown Copyright 2004 Illness (LLTI) in Camden (16 per cent of males and 16 13 Using data from the 2001 Census , it is also possible to per cent females) is higher for men than in London (14 explore the patterns of migration into and out of Camden per cent of males and 16 per cent of females) and lower in the year prior to the Census. In Camden, 21 per cent than in England (17 per cent of males and 18 per cent of of people had moved in the year before the Census, females). Figure 2.6 shows that when compared with which is similar to London (14 per cent) and England as the national profile, proportions are particularly high a whole (12 per cent). amongst both men and women of working age, especially men aged 35-49. Figure 2.5 Percentage of people in Camden with a different address on year ago, by age and sex Figure 2.6 Difference between the percentage of the Males 90.0 population in each age band with a Limiting Long-Term Females 80.0 Illness (LLTI) for Camden and England Males 70.0 6.0 Females 60.0 5.0

50.0 4.0 40.0 3.0 30.0 2.0 20.0 Percentage age of band 1.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 All 0-4 5-9 10-15 16-19 20-24 25-34 35-49 50-64 65-74 75+ -1.0 All All 50- 50- 0-15 0-15 59/64 59/64 16-24 25-34 35-49 16-24 25-34 35-49 59/64+ 59/64+ -2.0

Households Communal Establishments -3.0 Difference from NationalDifference Percentages from Ageband in Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 In Camden the conception rate amongst 15-17 year Figure 2.5 shows the percentage of people in Camden olds was 49.2 per 1000 women14 (with 58 per cent who were migrants (those with a different address one ending in abortion) in 1999-2001 compared with 53.8 per year before the 2001 Census) by gender, age and 1000 women in 1996-1998 (with 59 per cent ending in whether the person was resident in a household or abortion). This is lower than the rate for London (51.0 communal establishment (CE), e.g. nursing home, hall per 1,000 women with 56 per cent ending in abortion) of residence, residential care etc. In Camden, 4.7 per but higher than the rate for England as a whole (43.5 cent of the population are resident in Communal with 45 per cent ending in abortion). Men in Camden have a reduced life expectancy when

compared with London and England as a whole. In 13 Despite rigorous planning, the largest field force employed to 1999-2001, males in Camden had a life expectancy at undertake a UK census and statistical methods employed to adjust the 2001 Census for any people missed, it has emerged that an birth of 73.5 years compared with 75.4 for London and undercount occurred. In Camden it was estimated that 77% of 75.7 for England. For women, the figures for Camden, households responded to the Census questionnaire, requiring ONS to London and England are similar at 80.2, 80.0 and 80.4 impute responses for the remaining 23%. However, during further national investigation it is now estimated that the adjusted census total for Camden is short by some 4,600 people (2.3%). This shortfall was 14 found mostly in London and the major cities. This should be borne in Source: Key Population and Vital Statistics 2001, Office for National mind when interpreting these data. Statistics. Crown Copyright 2003.

respectively. This ranks Camden as 346 for men and men and 13 per cent of women in London, and 17 per 237 for women for life expectancy out of 374 local cent of men and 12 per cent of women nationally), and 9 authorities, where the local authority where men and per cent of men and 8 per cent of women did not state a women have the highest life expectancy is ranked as 1. religion. This is a significant gender difference. Households and Housing Ethnic Minority and Religious Groups There are over 91,600 households in Camden,17 of Figure 2.7 shows that 46 per cent of males and 49 per which 46 per cent are single person households. This is cent of females in Camden are from Black and Minority significantly higher than in London (35 per cent) and in 15 Ethnic groups . This is higher than in London (40 per England as a whole (30 per cent). Camden has a slightly cent of males and 41 per cent of females) and in lower proportion of lone parent households (7 per cent) England (13 per cent of men and 13 per cent of women). than London (8 per cent) but this is similar to England (6 In Camden, the largest Ethnic Minority groups are the per cent). The other main differences in Camden are: White Other group16 (31,357 people, 16 per cent of the population), people of Bangladeshi origin (12,565 • the low proportion of cohabiting and married couple people, 6.3 per cent) and Black Africans (11,796 people, households (27 per cent) compared with London (37 6.0 per cent). per cent) and England (45 per cent) Figure 2.7 Percentage of the population from Black and • the high proportion of households classed as ‘other’ Minority Ethnic groups by sex (15 per cent), compared with only 12 per cent for the 50.0 region and 7 per cent in England as a whole. This 5.0 45.0 3.9 category includes extended families where several 40.0 6.2 generations of a family live in one household, and 5.7 2.6 2.8 2.0 student households 35.0 1.6 1.6 5.4 1.8 5.2 30.0 6.2 6.6 4.4 5.2 2.2 • the low proportion of single pensioner households 25.0 4.2 3.5 2.4 4.0 (12 per cent), compared with 13 per cent in London 3.5 2.2 2.1 20.0 6.2 6.0 and 15 per cent in England as a whole 15.0 0.8 0.9 16.8 3.2 14.8 3.1 1.0 1.0 In Camden, just 34 per cent of households are owner 10.0 1.1 1.2 Percentage of the population the of Percentage 2.0 1.8 8.6 8.0 2.1 2.1 occupied, 37 per cent are rented from a social landlord 5.0 1.3 1.3 4.7 4.6 2.5 2.8 (26 per cent rented from the council) and 25 per cent are 3.0 3.2 1.2 1.3 0.0 private rented. In London the figures are 56 per cent, 26 Males Females Males Females Males Females per cent (17 per cent rented from the council) and 16 per Camden London England cent respectively and in England 68 per cent, 19 per White Irish White Other Mixed Ethnic Group Indian cent (13 per cent rented from the council) and 10 per Bangladeshi Other Asian or Asian British Black Caribbean Black African cent. Thus, Camden has: Other Black or Black British Chinese/Other Ethnic Group Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 • a very low proportion of owner occupied households The 2001 Census also provides information about religious groups. The largest minority religious groups in • a high proportion of households that rent from the Camden are Muslims (22,906 people or 11.6 per cent of council the population) and Jews (11,153 people or 5.6 per cent of the population). The proportion of people in Camden • high levels of private renting who stated that they are Christian, 43 per cent of males Data from the Land Registry for the last quarter of the and 51 per cent of females, is lower than in London (55 years 2000 and 2003 show that house prices in Camden per cent and 61 per cent respectively) and England as a rose by 18 per cent in the three years between 2000 and whole (69 per cent and 75 per cent respectively). 18 per 2003. The average house price rose from £320,200 to cent of men and 14 per cent of women in Camden said £378,300, although nearly 12 per cent fewer houses that they had no religion (compared with 18 per cent of were sold in the last quarter of 2003 than 2000. Over the same period, the average house price across England 15 Black and Minority Ethnic groups include all those groups other than increased from £112,500 to £166,300 (an increase of 48 White British. per cent since 2000). 16 The White Other category includes Romany Gypsies, Turkish Cypriots, people from the former Yugoslavia, and other people of Eastern European origin as well as people from other European 17 countries, South Africa, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003.

(FSM)22 although only 36 per cent of pupils take them, 3. Education and Skills compared to 26 per cent of pupils eligible (21 per cent take FSM) in London and 17 per cent (14 per cent take FSM) in England. In secondary schools in Camden, the corresponding rates of eligibility for and uptake of FSM Educational Indicators in Camden18 are 30 per cent and 24 per cent respectively, compared Within Camden there are 41 primary, 9 secondary and 6 with 24 per cent and 19 per cent in London and 15 per special schools which teach 11,430, 9,600 and 290 cent and 11 per cent in England as a whole. pupils respectively. There are 31 independent schools A higher proportion of boys and girls in within the Borough. Post 16 education in Camden is Camden have Special Educational Needs, provided by sixth forms in 8 of the 9 secondary schools compared with London and England as a and also a further education college. whole In 2003 the pupil to teacher ratio in both primary and Figure 3.1 shows the percentages of pupils who have a secondary schools (21.4 and 14.8 pupils per teacher Special Educational Need (SEN) at each Key Stage. respectively) was lower than in London (23.3 and 16.9) Children have a Special Educational Need if they have a and England as a whole (22.6 and 17.0). In the same learning difficulty which calls for special educational year the teacher vacancy rate in Camden was also provision to be made for them23. For children with SEN lower, at 0.4 per cent compared to 2.1 per cent in who require a high level of support, a Statutory London and 0.9 per cent in England. In 2003/2004 Assessment of special educational needs is carried out Camden spent slightly more per pupil (£5,310) than the by the Local Education Authority (LEA). If after the London average (£4,350) or the average across England assessment the LEA decides that the child needs more as a whole (£3,590). special education/provision, it must write a Statement of Camden has a higher proportion of people from Black Special Educational Needs, which is usually called a and Minority Ethnic groups than London and England ‘statement’. It describes the child’s needs and all the as a whole. In primary schools in Camden, 70 per cent special help he or she requires. The statement is of pupils are from Black and Minority Ethnic groups,19 reviewed annually. compared with 66 per cent of pupils in the region and 18 Figure 3.1 Boys and girls with identified Special 20 per cent in England . The largest of these groups are Educational Needs (SEN) and with a Statement of SEN, by 21 Bangladeshi (16 per cent), White Other (14 per cent) Key Stage in 2003 and Black African (14 per cent) pupils. In secondary 30.0 schools the figures are 61 per cent, 54 per cent and 3 per cent for Camden, London and England respectively. 25.0

In Camden’s secondary schools, the largest Black and 20.0 Minority Ethnic groups are Black African (12 per cent), White Other (11 per cent) and Bangladeshi (11 per cent) 15.0 pupils. 10.0 Percentage of pupils of Percentage In Camden, 51 per cent of primary school pupils have a 5.0 first language which is other than English, compared 0.0 with 35 per cent of pupils in London and 10 per cent in Girls Girls Girls Girls Girls Girls Girls Girls

England as a whole. Among pupils in secondary schools Boys Boys Boys Boys Boys Boys Boys Boys the figures are 38 per cent, 32 per cent and 8.8 per cent Age 7 Age 11 Age 14 Age Age 7 Age 11 Age 14 Age 16 in Camden, London and England respectively. 15/16 SEN no statement SEN with statement

At all Key Stages and geographical levels, a higher 18 Statistics of Education 2003, DfES, Crown Copyright 2003 and percentage of boys than girls have a SEN. In Camden School Workforce in England, January 2003 (revised), Crown Copyright 2003. 19 Black and Minority Ethnic groups include all ethnic groups other than 22 ‘White British’ Pupils eligible for free school meals (FSM) are those who have, or 20 Percentage of the total number of pupils whose ethnicity has been whose parents have, satisfied the relevant authority that they are classified (not the total number of pupils) in 2003 receiving Income Support or income-based Job Seekers Allowance or 21 The White Other category includes Romany Gypsies, Turkish support provided under Part 6 of the Immigration and Asylum Act Cypriots, people from the former Yugoslavia, and other people of 1999, and they have indicated that they wished their child to have a Eastern European origin as well as people from other European FSM. 23 countries, South Africa, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Special Educational Needs Code of Practice, DfES 2001.

significantly more pupils have a SEN than in London and Figure 3.3 Boys and girls achieving level 2 or above at Key England at all Key Stages, with nearly 30 per cent of Stage 1 (age 7) in reading, writing and mathematics in boys with a SEN at Key Stages 1-3. 2003

Figure 3.2 shows that in Camden, at Key Stage 1, 100 90 children with a SEN are more likely to have a Statement 80 of SEN than in London and England. At Key Stage 2, 70 60 while a similar proportion of boys with a SEN have a 50 statement in Camden as in England, fewer girls with a 40 30 SEN have a statement in Camden than nationally. At 20 key Stages 3 and 4, more boys but fewer girls with 10 0 SENs have a statement in Camden than in England as a Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls whole. Reading Writing Mathematics Percentage of pupils achievinglevel 2or above Figure 3.2 Boys and girls with Special Educational Needs Camden London England

30.0 percentage of pupils achieving the expected standard at Key Stage 1. In Camden both 7 year old boys and girls 25.0 performed below the national level in reading, writing 20.0 and mathematics. The greatest difference can be seen in boys’ achievements in writing, 9 per cent lower than 15.0 the national level. Boys’ performance was 8 per cent 10.0 lower in reading and 7 per cent lower in mathematics,

5.0 compared with the national level. Camden girls’ performance was 6 per cent lower in reading, 4 per cent 0.0 lower in writing and 3 per cent lower in mathematics BoysGirlsBoysGirlsBoysGirlsBoysGirls than the national level. Age 7 Age 11 Age 14 Age 15

Percentage of pupils with SEN that have a statement of pupils that with SEN Percentage Camden London England Figure 3.4 Difference from national levels of pupils who

1 0 -1 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Educational Attainment at ages 7-16 -2 Reading Writing Maths -3 Both boys and girls in Camden perform -4 -5 below the level of pupils in London and -6 nationally at ages 7 and 14 -7 -8 -9 Key Stage 1 Tests - Age 7 percentage national the from Difference -10 Camden London Figure 3.3 shows the achievement of pupils in Key

Stage 1 tests (age 7) in reading, writing and Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 mathematics in 2003. A lower proportion of both boys Note: England: Reading - Boys 80%, Girls 88%, Writing - Boys 76%, and girls in Camden achieved the expected standard in Girls 86%, Mathematics- Boys 89%, Girls 91% all the three subjects of reading, writing and Attainment data for earlier years indicate that since mathematics than their counterparts in London and 2000, proportionally fewer boys and girls in Camden England as a whole. Whilst 82 per cent of boys achieved have achieved the expected standard at Key Stage 1 in the expected standard in mathematics, fewer boys all subjects. This differs from the London and national performed well in reading (72 per cent) and in writing (67 patterns, which showed a fall in the proportion of both per cent). Girls in Camden performed better than boys in boys and girls achieving the required level in writing in reading (82 per cent), writing (82 per cent) and 2003, but a slight increase of the boys’ proportion in mathematics (88 per cent), but still attained a lower level achieving the required standard in reading and the same than in London or nationally. proportion of boys and girls in mathematics. In Camden the results suggest a negative trend, with a small

decrease in the proportion achieving the expected their performance is 2 per cent higher than the national standard since 2000 in reading (2 per cent fewer boys level in all three subjects. and girls), writing (5 per cent fewer boys and 3 per cent Since 2000, more boys and girls in Camden have fewer girls) and mathematics (3 per cent fewer boys and achieved level 4 or above at Key Stage 2 in English (5 1 per cent fewer girls). per cent more boys and 7 per cent more girls), mathematics (2 per cent more boys and 6 per cent more Key Stage 2 - Age 11 girls) and science (4 per cent more boys and 6 per cent Figure 3.5 shows the achievements of pupils at Key more girls). This compares favourably to a national Stage 2 in the subjects of English, mathematics and pattern of a 1-2 per cent increase between 2000 and science in 2003. In contrast to the Key Stage 1 results, 2003. more Camden pupils achieved the expected standard at Key Stage 2 than their equivalents in London and Key Stage 3 - Age 14 England. 87 per cent of boys and 89 per cent of girls Figure 3.7 shows pupils’ achievements at Key Stage 3 achieved the required level in science, although a lower in English, mathematics and science in 2003. Compared proportion of boys achieved this level in English (73 per with their counterparts nationally, a lower percentage of cent) and in mathematics (74 per cent). Girls performed both boys and girls in Camden achieved the expected better than boys in English (82 per cent) but at a similar level in all the three subjects of English, mathematics in level mathematics (74 per cent). and science. Only 58 per cent of boys achieved the Figure 3.5 Boys and girls achieving level 4 or above at Key expected standard in English, compared with the Stage 2 (age 11) in English, mathematics and science in London (59 per cent) and national (62 per cent) 2003 averages. Girls in Camden performed better in English

100 (74 per cent) than in mathematics (67 per cent) and 90 science (66 per cent), but still below the national level. 80 70 Figure 3.7 Boys and girls achieving level 5 or above at Key 60 50 Stage 3 (age 14) in English, mathematics and science in 40 2003 30 20 100 10 90 0 80 BoysGirlsBoysGirlsBoysGirls 70 English Mathematics Science 60 50 Percentage of pupils achieving level 4 or above or 4 level achieving pupils of Percentage Camden London England 40 30 Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 20 10 Figure 3.6 Difference from national levels of pupils 0 achieving level 4 or above at Key Stage 2, in 2003 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls English Maths Science 4 Percentage of pupils achievinglevel 5or above Camden London England 3 Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 2 Figure 3.8 shows the difference from the national 1 percentage of pupils achieving level 5 or above at Key 0 Stage 3. Whilst London’s results are also below the Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls -1 English Mathematics Science national level for both boys’ and girls’ achievements in -2 all three subjects, Camden boys performed below both

Difference from the national percentage -3 the London and national levels in English and

Camden London mathematics. The greatest difference can be seen in boys’ achievements in mathematics, 7 per cent lower Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 than the national figure. Both boys and girls’ Note: England: English - Boys 70%, Girls 80%, Mathematics - Boys achievements in science were above the London level, 73%, Girls 72%, Science - Boys 86%, Girls 87% but below the national averages. Figure 3.6 demonstrates the difference from the national percentage of pupils achieving level 4 or higher at Key Stage 2. In Camden boys’ performance is 3 per cent higher than the national level in English and 1 per cent higher in mathematics and science. For Camden girls,

Figure 3.8 Difference from national levels of pupils as they refer to the results of official tests taken by all achieving level 5 or above at Key Stage 3, in 2003 pupils, and have not, for example, been generalised

0 from a sample survey of pupils. Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls -1 Figure 3.9 Camden pupils assessed at Key Stages 1, 2 and English Maths Science -2 3, by sex and ethnicity Numbers -3 Age 7 Age 11 Age 14 -4 KS1 KS2 KS3 -5 Boys White British 208 233 217 -6 -7 Black and Minority 539 412 349

Difference from the national percentage -8 Ethnic Groups Camden London Girls White British 217 235 336

Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: England: English - Boys 62%, Girls 76%, Mathematics - Boys Black and Minority 530 435 544 70%, Girls 72%, Science - Boys 68%, Girls 69% Ethnic Groups Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004

The test results for 7, 11 and 14 year-old pupils showed: In Camden, significant improvements have been made in educational At age 7 attainment at age 14 since 2000. • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did better Camden has clear evidence of recent educational than Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys. improvements. Since 2000, the proportion of both boys and girls in Camden who achieved the expected • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did better standard at Key Stage 3 has risen, reflecting a similar than Camden’s White British boys by 1 per cent in trend nationally. In 2003, 5 per cent more boys achieved reading, and Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic the expected level in English, 7 per cent more in girls outperformed Camden’s White British girls by 4 mathematics and 9 per cent more in science than in per cent in writing. 2000 (up 7 per cent, 6 per cent and 7 per cent respectively in England). For girls in Camden the • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys and girls corresponding figures are 1 per cent, 6 per cent, and 11 did less well than similar pupils nationally except for per cent (3 per cent, 7 per cent and 11 per cent for girls in writing (2 per cent above the national level). England). At age 11

Diversity Indicators and Performance at Key Stages • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did less 1-3 well than Camden’s White British boys (2 per cent fewer achieved expected standards in English and It is possible to look at the outcomes for girls and boys at mathematics, and 3 per cent fewer in science). Key Stages 1, 2 and 3, taking into account other factors, such as ethnicity, whether or not a pupil’s first language • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did less is English, eligibility for free school meals and well than Camden’s White British girls with 3 per assessments of Special Educational Need. cent fewer achieving the expected level in English Ethnicity and science and 3 per cent fewer in mathematics. The 2003 educational statistics for Camden refer to the • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did better pupils indicated in Figure 3.9 which shows that Camden than similar boys nationally (by 6 per cent in English, has a large number of pupils from Black and Minority 24 3 per cent in mathematics and 5 per cent in Ethnic Groups . In Camden, these pupils are principally science). concentrated in the Bangladeshi, White Other25 and Black African groups. These figures provide reliable data • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did better than similar girls nationally (by 4 per cent in English 24 Black and Minority Ethnic groups include all those groups other than and 6 per cent in both mathematics and science). White British. 25 The White Other category includes Romany Gypsies, Turkish Cypriots, people from the former Yugoslavia, and other people of Eastern European origin as well as people from other European countries, South Africa, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

At age 14 • Boys and girls in Camden for whom English is an additional language did less well in all the three • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did less subjects compared with their national counterparts, well than Camden’s White British boys in English (6 except for girls in writing (1 per cent more achieving per cent fewer achieving expected standards) and desired standards). mathematics (2 per cent fewer), but better in science (1 per cent more). At age 11

• Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did better • Again, Camden’s boys and girls who have English than Camden’s White British girls (6 per cent more as an additional language performed less well in all achieving expected standards in English and 2 per subjects than those for whom English was their first cent more in science). language.

• While Camden’s White British pupils of both sexes • However, Camden pupils for whom English is an performed below the national level, Camden’s Black additional language performed better than similar and Minority Ethnic girls achieved better results than pupils across England. 8 per cent more boys and 4 their counterparts nationally – 4 per cent more per cent more girls achieved expected standards in achieved desired levels in English, 1 per cent more English, 4 per cent more boys and 7 per cent more in mathematics, and 6 per cent more in science. girls in mathematics and 8 per cent more boys and 7 per cent more girls in science. • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did less At age 14 well than similar boys in English and mathematics, but better in science, by 5 per cent above the • Camden boys for whom English is an additional national level. language performed less well than other Camden English as an Additional Language boys at age 14. 8 per cent fewer achieved expected standards in English, 7 per cent fewer in The numbers of Camden pupils tested in 2003 at Key mathematics, and 4 per cent fewer in science. stages 1, 2 and 3 who had English as an additional language are shown below. • Girls in Camden with English as an additional Figure 3.10 Camden pupils assessed at Key Stages 1, 2 language also did less well than other Camden girls, and 3, by sex and whether or not English is their First with 6 per cent fewer achieving expected standards language Numbers in English, 4 per cent fewer in mathematics and Age 7 Age 11 Age 14 science. KS1 KS2 KS3 Boys English 350 347 326 • Camden boys for whom English is an additional language performed below the national level in First language 402 304 241 English and mathematics, but better than similar other than English boys nationally in science by 6 per cent. Girls English 364 356 592 • Camden girls for whom English is an additional

language did better in all subjects than similar girls First language 385 316 297 across England, 1 per cent more achieving expected other than English Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 standards in English and mathematics and 7 per cent more in science. At age 7 Free School Meals Eligibility • Camden’s boys and girls who have English as an additional language performed less well in all • In Camden, London, and nationally, pupils of both subjects than those for whom English was their first sexes who are eligible for free school meals performed language. (2 per cent fewer boys and 7 per cent less well than other pupils at Key Stages 1, 2 and 3. fewer girls gained expected standards in English, 3 per cent fewer boys and girls in writing, and 5 per • This is especially marked for older Camden boys cent fewer boys and 8 per cent fewer girls in eligible for free school meals, with 32 per cent fewer mathematics, compared with pupils for whom in this group achieving expected standards in English was their first language.) English, 23 per cent in mathematics and 29 per cent fewer in science at age 14, compared with other Camden boys.

Special Educational Needs Key Stage 4 GCSE/GNVQ - Age 16 At age 7 In Camden proportionally fewer boys • Camden boys who have a SEN did better in 2003 achieved 5 or more GCSE/GNVQs at A*-C than their national counterparts in reading and grade in 2003 compared with London and writing, but 4 per cent fewer of them achieved the England as a whole expected level in mathematics.

Camden girls who have a SEN outperformed their • GCSE/GNVQ achievements by 16 year olds in national counterparts in reading and writing, and maintained schools in 2002/03 are presented in Figure achieved the national standard in mathematics. 3.11 In Camden, proportionally fewer boys and girls At age 11 achieved 5 or more A*-C grades at GCSE/GNVQ level than in England, and boys performed much less well • Among Camden pupils who have SEN but do not than girls. 40 per cent of boys and 56 per cent of girls in have a statement of SEN, attainment is higher for Camden achieved 5 or more A*-C grades, compared both boys and girls than the national averages for with 48 per cent of boys and 58 per cent of girls across similar pupils. England. In Camden, almost 7 per cent of boys did not pass any • In English, 17 per cent more boys and 21 per cent GCSE/GNVQs. This is slightly higher than in London more girls achieved expected standards; in and England as a whole (6 per cent in both cases). The mathematics the figures were 10 per cent more boys figure for girls is 4 per cent, similar to both the London and 15 per cent more girls, and in science 8 per cent and national averages. more boys and 15 per cent more girls. Between 2000 and 2003 in Camden, the proportion of At age 14 boys and girls achieving 5 or more A*-C grades at • Attainment is higher for Camden boys and girls with GCSE/GNVQ increased by 4 per cent for boys and 2 per a SEN but no statement, compared with similar cent for girls. This is similar to the London and national pupils nationally. trends.

• In English, 9 per cent more boys and 11 per cent more girls with a SEN achieved expected standards; in mathematics 7 per cent more boys and 5 per cent more girls; and in science 7 per cent more boys and 8 per cent more girls.

Figure 3.11 GCSE/GNVQ achievements by 15 year olds in maintained schools by gender in 2002/2003 Area Percentage of pupils achieving at GCSE/GNVQ 5+ A*-C grades 5+ A*-G grades 5+ A*-G grades including mathematics and No passes English

Camden Males (557) 40.0 85.1 82.8 6.6

Females (863) 56.1 92.6 91.5 3.6

London Males 45.4 87.2 84.8 5.7

Figures 3.12 - 3.15 show pupils’ performance in grades in this subject, 55 per cent compared with 51 per selected subjects at GCSE. Figure 3.12 shows the cent in London and 53 per cent in England. proportion of pupils entered for GCSE mathematics in Figure 3.14 Pupils entered for GCSE Double Award maintained schools who achieved good grades and Science in maintained schools who achieved A*-C or D-G other pass grades. In Camden, proportionally fewer boys grades in 2003 achieved good grades, 45 per cent compared with 48 per cent in both London and England. Camden girls’ 100.0 achievement was slightly above the regional and 80.0 42.6 46.1 47.3 45.4 national averages. 49.5 49.8 60.0 D-G Figure 3.12 Pupils entered for GCSE Mathematics in 40.0 A*-C * maintained schools who achieved A -C or D-G grades in 47.4 54.5 51.1 50.2 52.5 20.0 46.5

2003 Percentage ofentrants 0.0 100.0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls (424) (765) 80.0 48.0 46.9 46.2 51.5 47.1 47.2 Camden London England 60.0 D-G Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 40.0 A*-C 50.3 48.4 49.8 48.4 50.1 20.0 44.6 Figure 3.15 shows that in Camden a lower percentage

Percentage of entrants of Percentage of boys entered for GCSEs in a Modern Language 0.0 achieved good grades than in London and England as a Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls (518) (823) whole. Girls (58 per cent) performed better than boys

Camden London England (34 per cent), and also better than the national average of 55 per cent, though not quite as well as their London

Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 counterparts (59 per cent). Figure 3.13 Pupils entered for GCSE English in maintained Figure 3.15 Pupils entered for GCSE in a Modern schools who achieved A*-C or D-G grades in 2003 Language in maintained schools who achieved A*-C or D- 100.0 G grades in 2003 29.8 80.0 33.8 32.8 48.1 48.1 48.4 100.0 60.0 D-G 80.0 40.2 38.8 43.2 51.3 A*-C 58.0 40.0 60.0 59.5 69.4 65.2 66.1 D-G 49.5 49.8 49.8 20.0 40.0 A*-C

Percentage of entrants 57.8 58.8 55.1 0.0 44.1 20.0 33.5 39.1

Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls entrants of Percentage (503) (823) 0.0 Boys Girls Boys Girls Boys Girls Camden London England (474) (754)

Figure 3.13 shows the proportion of pupils entered for Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 GCSE English in maintained schools who achieved Note: ‘Modern Language’ includes those pupils who took French, German, Spanish, Italian or ‘Other Modern Language’ good grades (A*-C) and other pass grades (D-G). A higher proportion of girls than boys achieved good grades, 69 per cent compared with 50 per cent. While The achievements of girls and boys in GCSE/GNVQs the percentage of boys who achieved good grades in can also be explored in the context of other factors, such Camden is similar to the figures for London and as ethnicity, whether or not a pupil’s first language is England, more Camden girls (69 per cent) achieved English, free school meal eligibility and SENs. Analysis good grades in English than their London (65 per cent) of these results shows that: and national (66 per cent) counterparts. Ethnicity Figure 3.14 shows the achievements of pupils entered for GCSE Double Award Science in maintained schools. • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did less In Camden, 47 per cent of boys obtained good grades, well than Camden’s White British boys, with 5 per similar to those in London, but fewer than in England (50 cent fewer gaining 5 or more good GCSE/GNVQ per cent). On the other hand, more girls achieved good grades.

Special Educational Needs • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did better than Camden’s White British girls, with 2 per cent • At all geographical levels, boys with a SEN are less more gaining 5 or more good GCSE/GNVQ grades. likely to achieve 5 or more GCSE/GNVQ passes at grades A*-C, and more likely to have no passes at • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys and girls GCSE/GNVQ, than girls. were more likely than White British boys and girls to achieve at least one GCSE pass. • In Camden, more pupils with a SEN but without a statement achieved 5 or more good GCSE/GNVQ • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic boys did less passes, and fewer boys and girls gained no well than their counterparts nationally, 7 per cent GCSE/GNVQ passes than their national with fewer achieving 5 or more good GCSE/GNVQ counterparts. grades.

• Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic girls did a little Destinations of pupils after age 16 better than similar girls nationally, with 1 per cent more achieving 5 or more good GCSE/GNVQ In Camden, over 90 per cent of girls and two grades. thirds of boys who enter employment at 16 go into jobs in elementary occupations. English as an additional language: Figure 3.16 shows the situation of pupils after the end of • In Camden, amongst those pupils who have English compulsory education. It indicates that a higher as an additional language, a lower proportion of proportion of students stay on in education in Camden boys (38 per cent) achieved 5 or more good than in London or across England. In 2003, most 16 GCSE/GNVQ grades, compared with similar boys in year olds continued in education or training, with more London (45 per cent) and in England (44 per cent). female students (86 per cent) than male students (83 per cent) in Camden. Here fewer young men and • Camden girls for whom English is an additional women entered the labour market than in London or language performed much better. 58 per cent nationally. A similar proportion of young men (9 per cent) achieved good grades, compared with 56 per cent in and fewer young women (4 per cent) in Camden were London and 55 per cent nationally. reported to be ‘not settled’ than in the region and nationally. Note that there was no response by 8 per • 8 per cent of boys in Camden who have English as cent of young women in Camden, a much higher an additional language gained no passes at proportion than in London and England (2-3 per cent). GCSE/GNVQ, compared 5 per cent of similar boys Figure 3.16 Destination of pupils at the end of compulsory in London and 6 per cent in England as a whole. education - 2003 Free school meal eligibility Males 78 5 13 9 13

Females 84 201 41 8 • In Camden, mirroring the London and national Camden patterns, girls who are eligible for free school meals Males 75 2 3 3 9 3 4 are more likely than boys to achieve 5 or more good

London Females 81 2 31 7 3 3 GCSE/GNVQ passes, and less likely to achieve no passes. Males 67 5 10 4 9 22 Females 77 3 6 2 7 22 England • In Camden, 39 per cent of girls who are eligible for 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% free school meals achieved 5 or more good Percentage of 16 year olds GCSE/GNVQ passes, a higher proportion than Education Training Employment with training Employment without training similar girls in London (36 per cent) and in England Not Settled Out of contact as a whole (29 per cent). No response Source: ConneXions 2004 • Fewer Camden girls who are eligible for free school Figure 3.17 shows the first occupation of the small meals did not achieve 5 or more GCSE/GNVQ minority of pupils who went into employment after passes, 5 per cent compared with 6 per cent in leaving school at 16. In Camden, the overwhelming London and 10 per cent in England. majority of these young women (93 per cent of a total of 29 girls) entered elementary occupations. This differs from the London and national pattern, which shows young men are more likely to enter elementary

occupations than young women. The rest (7 per cent of A/AS Level Attainment young women entering employment at 16) went into personal service occupations in Camden. Table 3.18 shows that in Camden the average point score per candidate achieving A/AS levels is higher than Figure 3.17 Occupations of 16-17 year olds who left in London but lower than in England. For boys in education and entered employment Camden, it is about 8 points lower than in England and

Males (54) 2 4 13 4 20 76 0 for girls it is 11 points lower than nationally.

Females (29) 0 7 0 93 0

Camden Table 3.18 Average GCE/VCE A/AS point scores of 16-18 Males 2 6 42 7 9 2 28 4 year old candidates by gender 2002/03

Females 1 16 2 40 16 0 21 4 Area Average point score by candidates achieving London A/AS levels Males 3 4 43 9 7 4 22 8

Females 1 15 4 39 16 2 16 8 Per candidate Per entry England

0 20 40 60 80 100 Males Females Males Females Percentage of those post 16 who are in employment Camden 222.4 245.4 74.6 78.3 Managers & Professionals Admin. & Secretarial Skilled Trades Personal Service London Sales & Customer Service Process; Plant & Machine Operatives 209.7 230.7 70.4 75.5 Elementary Occupations Unknown England 230.1 256.3 70.9 77.1

Source: ConneXions 2004 Note: Elementary occupations include farm workers, labourers, Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 packers, postal workers, hospital porters, hotel porters, kitchen and Note: An A grade at A-level is worth 120 points, a B grade 100, C catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar staff, window cleaners, grade 80, D grade 60 and an E grade 40 points. An AS exam will be road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and salvage occupations, security worth half the equivalent A-level grade guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, school mid-day Table 3.19 shows boys’ and girls’ five most popular assistants, car park attendants, shelf-fillers. subjects at ‘A’ Level in 2003. At the national level, boys’ A much higher proportion of young men entering and girls’ preferences differ, except in choosing English employment at 16 in Camden went into elementary and Business Studies. Many Camden boys chose Social occupations, 76 per cent of a total of 54 boys compared Studies, Media/film/TV Studies and Art and Design, with 28 per cent in London and 22 per cent across whereas their counterparts in England preferred England. Just 13 per cent of these young men entered Business Studies, Physics and History in addition to skilled trades, a much smaller percentage than in English and Mathematics. Girls in Camden favoured London and England as a whole (42 per cent and 43 per English and Social Studies like their counterparts in cent respectively). In Camden, 4 per cent of 16 year old England, but preferred Art and Design, History and male entrants to the labour market went in administrative Media Studies over Psychology, Biology and Business and secretarial occupations, (similar to the national Studies. Interestingly, Camden boys and girls have average) but fewer were employed in personal service similar interests in most of subjects except in occupations (4 per cent) than in London (9 per cent) or preferences for Mathematics and History. nationally (7 per cent).

Table 3.19 Five most popular ‘A’ Levels (excluding General Studies) in 2003 Camden London England Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 English English Mathematics English Mathematics English 2 Social Studies Art and Design English Social Studies English Psychology (excluding (excluding Psychology) Psychology) 3 Mathematics Social Studies Business Studies Biological Business Studies Social Studies (excluding sciences (excluding Psychology) Psychology) 4 Media/film/tv History Social Studies Psychology Physics Biology sciences Studies (excluding Psychology) 5 Art and Design Media/film/tv Physics Art and Design History Business Studies Studies Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004

Figure 3.20 shows the results of boys and girls entered girls). Boys’ performance at more than 6 percentage for ‘A’ level mathematics in maintained schools. In points above the national average, is particularly Camden only small numbers of pupils took this subject noteworthy, especially given the relatively high with more boys (54 per cent) than girls (52 per cent) proportion of the age group taking this subject. achieving good grades (A-C), compared with 69 per cent Figure 3.22 Pupils entered for ‘A’ level English in of boys and 75 per cent of girls in London and nationally. maintained schools who achieved A-C or D-E grades in This reversal of the pattern in London and England 2003 suggests a need for attention to girls’ progress in this subject. 100.0 24.2 21.3 30.9 28.5 31.8 28.4 Figure 3.20 Pupils entered for ‘A’ level mathematics in 80.0 60.0 maintained schools who achieved A-C or D-E grades in D-E 2003 40.0 A-C 72.5 72.5 66.5 69.9 65.9 70.2 100.0 20.0

21.1 24.7 20.7 Percentage ofentrants 80.0 24.2 0.0 26.1 32.1 Males Females Males Females Males Females 60.0 D-E (120) (287) 40.0 A-C 69.1 74.4 69.2 75.2 Camden London England 53.6 51.8 20.0 Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 Percentage of entrants of Percentage 0.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females Figure 3.23 shows the estimates of the proportion of 17 (69) (56) year old boys and girls who took ‘A’ level English. Far Camden London England more boys (16 per cent) and girls (30 per cent) took ‘A’ level English, compared to London (8 per cent of boys Source: DfES, Crown Copyright 2004 and 19 per cent of girls) and England as a whole (8 per Using estimates of the population it is possible to cent of boys and 20 per cent of girls). compare the proportion of 17 year olds in Camden who Figure 3.23 Percentage of the population aged 17 who entered maths ‘A’ level with that in London and England. were entered for ‘A’ level English (estimates) in 2003 These estimates are presented in Figure 3.21, and 29.5 Males show that 11 per cent of 17 year old boys and 8 per cent 30.0 Females of girls in Camden took ‘A’ level maths in 2003, compared with 10 per cent of 17 year old boys and 6-7 25.0 19.1 20.0 per cent of girls in the region and in England as a whole. 20.0 15.7 Figure 3.21 Percentage of the population aged 17 entered 15.0 for ‘A’ level mathematics (estimates) in 2003 10.0 7.9 Males 7.5 12.0 11.1 Females 10.4 5.0 9.7 10.0 8.4 0.0 8.0 Camden London England

6.9 of theEstimate percentage of olds 17 year 6.0 6.0 Source: DfES and ONS Population Estimates Unit, Crown Copyright 2004 4.0 Figure 3.24 shows the achievements of boys and girls 2.0 who took ‘A’ levels in maintained schools across all 0.0 subjects. In Camden, the percentage of girls achieving a Camden London England good pass (71 per cent) was higher than in London (67 Estimate of the percentageEstimate oldsof 17 year per cent) and across England (68 per cent). The

Source: DfES and ONS Population Estimates Unit, Crown Copyright proportion of boys in Camden who achieved good 2004 grades was also higher than in London and England, 63 Figure 3.22 shows the results of pupils entered for ‘A’ per cent compared with 61 per cent and 59 per cent level English in maintained schools. In Camden the respectively. same proportion of boys and girls (73 per cent) achieved good grades. Both sexes entered for ‘A’ level English in

Camden outperformed their counterparts in London and nationally (66-67 per cent for boys and 70 per cent for

Figure 3.24 Pupils entered for ‘A’ levels in maintained education institution within London, with a further 16 per schools who achieved A-C or D-E grades across all cent of men and women studying in the South East subjects in 2003 region. Again a significant proportion (10 per cent men and 8 per cent women) attended higher education 100.0 institutions in the Eastern region. 23.8 29.2 28.9 80.0 30.0 33.3 34.9 The data on the region in which people from Camden 60.0 D-E reside after completing higher education shows that 53 40.0 A-C 70.6 per cent of males and 58 per cent of females from 62.7 61.1 67.1 59.4 67.6 20.0 Camden were living in London after the end of their Percentage of entrants 0.0 course. Note there was a high percentage of young Males Females Males Females Males Females people from Camden whose residence region after (797) (1,251) higher education was reported to be ‘not known’ (nearly Camden London England 20 per cent for both men and women).

Qualifications and Skills in the working age Higher Education population

Over 60 per cent of young men and young A lower proportion of men and women in women from Camden study at a local higher Camden have no qualifications. educational institution. A higher proportion of Camden women Figure 3.25 shows that 61 per cent of males and 64 per under 25 are qualified to degree level. cent of females from Camden who are participating in Figures 3.26 and 3.27 show for all men and women of higher education are studying at an institution within working age, men’s and women’s highest level of London, with a further 11 per cent of males and 14 per qualification by age. Women are less likely than men to cent of females studying in the South East region. The have no qualifications at all geographical levels. In only other region where a significant number of Camden Camden, a much lower proportion of men and women students have chosen to study is the Eastern region (9 across all age groups had no qualifications than across per cent of men and 7 per cent of women). Young London or in England as a whole. The highest women from Camden are slightly more likely than their percentage of those with no qualifications is found male counterparts to study at a local higher education among men and women over 50 - 36 per cent of men institution. and 32 per cent of women in Camden, compared with half of men and 46 per cent of women in London and 56 Figure 3.25 Students from Camden who are undertaking per cent of men and 52 per cent of women across higher education, by region of institution of study England. 2001/2002 Males (325) Figure 3.26 Highest level of qualification for men by age 70.0 Females (443) 100.0 60.0 10.7 90.0 19.1 17.8 26.2 23.5 23.8 50.0 34.3 29.5 80.0 39.9 49.5 48.2 40.0 70.0 67.0 26.1 27.0 30.0 60.0 70.3 47.1 50.0 23.7 64.2 20.0 61.3 39.8 53.1 40.0 28.6 10.0 37.5 30.0 56.1 49.5 22.6 0.0 20.0 36.3

Percentage of HE pupils from LA of HE pupils the from Percentage 25.9 29.1 Percentage of men in ageband of men Percentage 10.0 21.9 16.8 19.0 17.3 12.5 10.5 14.3 Other

Wales 0.0 London Eastern

Scotland 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- North East North South East South North West North

South West South 24 34 49 64 24 34 49 64 24 34 49 64 East Midlands East West Midlands West Camden London England Yorks & & Humber Yorks

No qualifications Lower Higher Source: HESA 2004 Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Data for all students from London show that 53 per cent Note: Lower level qualifications are equivalent to ‘A’ level and below of men and 59 per cent of women study at a higher and higher level qualifications are equivalent to first degree and above

Figure 3.27 Highest level of qualification for women by age per cent). This compared unfavourably with London

100.0 (45 per cent boys and 56 per cent girls) and national 12.5 17.2 90.0 22.0 23.3 23.0 (48 per cent boys and 58 per cent girls) averages for 29.2 31.4 28.9 80.0 40.6 boys. 48.0 46.5 70.0 64.9 30.8 60.0 31.0 • Far fewer boys than girls gained good GCSE grades 50.0 71.6 50.8 in English and modern languages, mirroring a 27.2 64.0 44.3 56.6 40.0 59.9 national gender gap. 31.4 40.4 30.0 52.0 24.6 45.7 20.0 • Although girls aged 16-18 achieved overall higher 32.1 24.4 26.3 Percentage of women in ageband of women Percentage 10.0 20.6 16.0 point scores at ‘A’ level than boys, the performance 10.9 10.5 13.9 13.1 14.5 0.0 of both sexes was below the national level. 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- 24 34 49 59 24 34 49 59 24 34 49 59 • Boys and girls make strongly gendered choices of Camden London England subject for ‘A’ level study. In Camden’s schools, No qualifications Lower Higher fewer girls chose mathematics and fewer boys

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 chose English, a pattern consistent with the London Note: Lower level qualifications are equivalent to ‘A’ level and below and higher level qualifications are equivalent to first degree and above and national pictures, although the proportion choosing the subject in Camden was high. Camden has far more men and women with higher • In the ‘A’ level subjects for which they were entered, qualifications than London or England as a whole. In over 70 per cent of girls achieved good grades Camden, a much higher percentage of 25-34 year old (above the national average). Fewer boys (63 per men and women were qualified to degree level, 67 per cent) reached this level of achievement. cent and 64 per cent compared with 48 per cent and 47 Nevertheless, in Camden boys’ performance was per cent in London, and 30 per cent and 29 per cent above the regional and national standard. nationally. In the 25-49 age groups, 50 per cent of Camden men have higher qualifications, compared with • More Camden boys and girls remained in education 34 per cent in London and 24 per cent nationally. The after 16 than their London and national counterparts. figures for women show a similar pattern, 48 per cent in Camden, compared with 31 per cent in London and 23 • In 2003, a very small number of boys (54) and girls per cent in England. Also, Camden has significantly (29) left school and entered employment at 16. The higher levels of women aged under 25 who have higher majority entered elementary occupations, 76 per qualifications, 29 per cent compared with 26 per cent of cent of young men and 93 per cent of young women. men. The corresponding figures are 22 per cent of women and 19 per cent of men for London and 13 per • Of those who left education at age 16, 9 per cent of cent of women and 11 per cent of men for England. boys and 4 per cent of girls in Camden were listed as not settled.

• Camden’s men and women are better qualified than Key Points men and women in London or nationally. Younger women under 25 are better qualified than younger • At Key Stages 1, 2 and 3 (ages 7, 11 and 14) a men in Camden, 29 per cent compared with 26 per higher proportion of pupils have Special Educational cent having higher qualifications. Needs (SEN) in Camden than their counterparts in London and nationally, with more boys having a • In part a historical legacy, levels of qualification are SEN than girls. lower amongst women and men over 50 in Camden. Nevertheless, this is still above the London and • In 2003, achievements among both boys and girls national averages for the same age group. were low in comparison with London and England as

a whole in tests at ages 7 and 14, but were better at age 11.

• GCSE/GNVQ achievements by 16 year olds in maintained schools were low in comparison with London and national levels. Fewer boys (40 per cent) achieved 5 or more good grades than girls (56

20 per cent in part-time employment. Just over a decade 4. Trends and Patterns later in 2002, the percentage of jobs held by men had decreased to 53 per cent, with fewer men - 86 per cent - in Women’s and Men’s working full-time. For women, the percentage of jobs Employment that were full-time also fell significantly - to 70 per cent by 2002. Figure 4.1 summarises the actual numbers of jobs held, and confirms a doubling of part-time jobs, for both sexes. This part of the profile explores trends and patterns in women’s and men’s employment in Camden, compared Figures 4.2 and 4.3 show details, for 1991-2002, of with London and England as a whole. Its focus is on the employed men and women in Camden, by the industry proportions of men and women in employment and self- in which they work. For Camden’s men, there was: employment. The profile discusses the hours they work, the occupations and industries in which they work, how • a marked decline in the share of employment in far they travel to work, and whether they have more than transport and communications industries between one job. It also explores the changing structure of 1991 and 2002 Camden’s labour market opportunities, showing which kinds of jobs have been declining and which increasing. • a slight increase in distribution, hotels and restaurants

• a small drop in manufacturing jobs Structure of Employment Opportunities • a significant increase in banking, finance and Part-time employment doubled for both insurance which includes business services such as sexes in Camden, between 1991 and 2002. advertising, recruitment agencies, accountancy, Between 1991 and 2002 (the latest available data) there engineering and architecture was a net increase of nearly 56,970 jobs in Camden. For Camden’s women there was: During this period the working age population increased by 25,800. Underlying growth, further analysis by • a fall in the share of women working in transport and gender, industrial sector and working hours, shows communications after a peak in 1993 some marked differences affecting the situation of men and women. • an increase in the share of women’s employment in distribution, hotels and restaurants In 1991, men held 55 per cent of all jobs in Camden, 92 per cent of them working full-time (8 per cent part-time). • considerable stability in the industrial distribution of In contrast, 80 per cent of women worked full-time, with jobs

Figure 4.1 Changes in employment in Camden 1991-2002 by full-time/part-time status and sex26 Job Type Sex Number of jobs Change in number Percentage change 1991- 2002 of jobs 1991-2002 1991 2002 Camden London England

Full-time Female 72,822 85,300 12,478 17.1 16.1 12.7

Male 102,027 117,865 15,838 15.5 11.0 9.3

All 174,849 203,165 28,316 16.2 13.0 10.6

Part-time Female 18,394 36,362 17,968 97.7 32.2 30.8

Male 9,090 19,776 10,686 117.6 113.6 103.1

All 27,484 56,138 28,654 104.3 50.9 43.6

All All jobs 202,333 259,303 56,970 28.2 20.5 19.2 Source: Annual Employment Survey/Census of Employment 1991, Annual Business Inquiry 2002, ONS

26 These data relate to jobs located in Camden. Some of these jobs may be held be men or women who live elsewhere.

Figure 4.2 Men of working age in employment by industry, in Camden, 1991-2002

100.0 7.4 7.8 8.1 8.1 7.9 6.9 8.1 8.1 9.4 8.2 90.0 17.2 15.4 17.6 21.5 16.6 16.5 16.0 17.0 80.0 21.0 22.0

70.0

60.0 29.4 36.1 31.4 36.1 28.5 30.8 33.2 38.2 37.9 37.8 50.0

40.0 18.8 16.7 16.8 13.5 12.2 10.5 11.7 10.0 8.6 30.0 9.6 Percentage of male jobs

20.0 15.4 15.9 16.9 16.0 15.7 17.0 17.6 17.6 17.5 18.1 3.3 10.0 2.6 2.7 2.3 3.9 3.0 3.0 3.3 3.6 4.8 7.0 5.8 6.5 7.4 7.0 7.2 6.3 5.6 5.6 5.1 0.0 1.4 1.5 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 1991 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Energy & Water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, Hotels & Restaurants Transport & Communications Banking, Finance & Insurance Public Admin., Education & Health Other Services

Source: Census of Employment, AES 1991, 1993, 1995, ABI 1996-2002 Note: ‘Other Services’ includes sewage and refuse disposal, activities of membership organisations, recreational, cultural and sporting clubs, private households with employed persons, extra territorial organisations.

Figure 4.3 Women of working age in employment by industry, in Camden, 1991-2002

100.0 8.9 8.5 9.4 9.2 9.2 8.2 9.1 8.4 9.6 9.4 90.0

80.0 24.5 26.6 30.4 31.5 30.9 31.3 31.5 29.9 29.1 30.0 70.0

60.0

50.0 36.8 34.6 31.6 28.8 31.6 31.9 31.1 33.2 34.0 31.7 40.0

30.0

Percentage of female jobs female of Percentage 7.3 10.8 6.4 6.9 5.5 5.5 4.9 5.0 4.5 4.6 20.0 14.1 13.3 16.3 16.2 15.3 16.5 18.0 17.9 17.1 18.7 10.0 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 6.3 5.6 5.7 5.9 6.7 5.8 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.7 0.0 1991 1993 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing Energy & Water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, Hotels & Restaurants Transport & Communications Banking, Finance & Insurance Public Admin., Education & Health Other Services

Figure 4.4 Change in the number of jobs held between 1991 and 2002 by industry, Camden Full-time Agriculture, fishing Part-time Energy & water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, hotels, restaurants Transport, communications Males Banking, finance Public admin., education and health Other Total Agriculture, fishing Energy & water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, hotels, restaurants Transport, communications

Females Banking, finance Public admin., education and health Other Total

-5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 Increase/decrease in the number of jobs held

Source: Census of Employment, AES/ABI 1991, 2002

Figure 4.5 Percentage change in the number of jobs held between 1991 and 2002 by industry, Camden Full-time Agriculture, fishing Part-time Energy & water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, hotels, restaurants Transport, communications Males Banking, finance Public admin., education and health Other Total Agriculture, fishing Energy & water Manufacturing Construction Distribution, hotels, restaurants Transport, communications

Females Banking, finance Public admin., education and health Other Total

-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 Percentage change , Source: Census of Employment, AES/ABI 1991, 2002

Data for London and England as a whole over this context of relatively small numbers at the start of the period show a similar increase in male employment in period. While there has been a significant rise in the distribution, hotels and restaurants (from 20 per cent to number of jobs, it should be noted that the percentage 23 per cent in London, 19 per cent, to 23 per cent in growth is in the area of part-time employment. England). However, there was also a significant increase Figures 4.6, 4.7 and 4.8 show the change in the in the share of male employment in banking and finance numbers of jobs for selected industries in Camden in in London (up from 26 per cent to 34 per cent), more detail. compared with a rise nationally of 15 per cent to 21 per cent). In London and in England as a whole there was • In manufacturing there was a decrease in male full- also a reduction in male employment in manufacturing time jobs between 1991 and 2002, although the data (from 13 per cent to 8 per cent in London, 26 per cent to year on year shows a mixed picture of falls and 19 per cent in England as whole). rises. For women in London and nationally there were also 27 slight increases in the number of women working in • In banking and finance , there was an increase in service industries (6 per cent to 7 per cent in London, both women’s and men’s full-time jobs after 1991, compared with 5 per cent to 6 per cent in England). although with a sharp decrease between 1996 and Women’s employment in transport and communications, 1997. Women’s full-time employment in this sector however, has hardly dropped in London (remaining at mirrored that of men. However, there are signs that around 5 per cent) compared with approximately 3 per women’s full-time employment may now be in cent nationally. decline, in contrast to men’s which is continuing to increase. Female part-time jobs in this sector are While women’s employment in banking, finance and also in decline after a peak in 1998. insurance in Camden has remained more or less constant at around 32 per cent, the share of women’s • In public administration, education and health the employment in this sector in London has significantly picture was very dynamic, with rises in both increased from 26 per cent to 34 per cent, compared women’s and men’s full-time jobs after 1996, a fall in with a more gradual rise of 27 per cent to 30 per cent in 1999, and a slight recovery since. For women’s part- England as a whole. The increase in Camden of women time jobs, there was a significant rise in 1999 working in distribution, hotels and restaurants (14 per followed by a fall, while male part-time jobs showed cent to 19 per cent) is sharper than in London (21 per a small but steady increase over the period. cent to 23 per cent) or in England (25 per cent to 27 per cent). 4.6 Change in the number of jobs in manufacturing, by Figure 4.4 shows the change in the number of full-time employment status and sex, 1991-2002 and part-time jobs in Camden between 1991 and 2002, 9,000 by industry and by sex. (Due to the extremely small 8,000 number of jobs in agriculture data for this industry are 7,000 excluded from the analysis.) This shows: 6,000 5,000 • a fall in full-time jobs for both men and women in 4,000 3,000 transport and communications, energy and water, Number of jobs and manufacturing 2,000 1,000

0 • a significant rise, particularly for men, in employment 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 in banking and finance Male full-time Male part-time Female full-time Female part-time Source: Census of Employment, AES 1991, 1993, 1995, ABI 1996- • an increase in both full-time and part-time jobs, for 2002 men and women, in distribution, hotels and restaurants

• a rise in employment in public administration, education and health, especially for women Figure 4.5 presents the same data as in Figure 4.4, but this time shows the percentage change in the number 27 of jobs. The large increases in part-time jobs, and the Banking, finance and insurance includes business services such as sharp drop in energy and water, need to be seen in the advertising, recruitment agencies, accountancy, engineering and architecture.

Figure 4.7 Change in the number of jobs in banking and People and Employment28 finance, by employment status and sex, 1991-2002

50,000 In Camden a low proportion of young men 45,000 and women are economically active. 40,000 35,000 The 2001 Census showed 69,620 men and 70,785 30,000 women of working age in Camden, of whom 52,060 men 25,000 and 45,220 women were economically active29 (defined 20,000 as either in employment, economically active students or Number of jobs of Number 15,000 unemployed30). Economic activity is lower for both sexes 10,000 5,000 in Camden than in London and England, and varies by 0 age, as can be seen in Figure 4.9. Lower economic 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 activity rates are particularly evident among 16-24 year Male full-time Male part-time Female full-time Female part-time olds in Camden. Figure 6.8 in Chapter 6 shows this Source: Census of Employment, AES 1991, 1993, 1995, ABI 1996- picture is affected by the high proportion of students in 2002 Camden. Figure 4.8 Change in the number of jobs in public Figure 4.9 Percentage of men and women of working age administration, education and health, by employment who are economically active status and sex, 1991-2002 Age Economically active (%) 30,000 group Camden London England

25,000 Men 16-24 49.0 62.3 68.3

20,000 25-34 86.6 89.6 91.0 35-49 81.1 88.1 90.2 15,000 50-64 68.5 72.5 72.8 10,000 Number of jobs of Number Working 74.8 80.6 81.9

5,000 age Women 16-24 47.0 58.1 62.1 0 25-34 72.6 73.2 73.7 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 35-49 66.3 70.8 75.8 Male full-time Male part-time Female full-time Female part-time 50-59 63.2 64.1 65.3 Source: Census of Employment, AES 1991, 1993, 1995, ABI 1996- 2002 Working 63.9 68.0 70.6 age Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003

Employment Status

The majority of self-employed people in Camden have high levels of qualifications. In Camden, 45,310 men and 39,485 women of working age were in employment in 2001. Fewer men work full- time in Camden (46 per cent of all men of working age) than in London (54 per cent) or nationally (58 per cent). For women in Camden the figure of 39 per cent compares with 41 per cent in London and 36 per cent in

28 The data in this section, drawn from the Census, relate to the population resident in Camden, some of whom will work in other areas. 29 All people who were working in the week prior to the census are described as economically active. In addition, the category includes people who were not working but were looking for work and were available to start work within two weeks. Full-time students who were economically active are included but identified separately. 30 A person is defined as unemployed if he or she is not in employment, is available to start work in the next two weeks and has either looked for work in the last 4 weeks or is waiting to start a new job. This is consistent with the International Labour Office (ILO) standard classification.

England. This is illustrated in Figure 4.10, which also Figure 4.11 Men and women in employment who work shows that in Camden: part-time, by age

50.0 • in the context of a big increase in jobs, proportionally more men of working age worked part-time (7.3 per 40.0 cent compared with 5.8 per cent in London and 5.1 per cent in England as a whole) 30.0

20.0 • fewer women are employed part-time in Camden (12 time per cent) than in London (16. per cent) and in 10.0 England as a whole (25 per cent).

0.0 • there is a higher level of self-employment among WA WA WA 16-24 25-34 35-49 16-24 25-34 35-49 16-24 25-34 35-49 50-RA 50-RA women in Camden (9 per cent compared with 5 per 50-RA cent in London and nationally). Men in Camden are Percentageof employed people who work part- Camden London England

also slightly more likely to be self employed (15 per Males Females

Figure 4.10 People of working age by employment status Figure 4.12 refers to men and women who are self- employed. It shows that the majority of self-employed 80.0 1.7 2.1 men, across all geographical levels, are self-employed 70.0 3.4 3.0 3.7 2.3 full-time, without employees. The majority of self- 2.2 11.5 60.0 4.3 11.9 employed women in Camden and London are self- 3.5 11.9 14.2 employed full-time (also without employees) although in 50.0 8.2 22.9 3.0 England as a whole self-employed women mostly work 40.0 5.1 2.6 part-time without employees. 30.0 53.9 57.8 45.8 41.2 Figure 4.12 Self-employed men and women by full and 20.0 38.9 36.4 part-time working and employees 10.0 Percentage of all men and women who are self-employed Percentage of people of working age of working people of Percentage 0.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females Area Self employed Self employed with employees without Camden London England employees Employed full-time Self-employed full-time Employed part-time Self-employed part-time Part- Full- Part- Full-

time time time time Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Camden Males 3.4 29.9 16.8 49.9 Females 5.5 17.9 35.2 41.4 Figure 4.11 shows that the proportion of people who London Males 2.6 31.5 12.2 53.7 work part-time also varies significantly with age, with Females 8.4 19.7 34.2 37.7 more young men (16-24) and older men (50 to England Males 2.2 33.6 10.6 53.5 retirement age) working part-time, and more women Females 11.6 23.5 35.2 29.7 aged 35 to retirement age. Consistent with the national Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 profile, the highest proportion of part-time working is seen in women aged 50 to retirement age. This suggests a link between part-time employment and The variation in self-employment by age is shown in family or caring responsibilities for women, but this factor Figure 4.13. In Camden the peak age for self- does not explain the growth in men’s part-time working. employment among men is 50+. This is consistent with the situation in London and in England. A similar, but less pronounced, pattern is seen in self-employed women. At all ages, higher proportions of men and particularly women in Camden are self-employed than in London and England as a whole.

Figure 4.13 Men and women who are self-employed by age Figure 4.15 Employees and self-employed men and

18.0 women of working age by qualification level 16.0 70.0 14.0 60.0 12.0 50.0 10.0 40.0 8.0 30.0 6.0 20.0 4.0 10.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 Self- Self- Self- Self- Self- 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- 16- 25- 35- 50- Self- Percentage of people in employment in people of Percentage employed employed employed employed employed 24 34 49 RA 24 34 49 RA 24 34 49 RA employed Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee

Camden London England Males Females Males Females Males Females Percentage of self-employed people in ageband in people self-employed of Percentage

Males Females Camden London England

Figure 4.14 shows the proportion of people of working Working Hours age who work part-time and whether they are employees or self-employed. Across all geographical Figure 4.16 illustrates the long working hours of men. levels and for both men and women, self-employed Men of working age in Camden work very long hours, people are more likely than employees to work part-time. with almost one in three (31 per cent) working above the threshold level of 48 hours, a higher proportion than in both London (25 per cent) and England (24 per cent). 13 Figure 4.14 Employees and self-employed men and per cent of Camden men work over 60 hours per week, women of working age who work part-time again a higher figure than for men in London and

50.0 England (both 9 per cent). However, a relatively high proportion of men (13 per cent) work less than 30 hours 40.0 a week (compared with 10 per cent in London and 9 per cent in England). 30.0

20.0 Figure 4.16 People of working age in employment by hours worked and sex

self-employed people people self-employed 10.0 60.0 Percentage of employees and and employees of Percentage 0.0 50.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females

Camden London England 40.0

Employee - Part-time Self-employed - Part-time 30.0

10.0 The 2001 Census gives information about the level of

Percentage of employed people of working age of employed Percentage 0.0 qualification of employees and those who are self- Camden London England Camden London England employed. This is shown in Figure 4.15. In Camden, a Males Females very high proportion of employed and self-employed 1-5 hours 6-15 hours 16-30 hours 31-37 hours men and women are qualified to degree level and 38-48 hours 49-59 hours 60+ hours Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 above, compared with their counterparts in London and England. Comparatively few men and women employees, or self-employed men and women, in

Camden have no qualifications.

Although women in Camden work shorter hours than Figure 4.17 Change in men’s and women’s weekly working men (8 per cent working fewer than 15 hours, compared hours between 1991 and 2001 with just 4 per cent of men in Camden), there are 1-15 hours 5.0 substantial differences between women in Camden and 16-30 hours 4.0 31+ hours their counterparts in London and England with: 3.0 2.0 • a high proportion of women working above the 1.0 threshold level of 48 hours per week (16 per cent in 0.0 Camden compared with 10 per cent in London and 7 -1.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females per cent across England as a whole) -2.0 Camden London England -3.0 -4.0

a low proportion of women working part-time. Just Change 1991-2001 percentage in • -5.0 24 per cent compared with 30 per cent of women in -6.0 London and 41 per cent of women across England as a whole Source: 1991Census LBS, Crown Copyright 1993, 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 A high proportion of young men (aged 16-24) in Camden work 30 or fewer hours a week (26 per cent), and a high Travel to Work proportion work more than 48 hours per week (18 per In Camden a high proportion of women travel cent) compared with young men in London (23 per cent to work by bus or walk to work. and 13 per cent) and England (23 per cent and 11 per cent). More than one in three men (34 per cent) aged A high proportion of men and women take 25-34 works more than 48 hours per week, compared the underground to work whilst few people with men in this age group in London (26 per cent) and drive to work. nationally (24 per cent). Figure 4.18 shows the mode of travel to work by men Women in Camden work shorter hours than men. and women of working age. In Camden: However one in four women aged 25-34 works more than 48 hours a week, a much higher proportion than • More men and women work at home, compared with their counterparts in London (13 per cent) or nationally London and England (8 per cent). Nationally, women aged 50-59 and over are more likely to work part-time (1-30 hours per week). • Significantly more people take the underground to However, in both Camden and London, women in this work, 33 per cent of both men and women, age group are most likely to work 31-48 hours a week. compared with 19 per cent of men and 18 per cent of women in the London. Comparing the data from the 1991 and 2001 31 Censuses , it is possible to look at the change in • More people walk to work (14 per cent of men and working hours over that period. This is shown in Figure 19 per cent of women) compared with 6 per cent 4.17. There was a fall in the proportion of men working and 10 per cent in London and 7 per cent and 13 per more than 31 hours per week (down 6 percentage points cent in England. in Camden) and an increase in men working part-time. For women the picture was much more stable with a • Significantly fewer men and women drive or travel small fall in the proportion working more than 31 hours as passengers in cars to work. per week. In both Camden and London there appears to have been very little change in the working hours of There are significant differences in the way men and women in contrast to the picture nationally. women travel to work, and women continue to work closer to home. 16 per cent of women in Camden go to work by bus (compared with 9 per cent of men), and 19 per cent of women walk to work (compared with 14 per cent of men). Fewer women drive to work, 12 per cent compared with 18 per cent of men and in Camden slightly fewer women travel to work by train 5.5 per cent (compared with 6.4 per cent of men).

Figure 4.18 Men’s and women’s travel to work by method has been an increase in women and a decrease in men of travel driving to work.

100.0 4.2 1.8 3.7 1.0 2.9 1.1 6.3 10.6 7.1 13.2 Figure 4.19 shows the estimated distance travelled to 90.0 13.8 18.5 3.2 1.4 3.8 2.0 3.0 4.9 1.6 work. Women in Camden tend to work closer to home 80.0 4.9 2.4 7.4 1.0 1.3 70.0 11.7 than men and also than women in London and 17.7 36.4 30.2 60.0 nationally. 50 per cent of Camden’s women work within 15.7 9.3 50.0 58.7 51.3 5km of home, compared with 28 per cent of Camden’s 6.2 5.5 8.0 14.5 40.0 men, 41 per cent of women in London and 48 per cent of 12.6 12.1 30.0 women nationally. 32.6 33.2 20.0 18.8 19.5 5.0 10.5 4.7 3.8 Men in Camden tend to travel shorter distances (42 per 10.0 3.1 3.3 10.3 9.9 8.9 7.6 9.7 7.7 cent travel less than 5km to work), compared with men 0.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females in London (28 per cent) and in England (33 per cent).

Percentage of employed people of working age working people employed of of Percentage Camden London England Over a quarter of them (27 per cent) work more than

Home Underground/metro Train 20km away, compared with 24 per cent in London and Bus Driving Passenger 16 per cent in England. Just 4 per cent of men in Bicycle On foot Other Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Camden travel more than 20km to work, compared with 9 per cent of men in London and 16 per cent of men in People aged 16-24 and 25-34 tend to travel to work by England. public transport. In Camden, 58 per cent of men and 61 per cent of women aged under 25, and 57 per cent of Figure 4.19 Distance (km) travelled to work by people of men and 63 per cent of women aged 25-34, travel by working age, by sex bus, train or underground. This compares with just 42 2.2 per cent of men, and with 47 per cent women aged 35- Males 10.3 16.6 25.8 35.6 2.3 7.2 49 and 34 per cent of men and 39 per cent of women 1.6

Camden Females 9.9 22.1 28.2 32.3 1.54.3 over 50. Young people are also the most likely to walk to 2.4 work (23 per cent of men and 25 per cent of women Males 8.9 10.9 17.1 46.3 6.1 8.2 aged under 25 compared with 12 per cent of men and 1.2 16 per cent of women aged 25-34). London Females 7.6 17.8 23.0 44.3 3.52.6

In Camden only 7 per cent of men and 4 per cent of Males 9.7 15.4 17.7 34.0 9.4 6.6 7.2 women aged 16-24 drive to work, compared with 24 per 3.0 cent of men and 17 per cent of women aged over 50. England Females 7.7 25.1 23.0 33.4 5.9 1.8

These proportions are much lower than in London (21 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 per cent of men and 16 per cent of women aged 16-24 Percentage of people of working age in employment and 47 per cent of men and 37 per cent of women aged Home <2km 2-5km 5-20km 20-40km 40+km Other over 50) and England as a whole (37 per cent and 32 Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 per cent of young men and women respectively and 64 Note: Distance travelled to work is estimated as a straight line between per cent and 51 per cent of men and women aged over home and workplace postcodes 50). Men under 25 in Camden are more likely to work within Comparing data from the 1991 and 2001 Censuses 5km of home (54 per cent), compared with 40 per cent shows the change in method of travel to work by people of men aged 25-34, 42 per cent aged 35-49 and 41 per of working age32. In Camden, there was a decrease in cent aged over 50. This is much higher than their women driving to work (down 3 percentage points), counterparts in London (38 per cent) and in England (47 travelling to work by bus (down 1 percentage point) or per cent). on foot (down 5 percentage points) and an increase in Like young men in Camden, more young women work use of the underground (up 8 percentage points) and within 5km of home (58 per cent) compared with London train (up 2 percentage points). By 2001, again fewer (43 per cent) and England (53 per cent). Fewer young men were driving to work (down 9 percentage points) women in Camden travel over 20km to work (2 per cent) and there was an increase in men taking the than in London (6 per cent) and England (9 per cent). underground (up 5 percentage points) or the train (up 1 percentage points). The change in travel to work in In Camden there is a large increase in women working Camden is very different to that nationally, where there at home between ages 25-34 (6 per cent work at home) and 35-49 (13 per cent work at home), compared with 6 per cent to 10 per cent in London and 6 per cent to 9 per

Occupation and Industry Camden are also more likely to work in these In Camden many women and men work as occupations. managers, senior officials, professionals, Between 1991 and 200134 there was a fall in the associate professionals and in technical proportion of men employed in manufacturing (down 3 occupations. per cent in Camden, 5 per cent in London and 7 per cent A high proportion of women and men work in nationally) and in construction (down 3 per cent in finance and real estate. Camden, 2 per cent in London and 1 per cent in England), and an increase in men working in banking, Figure 4.20 shows a gendered occupational distribution finance and real estate (up 13 per cent in Camden, 10 although the differences between women’s and men’s per cent in London and 6 per cent nationally). For occupations in Camden are smaller than those in women in Camden there was also an increase in London and England as a whole. A high proportion of employment in banking, finance and real estate between both women (63 per cent) and men (70 per cent) in 1991 and 2001 (up 11 per cent in Camden, 5 per cent in Camden work as managers and senior officials, London and 4 per cent in England). professionals and associate professionals and in technical occupations. These proportions are significantly higher than for men and women in London Second Jobs (46 per cent and 54 per cent for women and men The census data relates to the main job that men and respectively) and England as a whole (36 per cent and women are employed in. A major limitation of this source 45 per cent). More women than men work in is that it does not collect information about men and administrative and secretarial posts (17 per cent women who have more than one job. Estimates for the compared with 6 per cent) but the limited opportunities number of people with a second job can be obtained for work in skilled trades are reflected in the figures for from the Labour Force Survey (LFS) which is carried out men (7 per cent) and women (1 per cent) compared with annually. This shows that in Camden 7.8 per cent of the national picture (19 per cent of men and 2 per cent people have a second job35. In London 3.0 per cent of of women). men and 4.3 per cent of women have a second job and across England as a whole the figures are 3.1 per cent In Camden there was an increase in the proportion of of men and 5.4 per cent of women. women working as managers and senior officials, professionals and associate professionals and in technical occupations between 1991 and 200133 (up 11 per cent in Camden, 9 per cent in London and 6 per cent in England), and a decrease in women employed in administrative and secretarial occupations (down 7 per cent in Camden, 9 per cent in London and 6 per cent in England). For men in Camden there was also an increase in the proportion of men working as managers and senior officials, professionals and associate professionals and in technical occupations (up 12 per cent in Camden, 11 per cent in London and 2 per cent in England). Over the same period there was a fall in the proportion of men employed in skilled trades (down 3 per cent in Camden, 10 per cent in London and 3 per cent in England), and as process, plant and machine operatives (down 2 per cent in Camden, 2 per cent in London and 1 per cent in England). Figure 4.21 shows the industry in which people work with again a marked difference between men and women. In Camden, men are much more likely to work in finance and real estate (39 per cent), and in ‘other occupations’, which includes people working in private households and for overseas employers (12 per cent) 34 than in London or in England as a whole. Women in Source: 1991 Census LBS, Crown Copyright 1993, 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003. 35 The LFS, which is a sample survey, cannot produce reliable data 33 Source: 1991 Census LBS, Crown Copyright 1993, 2001 Census about men and women at district level for districts with small population Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003. such as Camden.

Figure 4.20 Occupations of people of working age, by sex

100.0 5.3 7.4 7.9 10.2 11.8 0.6 11.7 Elementary 1.4 90.0 3.7 5.9 occupations 3.9 7.9 9.0 3.1 2.4 7.2 Process, Plant & 13.0 1.3 80.0 6.7 4.7 11.9 Machine Operatives 2.4 9.9 5.8 4.1 70.0 2.0 17.0 1.6 Sales & Customer 13.0 12.7 Service 60.0 22.8 7.5 19.3 24.6 2.3 Personal Service

50.0 25.8 5.4 17.3 22.8 Skilled Trades 40.0 13.6 18.7 23.4 Admin. & Secretarial 30.0 16.0 20.3 14.3 12.2 20.0 13.6 Associate Prof. & 10.0 Technical

Percentage of employed people of working age working of people employed of Percentage 23.4 20.9 10.0 18.7 16.7 Professionals 13.8 11.2 0.0 Camden London England Camden London England Managers & Senior Officials Males Females

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Note: Elementary occupations include farm workers, labourers, packers, postal workers, hospital porters, hotel porters, kitchen and catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar staff, window cleaners, road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and salvage occupations, security guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, school mid-day assistants, car park attendants, shelf fillers.

Figure 4.21 Industry of people of working age, by sex

100.0 4.4 Other 7.5 8.5 6.0 11.8 3.8 13.0 90.0 4.5 4.1 Health and Social Work 4.1 5.8 5.8 16.1 18.6 5.1 80.0 5.1 14.6 Education 3.6 18.1 70.0 11.3 12.1 10.5 Public Administration & 29.6 5.7 Defence; Social Security 60.0 9.5 4.1 5.6 Finance, real estate etc 39.2 50.0 18.1 19.7 27.1 Transport; Storage and 11.0 31.9 40.0 Communication 4.4 Wholesale, Retail, 6.8 30.0 19.2 11.2 5.0 Restaurants, Hotels 3.6 23.6 Construction 20.0 16.9 18.8 8.8 20.1 15.1 Manufacture Percentage of employed people of working age 1.5 10.0 4.0 9.1 0.6 1.2 8.8 6.1 6.1 5.9 Energy and water 0.0 0.3 0.5 2.0 0.2 0.2 0.7 Camden London England Camden London England Agriculture; Hunting; Men W om en Forestry; fishing

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Note: ‘Other’ includes sewage and refuse disposal, activities of membership organisations, recreational, cultural and sporting clubs, private households with employed persons, extra territorial organisations.

Key Points • Camden residents are more likely to have more than one job than men and women in London and • Between 1991 and 2002 there was a net increase of England as a whole. just under 57,000 jobs in Camden, or 28 per cent

growth, though the number of part-time jobs doubled. When analysed by gender, and full-time and part-time status, this varied considerably. There

was an increase in full-time male jobs of 16 per cent and in part-time male jobs of 118 per cent, and an increase in female full-time jobs of 17 per cent and of part-time female jobs of 98 per cent. For both men and women and for full-time and part-time jobs the increase in Camden was greater than that for London and England as a whole.

• Between 1991 and 2002 there was a decline in jobs for men in manufacturing industry in Camden (down 2 percentage points) and transport and communications (down 10 percentage points). This contrasts with a large increase for men in employment in the banking, finance and insurance sector. For women the proportion of jobs by industrial sector was relatively stable between 1991 and 2002.

• A comparatively low proportion of men and women of working age in Camden are economically active, especially 16-24 year olds. This in part reflects the high proportion of students living in the area.

• The majority of employees or self-employed men and women in Camden are qualified to degree level or above.

• More men and women in Camden work above the threshold of 48 hours than in London or nationally.

• Between 1991 and 2001 there was a decrease in the proportion of men (down 9 percentage points) and women (down 3 percentage points) in Camden driving to work and an increase in use of the underground.

• A high proportion of employed men and women of working age in Camden are employed as managers and senior officials, professionals, associate professional and in technical occupations.

• A high proportion of both men and women in Camden work in finance and real estate.

• Relatively high proportions of Camden men and women work in ‘other occupations’ which includes workers in private households and for overseas employers.

5. The Gender Pay Gap The Kingsmill Review 200137 “The 18 per cent headline wage gap is an indicator of the extent to which businesses and organisations in the In the last few years, renewed attention has been given UK are mismanaging their human capital…. Clustering to the continuing ‘gender pay gap’ in the UK, which has of women in lower status and lower paid jobs … persisted despite the introduction of the Equal Pay Act suggests that businesses are failing to properly develop 1970 (implemented from 1975 onwards), and which is and utilise the skills and talents of women.” still very wide by comparison with most other European countries. A number of major national reports have “Most organisations think there is no gender pay gap in recently reviewed the evidence on this question, and their organisation, but they have no evidence to support have confirmed that there is an entrenched problem in this.” the UK, which is damaging not only for the individual wage earners affected, but also for organisations and “When considering full-time employees, the worst businesses, and for the country as a whole. The boxes industries were financial intermediation (65 per cent), the alongside include quotations from three important electricity, gas and water supply industry (69 per cent), reports which have recently been commissioned or and agriculture, hunting and forestry, etc. (73 per cent). supported by central government departments and Additionally, there were variations between the public bodies, highlighting key issues. and the private sector. The gender pay gap for full-time employees was smaller in the public sector than in the private sector, with the ratio of women’s earnings at 86 Women’s Incomes over the Lifetime36 per cent in the public sector compared to 78 per cent in the private sector. However, when comparing the pay of “About half of the gender earnings gap is explained by male and female part-timers, the gap was wider in the the fact that married, childless women work fewer hours public sector. Female part-timers earned 75 per cent of over their lifetimes than comparable men; about half is male counterparts in the public sector, compared with 99 due to the hourly pay gap between men and women. per cent in the private sector.” The size of the gender earnings gap also varies by educational level, with low- and mid-skilled women losing out most, but even highly-skilled women

(graduates) experience a lifetime earnings gap of 37 NIESR Report 2001 £143,000. In addition to the gender earnings gap, women who have children experience a ‘mother gap’ “In spite of legislation aimed at securing equal pay and which represents the difference in lifetime earnings employment opportunities for women, the gender pay between equivalently educated women with and without gap has persisted into the twenty-first century. .. The children. For two children these figures are: low-skilled position of women who work full-time has improved women, £285,000; mid-skilled women, £140,000; and compared with that of men, with the gender pay gap high-skilled women, £19,000. High-skilled mothers forgo falling from 36 per cent of the full-time male wage in less income than low- or mid-skilled mothers as they 1973 to 18 per cent in 2000.” tend to retain their place in the labour market. However, this does not recognise any childcare costs they may incur. Delaying childbirth has a significant, positive impact on lifetime earnings. It is estimated that a mid- This part of the profile provides for the first time details skilled woman who starts her family at 24 and has two about this question at district and regional level, children forgoes more than twice as much as if she indicating the extent to which this problem is of concern started her family at 30.” in Camden.

37 Anderson, T., Forth, J., Metcalf, H. and Kirby, S. (2001) The Gender 36 Rake, K. (2001) Women’s Incomes over the Lifetime. London: The Pay Gap: final report to DfEE London, National Institute for Economic Stationery Office and Social Research.

Causes of The Gender Pay Gap lower on pay scales when returning to work following a period of childcare or caring. This part of the profile explores the patterns in the gross Furthermore, much part-time work is low paid. Women weekly and hourly pay of people in Camden, compared often work part-time in mid-career while male part-time with London and England as a whole. workers are often students or older men who are exiting One of the causes of the gender pay gap is gender the labour market. Rapid changes in the proportion of segregation in the labour market. Women and men tend women returning to employment after maternity leave to work in different occupations, or are concentrated at may affect this situation for today’s younger women. different levels within occupational hierarchies. Jobs in Pay systems can also contribute to the gender pay gap. which men predominate tend to be better paid, and often Job grading practices, appraisal systems, reward offer bonuses and pay incentives which are less schemes, individualised wage negotiation practices and common in jobs where most employees are women. retention measures have all been found to have an Data on the segregation of women and men by adverse effect on women’s wages. occupation and industrial structure was presented in Chapter 4. Pay in Camden The impact of women’s family and care responsibilities, and inadequacies in the supporting services available, In London, women’s average hourly pay in especially in some localities, are also important. The full-time jobs is £160 per week lower than gendered impact of these factors is discussed in men’s. Chapters 6 and 8 on ‘Unemployment and Economic Figure 5.1 show gross weekly and hourly pay for men Inactivity’ and on ‘Work-Life Balance’. Not only do these and women in London and England as a whole, together factors influence women’s choice of jobs/careers, they with the number of hours they work each week. Women can also affect the number of hours they are able to in London and across the country earned much less work, and the distance they are prepared to travel to than their male counterparts. Data for Camden is not their place of work. The differences in the way men and available at the same level of detail. women in Camden travel to work were discussed in Chapter 4. Average weekly pay is affected by the hours that men and women work. Normal basic hours of work average Interrupted employment patterns and part-time working 36.4 each week for men and 32.3 per week for women are also strongly linked to women’s lower lifetime in Camden. Men in Camden worked shorter hours than earnings, as shown in the government’s report men in London and England, 37.9 and 39.1 hours per “Women’s Earnings over the lifetime”, published by the week respectively. Women in Camden worked longer Cabinet Office in 2000. Breaks in employment and hours compared with the London and national averages, changes of employer can lead to women being placed 31.9 and 30.1 hours per week respectively. Figure 5.1 Gross weekly pay, hourly pay and the total hours worked for all workers and for those who work full-time Area Gross Weekly Pay (£) Hourly pay including Total hours worked overtime (£) weekly (hrs) Males Females Males Females Males Females Camden All ** ** ** 15.06 36.4 32.3 Full-time ** ** ** ** 38.8 36.9 Part-time ** ** ** ** ** 19.1 London All 620.03 410.44 16.44 12.98 37.9 31.9 Full-time 673.42 510.55 16.80 13.72 40.1 37.3 Part-time 188.76 186.52 9.71 19.0 19.3 England All 503.00 297.00 12.90 10.00 39.1 30.1 Full-time 535.00 402.00 13.10 10.70 40.9 37.4 Part-time 169.11 151.40 9.05 7.86 18.9 19.5 Source: New Earnings Survey 2003, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: ** Missing values are based on very small numbers of people and therefore cannot be included

Figures 5.2 - 5.6 show women’s weekly pay as a ratio of Figure 5.4 Gross weekly pay ratios - Sales and customer men’s weekly pay in selected occupations. Equal pay service occupations exists if the bar is at 1. Bars below 1 indicate that 1.20 women’s pay is only a proportion of that of men. Bars above 1 indicate that women are earning more than 1.00 men. Pay data for all occupations (Figure 5.2) show that 0.80 patterns of pay in Camden vary considerably from the 0.60 London and national pictures. In almost all cases women earn less than men. The only exception is female part- 0.40 time workers in London, who earn nearly the same as 0.20 their male counterparts. 0.00 Figure 5.2 Gross weekly pay ratios - All occupations Female/Male FFT/MFT FPT/MPT FPT/MFT

1.00 Camden London England

0.90 Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003 0.80 Note: Missing ‘bars’ are based on very small numbers of people and 0.70 therefore cannot be included 0.60 0.50 The pay data for different occupations shows that 0.40 women and men come closest to equal pay in 0.30 administrative and secretarial occupations, as shown in 0.20 0.10 Figure 5.5. Men in this occupation tend to be paid 0.00 relatively low wages, like women. Female/Male FFT/MFT FPT/MPT FPT/MFT Figure 5.5 Gross weekly pay ratios - Females/Males, for Camden London England selected occupations Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003 0.90 Comparing full-time workers across all occupations 0.80 0.70 shows that the pay gap between women and men is 0.60 much wider in Camden than in London or England as a 0.50 whole, as shown in Figure 5.2. Not surprisingly, the 0.40 widest gap is between women part-timers and men full- 0.30 0.20 time workers. Women earned only about 20 per cent of 0.10 the average full-time man’s weekly pay. 0.00 ALL Occupations Managers & Ad min istr ativ e & Sales & Se nior Secretarial Customer Figure 5.3 Gross weekly pay ratios - Administrative and Professionals Occupations Se rv ice secretarial occupations Occupations Camden London England 1.20 Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003 1.00 Figure 5.6 Gross weekly pay ratios - Females Full-time 0.80 /Males Full-time, for selected occupations 0.60 1.00 0.90 0.40 0.80 0.70 0.20 0.60 0.50 0.00 0.40 Female/Male FFT/MFT FPT/MPT FPT/MFT 0.30 0.20 Camden London England 0.10 Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003 0.00 Note: Missing ‘bars’ are based on very small numbers of people and ALL Occupations Managers & Ad ministrativ e & Sale s & Senior Secretarial Customer therefore cannot be included Professionals Occupations Service Occupations In Camden the gender pay gap is also larger than the Camden London England London and national averages in sales and customer service occupations, as shown in Figure 5.4. In this Source: New Earnings Survey, 2003 occupation full-time women only earned 60 per cent of Figure 5.6 shows a wider pay gap between women and full-time men’s weekly pay in Camden compared with 90 men who work full-time as managers and senior per cent in London and 80 per cent in England as a whole. professionals. Again, female full-time managers and

senior professionals in Camden earned only 60 per cent Among men in full-time employment, the top 10 per cent of average male earnings in similar jobs, compared with in England earned £870 or more per week, while the top around 70 per cent in both London and England as a 10 per cent in Camden earned £1,218 or more per whole. week, just under the London average of £1,260. Among women in full-time employment, the top 10 per cent of Low pay is less prevalent for both men and women full- earners earned £863 or more in Camden, compared time workers in Camden than in London and England as with £821 or more in London and well above the figure a whole. Figure 5.7 shows the percentages of women for England as a whole (£644). Earning levels for men and men whose weekly pay falls into different wage and women in the bottom 10 per cent of earners were bands. Only 6 per cent of Camden women working full- also much higher in Camden than in London and in time earned less than £250 per week, compared with 1 England as a whole. Nevertheless at all geographical in 4 women in England as a whole. Four per cent of levels the bottom 10 per cent of women full-time earners Camden men working full-time earned less than £250 earned less than the bottom 10 per cent of male full-time per week, again lower than the proportion in London (7 earners. per cent) and England (11 per cent).

Figure 5.7 Distribution of weekly earnings: Men and women in full-time employment Area Percentage of people earning under: 10 per cent earn £250 £350 £460 Less than More than Camden Men 4.3 14.2 29.8 £313.00 £1218.60 Women 5.6 18.9 43.4 £290.40 £863.70 London Men 6.7 20.0 36.3 £282.40 £1260.10 Women 11.1 30.7 52.0 £242.80 £821.60 England Men 10.6 32.4 53.8 £246.60 £870.20 Women 23.6 51.9 71.5 £203.10 £644.40 Source: New Earnings Survey 2003, Crown Copyright 2004

Key Points

• In Camden, average hourly pay for women who work full-time is higher than in London or in England as a whole.

• Women in full-time employment earn less than their male counterparts at all geographical levels.

• Across all occupations, Camden has a larger gender pay gap than in London and England as a whole.

• For full-time workers in Camden, the pay gap is narrower in administrative and secretarial occupations, and wider for women working as managers and senior professionals or in sales and customer service occupations.

• Compared with London and England as a whole, Camden has higher rates of pay for both top and bottom 10 per cent of male and female earners.

Another measure of unemployment is the number of 6. Unemployment and people claiming unemployment related benefits (the claimant count). In certain circumstances people may be Economic Inactivity unemployed but not appear in the claimant count, such as those who have moved into early retirement. Figure 6.2 shows the claimant count and an alternative Unemployment estimate of the ‘real’ unemployment rate. Researchers at Sheffield Hallam University have used a range of Unemployment in Camden is particularly measures to estimate the ‘real’ level of unemployment, marked amongst males aged over 35 years. which includes not only the claimant count but also the large numbers of people receiving other benefits (e.g. Although assessing the level of unemployment and Incapacity Benefit) or outside the benefits system economic inactivity is notoriously difficult, data from a altogether. number of sources show that proportionally there are more men and women of working age who are Figure 6.2 Claimant count and ‘real’ unemployment unemployed in Camden than in London and England as Claimant Count a whole. 16 Real Unemployment 14

Figure 6.1 shows the percentages of men and women 12 who described themselves as unemployed when they 10 completed their 2001 Census return. This shows an 8 unemployment rate for working age men of 6.6 per cent 6 in Camden, which is higher than that of both London (5.9 4 per cent) and England as a whole (4.8 per cent). For women of working age the unemployment rate is 4.1 per 2 0 cent which is also higher than the London (3.8 per cent) Percentage of people of working age Male Female Male Female Male Female and England figures (3 per cent). Camden London England Figure 6.1 Self described unemployment by age and sex Camden Source: Beatty, C., Fothergill, S., Gore, T. and Green, A. (2003) ‘The 8.0 London Real Level of Unemployment 2002’ 7.0 England The ‘real’ unemployment estimate for men in Camden is 6.0 5.0 16 per cent for men and 12 per cent for women – both 4.0 figures substantially higher than the corresponding 3.0 figures for London and England. The relative difference 2.0 between the claimant count and the ‘real’ unemployment 1.0 estimate is proportionally greater for women in Camden 0.0 than for men. This suggests that men and women in Percentage of people in age group in age people of Percentage Camden are more likely to experience ‘hidden’ Males Males Males Males Males unemployment than those in London and England. Females Females Females Females Females 16-24 25-34 35-49 50- Working Age Retirement Another measure of unemployment is the ‘Want Work 38 Age Rate’ (WWR). The TUC has estimated ‘want work’ rates which include all those who say they want a job. Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 The working age ‘want work’ rate is calculated by taking At all ages and across all geographic levels the those who are unemployed plus the inactive who want unemployment rate for men is higher than that for work as a share of the active labour force plus the women. However, the highest levels of unemployment in inactive who want work. Using this methodology it is Camden are amongst men aged 35-49. 7.5 per cent of possible to produce WWRs for Camden, London and men in this age group are unemployed, compared with England. These are presented in Figure 6.3. This shows only 5.7 per cent in London and 4.1 per cent in England. that although the unemployment and ‘real In contrast, fewer young people aged 16-24 in Camden unemployment’ rates are usually higher for men than are unemployed (6.3 per cent of men and 3.5 per cent of women, the converse is true of the WWRs at all women) compared with their peers in London (7.2 per geographical levels. The WWR in Camden, for both men cent and 4.3 per cent) and England (7.1 per cent and 4.2 and women, is higher than in the region and nationally. per cent).

38 ‘Inactive Britain’ - TUC report on working age inactivity in Britain and the rest of Europe, January 2004.

Since the WWR for all people in Camden is higher than Figure 6.4 Percentage of unemployed people who have that for men, it follows that the WWR for women must be never worked by age and sex higher than the WWR for men. 25.0 Across England, among the economically inactive who wanted a job, the most common reason given for not 20.0 looking for work was long-term sickness and disability, 39 covering about 34 per cent of the total . The next most 15.0 common reason was family and care responsibilities, accounting for another 32 per cent. There was also a 10.0 group of students, about 13 per cent of the total. However, nearly 20 per cent gave ‘some other reason’ (including a small number of discouraged workers (about 5.0 Percentage of unemployed people of unemployed Percentage 2 per cent) who think there are no jobs available. 0.0 Figure 6.3 Want Work Rates Males Females Males Females Males Females All Males Females Camden London England

England 11.1 9.9 12.5 Many unemployed men, and particularly

Source: LFS 2002, ONS and Centre for Social Inclusion, Sheffield women, in Camden last worked in Hallam University professional, technical, managerial and Note: ** Missing values are based on very small numbers of people senior occupations. and therefore cannot be included Figure 6.6 shows the former occupation of those people of working age who said they were unemployed. In Length of time since last worked and former Camden, many unemployed people were previously occupation and industry employed in associate professional and technical Long-term unemployment in Camden affects occupations - 20 per cent of unemployed men and 24 a higher proportion of unemployed women per cent of unemployed women of working age. than men. Compared with London and England, slightly more Figure 6.4 shows that the proportion of unemployed unemployed men, and especially women, in Camden people of working age who have never worked in last worked as managers and senior officials, and Camden (11 per cent of men and 12 per cent of women) professionals. Overall, 41 per cent of unemployed men is higher than in England (8.8 per cent and 10 per cent), in Camden and 43 per cent of women last worked in but lower than in London (12 per cent and 15 per cent). highly qualified or senior roles as managers, At all these geographical levels, this entrenched professionals or technicians. For men, this compares unemployment is more acute amongst women than with 32 per cent in London and 24 per cent in England, men. Not surprisingly the 16-24 year old age group has and for women, 30 per cent in the capital and 21 per the highest proportion of men and women who have cent nationally. never worked, in part explained by the shorted period By contrast, proportionally fewer of Camden’s over which they have been eligible for work. In Camden unemployed men (19 per cent) and women (11 per cent) the proportion of 16-24 year old men who have never were formerly in elementary occupations (such as worked is over 24 per cent, 3 per cent higher than for labourers, packers, porters, catering assistants, cleaners women – a more marked difference than in London and shelf fillers), compared with their equivalents in generally and in contrast to the picture at national level. London (men 22 per cent, women 14 per cent) and Figure 6.5 shows that in 2001, 28 per cent of England (men 27 per cent and women 22 per cent). In unemployed men and 30 per cent of unemployed Camden, unemployed men were also less likely than women in Camden had not worked for more than 5 their counterparts in London or England to have had years. These figures were a little below those for previous employment as process, plant and machine London, and very similar to the pattern in England as a operatives (6 per cent) and in skilled trades (15 per whole. cent). Similarly, compared with unemployed women in London and England, far fewer unemployed women in Camden last worked in personal services (9 per cent) 39 Source: Labour Force Survey 2002, ONS, Crown Copyright 2004. and sales and customer service (14 per cent).

Figure 6.5 Unemployed people of working age by length of time since last worked and sex

100.0 e 90.0 28.6 32.2 29.9 31.1 32.2 32.3 80.0

70.0

60.0 26.8 27.5 23.3 25.4 29.6 26.2 50.0

40.0 8.6 11.6 7.8 10.1 8.9 4.5 4.1 2.8 9.8 30.0 5.5 2.9 5.3 2.2 4.6 2.7 2.3 3.2 5.0 2.8 2.8 2.3 6.4 2.1 20.0 7.5 2.7 6.2 6.1 5.8 6.7 2.1 5.4 4.7 5.5 4.1 6.5 10.0 4.5 Percentage of unemployed people of working ag working people of unemployed of Percentage 14.5 11.1 12.4 11.7 8.8 10.4 0.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females Camden London England

Never worked Pre 1991 1991-1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Figure 6.6 Unemployed people of working age by former occupation and sex

100.0 Elementary Occupations 10.9 14.4 e 19.4 90.0 22.1 1.3 22.4 27.2 Process, Plant & 2.8 Machine Operatives 80.0 13.5 6.3 10.1 17.0 5.9 Sales & Customer 70.0 8.6 8.5 Service 15.5 2.4 2.8 9.6 18.5 60.0 10.6 Personal Service 15.0 2.5 7.3 19.9 2.6 50.0 16.6 2.1 12.0 7.1 Skilled Trades 22.2 40.0 19.1 2.9 7.7 Admin. & Secretarial 30.0 19.7 23.9 17.7 5.2 13.8 14.7 20.0 9.2 Associate Prof. & 9.6 9.0 7.2 9.5 Technical.

Percentage of unemployed people of working ag working of people unemployed of Percentage 5.1 6.8 10.0 4.6 11.5 10.5 9.2 10.0 8.8 7.0 Professional 0.0 Camden London England Camden London England Managers & Senior Males Females Officials

Figure 6.7 Unemployed people of working age by former industry and sex Other 100.0 8.6 5.0 5.0 13.8 2.6 10.9 2.6 Health & social work e 90.0 3.3 2.4 20.3 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.4 4.0 2.4 11.7 Education 80.0 3.6 14.2 14.2 2.7 8.8 20.1 6.5 Public 70.0 8.3 6.8 3.1 8.3 administration etc 21.3 7.5 2.8 7.5 Financial & Real 60.0 9.6 Estate 23.2 Transport storage & 50.0 7.6 9.3 19.7 24.0 19.7 communications 5.2 Hotels & restaurants 40.0 14.1 3.7 8.9 20.2 Wholesale & retail 30.0 13.9 8.0 13.9 14.4 Construction 20.0 21.5 12.0 17.6 9.6 20.8 20.8 Manufacture Percentage of unemployed people of working ag working of people unemployed of Percentage 10.0 1.1 1.5 7.4 10.6 6.3 7.0 Energy and Water 0.0 0.8 0.8 2.0 0.2 0.2 2.0 Camden London England Camden London England Agriculture, fishing Males Females etc

Figure 6.7 shows the industrial sector in which unemployed people of working age formerly worked. 21 Economic Inactivity per cent of unemployed men and 24 per cent of Camden’s economically inactive population unemployed women in Camden were previously includes a high proportion of students. employed in the financial and real estate sector, a little above the equivalent figure for London, and markedly Figure 6.8 provides shows the reasons men and women higher than in England (14 per cent for both men and give when describing themselves as economically women). Proportionally more unemployed men, but inactive. This shows that: fewer women, in Camden were last employed in the hotel and restaurants sector, compared with the London • In Camden, higher proportions of working age men and national patterns. In addition, fewer unemployed (25 per cent) and women (36 per cent) are men and women in Camden previously worked in the economically inactive, compared to those in the wholesale and retail sector. However, one in five of capital and nationally. Camden’s unemployed women and about one in seven unemployed men, last worked in ‘other’ industries. This • Camden’s inactive population includes an above category includes employees in private households and average proportion of students: 11 per cent of people working for overseas employers. working age men and 13 per cent of women are in full-time study. This considerable student population reflects the popularity of Camden as a residential area for students attending the numerous universities and colleges in London.

• Over 12 per cent of women of working age in Camden were looking after a home or family – around 2 per cent less than the figures for London and England.

London figure, and well above the average across • Sickness or disability was cited by 7 per cent of men England (15 per cent). and 4.5 per cent of women of working age in Camden as the reason for their economic inactivity. These figures are higher than the corresponding Figure 6.9 Percentage of women who look after their home regional and national figures for men, but a little or family full-time within each age group below the figure for women across England. 20.0 Data from the 2001 Census shows a large increase in the percentage of Camden men of working age who 16.0 were economically inactive (from 17 per cent in 1991 to 26 per cent in 200140). Similar, though smaller, increases 12.0 are seen in London and in England. Between 1991 and 2001 there was also an increase in the percentage of women of working age in Camden who were 8.0 home/family economically inactive (from 31 per cent to 36 per cent).

This differs from the regional and national picture, which 4.0 showed negligible change in London and a decrease from 32 per cent to 29 per cent in England. 0.0 16-24 25-34 35-49 50-59 WA Comparing the data from the 1991 and 2001 Censuses Percentage of women in agebandwholookafter their also shows an increase in the percentage of people of Camden London England working age who were permanently sick and disabled. Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 The increase was larger in Camden (up 2.1 per cent for men and 1.3 per cent for women) than in London (up 1 per cent for men and women) or in England (up 1.2 per Figure 6.10 shows that in Camden more than 10 per cent for men and 1.6 per cent for women). cent of men and almost 7 per cent of women of working age were claiming Incapacity Benefit in August 2003.

These figures were higher than the percentages for men Figure 6.8 People of working age by economic inactivity, and women in London and also for men in England as a sex and reason for inactivity whole. 40.0

35.0 5.7 Figure 6.10 Percentage of working age population who are 30.0 4.9 4.5 3.6 claiming Incapacity Benefit 25.0 3.9 4.7 4.7 Males 20.0 12.4 11.0 Females 6.9 4.0 2.9 14.6 10.0 15.0 14.1 1.1 5.0 6.0 9.0 10.0 1.1 1.0 8.0 11.2 12.9 7.2 5.3 5.0 7.6 5.7 7.0

Percentagepeople of of working age 3.0 6.0 0.0 1.4 2.1 0.7 0.9 1.4 Camden London England Camden London England 5.0 4.0 Males Females 3.0 Retired Student Home/family Sick/disabled Other Reason 2.0 Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 1.0

Percentage of people of working age working of people of Percentage 0.0

Camden London England Figure 6.9 shows that in Camden, fewer women were economically inactive because of their full-time family Source: Claimants of Key Benefits, DWP, August 2003 and household commitments, compared with the London and England figures. However, in the 35-49 age group, the percentage of Camden women looking after their home or family rises to 18 per cent, a little above the

Qualifications and Economic Activity Figure 6.12 Women of working age and their level of Qualifications have a significant effect on qualification by economic activity 100.0 employment status which appears more 5.1 9.6 6.0 6.9 5.9 5.5 marked amongst women. 8.4 8.1 90.0 7.6 22.1 20.2 27.8 12.9 13.7 6.8 5.1 12.1 11.3 Figures 6.11 and 6.12 show the difference qualifications 80.0 3.2 2.2 3.5 12.5 make to employment status and highlight the difference 70.0 16.5 21.2 3.0 in the situations of men and women holding the same 28.3 25.6 4.0 60.0 27.2 5.5 level of qualification. In Camden: 76.5 79.0 50.0 71.7 3.5 4.6 7.0 65.8 4.4 58.9 31 per cent of women with no qualifications were in 40.0 9.5 49.6 • 45.4 41.0 4.9 employment, compared with 45 per cent of their 30.0 Percentage of women of working age working of women of Percentage 30.7 male equivalents, and 72 per cent of women with a None None None

degree. Lower Lower Lower Higher Higher Higher Camden London England Over 27 per cent of women with no qualifications • In Employment Unemployed Student Home/family Inactive Other were looking after their home and/or family full-time

compared with less than 8 per cent of highly Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 Note: Lower level qualifications are equivalent to ‘A’ level and below. qualified women. Higher level qualifications are those equivalent to degree and above • Both men and women with no or lower level qualifications were less likely to be in employment Families and Economic Activity than men and women in London and England. Many children in Camden are growing up in workless households. • When men and women with similar qualifications are Figure 6.13 shows that a disproportionately large compared, a smaller proportion of women than of proportion of dependent children41 in Camden live in men are in employment, but the gap is much households with no working adult, 31 per cent compared narrower among those who are highly qualified. with 24 per cent in London and 17 per cent in England. Level of qualification also varies by age. This was This was even higher for children aged 5 to 9 (33 per discussed in Chapter 3. cent). Camden also has a low percentage of dependent children living in households with two or more working

adults, 31 per cent compared with 41 per cent in London Figure 6.11 Men of working age and their level of and 50 per cent at the national level. qualification by economic activity

100.0 Figure 6.13 Dependent children in households with no 6.5 5.6 6.8 7.0 11.4 7.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 5.9 0.7 working adult and two or more working adults 90.0 8.7 23.4 0.9 22.3 4.5 1.0 3.9 11.7 3.0 32.6 4.0 16.4 80.0 50.0 1.8 4.5 26.6 2.3 4.8 70.0 6.3 6.0 2.6 6.3 40.0 8.4 60.0 7.8 7.9 84.1 85.1 80.3 76.2 30.0 50.0 11.5 69.0 64.8 59.6 40.0 53.2 20.0 45.3

Percentage of men of working age working of men of Percentage 30.0 10.0 Percentage of dependent children dependent of Percentage None None None Lower Lower Lower Higher Higher Higher 0.0 Camden London England All All children children children children children In Employment Unemployed Student Home/family Inactive Other children aged 5-9 aged aged 0-4 aged aged 5-9 aged aged 0-4 aged dependent dependent Dependent Dependent Dependent Dependent Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 No working adults 2 or more working adults Note: Lower level qualifications are equivalent to ‘A’ level and below. Camden London England Higher level qualifications are those equivalent to degree and above Source: 2001 Census Standard Theme Table on Dependent Children, Crown Copyright 2003

41 A dependent child is a person in a household aged 0 to 15 (whether or not in a family) or a person aged 16 to 18 who is a full-time student in a family with parent(s).

Lone parents in Camden are more likely to Figure 6.14 Lone parent families with dependent children be economically inactive than their by economic activity and sex of lone parent

counterparts in London and England. 100.0 90.0 28.1 34.9 32.6 80.0 45.8 55.5 51.6 Figure 6.14 shows that both male and female lone 70.0 8.0 9.6 60.0 12.9 7.3 parents in Camden are more likely to be economically 7.5 50.0 6.1 inactive than those in London or in England. For women 12.7 6.8 40.0 7.2 this difference mainly arises from the relatively low 16.4 26.2 30.0 56.6 14.9 50.4 proportion of lone parents working part-time – under 15 20.0 39.5 per cent compared with over 16 per cent in London and Percentage lone parents of 10.0 22.4 25.2 22.0 26 per cent nationally. Higher economic inactivity among 0.0 male lone parents in Camden, however, arises from the (816) (6,852) London (24,448) Camden lower percentage of lone fathers working full-time, which Camden London England (151,057) (250,149) England at 40 per cent was well below the London (50 per cent) (1,354,546) and national equivalents (57 per cent). Male Lone Parents Female Lone Parents Full-time Part-time Unemployed Inactive

Figure 6.15 Couple families with dependent children where none, one or both of the adults are employed, by parental economic activity

100.0 4.1 9.8 9.1 5.9 9.1 9.5 90.0 4.5 4.7 4.4 7.0 80.0 10.3 44.5 18.8 51.2 70.0 60.9 74.4 70.9 72.3 60.0 81.6 80.1 79.9 94.3 92.1 92.6 50.0 95.9 90.2 94.1

Percentage 40.0 75.9 79.1 67.6 30.0 55.5 48.8 20.0 39.1 4.4 5.7 5.9 25.6 29.1 27.7 10.0 6.0 5.9 7.4 8.0 5.7 8.3 7.9 6.7 7.4 0.0 Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Female Both One None Both One None Both One None

Camden London England

Full-time Part-time Unemployed Inactive

Figure 6.15 shows the economic activity of adults in men, but fewer women were formerly employed in couple families with dependent children. In families health and social work. where both parents worked, the proportion of fathers who worked full-time varied from 96 per cent of fathers • A 11 per cent of men and 13 per cent of women of in England as a whole to just 90 per cent in Camden. working age in Camden were students, considerably This difference can be explained by a greater proportion higher than the regional and national figures. of Camden fathers working part-time. In Camden, the employment patterns of mothers in couple families also • Fewer women of working age were economically varied substantially from the London and national inactive because of full-time household or family patterns: 56 per cent of mothers worked full-time responsibilities. compared with 49 per cent in London and 39 per cent nationally. For couple families in which only one adult • Sickness and disability was the reason for economic worked, fewer fathers were in full-time employment in inactivity for 10 per cent of men and 7 per cent of Camden (68 per cent) than in London (76 per cent) and women. Both figures are higher than the London England (79 per cent). Thus the pattern is clear: average. compared with London and England, in families where one or both parents work, Camden mothers are more • Camden’s unqualified women were less likely to be likely to work full-time, whilst fathers are more likely to employed than unqualified men, and more likely to be working part-time. Finally, among couple families be at home full-time looking after the home or family. where neither of the parents worked, more Camden 31 per cent of dependent children in Camden live in mothers and fathers were economically inactive (94 per • households with no working adult. The proportion is cent for mothers and 74 per cent for fathers). even higher for children aged 5-9. Only 31 per cent of dependent children in Camden live in households where there are two working adults - 19 per cent Key Points less than the national figure.

• In couple families with dependent children where • Camden has a relatively high proportion of working one or both parents worked, more fathers worked age women, and in particular, of men over 35 who part-time and more mothers were likely to work full- are unemployed. time. • Estimates of ‘real’ unemployment for both men and A lower proportion of male and female lone parents women in Camden suggest that the scale of labour • with dependent children in Camden were active in market detachment is underestimated, especially for the labour market compared with those in London women where the ‘real’ unemployment estimate is and England. Just 52 per cent of lone fathers and 37 three times higher than the claimant count. per cent of lone mothers with dependent children • Compared with England, Camden has a much were in employment. This compares to national higher proportion of men and women across all ages figures of 64 per cent and 48 per cent for men and who have never worked. women respectively.

• 28 per cent of Camden’s unemployed men and 30 per cent of unemployed women had not worked for over 5 years. • A high proportion of unemployed people of working age in Camden (20 per cent of men and 24 per cent of women) were previously employed in associate professional and technical occupations.

• Over a fifth of unemployed men and almost a quarter of unemployed women in Camden previously worked in the financial and real estate

sector while 14 per cent of men and 18 per cent of women last had a job in the wholesale and retail sector. Compared with London and England, more

per cent of young Mixed White and Black Caribbean 7. Women, Men and men and 18 per cent of women from the same ethnic group, 19 per cent of young men and 17 per cent of Diversity young women from the Mixed White and Black African group, 23 per cent of young Black Caribbean men and 13 per cent of young Black Caribbean women, and 17 The Employment Circumstances of People per cent of young Indian men and 15 per cent of young from Black and Minority Ethnic Groups42 Indian women. Young Black African people were the least likely to be employed full-time (8 per cent of both There are marked differences in the way men and women). women and men from Black and Minority The highest unemployment rates were found in young Ethnic groups in Camden experience the Black Caribbean people in Camden (12 per cent for men labour market. and 9 per cent for women), and in young Mixed White As described in Chapter 1, Camden has a comparatively and Black Caribbean men (13 per cent), Bangladeshi large population of residents from Black and Minority men and White Irish men (both 11 per cent), and in Ethnic groups. Figures 7.1 and 7.2 show the economic Mixed White and Black African women (9 per cent), activity status of young men and women by ethnicity. compared with 6 per cent of men and 4 per cent of Some ethnicity categories contain large numbers, with women in Camden’s overall 16-24 population. These the largest groups of young people found among the patterns were similar to those found for these young White Other43 (4,355 young people), Bangladeshi Black and Minority Ethnic groups in London and in (2,688), Mixed White and Asian (2,012), Black African England as a whole. (1,823), Indian (1,101) and Chinese (1,062) groups. In Camden, part-time employment was more Among mature people of working age (25-59 years for widespread among young people from the Black women, and 25-64 years for men), the White Other Caribbean and Bangladeshi population, 10 per cent of ethnic group has the largest number after the majority men and 8 per cent of women for both ethnic groups, White British category (20,935). The next largest compared with 4 per cent of both men and women in the population groups are: White Irish (5,665); Black African whole young population in Camden. (5,602); Bangladeshi (4,478); Other Ethnic Group A higher proportion of young women from Bangladeshi (3,490); Indian (2,614); Black Caribbean (2,115); (20 per cent), Other Black (14 per cent) and Mixed White Chinese (1,863); Other Mixed (1,140), and Other Asian and Black African (13 per cent) groups were looking (1,136). after their home or family full-time, compared both The economic activity, occupations and industrial with Camden’s overall 16-24 female population (5 per distribution of the above Black and Minority Ethnic cent) and their counterparts nationally (22 per cent, 8 groups are the focus of discussion in this chapter. Data per cent and 6 per cent respectively). for all Black and Minority Ethnic groups identified in the Camden’s young Chinese population contained a very 2001 Census are shown in the figures presented. high proportion of students, about 85 per cent of both men and women, compared with 57 per cent of men and Economic Activity 56 per cent of women in Camden’s overall 16-24 population. Consequently there were far fewer Chinese Economic Activity: 16-24 year olds young people in other economic activity statuses, apart In Camden, among 16-24 year olds, a third of young from 12 per cent of young Chinese men and women who White Irish men and women were employed full time, were in full-time employment. These patterns were compared with 26 per cent of all young men and women consistent with the London and national data for employed full-time in Camden, as shown in Figures 7.1 Chinese young people. Young people from the Other and 7.2. Young White Other people in Camden also had Ethnic Group were also more likely to be full-time a higher full-time employment (including self- students in Camden (80 per cent of men and 79 per cent employment) rate (26 per cent for men and women) than of women) than their counterparts in London and other Black and Minority Ethnic groups, followed by 25 nationally.

42 Black and Minority Ethnic groups include all those groups other than White British. 43 The White Other category includes Romany Gypsies, Turkish Cypriots, people from the former Yugoslavia, and other people of Eastern European origin as well as people from other European countries, South Africa, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

Economic Activity: Men aged 25 - 64 years higher percentage of students – 17 per cent of the Other Ethnic Group, 15 per cent of Black African men, In Camden, the full-time employment rate of Black and 14 per cent of Chinese men, 10 per cent of Other Mixed Minority Ethnic men aged 25-64 was lower than in and Other Asian men, 9 per cent of Mixed White and London and England as a whole. Figure 7.3 shows that Black African men, 8 per cent of White Other men, and 7 71 per cent of Indian, 67 per cent of White Other, 65 per per cent of Indian and Pakistani men, compared with cent of Chinese, 63 per cent of Mixed White and Asian, only 5 per cent of the overall 25-64 male population in and 62 per cent of Pakistani men were employed full Camden. time, compared with 65 per cent of the overall 25-64 male population and 70 per cent of White British men in While 8 per cent of the overall male population aged 25- Camden. The lowest rate of full-time employment was 64 and of White British men in Camden were found among Bangladeshi men (31 per cent) and Mixed economically inactive due to sickness and disability, a White and Black African men (40 per cent). considerably higher proportion of White Irish men (24 per cent) were sick or disabled, followed by 16 per cent The highest full-time self-employment rate among of Mixed White and Black African men, 12 per cent of men was found in Camden’s Indian men,15 per cent, Mixed White and Black Caribbean men, 11 per cent of although this was lower than the London and national Bangladeshi men, 10 per cent of Black Caribbean men levels for Indian men, 17 per cent in both areas. and 9 per cent of Other Black and Other Asian men. Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic Groups were, in most cases, less likely than other Camden men to be In Camden, a significantly higher proportion of Black and self-employed full-time, including Chinese men (10 per Minority Ethnic men were in the ‘other’ economic activity cent). This compares with 14 per cent of the overall 25- status44, 13 per cent of men from the Other Black group, 64 male population, and 17 per cent of White British 11 per cent of Bangladeshi men, 9 per cent of Mixed men in Camden, and much higher self-employment White and Black African, Other Asian and Black African among Chinese men in London (16 per cent) and across men, 8 per cent of White Irish men and 7 per cent of England (22 per cent). Camden’s Bangladeshi men were Other Mixed and Black Caribbean men, compared with 5 the least likely to be self-employed full-time (less than 5 per cent of the overall 25-64 male population and 4 per per cent). cent of White British men in Camden. Male part-time employment was primarily found Economic Activity: women aged 25 - 59 years among Bangladeshi men, 27 per cent of whom were Figure 7.4 shows that Camden’s women have patterns either employed or self-employed on a part-time basis. of economic activity which differ both from those of This was higher than their London (22 per cent) and Camden men and between women of different Black national (24 per cent) counterparts. Other Black men (10 and Minority Ethnic groups. The highest female full- per cent) and Pakistani men (9 per cent) were also more time employment rate (including full-time self- likely than most other ethnic groups to work part-time, employment) was found among Indian women, 54 per compared with 8 per cent of the overall 25-64 male cent compared with 49 per cent of the overall 25-59 population, and 7 per cent of the White British male female population in Camden. This was nevertheless population in Camden. lower than the figure for White British women in Camden In Camden, the highest male unemployment rate was (56 per cent). About half of Chinese, Mixed Other and found among Mixed White and Black Caribbean (16 per Mixed White and Asian women were also employed full- cent), Mixed White and Black African (15 per cent), time, followed by 48 per cent of White Irish and Black Black African (14 per cent) and Black Caribbean (13 per Caribbean women. Women from these ethnic groups cent) men, followed by 11 per cent of Other Mixed and were more likely to work full-time than those from other Bangladeshi men and 10 per cent of White Irish and Black and Minority Ethnic groups. Other Asian men. These figures were, in most cases, Full-time self-employment was more prevalent among higher than the corresponding rates for men from the Mixed White and Black African women (9 per cent), same groups across London and nationally. The lowest Indian women (8 per cent), women from Other Mixed unemployment rates were found among Indian men (4 and White Other groups (both 7 per cent), and Chinese per cent), Chinese men, White Other men and Mixed and White Irish women (both 6 per cent). The full-time White and Asian men (all 5 per cent), while the rate for self-employment rate for the overall 25-59 female the overall 25-64 male population was 7 per cent and for population in Camden was 6 per cent and for White White British men 6 per cent in Camden. British women 8 per cent, a considerably higher By comparison with the White British male population in Camden, among whom only 2 per cent were students, 44 Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men included a far This category includes people who are looking for work but are not able to start a job within 2 weeks.

Figure 7.1 Economic Activity by ethnicity for men aged 16-24 in Camden

100.0 1.0 1.4 0.00.6 3.4 3.0 5.1 4.6 4.2 4.4 3.1 0.0 0.01.7 4.5 1.4 4.2 3.2 0.40.9 0.20.40.9 7.1 1.9 0.0 8.0 0.8 6.1 0.00.9 0.2 1.4 0.20.30.5 0.02.1 2.2 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.01.0 0.0 90.0 3.5 3.5 0.0 80.0

47.0 70.0 42.6 51.7 47.4 56.7 55.9 61.3 72.0 60.0 67.7 68.0 79.6 74.5 73.6 60.0 75.5 85.0 80.1 50.0 6.4 10.5 0.7 40.0 2.8 1.1 12.0 2.6 2.9 12.6 6.3 1.1 0.5 3.6 10.7 0.0 30.0 3.5 0.6 0.0 Percentage of men 16-24 aged 1.7 3.0 5.6 9.7 1.0 2.9 0.2 3.5 7.1 6.6 7.5 1.7 0.0 20.0 0.0 9.8 4.2 35.9 0.0 1.7 3.1 0.80.01.0 4.6 0.0 33.2 2.2 1.9 0.6 1.7 0.6 4.2 9.7 1.7 6.1 1.0 2.5 26.3 25.1 2.3 0.0 0.01.3 2.80.0 10.0 20.3 22.9 2.90.3 0.0 18.8 17.1 15.4 15.7 0.8 13.3 14.9 12.0 12.2 12.1 7.6 10.4 0.0 (175) All (12,838) Indian (520) (317) Chinese (479) (1,810) Pakistani (175) African (85) Black Caribbean White Irish (277) Other Black (49) Other Asian(216) Other Mixed (161) Caribbean (143) Caribbean Black African (865) Other Ethnic Group White Other (1,787) Bangladeshi (1,258) White British (6,150) Employee - Full Time SelfMixed White & Black EmployedMixed White & Black - FullMixed White & Asian Time Employee - Part Time Self Employed - Part Time Unemployed Student Retired Looking after home/family Permanently sick or disabled Other

Figure 7.2 Economic Activity by ethnicity for women aged 16-24 in Camden

100.0 4.1 3.1 1.60.0 2.1 3.5 0.50.00.7 2.2 0.7 7.0 4.5 5.8 7.9 3.6 0.51.00.0 0.0 6.3 4.6 4.6 4.7 0.03.0 0.8 3.0 0.51.9 9.7 0.0 9.2 0.0 0.4 0.6 4.7 0.1 1.3 0.1 2.9 5.7 1.3 5.5 5.3 3.5 90.0 0.1 2.5 0.0 2.1 5.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 3.0 2.50.0 0.0 0.0 7.3 12.5 14.0 80.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0

70.0 49.2 0.0 41.0 56.5 55.9 60.0 69.0 58.8 78.3 84.6 52.7 47.1 64.9 71.6 70.8 79.1 50.0 71.4 44.9 62.8 3.2 0.7 6.0 40.0 3.3 0.0 1.2 3.9 3.0 3.5 0.8 0.7 0.5 30.0 4.0 5.5 0.8 0.9 8.7 8.8

Percentage of women aged 16-24 4.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 1.6 4.1 1.3 20.0 4.2 5.8 2.00.01.5 4.0 0.0 35.5 0.0 33.5 1.8 0.0 1.2 1.70.00.7 5.7 7.8 8.0 0.5 2.9 6.5 0.9 2.2 25.6 26.4 0.02.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.00.90.5 0.6 10.0 0.0 2.50.0 3.4 0.03.5 2.8 16.4 17.3 18.8 16.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 15.1 11.9 13.0 12.0 11.3 10.5 8.7 8.1 9.6 0.0 (238) All (15,373) Indian (581) (508) (202) Chinese (583) Pakistani (141) White Irish (385) Black Caribbean Other Black (86) African (104) Other Asian (238) Other Mixed(252) Caribbean (165) Caribbean Black African (967) Bangladeshi (1430) Other Ethnic Group White Other (2,568) White British (6,925) British White Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Asian Employee - Full Time Self Employed - Full Time Employee - Part Time Self Employed - Part Time Unemployed Student Retired Looking after home/family Permanently sick or disabled Other

Figure 7.3 Economic Activity by ethnicity for men aged 25-64 in Camden

100.0 5.0 4.0 5.2 3.5 4.5 6.9 3.3 4.9 3.8 4.2 7.8 9.4 10.8 8.7 7.0 8.6 2.5 4.0 5.5 13.0 2.0 3.1 8.2 8.4 7.1 4.6 0.7 5.8 1.9 2.2 90.0 1.2 11.8 2.0 0.7 0.8 2.1 1.5 0.62.0 8.5 9.6 6.9 1.2 1.8 1.4 1.3 7.0 1.7 2.0 8.4 2.2 15.6 6.9 10.5 2.4 4.6 0.4 6.4 3.1 1.71.6 0.8 9.2 14.4 17.0 80.0 5.9 23.6 2.6 10.3 3.8 1.0 5.2 4.7 1.10.0 6.7 4.3 5.4 2.5 9.0 4.4 3.5 1.4 4.0 1.8 10.3 14.6 4.8 3.6 3.1 16.2 4.2 1.4 3.3 10.3 70.0 1.0 4.0 11.3 12.6 2.4 5.8 4.5 2.9 9.4 6.1 7.5 3.3 2.0 1.7 1.3 15.1 11.0 9.6 5.9 3.5 6.3 60.0 17.0 12.3 4.0 3.5 13.9 1.6 10.4 14.3 9.6 1.3 2.6 7.0 15.1 12.9 14.2 6.2 8.1 6.4 1.6 13.9 6.3 2.6 50.0 2.1 7.4 13.6 1.4 6.5 8.6 11.5 6.1 25.8 12.8 40.0 7.8 10.4 30.0 55.1 56.2 4.5 Percentage of men aged 25-64 54.5 50.2 52.8 49.9 52.2 45.0 47.7 45.8 20.0 42.2 38.1 39.0 37.1 35.9 29.7 26.6 10.0

0.0 (32,404) (897) All (56,782) White British White (425) (1,344) Indian (1,364) Chinese (839) Pakistani (346) Black Caribbean African (212) Other Asian (585) Other Black (185) Other Mixed (476) White Irish (3,100) Caribbean (228) Caribbean Other Ethnic Group White Other (9,770) Bangladeshi (2,248) Black African (2,359) Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Asian Employee - Full Time Self Employed - Full Time Employee - Part Time Self Employed - Part Time Unemployed Student Retired Looking after home/family Permanently sick or disabled Other

Figure 7.4 Economic Activity by ethnicity for women aged 25-59 in Camden

100.0 4.2 4.1 5.0 6.1 7.5 6.0 8.8 6.6 5.3 5.3 8.2 9.4 10.1 9.8 10.1 10.3 2.2 6.5 2.8 7.8 3.3 90.0 5.5 5.5 19.4 7.4 2.2 10.3 6.9 6.8 4.6 6.0 6.1 7.1 10.3 14.2 14.0 14.6 80.0 14.5 14.6 13.7 12.6 19.9 1.0 5.4 2.7 11.8 0.7 14.1 0.9 16.5 12.9 1.8 0.9 3.7 20.8 0.3 0.3 20.8 9.6 0.7 7.0 25.5 5.7 70.0 6.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 5.5 2.8 6.4 14.4 16.6 4.2 1.6 4.3 4.6 4.1 9.7 2.6 5.8 10.7 0.7 5.9 1.8 0.5 60.0 4.3 10.3 2.8 4.5 0.0 10.0 4.6 19.2 8.1 5.0 8.3 9.0 6.9 13.1 5.8 2.1 9.4 10.7 8.6 5.4 12.8 7.7 5.9 4.8 7.8 1.8 5.7 50.0 3.2 3.9 7.8 4.2 2.0 5.0 56.2 2.7 6.3 6.0 6.5 3.6 2.7 3.3 8.7 9.8 6.2 3.4 8.7 9.1 9.9 6.2 40.0 9.6 1.4 2.2 8.7 4.0 2.3 8.8 6.8 3.6 8.8 3.0 30.0 1.9 Percentage of women aged 25-59 48.2 45.4 46.6 44.9 20.0 42.6 42.2 43.1 43.5 36.6 0.8 39.3 35.0 31.5 2.3 32.3 32.2 29.0 3.00.3 28.8 10.0 5.3 0.4 6.9 0.0 All (55,424) (1,218) (438) (2,146) Indian (1,250) Pakistani (306) Chinese (1,024) Black Caribbean African (307) Other Asian (551) Other Black (224) Other Mixed (664) White Irish (2,565) Caribbean (277) Other EthnicOther Group Bangladeshi (2,230) Black African (3,242) White Other (11,165) Other White Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Asian Employee - Full BritishWhite (27,817) Time Self Employed - Full Time Employee - Part Time Self Employed - Part Time Unemployed Student Retired Looking after home/family Permanently sick or disabled Other

Figure 7.5 Occupation by ethnicity for men of working age in Camden 100.0 3.6 3.9 7.9 6.0 6.9 7.6 5.9 12.1 11.3 2.2 9.1 3.5 12.9 2.5 15.2 5.5 15.9 14.0 13.2 1.6 13.6 90.0 3.7 2.5 5.8 5.3 2.8 2.6 2.8 1.0 3.6 3.9 2.2 1.9 2.4 4.1 2.3 2.8 6.8 27.4 1.6 5.0 2.0 5.5 2.3 2.4 6.0 7.4 7.3 5.5 2.9 8.2 9.3 80.0 7.0 6.4 1.7 6.3 9.7 5.0 6.7 2.1 5.3 9.1 4.5 3.2 5.5 3.0 4.8 3.3 6.0 4.4 7.3 6.2 5.5 5.8 4.5 10.3 10.0 9.4 6.2 70.0 7.3 16.7 6.2 7.2 13.2 6.0 7.0 4.6 21.9 7.1 6.4 5.8 6.5 15.4 60.0 25.8 5.5 10.1 22.8 5.5 8.1 23.9 17.4 17.6 16.9 17.3 19.9 11.5 10.6 4.7 50.0 22.6 1.2 18.8 28.9 8.0 21.7 40.0 26.1 16.4 16.5 20.2 32.3 23.4 24.7 22.8 25.1 22.2 27.0 25.2 17.0 30.0 16.7 16.1 18.2 6.6 18.2 20.0 12.9 18.6

Percentage of employed men of working age 32.7 4.6 32.7 27.8 23.4 23.5 25.3 23.8 3.8 10.0 20.4 21.0 19.4 21.8 22.1 14.1 10.5 12.1 11.7 10.9 0.0 (653) All (46,949) (364) (1,008) Indian (1,230) Chinese (682) Pakistani (311) Black Caribbean African (124) Other Black(129) Other Asian(417) Other Mixed (355) White Irish (1,795) Caribbean (198) Other Ethnic Group White Other (8,134) Bangladeshi (1,833) Black African (1,526) Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Asian White British (28,190) Managers & Senior Officials Professionals Associate Prof. & Technical Admin. & Secretarial Skilled Trades Personal Service Sales & Customer Service Process, Plant & Machine Operatives Elementary occupations

Figure 7.6 Occupation by ethnicity for women of working age in Camden

100.0 3.5 3.6 3.2 5.1 0.5 7.5 6.1 6.6 6.3 4.5 4.7 0.0 6.8 5.8 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 11.4 8.2 9.6 8.0 4.6 0.5 0.7 1.9 1.6 4.5 0.6 1.2 15.1 6.0 4.4 7.4 10.2 0.9 0.0 e 90.0 5.3 0.6 6.1 6.3 9.4 10.1 17.5 1.2 8.8 9.0 7.2 1.1 6.3 8.7 5.8 10.3 13.1 2.6 0.9 8.5 1.2 5.0 1.4 80.0 1.3 1.2 1.0 1.2 7.0 9.4 12.1 17.0 1.9 12.7 4.8 11.8 14.0 1.6 17.8 15.1 14.8 13.4 13.9 13.9 70.0 16.8 4.2 1.9 17.5 1.6 10.6 40.1 2.1 17.3 1.9 2.9 60.0 20.8 16.3 2.4 19.2 25.6 28.0 29.7 22.0 27.8 26.5 22.5 50.0 25.9 22.2 14.1 35.5 25.5 26.6 9.7 18.4 40.0 20.8 1.7 28.4 19.5 20.1 30.0 20.8 24.1 18.5 21.7 21.0 25.3 20.3 21.1 16.7 17.5 15.4 19.6 20.0 14.6 18.8 11.4 12.8 11.6 9.9 9.7 8.8 Percentage of employed women of working ag working of women employed of Percentage 10.0 18.3 18.2 18.5 17.8 16.9 16.8 17.5 17.5 13.9 12.3 9.5 11.3 6.3 9.2 10.3 10.2 10.3 0.0 3.0 (23,599) (862) All (41,801) All White British (332) (1,182) Indian (1,011) Indian Chinese (726) Chinese Pakistani (189) Pakistani Black Caribbean Black African (189) African Other Black (137) Black Other Other Asian (331) Other Asian Other Mixed (485) Mixed Other Caribbean (212) Caribbean White Irish (1,790) (744) Bangladeshi Other Ethnic Group Other Ethnic White Other (8,373) White Mixed White & Black & White Mixed Black & White Mixed Black African (1639) African Black Managers & Senior Officials Professionals Asian & White Mixed Associate Prof. & Technical Admin. & Secretarial Skilled Trades Personal Service Sales & Customer Service Process, Plant & Machine Operatives Elementary occupations

Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright 2003 and 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: Elementary occupations include farm workers, labourers, packers, postal workers, hospital porters, hotel porters, kitchen and catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar staff, window cleaners, road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and salvage occupations, security guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, school mid-day assistants, car park attendants, shelf fillers.

Figure 7.7 Industry by ethnicity for men of working age in Camden 100.0 4.9 6.5 3.2 5.7 4.8 10.6 10.1 2.9 9.5 9.4 8.5 11.8 13.8 11.0 14.1 1.6 11.2 15.3 16.8 8.2 1.9 8.5 90.0 8.8 9.8

e 5.0 5.7 6.8 7.7 3.6 8.4 5.8 10.8 11.3 5.3 4.8 3.3 3.6 5.7 4.8 3.1 4.5 4.1 17.2 2.2 80.0 5.1 5.2 9.7 3.3 4.6 2.2 5.4 1.8 6.2 6.8 5.4 3.9 3.6 3.3 4.8 3.0 7.2 2.2 4.1 3.7 4.6 2.4 6.6 4.7 70.0 3.6 8.6 20.2 60.0 28.7 34.0 41.6 36.8 47.2 40.7 33.2 39.2 46.6 24.5 31.2 25.8 50.0 40.9 39.7 19.5 15.7 8.7 40.0 71.7 6.0 11.2 4.8 8.8 7.1 13.6 10.2 8.9 6.2 30.0 6.8 3.7 5.5 6.5 15.5 5.4 26.8 22.8 16.4 20.0 16.9 20.9 22.4 21.4 16.9 29.1 25.4 12.0 16.9 20.7 24.1 19.9

Percentage or employed men of working ag or men of working employed Percentage 15.8 10.0 4.4 1.0 5.7 7.8 4.0 2.5 5.6 2.4 2.5 4.2 2.4 0.7 0.0 8.6 0.9 1.4 6.1 6.9 4.5 5.0 3.1 6.4 5.5 6.8 5.0 4.9 1.0 6.4 5.0 3.9 3.5 4.2 0.0 0.30.5 0.40.3 0.30.6 0.30.7 1.50.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.01.1 0.01.0 0.20.02.3 0.01.4 0.00.9 0.20.8 0.02.3 0.60.4 0.30.7 (1,527) (28,188) (654) All (46,951) All White British (364) Black African (1,015) Indian (1,228) Indian Chinese (685) Chinese Pakistani (307) Pakistani Black Caribbean Black African (125) African Other Black (128) Other Black Other Asian (418) Other Asian Other Mixed (355) Mixed Other Caribbean (196) Caribbean White Irish (1,792) Irish White Other Ethnic Group Other Ethnic White Other (8,132) White Mixed White & Black & White Mixed Black & White Mixed Bangladeshi (1,831) Bangladeshi Mixed White & Asian & White Mixed Agriculture; Hunting; Forestry; fishing Energy and water Manufacture Construction Wholesale, Retail, Restuarants, Hotels Transport; Storage and Communication Finance, real estate etc Public Administration & Defence; Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other

Figure 7.8 Industry by ethnicity for women of working age in Camden 100.0 3.2 3.4 7.7 6.7 10.6 8.1 11.0 8.3 12.9 14.5 12.5 12.7 12.3 12.1 13.1 90.0 17.3 17.4 10.8 11.0 11.4 15.5 11.5 12.3 7.5 80.0 14.6 16.4 11.8 17.9 17.0 5.3 13.7 22.7 2.2 25.7 27.9 12.5 2.9 20.7 18.6 6.8 9.0 3.9 70.0 11.1 10.5 11.0 9.5 4.2 9.3 2.3 14.4 11.3 12.8 10.7 12.3 7.9 8.6 60.0 4.1 7.8 8.2 4.3 5.3 1.5 6.0 1.5 40.3 4.3 1.6 4.7 7.8 6.3 8.2 42.3 50.0 34.3 21.9 36.1 25.4 23.9 31.9 40.0 32.9 29.6 30.9 27.7 25.1 23.6 24.0 20.3 1.6 6.2 30.0 53.2 3.3 4.0 4.8 2.4 4.4 3.6 3.2 4.3 3.4 3.5 3.5 3.2 4.2 23.1 6.5 20.0 Percentage employed or women of working age 15.9 16.3 20.5 25.4 21.8 24.4 15.1 12.4 15.1 17.3 13.8 15.4 19.5 16.0 19.9 10.0 1.6 1.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.0 6.9 0.6 0.3 8.1 0.4 6.1 7.0 5.8 5.8 7.2 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.3 5.3 5.8 3.9 3.3 2.9 2.5 0.00.7 5.0 3.3 0.0 0.30.2 0.2 0.40.0 0.50.2 0.0 1.6 0.00.0 0.0 0.60.3 1.60.00.0 0.0 0.00.5 0.00.4 0.02.1 0.00.3 0.0 All (41,772) (334) (1,176) Indian (1,012) Indian Chinese (721) Pakistani (186) African (189) Other Asian (335) Other Black (141)

Agriculture; Hunting; Forestry; fishing Other Mixed (486) EnergyBangladeshi (737) and water White Irish (1,783) Caribbean (208) Caribbean Other Ethnic Group Manufacture White Other (8,372) Construction Black African (1,632) Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Asian White British (23,600)

Wholesale, Retail, Restuarants, Hotels Transport; Storage andBlack (860) Caribbean Communication Finance, real estate etc Public Administration & Defence; Social Security Education Health and Social Work Other

Source: 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: ‘Other’ includes sewage and refuse disposal, activities of membership organisations, recreational, cultural and sporting clubs, private households with employed persons, extra territorial organisations.

percentage than the corresponding London and national reported to be in ‘other’ economic activity status were figures (3-4 per cent). The full-time self-employment Pakistani, Black African, Other Black and Other Asian rates of Black and Minority Ethnic women in Camden, in (all 10 per cent), followed by 9 per cent of Mixed White most cases, were correspondingly higher than the and Black Caribbean and Mixed White and Black London and national averages. African, and 8 per cent of Other Ethnic and White Irish women. A low employment rate was found among Camden’s Bangladeshi women, with just 7 per cent in full-time and 45 5 per cent in part-time employment. At both London and Occupations of the employed population national levels, Pakistani women were also less likely Figures 7.5 and 7.6 show the occupations of the than most other groups to participate in the labour employed population in Camden by ethnicity. Camden’s market (21 per cent and 13 per cent respectively Indian and White Other populations contain a higher working full-time). In Camden, however, 39 per cent of proportion of men and women who worked as Pakistani women worked full-time and 10 per cent part- managers and senior officials than other ethnic time. This compared with 49 per cent of women working groups. A third of Indian men and 18 per cent of Indian full-time and 14 per cent working part-time among the women, and 28 per cent of men and 18 per cent of overall 25-59 female population in Camden. women from the White Other group, were in managerial Camden’s Bangladeshi women were much more likely to or senior official positions, compared with 23 per cent of look after their home or family full-time than women men and 17 per cent of women in the whole population from other ethnic groups, 56 per cent compared with 15 of working age in Camden (and with 24 per cent and 18 per cent of the overall 25-59 female population in per cent of White British men and women). In most Camden and 10 per cent of White British women. Other cases, Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic groups were ethnic groups with a higher proportion of women looking more likely to be in these senior jobs than their after their home or family full-time were Pakistani (26 per counterparts in London and across England. cent), Mixed White and Black African and Black African Bangladeshi men and women (11 per cent and 3 per (both 21 per cent), Other Ethnic (20 per cent), and Other cent) were far less likely to work as managers or senior Asian (17 per cent). officials in Camden. Like their male counterparts, more women from Other In Camden, a comparatively high proportion of men and Ethnic groups (19 per cent), Other Mixed (17 per cent), women from the Chinese (32 per cent and 25 per cent) Chinese (14 per cent), Black African (13 per cent) and and Indian (29 per cent and 28 per cent) groups were Other Black (11 per cent) groups were students, employed in professional jobs, followed by White Other compared with 6 per cent of the overall 25-59 female (26 per cent and 24 per cent), Pakistani (25 per cent and population in Camden and less than 3 per cent of White 22 per cent), Other Asian (25 per cent and 20 per cent), British women. Again, Camden’s Black and Minority Mixed White and Asian (23 per cent and 21 per cent) Ethnic women were more likely to be students than other and Other Mixed (21 per cent and 18 per cent) ethnic Camden women, or in most cases, than their groups. The corresponding figures for the whole counterparts in London or across England. population were 23 per cent of men and 20 per cent of women, and for the White British population 25 per cent The economic inactivity rate related to sickness and and 21 per cent. Again, Bangladeshi men and women disability for Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic were less likely to work as professionals (4 per cent and women was, in some cases, higher than the average of 6 per cent) than other groups, compared with their 6 per cent for the overall 25-59 female population in counterparts at both the London and national levels. In Camden, and 7 per cent for White British women. The most cases, Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic groups highest rates were found in White Irish women (10 per were more likely to be in professional jobs than their cent), and among Other Mixed (8 per cent), Black counterparts in London and nationally. Caribbean, Black African, Mixed White and Black Caribbean, and Mixed White and Black African (all 7 per As elsewhere in the country, considerably more women cent) groups. than men from Black and Minority Ethnic groups in Camden worked in associate professional and In Camden, Bangladeshi women were more likely to be in ‘other’ economic activity status, 19 per cent compared with 6 per cent of the overall 25-59 female population in 45 Data about the occupations and industrial distribution of people by Camden, and with 4 per cent of White British women. Black and Minority Ethnic groups has only been released by the Office This was similar to the corresponding figures for their for National Statistics at district level for the entire working age counterparts in London and England as a whole. Other population, to comply with legislation on the disclosure of information. This means that in the data which follows, no differentiation between ethnic groups with a higher percentage of women younger and older men and women of working age is possible.

technical occupations. A higher proportion of women people were the least likely to be in this occupation, 3 and men from the Other Mixed group in Camden worked per cent of women and 1 per cent of men, consistent in this type of occupation, 36 per cent and 24 per cent, with London and England. compared with 26 per cent of women and 23 per cent of Camden’s Bangladeshi population were much more men of the whole population of working age in Camden, likely than other ethnic groups to work in sales and and with 28 per cent of White British women and 26 per customer service occupations, 40 per cent of women cent of White British men in Camden. The Bangladeshi and 18 per cent of men, compared with 5 per cent and 2 population was again under-represented in this per cent of White British women and men in the borough occupation, with only 3 per cent of women and 11 per and 6 per cent and 4 per cent of men and women in the cent of men, compared with 6 per cent of women and 14 whole population of working age in Camden. Across per cent of men from the same ethnic group both in London 24 per cent of Bangladeshi women and 13 per London and nationally. cent of Bangladeshi men worked in this occupation, Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic women were, in compared with 21 per cent and 10 per cent of most cases, less likely than women from the same Bangladeshi women and men across England. Pakistani ethnic groups in London and in England as a whole to people also contained a higher proportion in this work in administrative and secretarial occupations. In occupation, 18 per cent of women and 7 per cent of Camden, a higher proportion of women and men from men, similar to the pictures in London and England. Black Caribbean (30 per cent and 8 per cent), Mixed In Camden, very few Black and Minority Ethnic women White and Black African (28 per cent and 7 per cent), worked as process, plant or machine operatives. The Black African (23 per cent and 11 per cent), and Mixed percentage of Black and Minority Ethnic men who White and Black Caribbean (21 per cent and 8 per cent) worked in this type of work in Camden was also lower groups worked in this occupational category, compared than in London and England as a whole. While nationally with other Black and Minority Ethnic groups. Of a quarter of Pakistani men worked in jobs of this type particular interest, while Other Black women were more and 13 per cent in London, only 6 per cent of Pakistani likely to work in administrative and secretarial men were in this occupation in Camden. The occupations (26 per cent compared with 17 per cent of corresponding figures for both the whole male the whole female population and of the White British population of working age in Camden and for White women in Camden), Other Black men were least likely to British men were 4 per cent. Other Black (9 per cent) work in this occupation, less than 5 per cent compared and Black African (8 per cent) men were more likely to with 6 per cent of both the whole male population of work as process, plant and machine operatives than working age and of White British men in Camden. other Camden men. Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men were in most In Camden, over a quarter of Bangladeshi men (27 per cases, less likely to work in skilled trades than their cent) were working in elementary occupations, counterparts in London and nationally. However, a high followed by 16 per cent of Black Caribbean men, 15 per proportion of Bangladeshi men worked in skilled trades cent of Mixed White and Black Caribbean men, 14 per compared with other Camden men, 22 per cent cent of Black African men and men from Other Ethnic compared with 7 per cent of the whole male population Group, 13 per cent of Other Black men and White Irish in the city, and with 6 per cent of White British men. 13 men, 12 per cent of Mixed White and Black African men per cent of White Irish men, 12 per cent of Black and 11 per cent of Mixed White and Asian men. This Caribbean men, 10 per cent of Other Black and Chinese compared with 8 per cent of the whole male population, men worked in skilled trades. This is similar to, but less and 6 per cent of White British men, was similar to the marked than, the patterns in London and England as a patterns in London and England as a whole. Among whole. Camden’s ethnic groups, Chinese men were the least In Camden, women and men from the Other Black (14 likely to work in elementary occupations (6 per cent). per cent and 7 per cent), Black African (14 per cent and Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic women were, in 6 per cent), Mixed White and Black African (13 per cent most cases, less likely than their national counterparts to and 5 per cent) and Black Caribbean (12 per cent and 6 be employed in elementary occupations. Women from per cent) groups were more likely than other ethnic the Other Ethnic Group (15 per cent) and Bangladeshi groups to work in personal service, compared with 6 women (11 per cent) were more likely to work in these per cent and 2 per cent of White British women and men occupations, compared with 5 per cent of the whole in London, and 7 per cent and 2 per cent of women and female population of working age and 4 per cent of men in Camden as a whole. These figures for ethnic White British women in Camden. minority women were lower, but for men were higher, than the corresponding ones at national level. Chinese

Industrial distribution of the employed working age in Camden. The corresponding figures for population White British men and women were 41 per cent and 33 per cent. Figures 7.7 and 7.8 show the industrial distribution of In Camden, 12 per cent of Other Mixed women, 8 per the employed population in Camden by ethnicity. cent of Black African and Black Caribbean women, and Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men were less 6 per cent of Mixed White and Black Caribbean women likely to be employed in manufacturing than their and Other Asian women worked in the public counterparts in London and in England as a whole. The administration and defence and social security only exception was men from the Other Asian group who sector. Women from Other Ethnic, White Other and were more likely than other ethnic groups to work in Chinese groups were the least likely to be employed in manufacturing, 9 per cent compared with 6 per cent for this sector (less than 3 per cent), compared with 4 per the whole male population in Camden, and 7 per cent for cent of both he whole female population of working age White British men in the city. For Black and Minority and of White British women in Camden. Ethnic women in Camden, the pattern was similar to the picture in London and nationally. In Camden, fewer Black and Minority Ethnic men were employed in education than other Camden men, (with Camden’s White Irish men were more likely to work in the exception of men from the Other Mixed group, 6 per construction, 16 per cent, compared with 4 per cent of cent). This compares with 5 per cent of both the whole the whole male population in Camden. This is, however, male population of working age and of White British men a lower percentage than the corresponding figures for in Camden. A slightly higher proportion of women from White Irish men in London (22 per cent) and in England the Mixed White and Black Caribbean (14 per cent), (20 per cent). Other Black (13 per cent), Bangladeshi (12 per cent) and In Camden, the majority of Bangladeshi men were White Other (11 per cent) ethnic groups were in this employed in the wholesale, retail, restaurants and industry, compared with 11 per cent of the whole female hotels sector (72 per cent), a much higher proportion population of working age and of White British women in than of the whole male population of working age in Camden. Camden (16 per cent). This is similar to, but more Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic women were more marked than, both the London and national patterns for likely than other Camden women to work in health and men of this ethnicity. Over half of Bangladeshi women social work. 28 per cent of Black African women, 26 per (53 per cent) also worked in this industry, compared with cent of Black Caribbean women, 23 per cent of White 15 per cent of the whole female population of working Irish women, and 21 per cent of women from the Other age in Camden, and with 32 per cent of similar women Ethnic group worked in this industry, compared with 15 in London and across England. On the other hand, fewer per cent of the whole female population, and 14 per cent Chinese men and women (29 per cent and 22 per cent) of White British women in Camden. This is similar to the in Camden worked in this sector compared with their patterns in London and nationally for Black and Minority counterparts in London (38 per cent and 30 per cent) Ethnic women working in this industry. Camden’s Black and nationally (42 per cent for both men and women). and Minority Ethnic men, were more likely to work in this Some Black and Minority Ethnic groups are considerably industry than other Camden men, with 17 per cent of more likely than others to work in the transport, storage Other Black men, 11 per cent of men from the Other and communications sector. 16 per cent of Black Ethnic group and Black African men, 10 per cent of Caribbean men, 14 per cent of Black African men, and Mixed White and Black Caribbean men and Other Asian 11 per cent of Mixed White and Black Caribbean men men, 9 per cent of Pakistani men and Chinese men, and worked in this sector, compared with 7 per cent of both 8 per cent of Indian men and Mixed White and Asian the whole male population of working age in Camden men in this sector. Bangladeshi men were least likely to and of White British men. work in this sector (3 per cent), a little lower than the share of the whole male population in Camden (6 per Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic people were more cent), and than the proportion of White British men (5 likely to work in finance and real estate than their per cent). counterparts in London and nationally. 42 per cent of Chinese men and women, 47 per cent of White Other A higher proportion of Black and Minority Ethnic men men and 36 per cent of White Other Women, 47 per and women worked in other industries in Camden than cent of Indian men and 34 per cent of Indian women, in London and in England as a whole. 15 per cent of and 41 per cent of Pakistani men and 40 per cent of men and 17 per cent of women from the Mixed White Pakistani women worked in this sector, compared with and Black Caribbean group, 17 per cent of men and 13 39 per cent of the whole male population of working age per cent of women from the Mixed White and Black and 32 per cent of the whole female population of African group, 11 per cent of men and 17 per cent of

women from Mixed White and Asian group, and 14 per • The highest unemployment rate was found among cent of men and 12 per cent of women from the Other Mixed White and Black Caribbean men, Mixed White Mixed group were in this category, compared with 12 per and Black African men, Black African men and Black cent of the whole male population of working age and 13 Caribbean men, while the lowest was found among per cent of the whole female population of working age Indian men, Chinese men, White other men and in Camden. Mixed White and Asian men.

Key Points • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men included a much higher percentage of students than other Camden has a large ethnic minority population. Among Camden men. people of working age, the White Other, White Irish, Black African, Bangladeshi, Other Ethnic Group, Indian, • Compared with other groups, a higher proportion of Black Caribbean, Chinese, Other Mixed and Other White Irish men were economically inactive due to Asian populations are the largest groups after the White sickness and disability. British group. Economic activity varies considerably between Black • More men from the Other Black, Bangladeshi, Mixed and Minority Ethnic groups. For those aged under 25 in White and Black African, Other Asian and Black Camden: African groups were in the ‘other’ economic activity status which includes people employed in private • A much higher percentage of White Irish men and households. women were employed full-time, compared with For Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic women aged other Black and Minority Ethnic groups. 25 to retirement age:

• The highest unemployment rates were found in • The highest full-time employment rates were found young Black Caribbean people. in Indian, Chinese, Mixed Other and Mixed White and Asian women. • Part-time employment was more common among young men and women from Black Caribbean, and • Full-time self employment was more widespread Bangladeshi ethnic groups. among Mixed White and Black African women and Indian women than among other ethnic groups. • A higher proportion of young women from Bangladeshi, Other Black, and Mixed White and • Low employment rates were found among Black African groups were looking after their home Bangladeshi women. or family full-time. • Bangladeshi and Pakistani women were more likely • 85 per cent of the young Chinese population were to be looking after their home or family full-time than students, and consequently far fewer Chinese young other Camden women. people were in other economic activity statuses. For Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men aged 25 to • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic women were retirement age: more likely to be students than other Camden women, and in most cases, than their counterparts • The full-time employment rate was lower than in in London and nationally, with a high proportion of London and England as a whole. students among women from Other Ethnic, Other Mixed, Chinese, Black African and Other Black • The lowest full-time employment rate was found groups. among Bangladeshi and Mixed White and Black African men, whereas the highest full-time • A high proportion of Camden’s Black and Minority employment rate was among Indian men. Ethnic women were economically inactive because of sickness and disability compared with White • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men were, in British women in Camden. most cases, less likely than other Camden men to be self-employed full-time, including Chinese men. • Bangladeshi women were more likely to be found in the ‘other’ economic activity status than other • Part-time employment was mainly found among women in Camden. Bangladeshi men.

The occupational distribution of employed men and • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men were less women in Camden also varies by ethnicity. likely to be employed in manufacturing than their counterparts in London and in England as a whole. • Camden’s Indian and White Other populations contain a higher proportion of men and women who • Compared with other Camden men, a higher work as managers and senior officials than other proportion of White Irish men worked in construction, ethnic groups. In most cases, more Black and but the figure was lower than for White Irish men in Minority Ethnic men and women worked in this London or England as a whole. occupation in Camden than in London or nationally. Men from Black and Minority Ethnic groups in • Bangladeshi men and women were heavily Camden were also more likely to work in associate concentrated in the wholesale, retail, restaurants professional and technical jobs and hotels sector, 72 per cent and 53 per cent, compared with 16 per cent of the whole male In Camden, a higher percentage of men and women • population and 15 per cent of the whole female from the Chinese and Indian groups were in population working in this sector in Camden. professional jobs, compared both with other Camden men and women, and with their • In Camden, Black Caribbean, Black African and counterparts in England. Mixed White and Black Caribbean men were more likely to work in transport, storage and Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic women were, in • communications than other ethnic groups. most cases, less likely than women in London and England from the same ethnic groups to work in • Camden’s men and women from Chinese, White administrative and secretarial jobs. Other, Indian and Pakistani groups were more likely to work in finance and real estate than other Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men were, in • Camden residents. most cases, less likely to work in skilled trades than their counterparts in London and nationally. • Comparatively more Other Mixed women, Black However, a higher proportion of Bangladeshi men African women, Black Caribbean, Mixed White and worked in this occupation than other ethnic groups in Black Caribbean women and Other Asian women Camden. worked in public administration and defence and social security than other Camden women. • In Camden, women and men from the Other Black, Black African, Mixed White and Black African and • Fewer of Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic men Black Caribbean groups were more likely than other were employed in education than other Camden ethnic groups to work in personal service. men. A higher proportion of women from the Mixed White and Black Caribbean, Other Black, More Bangladeshi and Pakistani people worked in • Bangladeshi and White Other groups worked in this sales and customer service than other ethnic groups sector, compared with both other ethnic groups in in Camden. Camden and White British women in Camden. A small percentage of Black and Minority Ethnic • • Camden’s Black and Minority Ethnic women were men, and very few Black and Minority Ethnic more likely than other Camden women to work in women, were in jobs as process, plant and machine health and social work. operatives in Camden.

• Over a quarter of Bangladeshi men were in elementary occupations. Black and Minority Ethnic women in Camden were, in most cases, less likely than their national counterparts to be employed in elementary occupations, although more Other Ethnic and Bangladeshi women were working in occupations in this category. The industrial distribution of employed men and women in Camden also shows a diverse pattern by ethnicity:

Figure 8.1 Men and women in full-time and part-time 8. Work-Life Balance employment in Camden with selected flexible working 46 arrangements , 2003 Camden’s Employed Men 53,338 This chapter explores a number of topics relevant to Full-time: Men Part-time: Men ‘work-life balance’, a concept which has received both 48,903 4,435 policy and academic attention in recent years. Numbers % Numbers % Employers, trade unions, government and women and Flexitime 2, 958 6 0 0 men themselves increasingly recognise that the ability to Annualised 3, 820 7.8 0 0 achieve an appropriate balance between paid work and Hours other responsibilities, and activities is important for all Term-time 0 0 0 0 concerned. working In this chapter, we present the evidence on the Camden’s Employed Women 48,718 availability and uptake of flexible employment options, Full-time: Women Part-time: Women consider new evidence on the prevalence and extent of 35,141 13,577 caring responsibilities and present data on childcare Numbers % Numbers % provision. Flexitime 2, 788 7.9 1, 280 9.4 Annualised 1, 414 4 0 0 Flexible Working Patterns Hours Term-time 1, 379 3.9 544 4 Data from the Labour Force Survey can be used to show working the numbers of employees who stated that they had a regular flexible working arrangement allowing them to Comparative data work flexitime, annualised hours or term-time only. This is presented in Figure 8.1. Employed men Full-time Part-time In Camden, almost 1,923 people have ‘term-time only’ London England LondonEngland contracts, all of them women. Over 500 women working Flexitime 8.4 8.1 6.5 6.2 term-time only are also in part-time jobs. Over 5,000 employed people working in Camden have an Annualised 5.3 3.6 1.2 2.0 annualised hours contract. Of these, one third are Hours women. 6 per cent of Camden’s male full-time workers, Term-time 0.4 0.9 3.6 3.2 have flexible working arrangements, compared with 8 working per cent of full-time women workers and 9 per cent of Employed women part-time women workers. Full-time Part-time London England LondonEngland Comparison with London and England shows that Flexitime 11.0 12.6 7.7 9.0 proportionally, in Camden: Annualised 3.3 4.6 3.3 3.8 • a lower proportion of men who work full-time have Hours flexitime arrangements than comparable men across Term-time 4.2 4.9 10.2 10.7 England and London, although more Camden men working work annualised hours Source: LFS, Autumn 2003, ONS

• no men working part-time men appear to have annualised hours or term-time only contracts. This Figure 8.2 shows the percentage of men and women may be associated with the relatively small numbers who have no flexibility in their working arrangements, by of men working part-time, and the sector in which whether they work full-time or part-time. For full-time they work workers, the pattern in Camden is different from that for London and England as a whole. • fewer women who work full-time but more part-time working women have flexitime arrangements

• the proportion of women working part-time who have 46 The LFS data include other types of flexible working patterns flexitime, term-time, or annualised hours contracts is including job sharing, nine day fortnight, four and a half day week and similar in Camden, London and England as a whole. zero hours contracts. These are not included here due to the small numbers involved. Note that it is possible for employees to appear in more than one category.

Among full-time workers, Camden men were less likely, mental ill-health or disability, or problems related to old and Camden women more likely, to report having no age. flexibility in their working arrangements. This is the Figure 8.3 shows the number of hours of this ‘unpaid reverse of the pattern in London and England as a care’ provided by men and women of working age. At all whole. Among part-time workers, more Camden men, geographical levels, women are more likely to provide but fewer Camden women, report no flexible working unpaid care than men, and are also more likely to arrangement, again in marked contrast to the national provide a high level of care (more than 50 hours per and London patterns. week). Part-time workers in Camden experienced a greater Figure 8.3 Provision of unpaid care by people of working degree of flexibility in their working arrangements than age by sex their counterparts in London or nationally. Fewer Camden women than men reported having no flexibility 16.0 in their working arrangements, 60 per cent of women 14.0 2.7 part-time workers, compared with over 70 per cent of 12.0 1.7 men working part-time. 10.0 2.2 1.8 1.6 1.4 8.0 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.9 Figure 8.2 Percentage of men and women in employment 6.0 10.0 with no flexibility in their working arrangements, 2003 4.0 7.2 8.0 7.8 6.1 6.5 Camden 100.0 2.0 London

90.0 England age working of people of Percentage 0.0 80.0 Males Females Males Females Males Females 70.0 Camden London England 60.0 1-19 hours 20-49 hours 50+ hours 50.0 40.0 Source: 2001 Census Standard Tables, Crown Copyright, 2003 30.0 20.0 There is considerable variation in the provision of unpaid 10.0 care by people of different ethnicities. Figure 8.4 and Percentage of people in employment in people of Percentage 0.0 8.5 show the proportion of men and women of working Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time age providing unpaid care for the Black and Minority Males Females Ethnic groups in Camden. The variation seen in Camden

Source: LFS, Autumn 2003, ONS differs from that in London and nationally with:

• a high proportion of Mixed White and Black African men (11 per cent) and women (16 per cent) Barriers to Employment providing unpaid care, compared with 7 per cent and 10 per cent for Mixed White and Black African men Labour market analysts recognise a range of factors and women in London and England which affect an individual’s ability to access and enter employment. These include the existence of • a higher proportion of Pakistani men (13 per cent) employment opportunities, infrastructure considerations providing unpaid care than Pakistani women (10 per such as public transport availability, and responsibilities cent) in Camden, in contrast to London (12 per cent or attributes which may act as barriers to employment in of Pakistani men and 15 per cent of women) and the absence of appropriate support. Childcare and England (12 per cent and 16 per cent) caring responsibilities are commonly cited as barriers to employment, and this section therefore examines data • a higher proportion of Bangladeshi women (20 per relating to these important roles which are widely cent) but a lower proportion of Bangladeshi men (15 recognised as roles which have a disproportionate per cent) in Camden provide unpaid care than in impact on women. London. Bangladeshi women who provide unpaid care are also more likely to provide 50 hours or Caring Responsibilities more care a week) (7.5 per cent) In 2001, for the first time, the Census included a question asking people about any help or support which was not part of their paid employment which they gave to family members, friends, neighbours or others because of that person’s long-term physical disability or

Figure 8.4 Provision of unpaid care by men of working age by ethnicity, Camden

16.0 50+ hours 20-49 hours 14.0 1.9 1-19 hours 1.2 12.0 2.2 2.1

10.0 2.4 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.0 8.0 0.7 0.9 1.6 0.8 1.3 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.7 1.3 0.9 1.0 6.0 1.0 1.5 0.3 1.6 10.6 1.0 1.3 10.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 4.0 0.6 7.6 7.8 7.6 7.4 1.6 5.9 6.3 5.8 6.1 Percentage of men of workingwho provide care men of of Percentage 5.4 5.4 5.0 4.7 2.0 3.5 3.9 3.0

0.0 All (69,622) All (1,078) (1,670) Indian (1,884) (293) Pakistani (520) White and and Black White Chinese (1,320) Chinese Caribbean (369) Caribbean Black CaribbeanBlack Black (235) Other Other MixedOther (637) Other Asian (800) Other White Irish (3,372) Irish White Other Ethnic Group Ethnic Other Bangladeshi (3,506) Bangladeshi Black African (3,223) White Other (11,558) Other White White British (38,554) British White White and Asian (603) Asian and White White and Black African and Black White Source: 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: Numbers in brackets refer to the population size for the working age population by ethnicity

Figure 8.5 Provision of unpaid care by women of working age by ethnicity , Camden 50+ hours 20.0 20-49 hours 1-19 hours e 18.0

16.0 7.5

3.2 14.0

12.0 3.2 1.6 1.0 2.4 3.8 10.0 1.4 2.3 1.6 1.7 1.9 1.1 1.7 3.1 2.4 8.0 1.7 1.3 0.7 2.3 0.9 3.9 0.9 1.5 6.0 1.3 2.0 1.0 0.5 1.2 0.6 9.6 2.0 1.0 1.2 8.3 8.8 8.5 8.5 1.4 4.0 7.5 7.3 7.0 6.4 5.5 5.9 4.5 5.2 Percentage of women of working age who provide car 2.0 3.9 4.2 4.4 3.7

0.0 All (69,622) (1,078) (1,670) Indian (1,884) Indian African (293) Pakistani (520) Pakistani Chinese (1,320) Caribbean (369) Black Caribbean White and Black White and Black Black Other (235) Other AsianOther (800) Other MixedOther (637) White Irish (3,372) Other EthnicOther Group Bangladeshi (3,506) White Other(11,558) Black African (3,223) African Black White British(38,554) Whiteand Asian (603) Source: 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: Numbers in brackets refer to the population size for the working age population by ethnicity

Figure 8.6 Provision of unpaid care by men of working age in employment by ethnicity, Camden

18.0 50+ hours

e 20-49 hours 1-19 hours 16.0 0.9 14.0 2.1 2.6 1.6 12.0 0.0 2.1 1.6 2.7 10.0 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.7 8.0 0.9 0.0 0.9 1.5 2.0 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 6.0 11.7 11.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 9.1 9.0 9.1 9.3 0.3 4.0 0.3 2.7 0.5 7.4 0.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.1 6.2 4.4 2.0 3.5 3.5 2.7 Percentage of of men in employment working age provide car who 0.0 All Indian Chinese Pakistani White Irish Other Black Other Asian White Other Other Mixed Bangladeshi White British White Black African Black African Caribbean Black Caribbean Other Ethnic Group

Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Black &Mixed Asian White Source: 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: Numbers in brackets refer to the population size for the working age population in employment by ethnicity

Figure 8.7 Provision of unpaid care by women of working age in employment by ethnicity, Camden e 18.0 50+ hours 20-49 hours 2.5 16.0 1-19 hours

14.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 12.0 2.3 2.1 0.0 1.7 10.0 0.7 1.5 1.8 2.5 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.5 0.0 8.0 1.0 0.6 1.5 1.5 12.7 0.0 6.0 0.0 11.8 0.4 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.3 0.6 10.8 1.0 9.3 8.7 0.0 8.9 4.0 7.7 8.1 8.2 6.6 6.5 5.7 5.0 5.1 4.7 4.6 2.0 4.3

0.0 Percentage of women of working age women in employmentPercentage women car provide of of age women working who All Indian Chinese Pakistani White Irish Other Asian Other Black White Other Other MixedOther Bangladeshi White BritishWhite Black African Black African Caribbean Black Caribbean Other Ethnic Group Mixed White & Black Mixed White & Asian Mixed White & Black Source: 2001 Census Commissioned Tables, Crown Copyright 2004 Note: Numbers in brackets refer to the population size for the working age population in employment by ethnicity

The amount of unpaid care that men and women provide Figure 8.8 presents data on the economic activity status can also be analysed by their economic activity. In of men and women according to their caring Camden, 11 per cent of men and 14 per cent of women circumstances. It shows that in Camden a higher of working age who are in employment also provided proportion of men than women were providing 50 or unpaid care. This is similar to London and England as a more hours of unpaid care and also working full-time (31 whole. However, this again varies by ethnicity, as per cent compared with 14 per cent). On the other hand, presented in Figures 8.6 and 8.7 which refer only to 61 per cent of Camden men who had no caring those who are in employment. This shows that in responsibilities worked full-time, compared with 47 per Camden: cent of similar women in Camden. As the amount of unpaid care people provided increases: • Pakistani and Bangladeshi men in employment more often provided unpaid care than other Camden men. • men and women are more likely to be permanently This is different to London (where Bangladeshi and sick or disabled. This was especially noticeable in Indian men are most likely to provide care) and in working age men who provided unpaid care for more England (Indian and Pakistani men). than 50 hours per week. (13 per cent in Camden, 13 per cent in London and 17 per cent in England as a • White Other men were the least likely to work and at whole) the same time provide unpaid care, only 4 per cent. This is similar to London and England as a whole. • the proportion of people looking after their home and family increases. Over half of women and nearly a • Among women in employment, Bangladeshi (18 per quarter of men who provided more than 50 hours of cent) and Mixed White and Black Caribbean (13 per unpaid care per week were in this group in Camden, cent) women were the most likely to provide unpaid compared with 46 per cent of women and 21 per care. In England Pakistani women were most likely cent of men in London and nationally to provide unpaid care (15 per cent). In Camden, Pakistani women were the least likely to work and • among carers both men and women are less likely provide unpaid care (just 4 per cent) compared with to be working, especially full-time. This is true across 14 per cent of Pakistani women in employment in all geographical levels, but more prevalent in London. Camden

Figure 8.8 Provision of unpaid care and economic activity for men and women of working age in Camden 100.0 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.8 5.7 5.6 5.9 5.9 7.5 6.4 Other 6.8 6.7 6.8 4.7 4.5 4.9 90.0 7.5 7.2 9.0 1.51.1 1.30.8 2.0 12.6 3.0 Permanently 9.0 13.1 11.9 13.7 80.0 11.4 11.6 9.0 sick or disabled 2.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 Looking after 6.6 6.6 6.9 8.6 28.0 70.0 8.7 24.8 13.5 14.2 home/family 3.2 3.0 5.3 5.4 4.5 4.4 Retired 60.0 10.0 4.2 4.1 6.0 6.3 3.7 3.5 1.3 55.1 12.6 12.4 4.3 4.4 9.1 50.0 5.6 8.6 8.3 Student 17.1 8.7 13.4 8.0 5.4 5.3 5.2 40.0 1.9 Unemployed 10.0 2.0 8.3 5.6 11.4 30.0 0.8 Self-employed 7.3 4.1 2.8 48.6 3.2 Part-time Percentage of people of working age 47.7 2.7 20.0 39.3 40.2 41.6 33.1 33.4 6.5 Employee Part- 24.0 24.2 1.7 time 10.0 11.9 Self-employed Full-time 0.0 Employee Full- All All time No careNo No careNo 50+ Hours 50+ Hours 1-19 Hours 1-19 1-19 Hours 1-19 20-49 Hours 20-49 20-49 Hours 20-49 Men Women

Figure 6.8 in Chapter 6 showed that 12 per cent of Childcare women and 1 per cent of men of working age in Camden Many areas in Camden have no day nursery gave looking after their home or family as their reason provision for economic inactivity. This equates to 647 men and 8,757 women who were looking after their home and Lack of available, affordable childcare is a significant family as their main activity. This response not only barrier to women’s employment. The combination of includes those women and men caring for a child, but poor job and pay prospects and high childcare and also those caring for other family dependants. Figure associated transport costs, makes it uneconomic for 8.9 shows the amount of unpaid care that men and many women to consider working before their children women who looked after their home or family provided. reach school age. Even for those with school age This shows a marked gender difference, with men in this children, the multiple journeys involved in moving role being much more likely to be carers of others who children between childcare providers, aggravated by a require support because of long-term ill health or lack of flexible working options, may continue to exclude disability. 20 per cent of men in this category were many women from taking up job opportunities. providing more than 50 hours or more unpaid care each Figure 8.10 shows the places available for children week compared with 8 per cent of women in Camden. under 8 in the following types of registered childcare: • Childminders Figure 8.9 Men and women of working age who look after their home and family and the provision of unpaid care • Full day care - includes day nurseries, children’s 60.0 centres and family centres

50.0 • Sessional day care - day care for children under 8 40.0 for a session which is less than a continuous period 31.2 30.0 of 4 hours per day 19.6 21.9 20.0 8.3 • Out-of-school care - day care for children under 8 7.3 7.6 7.2 homes/families 7.8 9.4 3.3 10.0 2.9 2.8 which operates before or after school or during the 10.9 7.6 8.3 8.2 7.3 9.7 school holidays 0.0 Men Women Men Women Males Females Percentage of people who look aftertheir (744) (8,701) • Crèches - facilities that provide occasional care for Camden London England children under 8

1-19 hours 20-49 hours 50+ hours Figure 8.10 Providers of day care facilities and the

600

8 12 500 Creche 12

400 266 170 Out of 164 School Care 300 Sessional 97 33 68 Day Care 200 Full Day Care 182 142 147 100 Childminder 56 66 Number of places per 1,000 children 1,000 per places of Number 38 0 Camden London England

Source: Ofsted, 2003 and Registrar General’s Mid Year Population Estimates 2002, Vital Statistics, ONS It shows the estimated number of places per 1,000 children for Camden, London and England. The data are published by Ofsted and relate to September 2003. In Camden, there were, overall, more childcare places per 1,000 children than in London and England as a whole. Camden had more full day care places than nationally or in London, more out of school care places, but fewer childminders than in London or nationally.

Figure 8.11 shows the distribution of day nurseries • No men working part-time were found to have within the wards in Camden, together with an indication annualised hours or term-time only contracts in of the nurseries that had vacancies in July 2004. 16 Camden. areas of Camden had fewer than 3 day nurseries, and some had no day nursery provision at all. Both day • In Camden, a higher proportions of Mixed White and nurseries and those with vacancies are concentrated in Black African men provided unpaid care, compared certain areas, whereas some areas had no day with the corresponding London and national nurseries or no vacancies at all. averages.

Key Points • Camden’s Bangladeshi and Pakistani men were more likely to provide unpaid care than other • In Camden, men and women who worked full-time Camden men. had a greater degree of flexibility in their working arrangements, compared with part-time workers. • Bangladeshi women outnumbered other Camden More women working full-time, but fewer men women in providing unpaid care, whereas fewer employed full-time, had flexible working Pakistani women provided unpaid care. arrangements, compared with their counterparts in London and across England as a whole. • Similar to the picture in London and nationally, more Bangladeshi men who were in employment provided unpaid care.

Figure 8.11 Day nurseries and vacancies in Camden, July 2004

Source: London Borough of Camden and Children’s Information Service, 2004. This work is based on data provided through EDINA UKBORDERS with the support of the ESRC and JISC and uses boundary material which is Copyright of the Crown

• Proportionally more men working full-time than full- time working women provided 50 or more hours of unpaid care.

• Many working age men who provided 50 or more hours a week of unpaid care were themselves permanently sick or disabled.

• Over half of women (55 per cent) who were providing more than 50 hours a week of unpaid care were looking after their home and family full-time, a higher proportion than in London (49 per cent) and England as a whole (46 per cent).

• Camden has fewer childcare places per 1,000 children than London and England as a whole.

• Day nursery provision within Camden is concentrated in certain areas, with some areas having no day nurseries or no vacancies at all.

Appendix A

Glossary of 2001 Census Terms47

Dependent child A person aged 0 to 15 in a household (whether or not in a family) or aged 16-18 in full-time education and living with his or her parent(s).

Economically Active All people who were working in the week prior to the census are described as economically active. In addition, the category includes people who were not working but were looking for work and were available to start work within two weeks. Full-time students who were economically active are included but identified separately. The economic activity question was only asked of people aged 16-74.

Economically Inactive Specific categories of Economic Inactivity are: retired, student (excludes students who were working or who were in some other way economically active), looking after home/family, permanently sick/disabled and other. A person who is looking for work but is not available to start within two weeks is counted a economically inactive. The economic activity question was only asked of people aged 16-74.

Hours worked This question is used to derive whether a person is working full-time (31 hour a week or more) or part-time (30 hours a week or less).

Household From the 2001 census, a household is either: one person living alone; or a group of people (not necessarily related) living at the same address and sharing common housekeeping - sharing either a living room or sitting room, or at least one meal a day.

Limiting long-term illness (LLTI) A self assessment of whether or not a person has a limiting long-term illness, health problem or disability which limits their daily activities or the work they can do, including problems that are due to old age.

Lone parent family Usually, a father or mother with his or her child(ren) where the parent does not have a spouse or partner in the household and the child(ren) do not have a spouse, partner or child in the household. It also includes a lone grandparent with his or her grandchild(ren) where there are no children in the intervening generation in the household.

Migrant A person with a different address one year before the Census to that on Census Day. The migrant status of children aged under one in households is determined by the migrant status of their ‘next of kin’ (defined in order of preference, mother, father, sibling (with nearest age), other related person, Household Representative Person). Note: This has changed from 1991 when children under one were not included as migrants.

Other Social rented Includes rented from Registered Social Landlord, Housing Association, Housing Co-Operative, Charitable Trust and non-profit housing company.

Part-time working Working part-time is defined as working 30 hours a week or less.

Permanently sick/disabled A sub-category of ‘economically inactive’. There is no direct connection with limiting long-term illness.

Private rented This includes accommodation that is rented from a private landlord or letting agency, employer of a household member, relative or friend of a household member, or other non Social rented

Provision of unpaid care A person is a provider of unpaid care if they give help or support to family members, friends, neighbours or others because of long-term physical or mental health or disability, or problems related to old age. Note that there is no specific reference to whether this care is provided within the household or outside the household. Therefore, no explicit link can be created to infer than an individual providing care is providing it to a person within the household who has poor general health, or a LLTI, disability or health problem.

Unemployed A person is defined as unemployed if he or she is not in employment, is available to start work in the next two weeks and has either looked for work in the last 4 weeks or is waiting to start a new job. This is consistent with the International Labour Office (ILO) standard classification.

Working age Working age is defined as 16 to 64 for males and 16 to 59 for females.

66 Camden - Draft Report 10/09/04

IT strategy and planning professionals, software Appendix B professionals Medical and dental practitioners, psychologists, pharmacists, pharmacologists, ophthalmic opticians, Examples of Occupations in each of the main veterinarians 2001 Census Occupational Categories48 Higher, further, secondary, primary, nursery and special Managers and Senior Officials needs education teaching professionals Senior officials in national and local government, Education officers, school inspectors, registrars and directors and chief executives of major organisations senior administrators of educational establishments Managers in mining, energy and construction and Scientific and social science researchers production, works and maintenance managers Solicitors, lawyers, judges and coroners Marketing, sales, purchasing and financial managers Chartered and certified accountants, management and chartered secretaries, advertising and public accountants and consultants, actuaries, economists and relations managers statisticians Personnel, training and industrial relations managers Architects, town planners, quantity and chartered Information and communication technology managers surveyors Research and development, quality assurance, Public service administrative professionals, social customer care managers workers, probation officers, clergy, librarians, archivists and curators Financial institution, office managers

Transport, distribution, storage, warehouse, retail and wholesale managers Associate Professional and Technical Occupations Officers in the Armed Forces, Police Inspectors and Science and engineering technicians above, senior officers in fire, ambulance, prison and Draughtspersons and building inspectors, environmental related services, security managers health officers Hospital, health service, pharmacy, healthcare practice Nurses, midwives, paramedics, medical and dental managers, social services, residential and day care technicians, therapists, occupational hygienists managers Youth and community workers, housing and welfare Farm managers, managers in animal husbandry, officers, careers advisers forestry and fishing NCOs and other ranks, police officers (sergeant and Hotel and accommodation, conference and exhibition below), fire service officers (leading fire officer and managers, restaurant and catering managers and below), prison service officers (below principal officer) publicans and managers of licences premises Artists, authors, writers, actors, dancers, musicians, Property, housing and land managers graphic designers, journalists, sports players, sports Garage managers and proprietors coaches Hairdressers and beauty salon managers Air traffic controllers, pilots, train drivers Shopkeepers and wholesale/retail dealers Brokers, insurance underwriters, estate agents, auctioneers Recycling and refuse disposal managers

Administrative and Secretarial Occupations Professionals Civil service executive officers, administrative officers Chemists, biological scientists, biochemists, physicists, and assistants, local government clerical officers and geologists, meteorologists and engineers assistants Officers of non-governmental organisations

Credit controllers, accounts and wages clerks, book- Undertakers and mortuary assistants keepers, other financial clerks, counter clerks Pest control officers Filing and other records assistants, pensions, insurance and stock control clerks, transport and distribution clerks Sales and Customer Service Occupations Library assistants, database assistants, market research interviewers, telephonists, communication operators Sales and retail assistants, cashiers, checkout operators, telephone sale persons Receptionists, typists and medical, legal, school, company and other secretaries and personal assistants Credit agents, debt, rent and other cash collectors Market and street traders, merchandisers and window dressers Skilled Trades call centre agents/operators, customer care occupations Farmers, horticultural trades, gardeners, groundsmen and groundswomen, agricultural and fishing trades Smiths, forge workers, moulders, die casters, sheet Process, Plant and Machines Operatives metal and metal plate workers, shipwrights, riveters, Food, drink, tobacco, glass, ceramic, textile, chemical, welding trades, pipe fitters, tool and precision rubber, plastics and metal making process operatives, instruments makers and fitters electroplaters Motor mechanics and auto engineers, vehicle body Paper and wood machine operatives, coal mine, energy builders and repairers, auto electricians, vehicle spray plant, water and sewage plant operatives painters Assemblers, tyre, exhaust and windscreen fitters, Electricians, able jointers, TV, video and audio, sewing machinists computer, electrical/electronics engineers Scaffolders, road and rail construction and maintenance Steel erectors, bricklayers, masons, roofers, slaters, operatives plumbers, carpenters and glaziers, plasters, floorers, painters and decorators Heavy goods vehicle, van, bus, coach and taxi drivers, chauffeurs, driving instructors, seafarers and air Weavers, knitters, upholsterers, leather and related transport operatives trades, tailors and dress makers Crane, fork-lift truck and agricultural machinery drivers Printers, bookbinders, screen printers

Butchers, bakers, fishmongers, chefs, cooks Elementary Occupations Glass and ceramics makers, furniture makers, musical instrument makers and tuners, goldsmiths, silversmiths, Farm workers, labourers, packers florists Postal workers

Hospital porters, hotel porters Personal Service Occupations Kitchen and catering assistants, waiters, waitresses, bar Nursing auxiliaries and assistants, ambulance staff, staff dental nurses Window cleaners, road sweepers, cleaners, refuse and Houseparents, residential wardens, care assistants and salvage occupations home carers Security guards, traffic wardens, school crossing patrols, Nursery nurses, childminders, playgroup leaders, school mid-day assistants, car park attendance, shelf educational assistants fillers. Veterinary nurses, animal care occupations Sports and leisure assistants, travel agents and tour guides, air and rail travel assistants Hairdressers, barbers, beauticians Housekeepers, caretakers

68 Gender and Employment in Local Labour Markets

Gender Profile of Camden’s Labour Market

Centre for Social Inclusion Sheffield Hallam University Howard Street Sheffield S1 1WB

Tel 0114 225 5786 Fax 0114 225 5706 E-mail [email protected] Web www.shu.ac.uk/research/csi Dr Lisa Buckner Dr Ning Tang ISBN 1 843 87103 3 Professor Sue Yeandle © Sheffield Hallam University 2004

Centre for Social Inclusion

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