Beginnings of Early Armenian Printing in Venice and Rome in the Sixteenth Century

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RECONSIDERATION OFRECONSIDERATION R

IN In partial fulfillmenIn partial VENICE AND ROME INT VENICE AND ROME BEGINN Professor Professor

INGS OF EARLY ARMENIINGS OFEARLY Central European University Nadia Al Nadia Laszlo Kontler DepartmentHistory of Metaksya Grigoryan Budapest, Hungary t of thet of requirements the degree for of

Master ofArts ESEARCH FRAMEWORKS ESEARCH A Submitted to - Bagdadi 2014 b

HE SIXTEENTH CENTURY SIXTEENTH HE

AN PRINTING AN ND CONTEXTS

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CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Appendix. Conclusion andParys Vyenne Chapter 4. Venice thein second half theof sixteenth century Chapter 3. Armenian incunabula Chapter 2. Chapter 1. Introduction Table of Illustrations Abstract 4.2. Textual alterations as indicators of the translator’s sense of belonging 4.1. Historical background 3.2. Expansionist policy of postthe 3.1. Post 2.4. 2.3. 2.2. 2.1. 1.4. 1.3. 1.2. 1.1. Secondary sources Primary sources 4.3. Thecircumstances underlying the process andmotivation of the translation Articles in J Books and Book chapters

...... Johannes of Terzn [Hovannes Terzntsi] Sultanshah Mark Antonio of Tokhat [Sultanshah Tokhatetsi] Abgar the Scribe of Tokhat [Abgar Dpir Tokhatetsi] Jacob Sinnerthe [Hakob Meġapart] Need for n Inconsistency argumentationin and interpretation Discrepancy between the sources and reconstructed narrative Striving for the reconstruction of narrativethe of sixteenth century Armenian book

Sense of belonging and perception of travel in Brief catalogue theof Armenian incunabula in the sixteenth century -

...... Tridentine Inquisition and Index against the immigrant printers

......

...... Rethinking the activity of Armenianthe printers in Studies in early Armenian printing: Critical review of historiography on Beginnings of Armenian printing: Review of the scattered sources ournals and periodicals

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...... ew research directions studiesin on Armenian printing

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...... - Tridenti ...... Table of Contents of Table ......

...... ne Catholic Church and the immigrant printers

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...... Johannes of Terzn’s translation of

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[Tomar Grigorean,Calendar]/[Tomar TypographiaGregorian Rome: The Dominici Friday]. Venice, 1512.

[Jacob the Sinner] [Jacob theSinner] Marco Antonio Marsili Colonna,Marco ed AntonioMarsili [Abgar the Scribe]

[Johannes ofTerzn]

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CEU eTD Collection language, the content, the is that production, manuscript of traditions key the in shift tangible no was there culture Armenian book printed the of of tradition medieval appearance the the where traditions, other some unlike words, continued other In production. manuscript mostly production book of technique emerged excl almost was printing Armenian centers, diasporan the in institutions religious of absence of terms in and home s on thetextual based manuscripts those established researchers later cases other in manuscript, source their manuscript medieval the of content the merely reproducing seventeenth and sixteenth the during times three published was that fables of collection a book, arithmetic an manual, medical a Armenian few a Bibles, books, confessions hymnals, synaxaria, breviaries, missals, prayer psalters, calendars, of consisted repertoire main The educational. extent, was books printed the of content the centuries half a and f The 1687). (1565, Venice and 1677), (1568, Istanbul (1676), Smyrna 1672), Marseille, (1669), Livorno (1660), Amsterdam (1536), Julfa New (1634), Paris (1616), Lvov in those were had that centers urban major the all almost in established were presses printing Armenian centuries, half a and two these mid the to up proper Armenia outside develop to continued Introduction irst printing press in the homela the in press printing irst Armenian printing emerged in Venice at the beginning of the sixteenth century an century sixteenth the of beginning the at Venice in emerged printing Armenian The religious content of the publications was due to the fact the to due was publications the of content religious The

imilaritybetweencertain andprinted books. manuscripts can be regarded as a prominent ‘agent of change,’ in the early modern modern early the in change,’ of ‘agent prominent a as regarded be can - usively maintained by clergymen of various rank. Thus, this newly this Thus, rank. various of clergymen by maintained usively Latin dictionaries, Armenian and Latin grammar books, alphabets, books, grammar Latin and Armenian dictionaries, Latin a substantial Armenian presence. The most activ most The presence. Armenian substantial and

nd was established as late as late as established was nd centuries, and so on. In fact, In on. so and centuries, h mi cnrbtr. Moreover, contributors. main the 1

of faith, later also New Testaments and Testaments New also later faith, of mostly s. Often the printers pointed out pointed printers the Often s. - eighteenth century. During During century. eighteenth

religious and, to a lesser lesser a to and, religious

1 the 771. During these two these During 771. that even if far from from far if even that

printing press was was press printing the e among them among e emergence of of emergence d

CEU eTD Collection 127. 2005), Press, University 2 Early in Transformations 1 is there century dominantly in sixteenththe in historiography, this emerged Armenian in traditionally as interpreted movement, of seeds The movement. ‘liberation’ large and reawakening national the is century M the of transformation of factor main the In particular, claim. this support to comesArmenianhistoriography, of issue in “occurring phenomenon revolutionary time.” of span a short relatively was it as insofar eras two the between that is claim central her ideall first the of meant establishment workshops printing the that assume they Second, armies. Safavid and Ottoman product book had printers early r studies way, In this homeland. the in reawakening th and content their despite Rome, and Venice in books Armenian first the of emergence the that held widely is it general, in published during century. the sixteenth Armeniansixteen only that second, and homeland, the outside maintained was it time long a for that first, Arme

Elizabeth Eisenstein, Eisenstein, Elizabeth Eisenste Elizabeth y fit Elizabeth fit y nian printing could not be a revolutionary turn in the domestic history considering, considering, history domestic the in turn revolutionary a be not could printing nian Nevertheless, in studies of early Armenian printing and in Armenian historiography historiography Armenian in and printing Armenian early of studies in Nevertheless, As th As a need to be more explicit about the key terms and theories applied in studies on studies in applied theories and terms key the about explicit more be to need is claim is the the is claim is ion, which was allegedly in crisis because of the continuous ravages by the the by ravages continuous the of because crisis in allegedly was which ion, in, in, - a language books, each of them in no more than three hundred copiethreehundred than more no in them of each books, language The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, Early Europe, Modern in Revolution Printing The Cultural and Communications Change: of Agent Pressan as Printing The conscious patriotic agenda to contribute to the reawakening of domestic domestic of reawakening the to contribute to agenda patriotic conscious Eisenstein’s influential study influential Eisenstein’s

- Modern Europe Modern the the

form ofnational printing.

a the result of result dl Ae t te oen era Modern the to Ages iddle hf fo srp t pit a rightly can print to script from shift

initiation of national print culture. This approach seems to to seems approach This culture. print national of initiation The periodization of Armenian history, a history, Armenian of periodization The

e reasons behind their creation, were agents of national of agents were creation, their behind reasons e ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). Press, Cambridge:University Cambridge a

fundamental misinterpretation of historical evidence, evidence, historical of misinterpretation fundamental 2

The Print as an Agent of Change of Agent an as Print The

a ise two major claims. First is that those that is First claims. major two ise s ae s t as late as second ed. ed. ( second

pinpoint Cambridge:C e mid he nother problematic problematic nother

h threshold the - seventeenth ambridge ambridge , 1 s, were were s,

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Orlin Sabev (Orhan Salih), “The Formation of Ottoman Print Culture,” in Culture,” Print FormationofOttoman “The Salih), (Orhan Orlin Sabev serious discrepancy especially in the interpretation of the primary material primary the of interpretation the in especially discrepancy serious - al pitd rein ok wr itne nt for not intended were books Armenian printed early accessible due to the distance from Armenian monasteries. On the other hand, as as hand, other the On monasteries. Armenian from distance the to due accessible es in Armenian printing represent a typical example of the abuse of these historically these of abuse the of example typical a represent printing Armenian in es nuous appearances of printing presses and presses printing of appearances nuous Indeed, the differentiation between the two phenomena two the between differentiation the Indeed, To be sure, this approach of Armenian historiography proves true when it is applied applied is it when true proves historiography Armenian of approach this sure, be To r2008 overcome strong the traditional scribal cultu formation

h etbihet f pitn hue s etil a trig on i the in point starting a certainly is house printing a of establishment The , ed. Geoffrey Roper (Leiden, Koninklijke Brill NV, 2013), 101 2013), NV, Brill (Leiden,Koninklijke Roper ed.Geoffrey , the the f rn clue bt n ifrn sca cnet te atr could latter the contexts social different in but culture, print of Armenian historiography of the late nineteenth and twentieth century. century. twentieth and nineteenth late the of historiography Armenian

circulation of the same books is regarded as regarded is books same the of circulation rmation of domestic print culture print domestic of rmation

Papers from the Symposium at the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, of University the at Symposium the from Papers an 3

accurate interpretation of the transformations transformations accurate interpretation ofthe the the re in a shorter or longer time. emergence of of emergence storians employ while working with working while employ storians the –

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the first printed books in a a in books printed first the - 120. a

an continuous tradition of tradition continuous

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- CEU eTD Collection 91. 2006), &Company, 5 37 1991), (London: Verso, 4 the mapping and studies these in discourses nationalist the of investigation critical the is First directions. two Armenian attempts thesis this printing, new contexts. in material primary available the of discussion of possibility the limits as well as claims, ungrounded aforementioned the entails approach a nationalist sixteenth this the centuries, in seventeenth printing Armenian the to applied if However, purposes. national nineteenth especially and eighteenth whic of formation in and Armenia in both publications century eighteenth arg Panossian on study extensive an by prepared were consciousness Anderso Benedict extended compilations law publish expl represented presses new these texts, religious with Along Shahamir 1772). India, (by in merchant Armenian Madras wealthy a 1771), Shahamiryan, Church, Armenian (by Edjmiatsin 1717), congrgation, pri Armenian continuous period,

Razmik Panossian, Panossian, Razmik Anderson, Benedict h they were printed.” were they h C nieig h aoe nossec i suis f al, th early, of studies in inconsistency above the onsidering the usage of the vernacular as print language. This traditional approach confirms confirms approach traditional This language. print as vernacular the of usage

the ues that although not always established by capitalist entrepreneurs, the the entrepreneurs, capitalist by established always not although that ues The Armenians: From Kings and Pries and Kings From Armenians: The national imagination “beyond the confines of the specific community in in community specific the of confines the “beyond imagination national consequent consequent Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread Nationalism of Spread and Origin the on Reflections Communities: Imagined ’ agmn i his in argument n’s

- 46. 46. the , patriotic journals, and a national constitution. In addition, they they addition, In constitution. national a and journals, patriotic ,

Unlike political history of Armenia and Armenian diaspora by R. R. by diaspora Armenian and Armenia of history political

weaknesses nting presses were established in Venice (by Mechitarist Mechitarist (by Venice in established were presses nting the the sixteenth cty da o ntoa lbrto, s hy sta they as liberation, national of ideas icitly formation of printing in national languages. national in printing of formation -

etr pitn ws cncos tep t serve to attempt conscious a was printing century to make mgnd Communities Imagined . Second is the investigation of how alteration of of alteration how of investigation the is Second . - century printing th printing century 4

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at was a personal endeavor, personal a was at that the origins of national national of origins the that t s sxenh century sixteenth is, at

(London: Hurst Hurst (London: 4 .

Thus, as Thus, rted to to rted the nd nd CEU eTD Collection the Scribe], Abgar about Իսահակ 10 599 1901), Press, Mechitarist Ghevond] 9 1784 Press, Mechitarist (Venice: vol.3 yearLord’sof1784], the to beginning from the Չամչեան 8 7 bin/library.cgi?site=localhost&a=p&p=about&c=armenian&l=en&w=utf 6 publications original the assessed have I addition, In search. this in indicators helpful very century, histor main two in printing Armenian (1576 David (1499 IV Pius Pope twenti early the by mostly periodicals and journals in published and compilations and archives various correspo printers’ sources, the ofthe available. type second The are those whenever versions online of URL the indicate I bibliography the in incunabula, Library. Digital Library National the of webpage online the through also available are incunabula these of sources.Some the on research mymain Iconducted whereYerevan, in Manuscripts Ancient of Institute Mashtots M. the from accessible are incunabula the all incunabula focus, in books the of colophons studies, different sixteenth the concerning sources thataremisused. otherwise entail approaches the and frameworks traditional the

Sultanshah ofTokha Sultanshah April,1 IV, PiusPope “Letterto Michael Catholicos, http://www.wdl.org/en/ http://greenstone.flib.sci.am/gsdl/cgi

Sultanshah of Tokhat, “Letter to CatholicosTade to “Letter ofTokhat, Sultanshah - 1590) f Merdeen of n re t flil hs purpose this fulfill to order In

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11 (1906): 321 (1906): 11

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and - . The references in later studies have served as as served have studies later in references The . os II, October 21, 1583,” inpublished 1583,” 21, II,October os 325. - philological periodicals of the late nineteenth nineteenth late the of periodicals philological , and the correspondences of correspondences the and , 562,” in published 562,” 5

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[Armenian History], vol. 2 (Venice: 2 vol. History], [Armenian a

complex understanding of the the of understanding complex Տեառն -

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CEU eTD Collection earli t the reproduction components, required other and body and is, context) new that in step, material primary third of discussion the to corresponding 4 and 3 (Chapters steps three aforementioned framewor new apply to need approaches, than rather trying tofilling inthe missing ofthe links knownsources. researchers printing of Armenian history the of on knowledge emergence additional unfold to order in that hypothesis my prove I self possible Confessionalization Catholic of environment the in printers the of activity the contexts, possible two suggest I sources, the to approach nationalist narrow its is printing its on step third drawing the As phenomenon failures. those behind this reasons the analyzing as on well as failures, and scholarship achievements of review extensive the provide initiators four life of form in it represent I thus presses, printing first the of initiators the available through is This narrative thesources. accessedfrom be can form, what only telling s first my assumptions, or arguments weak on based story the of links missing the reconstructing often printing Armenian of beginnings of Terzn was accessed Armenian the source, of version Another recorded. were letters two of versions Latin the where such letters, these of est

As one of the drawbacks of studies is that they tell an extended narrative of the the of narrative extended an tell they that is studies of drawbacks the of one As The main body of my thesis consists of four research chapters that follow the the follow that chapters research four of consists thesis my of body main The Armenian incunabula looked like. The Appendix represents the chronological list of of chronologicallist the representsAppendix The like. looked incunabula Armenian

of my research, after detecting that the main failure of studies in early Armenian Armenian early in studies of failure main the that detecting after research, my of Story of Parez and Wenna and Parez of Story - s perception of and sense of belonging through belonging of sense and of perception

fe lutaigtebscsoy fteeegneo reinpitn, I printing, Armenian of emergence the of story basic the illustrating After . from h fu pitr o te itet cnuy as century sixteenth the of printers four the from its reproduction its from inalater study. as as drc Raynaldi’s Odorico , a medieval chivalric romance, translated by Johannes Johannes by translated romance, chivalric medieval a , 6

tep is to establish this story in its scattered its in story this establish to is tep opnim naim Ecclesiasticorum Annalium Compendium ei icue a Apni ad four and Appendix an includes hesis the ocuin Aat rm h main the from Apart conclusion. the available sources available the

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CEU eTD Collection 9985 recommendedfor interchange. bibliographic international text corresponds transliteration The supervisor. my with agreed as bee have material secondary additional information footnotes in (column 4). with findings first the of dates the and copies known of locations the 3), (column available publica of date and place and publisher 2), (column content primary 1), (column sixteenth the A final remark is that the translations of the relevant passages of primary and and primary of passages relevant the of translations the that is remark final A - century Armenian incunabula, including their original and translated titles titles translated and original their including incunabula, Armenian century n implemented by me and transliterated into Latin characters, characters, Latin into transliterated and me by implemented n

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tion if if tion CEU eTD Collection ed., ofTerzn, theScribe] see: woodcuts these For information. hypothetical highly is merelywoodcut illustration on a agebased 11 missing the restoring at not aims chapter this weakness, this Considering sources. reliable narrative Arme of beginnings the narrating of task their of part by links missing the restore to incunabula Armenian took beforeand after are sources The Venice. and Rome in resided they when period the is, that activity, printing their of light the in only traceable are printers Armenian books. the in inserted illustrations woodcut the on based printers early these of ages the guess to attempted desperately have researchers that level a such to up deaths and births of dates approximate even on sources peo these of deaths and births of dates the are questions of list this in First answers. for longing be still will printers early these of motivations and ideas activity, data, biographical the concerning questions many reconstruction, detailed very scattered. highly and brief are sources these as time, same the At workshop. the of particularities other some mentioned and contributors, the all detail printe the where incunabula, the of colophons the second, and century; nineteenth the of half second the in mostly published and archives in discovered were that printers the of correspondences some an By printing. of advancement the to contribution their and other, each to connection and connections their printing, Armenian Chapter 1.

In particular, Abgar’s, Sultanshah’s, Johannes’s and his his and Johannes’s Sultanshah’s, Abgar’s, Inparticular, hs hpe am a te re peetto o te life the of presentation brief the at aims chapter This As will be discussed be will As

Աբգար that has so far been created in scholarship is not always necessarily based on on based necessarily always not is scholarship in created been far so has that

Սաղմոսարան Beginnings of Armenia of Beginnings

rs stated the place and often the date of the publication, acknowledged in acknowledged publication, the of date the often and place the stated rs Դպիր

the mentioned period. the , ed , .,

[Saghmosaran, The Book of Psalms] (Venice: 1587), 152. 1587), of (Venice: Psalms]Book The [Saghmosaran, Սաղմոսարան

in Chapter 2, t 2, Chapter in

This lack o lack This d large, the sources for these stories consist of, first, first, of, consist stories these for sources the large, d n printing: Review of printing: then scattered sources

[Saghmosaran, Book of Psalms] (Venice, 1566), 2; 2; 1566), of(Venice, Psalms] Book [Saghmosaran, his shortfall in sources have led the historians of of historians the led have sources in shortfall his

f information is due to the fact that the early the that fact the to due is information f son’s woodcut portraits are available, but person’s available, are woodcut portraits son’s their their in rn culture. print nian assumptions and suggestions as a a as suggestions and assumptions This means that even in cas in even that means This silent -

tre o te ntaos of initiators the of stories about the turns their lives their turns the about ple. Indeed, there are no no are there Indeed, ple.

s result, a As Johan

[Abgar [Abgar e of a a of e nes the CEU eTD Collection same in kardayk’ 14 47. 1512/3), (Venice, Liturgy] 13 1512). 12 te simple against prayers almanacs, horoscopes, travel (calendars, content the and sizes small their given were books Jacob’s that Suggesting merchant. a or priest a prayabsolution.” toGodfor beg, I reads, Whoever Frankstean. in Venetic of city the God, by protected city the Venež, cityof 1512the was in In sacredyear made reads,text “This it whole and hispublication. of printe the where text only the is colophon missal. the in included colophon a and mark, printer’s same the through connected song a and calendar, ecclesiastical an almanac, an missal, a book, prayer a exist mere the except printer this on sources practicallyno published was prayers, Armenian serve will printing referencesfollowingchapters. as for underlying the outlines This reconstructions. later of free reverse process of a be will This them. between line cautious a draw will I issues, particular in standpoints incorporate sources the what telling but evidence,

[Grec’avi ta the Sinner] [Jacob the Sinner] [Jacob 1.1.

N. Voskanyan, et al, eds., eds., al, et Voskanyan, N.

՝ The most discussed issu discussed most The book, printed Armenian known first The Meġapart]Jacob theSinner [Hakob

meġac’ t’oġowt’iwn xndrec’ēk’ asytowçoy.” Jacob the Sinner, Jacob asytowçoy.” xndrec’ēk’ meġac’t’oġowt’iwn ṙ h aalbe ore, oe f hi taiinl nepeain, n as my also and interpretations, traditional their of some sources, available the s

J ̌ K Հակոբ Հակոբ B mptations and evils), the earlier studies have proposed that Jacob was a a was Jacob that proposed have studies earlier the evils), and mptations construction ofconstruction thelife

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ee are here the 13

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CEU eTD Collection Scribe] [Abgarthe 21 eraxayrik’ë.] aṙaǰin haytpagrowt’ean azgin iwr kënçayē k’aġak’en Venetik ašxatowt’eamb k’rtnaǰan T’oxat’ec’in Abgar aṙaǰiinangam meǰt’ē ēink’, gitowt’ean ow hamozman miamit menk’ ayn ewanc’an, [Tariner ofVenice.” firstthe whonation his gifted ofTokhat, Abgar 212. first 20 19 18 1512/3). (Venice, 17 35. Zangak2012), Print, (Yerevan: vol.1 century)], Հռոմ 16 52 1958), Press, Haypethrat (Yerevan: century] the XX to up beginnings տեսություն Levonyan] [Garegin days(1513 սկզբնաւորութենէն Zarphanal [Garegin Թոխաթցի 15 three other the on than him on sources more relatively are there envoy, diplomatic a also colophons, the in himself 1889, in printing” Armenian the of fruit byclergy. the Almanac in published almanacs and horoscopes the For literacy. liturgy. persuasively Devrikyan Liturgy of Book As priest. a as Jacob demonstrat of think to tend however, studies, profit. for merely for ‘bestsellers’ those selected deliberately who merchant skilful

See, for instance, instance, for See, Abgar the Scribe] Abgar the Govrikean] [Grigor 34. Devrikyan, the Sinner] [Jacob the Sinner] [Jacob Devrikyan] [Vardan 1.2. - frui In fascination, the author of this discovery wrote, “We have spent our years in naïve belief that it was it yearsthat belief naïve in spent our have “Wewrote, discovery ofthis the author Infascination,

(16

t of the Armenian printing], printing], Armenian the t of 16 Befor Abgar theScribe Tokhatetsi] ofTokhat[AbgarDpir - րդ ,

- 18 Indeed, this task could hardly be performed by a merchant despite the le the despite merchant a by performed be hardly could task this Indeed, ” [Armenian printing: [Armenian ” 1895)] (San Lazzaro, Venice: Mechitarist Press, 1895), 26 1895), Press, Mechitarist Venice: (SanLazzaro, 1895)]

es, the edition and publication of books of religious content and especially and content religious of books of publication and edition the es,

ibid սկզբից դար Devrikyan argues that in that era many almanacs were copied and even blessed blessed even and copied were almanacs many era that in that argues Devrikyan e Jacob’s Jacob’s e 19

, 209. ,

)

Աբգար

ean]

[The Armenian book in the crossroads of the world: From Venice to Rome (16th Rome (16th to Venice From world: ofthe the crossroads in Armenian book [The [Ghevond Alishan] [Ghevond (1513) required theological education and close familiarity with the rite of of rite the with familiarity close and education theological required (1513) Աբգար Գար Հակոբ Հակոբ

մինչ մինչև Գրիգոր

Վ Գարեգին արդան

եգին

The Simple Calendar Calendar Simple The Դպիր առ

Մեղապարտ Մեղապարտ Դպիր XX 21

Գովրիկեան մեզ Լևոնյան

դարը w he As printer. Armenian first the as honoured long beenhad

Դևրիկյան Abgar the Scribe of Tokhat], ofTokhat], the Scribe Abgar , ed ,

, ed , Զարպհանալեան

Handes Amsorya: Zeitschrift Für Armenische Philologie Armenische Für Zeitschrift Amsorya: Handes (1513 .,

., Ղևոնդ Ժամագիրք [The Armenian book and print culture: historical theory concerning its theoryconcerning historical culture: print and Armenianbook [The Խառնայփնթոր , - Հայ , ed., ed., , ed., , 1895) , , “ Հայ

- Հայ գիրքը Ալիշան fruit of Armenian printing due to his diligent workt in hisdiligent to due printing Armenian fruit of 20 Աղթարք Պարզատո

[History of Armenian printing from its beginnings up to our our to up beginnings from its Armenianprinting [History of

գիրքը Abgar of Tokhat or Abgar the Scribe, as he calls he as Scribe, the Abgar or Tokhat of Abgar

տպագրութեանց

[Zhamagirq, The Book of Hours] (Istanbul, 1568), 58. 1568), (Istanbul, ofHours] Book The [Zhamagirq, 10 (1513)

և , Պատմություն “ ,

տպագրության

աշխարհի

Տպագրություն [ [A Kharanapntoir, Jumble Calendar] Calendar] Jumble Kharanapntoir, ւմար ġ

was detected and reported in “ in reported and detected was tarq, The Almanac The tarq, Bazmavep

[Parzatumar, The Simple Calendar] Calendar] Simple The [Parzatumar,

- խաչմերուկներում 27. h Sml Calendar Simple The

ամենահին

- հայկական 53.

23 (1865), 214. (1865), 23 արվեստը

Հայոց

] . (Venice, 1512/3). (Venice, Աբգար

երախայրիքը

. տպագրութեան պատմական

Դպիր Վենետիկից

(Venice, 1565); 1565); (Venice, 10 (1889): 209 (1889): 10 17

vel of his of vel The first The ” [The [The ”

and

15 he city hecity

Later

The The The

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CEU eTD Collection IV,” Pius Pope Letterto 25 found. neverbeen has Abgar’sorigin concerning letter second The th in the discussed will be the latter content of 1784 Press, Mechitarist vol.3 (Venice: yearof1784], Lord’s the beginningto Պատմութիւն in published April,1562,” Pius Pope IV, to Letter Catholicos’s 1565 Raynaldi, 24 the Scribe], Abgar Սրապյ 1583 23 Mas Galemqarean] in [Grigor Published eġav.] al aydpēs ew owxts im naewkatarel krnam orov gam, Hṙom irenanowamb ays orhimy ē hets berel, s vardapetowt’yiwnë kat’oġikē zi orpes berelow, ordis mek galow ēi im ew owxt ëraç yaṙaǰ tasë tari vasnzi 22 messy the of front in face father’s my kissed and [them] seeing jubilation in was Pius [ mouth our be will he then there, arrived royal Abgar’s of confirmation a origin. was second the and Church Catholic the to loyalty (1499 IV Pius to letters by headed delegation (1562 Michael Catholicos liberation, of issue the discussed appears, it as which, 1562, in synod a during sources main the of one became 1564, to Abgar isreportedsaid, tohave dated interrogation his of record brief the In century. sixteenth the of printers o

r [ in preserved is Latintranslation The Armenian. Classical writtenin been have letters originally The [ [ v Sultanshah of Tokhat] Tokhat] Sultanshahof em kġerakan T’ok’at. kočowi më`kë or em k’aġak’ çnaç hayazgi, Abgar, Anowns Ev ard` et’ē ayn mer despan aydr žamaneal ic’ē, na ink’n eġic’i orpēs beran mer.] beran orpēs naink’neġic’i ic’ē, žamaneal aydr merdespan et’ēEv ayn ard` htots printed by him], him], by printed htots i : , vol. 21 (Rome, Wickhard, 1730), 175. Later it was translated back into Classical Armenian in “Michael “Michael in Armenian Classical wasinto back Latertranslated it 175. 1730), ,Wickhard, (Rome, 21 vol. թ

B .” .” [Letter so ithappened. And plans. myfulfil also could Iwhere behalf, his on Rome to come to measked wish, the of here now is that Sultan studies named son my bring for son elder my to bring order in late much this came Ireason and this for and died son my agoBut doctrine. Catholic years ten Rome to come to intended 24 a ան Indeed, Abgar arrived in Rome with his young son Sultanshah, whose letter whose Sultanshah, son young his with Rome in arrived Abgar Indeed, y

Compe c My name is Abgar, I was born in a city c city a in born was I Abgar, is name My In the end o end the In ’ ,

“ o Նորագույն r Գարեգին d

Հայոց։

i to Catholicos Tadeos II, October 21, 1583], 1583], 21, in published October II, Tadeos Catholicos to

ndium Annalium Ecclesiasticorum: Incipiens ab Annô 1534. Perveniens usque ad Annum Annum ad usque Perveniens 1534. Annô ab Incipiens Ecclesiasticorum: Annalium ndium m - 1576) and the highest bishops of the Armenian Church decided to send a a send to decided Church Armenian the of bishops highest the and 1576) Bazmavep e ṙ a w

Ի 22 , teġ: Mer patriark’n imanalov baġjank’s, xndrec’ inçme, or ink’ë šat goh piti ëllay` et’e et’e goh ëllay` piti šat ink’ë or inçme, xndrec’ baġjank’s, patriark’n imanalov Mer teġ: lines 36 lines

սկզբանէ Սուլթանշահ f the first letter, the Catholicos stated, “And thus, if our envoy has envoy our if thus, “And stated, Catholicos the letter, first the f Գալեմքարեան

Bazmavep w Abgar to the Pope and European princes. Abgar carried two official official two carried Abgar princes. European and Pope the to Abgar լուսավորիւթններ

- 11 (1906): 321 (1906): 11 y 1565), one of which was a statement of the Armenian Church’s Church’s Armenian the of statement a was which of one 1565), s

- p 37. a t

č աշխարհի

, 7 (1912), 387. 7 , (1912), a ̣ ṙ a w

Թոխաթցի

for Abgar’s life and activity. According to this letter, letter, this to According activity. and life Abgar’s for o , w Աբգար - 325. š ird chapter of this thesis. ofthis chapter ird a

Աբգար

c մինչև ’ a sic y

a , “ Դպիր , that is, speaker] for you. for speaker] is, that , y 11

s Թուղթ ցամ

č Դպրի

with me. Our patriarch, when he learnt my learnt he when patriarch, Our me. with a p alled Tokat, I am a cleric and a scribe. I scribe. a and cleric a am I Tokat, alled ’

Տեառն a

t տպագրած

առ [ մասին n Miqayel Chamchean] Chamchean] Miqayel `

Թադեոս

p 1784 ē

s ”

z [The recent illuminati recent [The [Isahak Srapyan] Srapyan] [Isahak i

[Armenian history: from the fromhistory: the [Armenian k Մաշտոց a

- r կաթողիկոս 1786), 519 1786), e n a m

25 i

“Michael Catholicos’s Catholicos’s “Michael

[Abgar [Abgar ew dpir. Hṙom ewekay, dpir.

Միքայէլ

In Rome “St. Pope “St. Rome In S - u 520. The larger larger The 520. l t Իսահակ , ’ Հոկտեմբերի a the Scribe and and theScribe n ons about about ons

n Չամչեան o w n

Odorico Odorico o

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CEU eTD Collection 34 33 32 Աբգար [ 31 30 29 28 27 II, Tadeos Catholicos “Letterto 26 mission diplomatic Abgar’s hiding for sufficient not were books printed enterprise. printing his for support for ask to merely leaders these met he that authorities Ottoman the convince to publications that assume studies doge. Venetian the of palace the at and Pope the of front in bowing Sultanshah Frankistan.” calendar civic a printed for left had he reason that for that authorities the to [explain] to Constantinople, for departure his before book a printing than else nothing of think could [ heard have [Ottomans] Tajiks the that news “got Abgar Meanwhile, Rome. to back sent were presents the and Cyprus in died bishop the Rome.” t visit bishops’ Armenian “preparing finally andhegemony],” Persian and Tajik the [from saving Armenian about ancient disposition “checking treaty,” their ofan European princes] the doctrine Church adaptedArmenian of thewas totheCatholicone. maximum treatise, theological small this in that identified study recent A Church. Armenian the of and Catholicism to Church Armenian the appa of disposition the explore to attempted mostly which questions, inquisitors’ the answering Besides testimony. aforementioned the crowd Šinec’ò nor girs hayoc’ ew ays xaṙnay p’ntowrs i vanatik jeṙamb T’oxatc’i Safar abgarin], abgarin], Safar T’oxatc’i jeṙamb i vanatik p’ntowrs xaṙnay ays ew hayoc’ girs nor Šinec’ò

ibid 204 Ishkhanyan, analyses see: their and these illustrations For Scribe] [Abgarthe thi and letters new Armenian These ibid ibid ibid 159. Devrikyan, [Ewibrewtese rently aimed to check their loyalty, Abgar ‘submitted’ a brief treatise on the doctrine doctrine the on treatise brief a ‘submitted’ Abgar loyalty, their check to aimed rently . , , ,

lines 79 .”

lines lines 90 Դպիր Apparently, Abgar succeeded in his mission of “reminding them [the Pope and and Pope [the them “reminding of mission his in succeeded Abgar Apparently, 28 26

The Pope sent him back to Armenia with a Catholic bishop and presents, and bishop Catholic a with Armenia to back him sent Pope The However, apparently Abgar was later led to the inquisition court, where he gave he where court, inquisition the to led later was Abgar apparently However, 99 - , ed , - - 83. 102. 91. al sb P’ap’n P’iows i meç c’nçowi leal ew a ew leal meçc’nçowi i P’iows P’ap’n sb al

Խառնայփնթոր

Աբգար

indeed, , 31

Դպիր

and a psalter, a and ” lines” 84

, ed ,

s messy calendar in Venice by the hands of Abgar Safar ofTokhat. Safar Abgar ofby hands the in messyVenice calendar s

[ ba icue tee odus n oh i Venetian his both in woodcuts these included Abgar Kharanapntoir, Jumble Calendar] Calendar] Jumble Kharanapntoir, ., - 85. Սաղմոսարան

with two woodcut illustrati woodcut two with 12

[Saghmosaran, Book of Psalms] (Venice, 1566). (Venice, ofPsalms] Book [Saghmosaran, ṙ ǰ this part is erased in the letter the in erased is part this i xow - 208; Devrikyan,193 208; ṙ n amboxin hambowreal zeress hòr imoy] hòr zeress hambowreal n amboxin 34 (Venice, 1565). (Venice,

I think, however, that if the if that however, think, I ons depicting him and him depicting ons - rmnn Western prominent 194.

from the Orroman Orroman the from

[Abgar the Scribe] [Abgarthe Scribe] 30 27

33 hs he Thus,

] an ]

Recent 29 d he he d

but

o CEU eTD Collection Scribe] [Abgarthe Scribe] [Abgarthe Scribe] [Abgarthe 1568). Scribe] [Abgarthe Scribe] [Abgarthe B Grammar 37 36 44. 1895), fromits beginnings printing Armenian Պատմություն Zarphanalean] in [Garegin Published i girsn.] dnel ewpatkerë ayn 35 of colophon the only Thus, pages. Th two, other printers, their as Book Grammar used were studies, recent in letters’ ‘Abgar’s as to referred are that publications, Venetian Abgar’s Istanbul. for departure his before only tried and printing of idea the conceived Abgar whether unclear remains it issue, this on explanations seek studies many Although 1566/7/8. in Istanbul for departure his before and 1564 in Rome for departure unknow for that evidence the to due is assumption This own. his order he did failed he when only and types, Jacob’s for searching in woodcuts.” sense no was there “Otherwise, sponsors. those from support financial the for gratitude of way a as them insert to had Abgar that offers it as realistic, more seems woodcuts those inserted Abgar why of explanation earlier intelligene,

These are: [Abgar the Scribe] [Abgarthe Scribe] are: These 187 Ishkhanyan, in see events these on discussion Adetailed ëllay piti ownec’aç haǰoġxndirn elk’ npasti [Ewt’e kerewnay Calendar e

Another widely held view within scholarship is that Abgar had been unsuccessfully unsuccessfully been had Abgar that is scholarship within view held widely Another

ook] (Istanbul, 1567/8). (Istanbul, ook]

35 o sx te bos rne i Itnu i 1567 in Istanbul in printed books other six for hn w osue odus nie hm woul them inside woodcuts obscure two then

հայկական

a a ihy rbeai clpo ta wl b dsusd n h following the in discussed be will that colophon problematic highly a has

Աբգար Աբգար Աբգար Աբգար Աբգար and The Book of Songs of Book The

Դպիր Դպիր Դպիր Դպիր Դպիր

տպագրութեան Աբգար , ed., ed., , ed., , ed., , ed., , ed., , The Simple Calendar Simple The

to find Jacob’s type Jacob’s find to up to our days our to up (1513 Մաշտոց Տաղարան Տ Պարզատումար Ժամագիրք

Դպիր օնացոյց h Bo o Hours of Book The

սկզբնաւորութենէն , ed., ed., , , refer to certain unclear figures, Hotor and Farman, and Hotor figures, unclear certain to refer , 36 raos ba sae ln i Vnc bfr his before Venice in long stayed Abgar reasons n

[Mashtots] (Istanbul, 1568). (Istanbul, [Mashtots]

[Tonacuyc, The Calendar] (Istanbul, 1568). (Istanbul, Calendar] The [Tonacuyc,

n n cs, h type the case, any In [Tagaran, The Book of Songs] (Istanbul, 1568). of Songs] (Istanbul, Book The [Tagaran,

Փոքր [Zhamagirq, The Book of Hours] (Istanbul, 1568). (Istanbul, ofHours] Book The [Zhamagirq, 13

[Parzatumar, The Simple Calendar] (Istanbul, SimpleCalendar] The [Parzatumar,

քերականություն - -

1895)] (San Lazzaro, Venice: Mechitarist Press, MechitaristVenice: Press, (SanLazzaro, 1895)] letters during his first stay in Venice, or or Venice, in stay first his during letters and wasting money on those expensive expensive those on money wasting - 204. . haka . Գարեգին Mashtots

մինչ ṙ ak dipvaçi meǰ hark čkar çaxsk’ ënel çaxsk’ harkčkar meǰ akdipvaçi

d not be either. Therefore, an an Therefore, either. be not d - clearly indicates Abgar as its its as Abgar indicates clearly 68.

առ

37 Զարպհանալեան all, at colophons no have , -

etr nwy ree for ordered newly letters մեզ [Poqr Qerakanutiun, The Brief Brief The Qerakanutiun, [Poqr

w o them, of Two

(1513 - 1895)

[History of , h Brief The

CEU eTD Collection lines 103 43 42 B Aqua De sine ed., Johannes ofTerzn, 110; 1584), Basae, Dominici ed., ofTerzn, [… speakers] 41 44a). no.2, Vaticanae, pr Mashtots and Scribe [Abgarthe 40 240. (Yerevan: գրքի Ոսկանյան 39 38 cardinals” mighty the by doctrine [Catholic] Latin him. adopted IV Pius Pope Rome, in arrival their after soon (1583), letter his in remembered he later As Rome. to Scribe the Abgar father his accompanied died.” not had he if more done that have would in and nation [Armenian] Pope our for the lot a worked to “[Abgar] letter his in wrote Sis, of Patriarch the Azaria, 1585 in as Istanbul, Istanbul,transported bywere to effectively theyArmenians. local used were type movable the or letters Abgar’s after that acknowledged simplybe can narrative, it sak the for evidence the distorting of instead However, problematic. less issue the making way this in mistypes, are colophons the in mentioned printers unknown publications. those all of printer the was printer.

[ Catholicos, “Letterto Latin is, [that Franks the Marganton among whocalled is ofTokhat Sultanshah Mister overseer “… the by in Reported incunabula Armenian of catalogue thelatest See Scribe] [Abgarthe Evsnaast i dp 1.3.

մատենագիտություն 40

38 As mentioned above, Sultanshah or Mark Antonio, as he is called in some sources, some in called is he as Antonio, Mark or Sultanshah above, mentioned As his after years few a in died he that is Abgar about learn we thing last The Sultanshah Mark Antonio of Tokhat [Sultanshah Mark [Sultanshah Sultanshah ofTokhat Antonio Tokhatetsi] -

104. Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Press, Sciences Academyof SSR Armenian

Having this evidence, it is unclear why recent studies go on suggesting that A that suggesting on go studies recent why unclear is it evidence, this Having , Ք verakac’oġ tntesowt’ean paron Sowlt’anša t’owxa Sowlt’anša paron tntesowt’ean verakac’oġ Տօմար

[Grigor Galemqearean] Galemqearean] [Grigor . enedicta Կորկոտյան ṙ atownsa Աբգար

Գրիգորեան ” line” 90.

(Rome, 1586), 504. 1586), (Rome,

ṙ

, [Armenian book in 1512 book [Armenian Դպիր Ա ṙ amb hzawr Kartinarac’ ew am dprowe latinacwoc.] dprowelatinacwoc.] am ew Kartinarac’ hzawr amb

. Սավալյան inted by him], him], byinted

[Tomar Grigorean, The Gregorian Calendar] (Rome: Typographia Typographia (Rome: Calendar] Gregorian The Grigorean, [Tomar , ed , Գ ., րիգոր Ժամա

, eds., eds., ,

Գալեմքարեան Bazmavep գիրք 39 [N. Voskanyan, Q. Korkotyan, A. Savalyan] A.Savalyan] Korkotyan, Q. Voskanyan, [N.

Their explanation is that the names of the two the of names the that is explanation Their Հայ in 14

- 1988); as well as Levonyan, 212 Levonyan, well as as 1988); 58. , 1800. A bibliograph 1800. Marco Antonio Marsili Colonna, ed Colonna, Antonio Marsili Marco

գիրքը

7 (1912), (1912), 7 43 t’c’oyn zor fṙankn Maṙgantòn kočē]. Johannes kočē]. Maṙgantòn fṙankn zor t’c’oyn

, “ , 1512

and got an apartment and monthly monthly and apartment an got and Աբգար 392 (Codices Armeni Bibliothecae Bibliothecae Armeni (Codices 392 - 1800 1800

y of the Armenian incunabula] Armenianincunabula] y the of Դպիր թվականներին

և “Letter to Catholicos, “Letterto 42

տպագրած

He was taught “the taught was He - 230; Devrikyan,208 230; ., e of a smooth smooth a of e . Hydragiologia Hydragiologia Հայ Ն

. Մաշտոց

հնատիպ arrival in in arrival ” bgar ” - 41 -

CEU eTD Collection 1584). Basae, Dominici Typographia 48 (1578 Granjon Work Robert Later of the into HendrikVervliet, a (Rome, 1579) XIII” Gregorii Characteres one a print to were used first They missionaries. Catholic the by languages 47 Benedicta Aqua (493 Dominicis” Diebus QuaeFit in 46 Hayoc’.] 45 papowcn.] 44 as experience, printing any not had he that except activity previous his of known is Nothing of printer the as colophon own his in mentioned first discussed inChapter ofCatholic confessionalization. 3inthe context literature letters type French famous a publication. the about colophon his in Church Armenian the in Water Holy of Blessing of rite the concerning sections two of compositor the was He proof the was he relev the of colophons the to According remarkable. is printing Armenian early asRome thePope’s Armenian inChapter contactwith be as 3. will discussed patriarchs, Armenia.” for departing was he while father my join me Pope. the from stipend

Johannes of Terzn, ed., ed., Terzn, Johannes of type These Sult a ordegir Pap’n [Ewzis S. [ Ev mi xostovanim zi town vkowb ownim zkarn im yavelwaçov i keans im in im i keans yavelwaçov im zkarn vkowbownim town zi mi Ev xostovanim 1.4. anshah of Tokhat, ed., “Canon Benedictionis Salis et Aquae,” (492) and “Benedictionis Salis et Aquae et Salis “Benedictionis and (492) Aquae,” et Salis “Canon Benedictionis ed., ofTokhat, anshah ,

Sultanshah’s diplomatic activity and the main agenda of his letter will be separately separately be will letter his of agenda main the and activity diplomatic Sultanshah’s us subsequently were which to contribution his workshop, printing own his started never Sultanshah Although Johannes, the las the Johannes, Johannes Terzntsi] Terzn [Hovannes of “Letter to Catholicos, “Letterto . “Letter to Catholicos, “Letterto 47 -

letters were part of the series of Oriental characters designed for printing certain native printingcertain for designed characters of ofOriental series werepart the letters

(Rome, 1586). The colophonis page on The (Rome,1586). Cyrillic and Oriental Typography in Rome at the End of the Sixteenth Century: An Inquiry Inquiry Century:An the Sixteenth of End in the Romeat Typography Oriental and Cyrillic - reader and compositor of Abgar’s and Johannes of Terzn’s publications. Terzn’s of Johannes and Abgar’s of compositor and reader

Տօմար Marco Antonio Colonna’s Antonio Marco - 44 designer and printer, printer, and designer ṙ n

t Armenian printer of the sixteenth century, again a again century, sixteenth the of printer Armenian t According to his letter his to According e

234 (lines 90 234 l o ” lines” 15

v Գրիգորեան

w -

504), in 504), r n ,

e - w 46 ed in papal printing houses printing papal in ed 16. nd were in use until the mid wereuntil the usend in

- o - Apart from this, with this, from Apart 91); Ishkhanyan, 231. Ishkhanyan, 91); Marco Antonio Marsili Colonna, ed Colonna, Antonio Marsili Marco 90) 90) č

t [Tomar Grigorean, The Gregorian Calendar] (Rome: Calendar] Gregorian The Grigorean, [Tomar ’ o (Berkeley: Poltroon Press, 1981) Press, Poltroon (Berkeley: ġ o w 15 l utnhh co Sultanshah

504.

n “as the Pope had adopted me, he did not let not did he me, adopted had Pope the “as

d Hydragiologia

r n

i m

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45 i

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50 , a medieval chivalric romance. According to the colophon of this translation (1587), (1587), translation this of colophon the to According romance. chivalric medieval a , Finally, aft Finally, According to the aforementioned poem, he then decided to “go back,” but for a a for but back,” “go to decided then he poem, aforementioned the to According A last time Johannes recorded the hardships of his lifetranslation inhis recordedof A last Johannes time ofhis thehardships ines 18 ines

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CEU eTD Collection 59 229 1990), Programma, Editoriale Zekiyan(Padua: in Possidenti,” A Mercanti Da Venezia: di Sceriman “Gli ClaudiaBonardi, Luca,1 (Rome:De in preziosi,” dei “Il commercio ClaudiaBonardi, 141 2004), Scienze, di Veneto Ist. (Venice: A.Ferrari C Momento Il Mechitar: a Sceriman also, See 2011). Julfa New from Merchants Armenian Networks of Trade Global 58 (lines 32 232 Catholicos,” 57 56 233. 1966), Press, Sciences Academyof SSR 55 network. wealth of consisted cities Mediterranean other Rome, Livorno, Venice, in communities Armenian the rule, a as writes. he beg,” to and door to door from go to them let to shame huge a seems the convince to order in Rome Catholicos the to letter Sultanshah’s of case in true especially seems This said. they what believe necessarily believ to Sultanshah) of case in Catholicos the and Abgar of case in officials Pope’s (the addressees the convincing at aimed and agenda diplomatic certain mission, certain represented merely They story. true a telling at aimed a Sultanshah, nor envoy, Catholicos’s the as Abgar neither example, For them. using in cautious be should researcher a character, autobiographical 4. be discussed diplomaticwill activity Rome his as in well as land. native his to sail to trying son his with Marseille in alreadywas Johannes

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in more detail in Chapters 3 and3 Chaptersin detail more in In Ad Limina Italiae Limina Ad Gli Armeni e Venezia: Dagli Dagli Venezia: e Gli Armeni te oes representative, Pope’s the s . Ed. Zekiyan, B. L. Zekiyan and L. Zekiyanand B. Ed.Zekiyan, . .] “Letter to to “Letter .] ] (Yerevan: Armenian (Yerevan: ] , ed. B. L. Zekiyan B. , ed. 59 56

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CEU eTD Collection http://greenstone.flib.sci.am/gsdl/collect/armenian/Books/saxmosaran_1565_index.html Source 1566. Venice, Psalms]. 2 Figure Source 1512. Venice, Friday]. 1 Figure : World Digital Library : World : National Library : National : Afrom page : Afrom page

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ry of Armenia ryof Marco Antonio Marsili Colonna, ed Colonna, Marsili Antonio Marco [Johannes of Terzn] ofTerzn] [Johannes Հովաննես ntsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v 20

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CEU eTD Collection [ Meliq [Karapet 1959). Press, ofSciences episod [Some [Ashot Hovhannisyan] 1958). Press, Haypethrat (Yerevan: century] the XX to up beginnings տեսությո Levonyan] [Garegin [Teodik] 1904). Hermes Print, (Tbilisi: theory] տեսութիւն [Leo] Armenian or Venice Alish [Ghevond days(1513 սկզբնաւորութենէն [Ga 1883). Press, Mechitarist Venice: Lazzaro, (San days] our to up of print invention the from publications printed Armenian of catalogue Alphabetic Bibliographie: [Armenian Այբուբենական Zarphanalean] [Garegin 62 61 incunabula. and modern especiallyin Armenianstudies, in largelywhoinvolved weresubsequently 1717, 60 century of part as printing Armenian attempt the with Mechitarists in schola and monographs in analyzed archives. Ottoman and European cop three Venice. Lazzaro, San in the of investigations the to due century nineteenth Armenian incunabula Chapter 2 Story of Parez and Wenna and Parez of Story

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Armenian language. The congregation houses one of the richest repositori the richest of one houses congregation The Armenianlanguage. The Թեոդիկ Appendix , a ւն - i Հայկական . 1895)] (San Lazzaro, Venice: Mechitarist Press, 1895). Press, Mechitarist Venice: (SanLazzaro, 1895)] es of over te over of es . XVI

osdrbe mut f ieaue a be published been has literature of amount considerable

es of the history of the Armenian liberation thought], vol.2 (Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy ArmenianSSR (Yerevan: vol.2 thought], liberation Armenian ofthe history es ofthe սկզբից - of investigation systematic

an] Ohanjanyan] Ohanjanyan]

- ցուցակ Studies in early Armenianearly in Studies , XVII

Տիպ Ղևոնդ for morefor details. - ads Amsorya Handes Գարեգին Venetian contacts] (Venice: Mechitarist Press, 1896). Press, Mechitarist (Venice: contacts] Venetian

մինչ մինչև Աշոտ

դար տպագրութիւն

Գարեգին Գարեգին ու

տպագրութեան ] (Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academ SSR Armenian (Yerevan: ]

Ալիշան տառ առ

[Armenian XX Կարապետ different pu different

60 Հովհաննիսյան

մեզ nian abbot, founded this congregation of Armenian Benedictine monks in ArmenianBenedictine of this congregation founded nianabbot, Լևոնյան ihn coup a Within դարը

[Type and letter] letter] and [Type

Զարպհանալեան Զարպհանալեան

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, - Վենետ Մելիք Հայ 1895) rly articles published mainly in mainly published articles rly blications

գիւտէն hs cpe wr rpael dsrbd dtd and dated, described, repeatedly were copies Those in in an exhaustive way exhaustive an in

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ina Svrl oit itras olwd the followed historians Soviet Several Vienna. [History of Armenian printing from its beginnings up to our our to up beginnings from its Armenianprinting [History of -

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և , ed., ,

պատմության

were were Պատմություն

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members of the Me the of members առ հայ : y of Sciences Press, 1966), Press, Sciences yof discovered

Critic

մեզ

, ազատագրական )

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e story of the beginnings of beginnings the of story e eview of eview հայերէն in պատմական n, w, oeie even sometimes two, one, the Mechitarist and other other and Mechitarist the 62

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. տպագրութեան hitarist congregation hitarist մտքի

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պատմական journals historiography on historiography

գրական պատմության

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- ,

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rya: Zeitschrift Für Armenische Philologie Armenische Für Zeitschrift rya: r Tirosyan] Tirosyan] r bal Armenian Print Culture,” Culture,” Print Armenian bal e of the Armenian printing], Armenianprinting], ofthe e nd Mashtots printed by him], him], by printed Mashtots nd This chapter seeks to provide provide to seeks chapter This

մասին

” [Venetian Armenians: the in Armenians: the [Venetian ” bgar bgar 1 (1914): 17 1 (1914):

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understanding], in in understanding], s tg o m rsac, I research, my of stage is creation Ղևոնդ Ղևոնդ Ղևոնդ Գրիգոր ( highlighting the central discussions and certain drawbacks that exist within exist that drawbacks certain and discussions central the highlighting Մեսրոպ Ռաֆայել 16 Աշոտ ” [The story of the discovery of 1513's printer and some recent illuminatio somerecent and printer of1513's the discovery storyof [The ”

- ուհ 51 (1965): 79 - Պալյան Գ 22. Bazmavep րդ

Գրիգոր Գ Տիրոսեան

ing in Rome was in 1579], ], was1579], in Rome ingin րիգոր րիգոր

and achievements the strate

դար Ալիշան Ալիշան Ալիշա Սարգսեան Սրապյան

Աբրահամյան , creators, like readers,and the Գովրիկեան

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Handes Amsorya: Zeitschrift Für Armenische Philologie Armenische Für Zeitschrift Amsorya: Handes Իշխանյան ) , “ ,

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Bazmavep 64. “ Հայ Bazmavep Վենետահայ Տպագրություն Ազգային

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11 (1906): 321 (1906): 11

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սկզբնաւորութիւնն երախայրիքը խաչմերուկներում

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h tde of studies The “ Striving To be sure, t sure, be To h century The evident that evident and at theand present stage

shed more light on the ongoing debates. T ongoingdebates. the lightmoreon shed situation

ons for taraç xavar, dproc’, grakanowt’yown, geġarvest gret’e dadarel ēin goyowt’yown. ēin goyowt’yown. gret’edadarel geġarvest grakanowt’yown, dproc’, xavar, taraç - , continuous ravages and persecutions. This reference to the “disastrous the to reference This persecutions. and ravages continuous , og circum long the he first Armenian printing house house printing Armenian first he

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– 63 structure, methods, and line of argumentation. of line and methods, structure,

Leo(1860

whether by the nineteenth or nineteenth the by whether in

stances stances wrote,

the pervasive darkness pervasive the Armenian history, when “ when history, Armenian extensive research has been carri been has research extensive

there is early Armenian printing and printers and printing Armenian early

draw draw - 1932), one of the most celebrated Armenian historians celebratedArmenian most the of one 1932), , 38. , rein printers, Armenian Bibliographie Armenienne Bibliographie

a need substantive for

eti cntn, emnn rl ta te Armenian the that rule permanent constant, certain narrative of 23

,” in Armenia proper was established as as established was proper Armenia in 64 fteenth and sixteenth c sixteenth and fteenth owards the end of this chapter, this of end the owards nly was meant to explain and justify as justify and explain to meant was sixteenth book century Armenian the school, the

the was maintained outside Armenia outside maintained was

in foreign cultures and only and cultures foreign in hs suis r lrey self largely are studies these twentieth century historians century twentieth rethinking and reevaluationrethinkingand , vi. , ed out within the studies of studies the within out ed h

olicos of All Armenians All of olicos

literature, and arts had arts and literature, Almost everylarge Almost mic, cultural, and and cultural, mic,

(see footnote footnote (see enturies. They They enturies.

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CEU eTD Collection 1988). (Yerevan: incunabula] Armenian the A of bibliography 1800. գիրքը A. Savalyan] Korkotyan, Q. Voskanyan, [N. arménienne Kévorkian, H. Raymond vol.1 bibliographe], Anasyan] [Hakob 1890). Division, Publishing Nersessian Vrej ( bibliographie] Salmastyan] [Armenak Philologie Armenische գրքերու 76 a Scribe [Abgarthe 75 74 the Scribe], Abgar about Իսա 1906 during 73 the on i based woodcuts portraits possible their them, by used marks printers’ the of iconography in arrival the Catholicism, to conversion their of sincerity of topic sensitive the century, sixteenth the of printers known four the of belonging confessional and professions then since composed been p early the from incunabula. available the all described incunabul Armenian of bibliographies general of publications on documents new of incunabula and manuscripts Armenian the cataloging 1906, in Istanbul, Cat been had incunabula [Mesrop Grigorean] Grigorean] [Mesrop

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1512

Սրապյան ասին

- (Genève: P. Cramer, 1986). Cramer, (Genève:P. - 1912. An Armenian member of the congregation reported this discovery in [Isahak Srapyan] Srapyan] this[Isahak in discovery reported memberofthe congregation An Armenian 1912. 1800 1800 cue i the in ncluded Rome, and Venice Yerevan: Armenian SSR Academy SSR Armenian Yerevan: , ed., ed., , ” Հակոբ

թվականներին [Bibliographic discourses discourses [Bibliographic nd Mashtots printed by him], him], by printed Mashtots nd printers. their of activity the to books rinted (Ye Մեսրոպ Catalogue of Early Armenian Books, 1512 Books, Armenian Early of Catalogue Աբգար ,

“ 73 79 (1965): 51 (1965): 79 Արմենակ revan: Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Press, 1959). Press, Sciences Academyof SSR Armenian revan: Նորագույն , Catalogue des "incunables" arméniens (1511/1695), ou, Chronique de l'imprimerie l'imprimerie de Chronique ou, (1511/1695), arméniens des "incunables" Catalogue Bazmavep

Անասյան n te ny oy f Abgar’s of copy only the and that was found in the archive of the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Padua, of Anthony St. of Church the of archive the in found was that

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Hovhannisyan, Hovhannisyan, Levonyan, Ishkhanyan, Ishkhanyan See Ishkhanyan, See Ishkhanyan, See clusions. They argue, first, that the early printers worked towards the reawakening of the ofthe reawakening the worked towards earlyprinters the first, that argue, clusions. They , 14 , the ngs of ngs oh th Both - 15. , 17 , preceding The Armenian Book Armenian The

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tradition these works provide similar narratives and come to similar similar to come and narratives similar provide works these tradition

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Armenian book culture in a conscious manner, and secondly, that there there that secondly, and manner, conscious a in culture book Armenian

rein printing Armenian

82 n mr rcn suis of studies recent more and

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80 stories of the sixteenth century Armenian printers as as printers Armenian century sixteenth the of stories

granted while aiming to provide more comprehens more provide to aiming while granted enormous. questions

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- - 84, against Levonyan, against 84, Devrikyan, 67,

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Թոխաթցի Նորագույն to engage in fresh discussions or offer new perspectives new offer or discussions fresh in engage to s t ’ inquisi , a 85

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that was obviouslywas that t hs rtcl prah o h scnay literature secondary the to approach critical his ite l book is an an is book o v and reconstructed narrative

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z լո o Abgar the Scribe,” 1912. Ishkhanya 1912. the Scribe,” Abgar

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Leo, hayrenasirowt’yan nra ew čhavatalow graçnerin Sowlt’anžahi tesnowm himk’čenk’ [Menk’orewē 2.3. ihd n oe n Vnc b those by Venice and Rome in lished Armenian printing Armenian -

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css we Ihhna and Ishkhanyan when cases, r “At “At d 87 th

the significance significance the the beginning of the sixteenth century, namely in 1512, 1512, in namely century, sixteenth the of beginning the e gloomy and dark and gloomy e This view has be has view This the sources the

n t qeto te boue icrt o hs patriotism.” his of sincerity absolute the question to and and thus have thus and

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f the Armenian land insofar as the first Armenian first the as insofar land Armenian the f the or interpreting them from the narrow nationalist nationalist narrow the from them interpreting or i a ntig oe hn t than more nothing at aim ost

in this field follow the preceding the follow field this in

29 scholars preceding and succeeding him him succeeding and preceding scholars assumption

mgat printers emigrant printed printed

studies that are too heavily affected by the the by affected heavily too are that studies amar.] Ishkhanyan, 237 amar.] reasons why those people preferred one way way one preferred people those why reasons

studies books under the “backward Safavid and and Safavid “backward the under

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as a reliable and and reliable a

ones in their their in ones at 86 un

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have have have have later later y in in y CEU eTD Collection xxxiv. 1986), Editeur, Cramer Patrick (Geneva: armenienne l'imprimerie chroniquede Jean Print Armenian Global Centuries of 91 šrǰanowm.] aġot ow amenamt’in 90 mekin.] mayreni dprowt’yanë haġordelov 89 depk’ nšanavor 88 merchants [the they because needs merchants the for product a provide to aimed that initiative individual in trading for intended seriously tradition had century sixteenth the in publications system deliberate the that argue they Second, country. the outside only possible was press printing of emergence the proper, that out point researchers the culture, darkest and is “There development tongue mother in of publication Armeniathe for age deadly historian Venice in issued was book printed

Sebouh Aslanian, “Wings on their Feet and on their Heads: Reflections on Reflections theironHeads: and theirFeet “Wingson Aslanian, Sebouh haykakan or tp ayn, xorhowrdowni ew [Meç [Hayast m [Hayašxarhi - Pierre Mahe, “Preface,” in in “Preface,” Mahe, Pierre Ishkhanyan, 179. Ishkhanyan, they tradition, the following Second, . hs through Thus, ani hamar ayn mahasarsow ayn hamar ani

in 1958 in n rei poe in proper Armenia in

inconsis a agenda to enliven Armenian book culture Armenianbook enliven to agenda European cities. European the haziest period ofnation,” thehistorythe haziest ofour he writes. certain ՝

of the Armenian nation.” Armenian the of lowys ē tesnowm a tesnowm ē lowys rein ecat, igis othe pilgrims, merchants, Armenian ṙ

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significance in that the chandelier chandelier the that in significance

this this 91 Raymond Kevorkian Raymond Devrikyan, 10. Devrikyan, line ՝

hayowt’yan goyatewman ow hogewor zargac’man glxavor gorçonneric’ gorçonneric’ glxavor zargac’man owhogewor goyatewman hayowt’yan As Father B. Zekiyan puts it, “i it, puts Zekiyan B. Father As ṙ

Culture,” aǰin hayeren tpagrvaç girk’ë Venetikowm.] Levonyan, 39. Levonyan, Venetikowm.] girk’ë tpagrvaç hayeren aǰin ṙ

žamanaknerowm, Venetikowm mayreni lezvov grk’er tpagrec’ nor owž owž tpagrec’nor grk’er mayreni lezvov Venetikowm žamanaknerowm, f nepeain f h eegne f h Armen the of emergence the of interpretation of

ae centuries later , ” 88 ] were at the same time deeply religious and even even and religious deeply time same the at were ]

wrote G. Levonyan, a prominent literary critic and art and critic literary prominent Levonyan,a G. wrote The Armenian Weekl Armenian The 89 agrowt’yan ǰahë va ǰahë agrowt’yan first, ,

precise precise Devrikyan tries to be more be to tries Devrikyan - rd dari skzbneri, 1512 t’vakanin teġi ē ownenowm mi t’vakanin ownenowm ē teġi 1512 skzbneri, dari rd Armenian Armenian a , Catalogue des “Incunables” armeniens (1511 armeniens “Incunables” Catalogue , des 30 eiie i decisive

paety li ta te six the that claim apparently u t te ieal stain in situation miserable the to due

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r individuals who were travelling and and travelling were who individuals r

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(2012), 11, 12. 11, (2012),

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CEU eTD Collection (XIV feudalism ofthe decline in the era Armenianpeople the ֆեոդալիզմի 94 onlyas donations. there later arrived kept, are incunabula Armenian where Armenia in the only archive manuscripts, the Instituteof Mashtots M. in the preserved thatare 93 152. Devrikyan, also See Universality and Specificity 92 presses. printing up set Venicedecidedto and Rome in arrival onlyafter reasonsand completelyfor different Joha and Abgar printers, two least active entities militarily two of processes formation the and invaders various by ravages continuous the on not situation invention. in Armeni printed an by Armenian book ever first the of phenomenon the of remarkableness the underestimate view for impulses acts deliberate as neither endeavors Armenians. S the Jacob are So imagination. national every for instance, inthe mon as asks people superstitious

More on this era of the Armenian history: history: Armenian thisofonthe era More theSee Zekiyan, Levon Boghos if , T First The above to to Appendix he printers, especially the earliest ones are ones earliest the especially printers, he dpe i the in adopted

why ee o itne for intended not were

, d , վայրէջքի y ugsin is, suggestion My the –

efinitely none of the cop the of none

ly in Armenia but also in the region in whole was, indeed, miserable due to due miserable indeed, was, whole in region the in also but Armenia in ly the Ottoman and empires. Safavid Ottoman the , where the forth column shows the locations of the existing manuscripts. The few The copi manuscripts. existing ofthe locations the columnshows forth where , the

initiation initiation f ore ms psil te wud o sat hs en this start not would they possibly most course, Of suggestion . ”

ժամանակաշրջանում 92 ArmenianWay to Modernity:Ar to ArmenianWay , in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the economic and cultural and economic the centuries, sixteenth and fifteenth the in ,

astery libr (Venice: Supernova/Eurasiatica 49,1997), 35 49,1997), (Venice:Supernova/Eurasiatica This This an master printer as early as only only as early as printer master an

tde in studies of domestic print tradition. tradition. print domestic of oad te rsrain of preservation the towards

contradiction can becan

i es of es

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n h adec i Amna rpr they proper Armenia in audience the

nes the justified with justified

Հայ the history of Armenian incunabula, incunabula, Armenian of history the

e (Jacob’s story is not known) not is story (Jacob’s ժողովրդի arliest

(XIV in the argument is even more explicit when one when explicit more even is argument the in 31 -

XVIII menian Identity Between Tradition and Innovation, Innovation, and Tradition Between Identity menian printed printed ne,AgrteSrb and Scribe the Abgar inner, noa as insofar

94 պատմություն plenty ofhistorical evidence.

դարեր However, , -

XVIII centuries)], vol.4 (Yerevan, 1979). (Yerevan, vol.4 centuries)], XVIII indeed, indeed, At the same same the At books

a ) hal [The history of the Armenian people: people: Armenian history [The ofthe h earliest the oetc ok culture book domestic -

36. elsewhere prominent cultural figures in in figures cultural prominent has been found in Armenia in found been has as we seen as have f

a century a Հայ

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I believe that believe I rmenian printing printing rmenian after Gutenberg's after a b regarded be can terprise րդը others for the the for others il o way no will ,

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CEU eTD Collection 1946). New Print, Star (Cairo, Alpoiajyan] [Arshak Gulbenkian Calouste (Lisbon: Fundação Cilicia] Armeniaand Medieval Seminaries, Vardapetarans, Schools, Priesthood Schools, Centers, Learning համալսարանները Դպրոցները Khacherian] [Levon 1959). Print, Sevan (Beirut, eduacation] Qasuni] [Elia 96 2014). May15, (accessed Tanwde2QVVMBi92efcrW0TsA&sig2=PAVo5bZ6OHoIjXYqEhrtgw&bvm=bv.68445247,d.ZGU 2_1.pdf&ei=RJ2TU9SjEbHT7Abg24DgDg&usg=AFQjCNHtx A&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sscnet.ucla.edu%2Fhistory%2Faslanian%2FKouymjianDraftTextUCLANov1 https://www.google.hu/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCMQ 3, 2012), UCLA, Print, 1512 Armenian Global of Centuries Five Printers: Citiesand 95 sure, monasteries would Armenian modern R and th of consumers one demonstrates clearly language 1660 historic absolute an reach to 1610, after dramatically s networks among thelocals. books printed the that the books but home, at remaind oe ta tee a “ was there that howed

For more detail For “ DickranKouymjian, ir they mastered the best o best the mastered they

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Լևոն Արշակ Քասունի

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Sebouh Aslanian, “Wings on theirF “Wingson Aslanian, Sebouh wasa Juła] [Nor New Julfa 324 Ishkhanyan, Isfahan, , .

52/3 Third Finally, as discussed in the previous chapter, neither Abgar, nor Johannes and and Johannes nor Abgar, neither chapter, previous the in discussed as Finally, - the author of of author the New Julfa also was a was also Julfa New Church 4 (2000): 201 (2000): 4 obal Armenian Print Culture,” Print Armenian obal n fact, Abgar appeared to start printing start to appeared Abgar fact, n ,

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33 that, unlike port cities with strong Armenian Armenian strong with cities port unlike that,

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CEU eTD Collection on. so and Aygektsu Vardan Khorentsu YerevanPrin 100 book, Devrikyan’s as such topic, Armenianincunabula. of creation regardingthe details century are publications analyzed. their and printers Armenian first the to related directly (Ottoman) perspective the from different Armenian entailof thedidnot any first printed books language their of terms vernacular. purely nor classical, pure neither Armenian, Middle the of emergence the and seventeenth nor Testaments, rea national any benefit to incunabula Armenian i Consequently, of mission the or nvestment

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eedn for [World map of Moses of Khoren] (Amsterdam: Voskan of Yerevan Print, 1668 Print, ofYerevan Voskan (Amsterdam: map ofKhoren] ofMoses [World

I , and Armenian archives and libraries, it seems that all the surviving sources sources surviving the all that seems it libraries, and archives Armenian and ,

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were too limited in their number number their in limited too were again again the Gospel

either it is highly impractical highly is it maps and dictionaries and maps disregard disregard

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u to due aeig Te provide They wakening. (Suceava, 1649); (Suceava,1649); .

prevailing Furthermore, as discussed in the Introduction, the emergence the Introduction, the in discussed as Furthermore,

printing (Amsterdam: Voskan of Yerevan Print, 1668); 1668); Print, ofYerevan Voskan (Amsterdam: it becomes obvious that, in fact, in that, obvious becomes it h fiue o xmn the examine to failure the of

literature for literature 100

nationalist this in studies onArmeniain studies

tangible changes inthedomestic culture.tangible In the era of era the In Bible 34 the language the aspect Thus

for

, (New Julfa, 1650); (New1650); Julfa, nor

recent incunabula studies studies incunabula recent ,

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these books these domestic universities and monasteries. and universities domestic r t misinterpretation its or folk li folk

nihr Bibles neither d Considering . and too and

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osbe uoen Turkish European, possible insufficient historical Bible any were not innovati not were

books

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r a least at or,

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CEU eTD Collection story. printers possible phenomenon. details more unfold will contexts other and these of contribution the the on based travel of mater confessional in printers Armenian investigation and as such new to and studies incunabula life -

stories approaches are required. are approaches n parallel in

In the following two chapters, two following the In

the printing enterprise in enterprise printing the and to prove that the adoption of new contexts, in fact, gives new insights into the into insights new gives fact, in contexts, new of adoption the that prove to and otxs ih h dul am o eree e knowledge new retrieve to aim double the with contexts do

n wl poie e isgt it te ass n moti and causes the into insights new provide will and

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history of the beginning of beginning the of history nee i mn css P cases many in ,

any more any leain they alterations d to explore the sources in some new contexts, contexts, new some in sources the explore to d 35

the early modern transfer of ideas. of transfer modern early the .

In the

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printing topic of of topic Any licized licized

of of in in

CEU eTD Collection by attainability easy their to due flee or dissimulate to either had Venice and States Papal non the when Trent, of Council the following years the in how demonstrate studies Most greatly. alter to started Venice and Rome of image the printing, of spread and movements, demographic widened reforms, and transformations confessional national whenmind reawakening they enterprises. in their started particula In printing people. these of endeavors the behind motivations the into insight broader somewhat gives it second, and confessionalizations, Protestant and Catholic of debates recent the into printers Armenian integr it first, that, is chapter this of outcome main The Confessionalization. the the of before Age the well of features was main the activity experienced cities his European as discussion this in involved not is 1512, in Venice immediately decades (1545 few Trent of the Council the following were these particular, In activity. printing their Catholic started introduce to attempt Johannes, and Sultanshah, Abgar, printers, Armenian first the which in setting possible new I and chapter Rome in entailed it that transformations this key the and confessionalization in Therefore, sources. available the of analysis the for frameworks broader integrate to failure and printers Armenian first one their to due deadlock a entered have of thesixteenthRome second half Venicecentury the and in Chapter 3. 3.1. Post As discussed in the previous chapter, studies of the beginning of Armenian printing printing Armenian of beginning the of studies chapter, previous the in discussed As n h ae f ahlc ofsinlzto o Ctoi Reform Catholic or Confessionalization Catholic of age the In

- Tridentine Inquisition andIndex Inquisition Tridentine printers the immigrant against Rethinking theactivity theArmenia of Rethinking - r, it becomes more explicit that none of them had the the had them of none that explicit more becomes it r, 63). Jacob the Sinner, who Sinner, the Jacob 63). - sided interpretation of the primary sourc primary the of interpretation sided 36

ates the primary material on the early early the on material primary the ates n printers post n in

- Catholic masses living in in living masses Catholic started his enterprise in in enterprise his started - de o intense to due , Tridentine

Venice as a a as Venice es on the the on es CEU eTD Collection 103 Chia 102 2002). Press, University Press, RonniePo Studies,2008); 101 to and books heretical of circulation the surpass to attempting Therefore, realms. Catholic the into volumes prohibited the smuggled who agents main the were they time, same the At artisan and literati both reached that networks large relatively their to due Indeed, form. printed in primarily public books prohibited the of list the Index, was ideas beingcompletely burnt than rather dissimulation in and forms disguised in States Papal the in exist to continued life.” intellectual of intimidation an in and fear in Inquis harmful the most effects“Perhaps informers. the especially of anonymous by on so and artists literati, Catholics, liberal above.’ the among influential most the perhaps, States Papal the within beliefs heretical the investigate and reveal to 1542 threa a as receded had heresy 1580s by as 1620, to 1580 about from Italy in actively most functioned courts “Inquisition in article an As heretics. for exit and its and Venice Especially Rome. in and Italy the Northwestern in of appeared ideas religious half dissident of second variety wide the century sixteenth in particular, In true. necessarily not is Inquisition, Tridentate were ‘heresies’ other and Protestantism the Venice post the

See for example,for See ibid in Beyond,” and Trent Catholicim: Brieley,“Redefining Robert - Hsia, Hsia,

2005); O’Malley John 2005); , 153. , h ohr seta aprts o det for apparatus essential other The

Everyone - rdnie ahlc institutions. Catholic Tridentine

153.

Guy Bedouelle, Bedouelle, Guy –

both laity and elites, and laity both

- Chia Hsia, Hsia, Chia - s, early printers potentially could disseminate ‘dissident’ teachings. teachings. ‘dissident’ disseminate could potentially printers early s, out. Trent and All That: Renaming Catholicism in the Early Modern Era (Harward (Harward Era Modern Early the in Catholicism Renaming That: All and Trent

t there.” t

The Reform of Catholicism, 1480 Catholicism, of Reform The The World of Catholic Renewal: 1540 Renewal: World Catholic of The 102

The network of inquisitorial offices inquisitorial of network The

Post patricians, merchants, artisans, workers, somewhat somewhat workers, artisans, merchants, patricians, possessions served as entrance, temporary refuge, refuge, temporary entrance, as served possessions 101 The

37 - oee, h gnrl da ht n oe and Rome in that idea general the However, ecting and restricting the sources of heretical heretical of sources the restricting and ecting Tridentine tools for church disciplining ‘from ‘from disciplining church for tools Tridentine

– abig Hsoy f Christianity of History Cambridge

was under the danger of being accused, accused, being of danger the under was

that were disseminated to the Catholic Catholic the to disseminated were that 103

fetvl fuh ot y h post the by out fought effectively Cambridge History of Christianity, Christianity, of History Cambridge

Thus, in fact, the heretical ideas ideas heretical the fact, in Thus, - 1620

- (Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval ofMediaeval (PontificalInstitute 1770 1770 (Cambridge University University (Cambridge –

– reactivated inreactivated

represented, represented,

ition lay ition argues, ed. P ed. - - CEU eTD Collection 106 46. 105 104 non a of clergy the represented Abgar mission. diplomatic fulfilling his after fulfilling partially 1565, in Venice in resided he again Once Trent. of Counsil the after shortly 1564, around in Venice in arrived time first IV, Pius to envoy Michael’s Catholicos t had they and ‘anti Otherwise,leavechose States. they thePapal their to disguise to trying and printing of centers Italian prominent co to choose could printers ‘dissident’ circumstances, such Under non of followers were they case in houses, printing of employees immigrant or printers immigrant the Thus, ideas. prosecuted such of potentia a formed and collectivethus worksguilds other got or workers in involved other and artisans immigrated the arrival, their Upon States. Papal the into introduced were books are being nobody sold,’ torun wanted bookshops.” ‘noInquisition, more arouse by thefear that“because of complained that thebooksellers harsher was repression the and cautious more was industry book the upon shows Confessionalization prohibiti of lists previous the than moderate relatively was of Index Tridentine Age the in printing on study innovative printers.” individual fronts of a variety on printers andharassed bookshops sent theinquisitors around to inspectors 1548], prev 106 Brian Richardson, Brian Jeffries John Martin,

ent the spread of heresy in their cities, “throughout the next several decades [after [after decades several next the “throughout cities, their in heresy of spread the ent See Abgar’story in Chapter 1. Chapter in Abgar’story See Non The first Armenian printers were among the immigrant printers in Venice and Rome Rome and Venice in printers immigrant the among were printers Armenian first The –

- from surveillance of books passing through customs to the occasi the to customs through passing books of surveillance from ahlc mirns ee nte suc truh hc te isdn ideas dissident the which through source another were immigrants Catholic o face the control and censorship by the Papal institutions. Abgar the Scribe, Scribe, the Abgar institutions. Papal the by censorship and control the face o Printing, The Myth of Renaisance Individualism Renaisance of Myth The

104

As Writers and Readers in Renaissance Italy Renaissance in Readers and Writers

Printing, - Catholic church. Hence, his printing enterprise might might enterprise printing his Hence, church. Catholic

rtr ad edr i Rnisne Italy, Renaissance in Readers and Writers 106 - Catholic Christianity were under a dual attack. attack. dual a under were Christianity Catholic 38

Besides being merely a non a merely being Besides

(Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 25. 2006), Macmillan, (Palgrave 105

(Cambridge University Press, 1999), 1999), Press, (CambridgeUniversity tne okn i the in working ntinue - - Catholic printer, Catholic – Catholic’ ideas. ideas. Catholic’ ons, the control control the ons, the although , up to the level level the to up onal trials of of trials onal

l nucleus l nucleus

an or or CEU eTD Collection 109 108 107 the Rome. in already community Armenian was the who of overseer Sultanshah by employed apparently was he 1583, before Rome his printing continued Abgar why of explanation possible a is Church Catholic the of policy Tridentine post the by employed disciplining intensified the Thus, Venice. in published be not could Apostles the from starting Church Armenian the of hierarchy the depicting illustrations woodcut by supplemented Church. Armenian the of leader sovereign the therefore and liturgy, the of relev the in where, missal a printed home. as Istanbul regarded he because was choice this that explain usually Studies Venice. to Istanbul preferred he type meeting officialsInquisition (as withthe anotherone he inRome). had t through world Catholic the third a Venice, in policy in authorities religious and political the to obedience expressinghis that becan explanations disciplining harsh the Considering publications. two his in 1, there ofwhyexplanations are twodiffering Ab Venice, of Dodge the and Pope the to obedience his depicting illustrations woodcut two included (1566) psalter the and (1565) in publicationshis of Both inquisitors. papal the forinteresting be

[Abgar the Scribe] Scribe] the [Abgar elaborations. further without however, 100, 84, Devrikyan, given in is explanation This 204 Ishkhanyan, - letters with him. This shows that he was p was he that shows This him. with letters Soon after the first two publications, Abgar left Venice for Istanbul carrying his his carrying Istanbul for Venice left Abgar publications, two first the after Soon Johannes of Terzn was not as fortunate in his endeavors as Abgar was. Arriving in Arriving was. Abgar as endeavors his in fortunate as not was Terzn of Johannes

activityIstanbul. in - 2 08; Devrikyan,193 08; Աբգար

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and the Catholicos as their successor. their as Catholicos the and 107

e odus Agr tepe to attempted Abgar woodcuts, he

, ed ,

oee, hr cn e nte rao. n sabl Abgar Istanbul In reason. another be can there However, - ., 194. ant section, the Catholicos was mentioned as the leader leader the as mentioned was Catholicos the section, ant Սաղմոսարան Girolamo Priuli (1559 Priuli Girolamo

lanning to continue his printing activity, but but activity, printing his continue to lanning gar illustrations was toinsertthose sokeen

[Saghmosaran, Book of Psalms] (Venice, 1566), 7. 1566), (Venice, Psalms] of Book [Saghmosaran, hs a b tae i te tw the in traced be can This – 1567). As discussed in Chapter in discussed As 1567).

109 Venice, the brief calendar calendar briefVenice, the escape a new possible possible new a escape

Obviously, this missal this Obviously,

108

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CEU eTD Collection lines 233, 12 1966), Փարեզի 113 112 111 Faith 110 permission fo of translation (1562 Religion of Wars French man he prisons, inquisitorial several in months ten around spending After Venice. to way his on imprisoned others.” to convictions internal their exposing here held who those for survival of matter a often was ”It behavior. everyday and confessional the in representation of way widespread a was beliefs confessional of dissimulation the society, Renaissance I the to suspicious seemed propaganda), Papal the for working while converted had he (presumably Church Armenian the of priest trials, Inquisitorial st unprecedentedly became cities Italian other and Eastern Middle the in and countries. Armenian in communities Armenian the among mission Calendar Gregorian of printing and translation the out carries he when activity, printing his of phase first supporter. his as Sultanshah mentioned he where Rome, in publications Johannes’s

Richardson, trans., Terzn, Johannes of [C’amak’ ew çov kapeal mnay, ert’ac’oġin hramank’ či kay, apa ekoġn t’oġ mištekoġn t’oġ apa kay, či hramank’ mnay,ert’ac’oġin kapeal çov [C’amak’ ew Martin, , 95. , After these two publications, towards the end the towards publications, two these After

և The Myth of Renaissance Individualism Renaissance of Myth The

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111 [The story of Parez and Wenna] (Yerevan, Armenian SSRnAcademy od Sciences, od SSRnAcademy Armenian (Yerevan, Wenna] and storyofParez [The

Writers and Readers and Writers

and and Johannes decided to leave Rome. Perhaps this decision of the former the of decision this Perhaps Rome. leave to decided Johannes The Gregorian Gregorian The ia bles o ismlt, o oca te, o e rdn about prudent be to them, conceal to dissimulate, to beliefs tical The Confession of Faith of Confession The

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40 , 110; Johannes of Terzn, trans., Terzn, 110; , Johannes of

“the land and the sea were closed, there is no is there closed, were sea the and land “the

112 , two c two ,

ifling due to the papal censorship and and censorship papal the to due ifling s e nom i hs om h was he poem, his in informs he As - 1580s, when the atmosphere in Rome in atmosphere the when 1580s, rucial publications for the Catholic Catholic the for publications rucial As

J. J. Martin points out, in the in out, points Martin J. J.

This was the period of the the of period the was This gay], in The Confession of of Confession The Պատմություն 110

113 Unlike this Unlike

The The

CEU eTD Collection Po 115 103. 114 Roman the to head its of reform the leaving Church, the of members the of reform the on it, puts Hsia remai Church Catholic the of structure hierarchical economiccultural and processes,buttheremarkable propaganda papal its played role, too. a was conversion this course, Of Catholicized. were Venice same the In titles. pattern, in new to assigned were or time second the for titles their in ordained pressure under or willingly that 1573. non keep to jurisdiction Roman under polarization, confessional at Aiming Rome. community in Catholicizition ofthe Greek perhaps, the policy exampleofthis is, vivid most narrowe werebeing minorities religious the of rights the city, the in population ethnic commerce. multi the international of growth the to parallel However, city. the to for artists foreign centers attractive became The gradually States Papal trade.” industry, and ports, roads,bydeveloping “sponsoredmercantilism pr the represented printers policy3.2. Expansionist ofthe post

- Mikhail Dmi Mikhail Po Ronnie Chia Hsia, 322. ChiaHsia,

h non the Renaissance The Roman Catechism Roman The As ept te ucsfl eom n a eis f infcn inr mrvmns the improvements, inner significant of series a and reform successful the Despite

the second half of the sixteenth century the Armenian community in Rome and in in and Rome community theArmenian century in sixteenth of the half second the - Po Chia Hsia, Hsia, Chia

- “the council [of Trent] did meet under the authority of the pope and it focused it and pope the of authority the under meet did Trent] [of council “the ahlc ihp wo a dcae their declared had who bishops Catholic triev, “Western Chritianityand Eastern Orthodoxy,” in Orthodoxy,” Eastern Chritianityand “Western triev, - ha Hsia Chia

popes commissioned a large number of artworks thus attracting Italian andItalian attracting thus artworks of largenumber a commissioned popes ecursor of the early modern state” as far as, among other functions, it it functions, other among as, far as state” modern early the of ecursor

The World of Catholic Renewal: 1540 Renewal: Catholic of World The

and other historians characterize, “the early modern papacy papacy modern early “the characterize, historians other and –

was translated into Greek.” into translated was signed a formula of the Catholic Creed Catholic the of formula a signed - Tridentine CatholicTridentine Churchandthe immigrant - ai rites. Latin 41

Pope Pius IV “annulled the right of Greeks Greeks of right the “annulled IV Pius Pope

ned substantially the same. As Po As same. the substantially ned Gek congregation Greek A - 1770 1770

subjection to the see of Rome Rome of see the to subjection 115 (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 2005), Press, (CambridgeUniversity Cambridge History of Christianity: Christianity: of History Cambridge

The practice in such cases was cases such in practice The

result of certain interrelated interrelated certain of result - in Rome, and were were and Rome, in cultural and multi and cultural 114

was founded in in founded was

In this way,theIn this d. The The d. - Chia Chia ed. ed.

– -

CEU eTD Collection 123 II,” CatholicosTadeos 122 121 120 119 118 117 116 have Palestinia” Mesopotamia, Armenia, Georgia, Syria, Arabia, Ethiopia, “from patriarch.” of right his “recover invited Apostle.” the Jude of relics and Catholics]” [i.e. Romans the among sacred the of particles Armenians these of helplessness and poverty Rome, in community Armenian “impoverished” situation the describes Sultanshah Ta Catholicos and 1583) andpolicyRome inthe expansionist the post of was Sultanshah response, In Pope. the from stipend monthly got and Rome in community Armenian of people. those one hi to According favor. Pope's the on dependent fully were on, so and protégées, advancements, of nephews, types other whether of receivers Pope, the around people means, This 2,232. from 3,635 studies his to according offices” of sale the and taxation revenues: raising time “the hand, other the on and patronage, and nepotism of institutes itself.” Curia

“Letter to Catho “Letterto Patriarch,” “Letterto footnotes 42 See ibid, Po “Letter to Patriarch, ” Patriarch, “Letterto ” Patriarch, “Letterto [ meṙon, xač oski, matani òrhneal, znšxars S. T’adeosi vkayi, zc’ank amenayn teġeac’], “Letter to to “Letter teġeac’], amenayn zc’ank vkayi, T’adeosi S. znšxars òrhneal, matani oski, xač meṙon, - Chia Hsia, ChiaHsia, 105.

Thus, his two letters to Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem David (January/Fabruary, (January/Fabruary, David Jerusalem of Patriarch Armenian to letters two his Thus, them to Rome to visit Rome, to adopt the Pope's power, “become his protégée,” and and protégée,” his “become power, Pope's the adopt to Rome, visit to Rome to them

116 The World of Catholic Renewal, Renewal, World Catholic of The licos,” lines 22 lines licos,” active both in the process of Catholicization of the Armenian community in in community Armenian the of Catholicization of process the in both active

- h pp continued pope The 45 in Chapter 1. Chapter in 45 118

As a protégée of the Pope, he was ascribed the position of the overseer the of position the ascribed was he Pope, the of protégée a As

s letter, Sultanshah or as he was called in Rome, Mark Antonio, was was Antonio, Mark Rome, in called was he as or Sultanshah letter, s relics of the holy apostles or holy martyrs that have significant fame significant have that martyrs holy or apostles holy the of relics , between 1520 and 1565 the number of offices sold had risen to risen had sold offices of number the 1565 and 1520 between , deos II (October, 1583) are now available. In both the letters letters the both In available. now are 1583) (October, II deos - 37.

123

122

It is interesting that he mentions that many other bishops other many that mentions he that interesting is It Aiming at their conversion into Catholicism Sultanshah Catholicism into conversion their at Aiming 121 o e h aslt atoiy O te n hand, one the On authority. absolute the be to

or “some holy water, golden crosses, blessed rings, blessed crosses, golden water, holy “some or 25.

120 - Tridentine Catholic Reform. Catholic Tridentine

n ak fr iaca ad ta is, that aid, financial for asks and 117

esse a te aa cut Indeed, court. papal the at persisted - honored methods of of methods honored

already already 119 “any

the the CEU eTD Collection 44a). no.2, Vaticanae, Scribe [Abgarthe 127 126 ofthe books. thewas orderer former as the wayofrespect, was symbolic a byJohannes argu books printed oftheearly history of scholars someArmenian However, colophone. in the mentioned what is is this At least trans. 125 124 and theOttoman Empire. still literature and of body large growing the to addition worthy a be would cities European in printers Armenian donations. incoming en at lastly, and World; New and China East, Middle the and lands Ottoman in believers of masses new of incorporation policies Church Catholic ca These printer. single a of activity and life theshape could wars religious the and Curia Papal bythe imposed disciplining confessional fai of confession the and calendar new the besides Bible printed a for asked he where 1585, XIII” prin and of raisingwitness a trickythe revenues methodChurch. Catholic for so. done

[Sultanshah of Tokhat and Johannes of Terzn] Terzn] of Johannes and Tokhat [Sultanshahof ibid Reported in Reported ibid th that had previously sent him. th that hadpreviouslyto Tomar Grigorean [Gregorean Calendar] [Gregorean Grigorean Tomar 126 , 324. , , 110. , The cases discussed above demonstrate above discussed cases The translation the wasTerzn of Johannesand Sultanshah of enterprise common Another

ting of the the of ting in 1584. As it becomes obvious in a letter from Catholics Azaria to the Pope in Pope the to Azaria Catholics from letter a in obvious becomes it As 1584. in 124

hs bsds en tos o te aa epnins poaad, hs letters these propaganda, expansionist papal the for tools being besides Thus, [Grigor Galemqearean] Galemqearean] [Grigor and Mashtots printed by him], by printed Mashtots and e that indicating Sultnshah as one of the co ofthe as one Sultnshah indicating that e

new Gregorian calendar Gregorian new

Therefore,

ht aimed that ov

er the confession the er suring more income through selling offices and through through and offices selling through income more suring

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- d “ building processes in early modern Europe Europe modern early in processes building

by the order of His Holiness Pope Grigor Pope Holiness His of order the by

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Tridentine Tridentine Մաշտոց , ” CEU eTD Collection Europe Modern Early in Translation 131 130 129 CambridgeUni 128 Terzn. of Johannes by Armenian into translated Vyenne and Parys of Story tradaptation a is printers immigrant the of perceptions the time. understandin his also taste, outlook, attitudes, preferences, translator's the of indicator reliable degree considerable a to cultures,” is it Moreover, between translators. of lenses through differences identifying of ways effective most the of “one proves intranslations omitted and added ofwas Burke, examination what close according to co as themselves viewedhave to preferences. narrative original the from alterations the addition, interventions other and paraphrasing, knowled written the making for tool essential an was translation adapted the copyrights, any of absence the of terms order language, another popular of pieces andreports Europe in center urban significant every of translation Chapter 4.

Peter R.Po and Burke Peter T ibid Burke, Peter hist , 38. , to erm was first offered by firstwas offered erm The early modern era modern early The Considering the above the Considering

make it relevant to relevant it make

Sense of belonging and belonging Sense of As As versity Press, Press, versity Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe Modern Early in Translation Cultural ParysVyenne and Burke writes, “Early modern translators of medieval or modern works seem seem works modern or medieval of translators modern “Early writes, Burke u also but

- Chia Hsia, eds., eds., Hsia, Chia 2007, 54. 2007,

Michel Garneau. Quoted in Quoted MichelGarneau. offered

, the taste and values of the of values and taste the ge

literature. Those translations translations Those literature. – fictio romantic medieval a , a distinctive source for the scrutiny of the biographies and and biographies the of scrutiny the for source distinctive a ,

(Cambridge: C (Cambridge: equipped with already widespread prin widespreadalready with equipped

– - authors with the right to modify the original text.” original modifythe rightto the with authors

through abridgments, amplification with new messages, messages, new with amplification abridgments, through

Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe Modern Early in Translation Cultural perception of rather c rather – –

witnessed rapid increase in translations of travel of translations in increase rapid witnessed ambridge University Press, 2007), Press, University ambridge nieal ereo dpain ftetx in text the of adaptation of degree onsiderable tot rnfral it aohr culture. another into transferrable utmost 44

travel

Peter Burke and R.Po and Burke Peter are often made based on certain personal personal certain on based made often are , , 34. hs hpe am t so that show to aims chapter This 131

new audience. new in in

n of chivalric character that was was that character chivalric of n – not only simply turn only simply not

Johannes of of Terzn’sJohannes an adapted translation adapted an - Chia Hsia, eds., eds., Hsia, Chia ting presses in almost in presses ting 128

33,footnotes.

. Cambridge: . In other words, in words, other In g of the taste of of taste the of g ed

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130

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In CEU eTD Collection eighteenth the until printed century), printed in Ve Yiddish (in1514, not 1540/1584, (in Armenian 1517), in Paris in and 1516 Venicein in Latin (printed into translated was romance the Relativelylater versions. printed Castili Swedish, Dutch, German, Flemish, via Europe throughout popular widely became romance the after, Soon Caxton). William (by 1485 and 1482 in respectively version, French this to prior in published were English, in and Antwerp Leeuin Gerard by printed and 1459 in Cépède la French a crusader reward, beautiful king.gets As he theduke’s Vyenna. daughter jaile was latter the where prison, Alexandrian the from seignior's old and arranges his manners, EasternMiddle customs and language Arabic in fluent already and moor a as disguised Parys, when ending happy exile. and separation, imprisonment, tortures, mental and physical lovers the cause eventually union of attempts failed Several parents. respected of son a but rank, lower relatively of knight young a Parys, and Vienna, of duke the of daughter significant biographical sourcebothfor and for data translati this that argue, personal some also are There sources. other from import land native his of perceptions romance the translating 4.1. ed Historical backgroundHistorical

Originally in Catalonian, Catalonian, in Originally brief, In

certain details that significantly overlap, with his biographical data that are known known are that data biographical his with overlap, significantly that details certain h Soy of Story The on, largely ignored by the studies on early Armenian printers, is a a is printers, Armenian early on studies the by ignored largely on, Johannes Johannes

into the original na original the into ay ad Vyenne and Parys Parys and Vyenne and Parys aae t icroae h gorpia lctos and locations geographical the incorporate to managed rona in 1594), androna Greek in1594), (in1640). 45

insights traceable in the text. Therefore, I Therefore, text. the in traceable insights

rrative. What is even more essential, he he essential, more even is What rrative. s h lv soy ewe Vy between story love the is

perceptions ofone printers. ofthe was translated into French by Pierre de de Pierre by French into translated was an, and other languages, mostly in in mostly languages, other and an, d with accusation of spying for the the for spying of accusation with d in 1487. Two editions, in Tuscan Tuscan in editions, Two 1487. in –

Vyenne’s father

The story reaches its its reaches story The

enna, the the enna, –

escape escape

to CEU eTD Collection 54 1966), Press, Sciences Academyof SSR Armenian 135 Catalan narratives and Occitan, French, 134 Wennayi Parezi ev Patmutyun e this on literature secondary any not trace could thisI at stage Unfortunately, Turkish. ofOttoman transliteration Armenian byKarapetMeliq 133 282 Manana,1876), 132 earlymodern the is, that language, Frank the from translated was it that translations earliest vernaculars. the to Armenian closest the the names personal proves and translation geographical of usage the of terms in that argues first public known Léglu by offered one the as and Terzn histor the from Armenian translated the was that version believes Léglu Catherine romance, the of translations multilingual tr this which second, and translation, the of date the first, especially, concerning present. Terzn seve the in of scribes different by copied Johannes by text initial the of versions distinct Six manuscripts. in circulated Istanbul in published the than shorter much 11 an textual in shown which,as Turkish, Ottoman into translation well later as a As - Garegin Srvandztyan, ed., ed., GareginSrvandztyan, Karapet Meliq Karapet In Vienna.” and “MultilingualParis Léglu, E. Catherine erc utan ht is that quatrain metric orpy however iography, The Armenian translation of the romance is over over is romance the of translation Armenian The h mi cmettr n the on commentator main The 133

This fact led to much ambiguity and controversy about this piece of litera of piece this about controversy and ambiguity much to led fact This his 135 - nlto was anslation -

son Ohanjanyan, is translated from the Armenian version and is surprisingly written down in in writtendown surprisingly is and Armenianversion from the is translated Ohanjanyan, xtraordinary translation in order to provide more data. confident provide to in order translation xtraordinary Ohanjanyan, Ohanjanyan, century seventeenth The - 286.

ation inRome. arrived in arrived

w cnuis fe is translation, its after centuries two Patmutyun Parezi ev Wennayi ev Parezi Patmutyun , , 58 , translations

Patmutyun Parezi ev Wennayi Parezi ev Patmutyun dates this edition much later, around 1587, when Johannes of of Johannes when 1587, around later, much edition this dates yia fr eivl rein otc traditi poetic Armenian medieval for typical - 67.

Marseille from Rome. Rome. from Marseille years forty by precedes created

(Pennsylva ucn et s al a i 1540. in as early as text Tuscan

nteenth and early eighteenth centuries are available at at available are centuries eighteenth early and nteenth n te Europ other in n ohr circumstances. other and rein translation, Armenian scribal nia State University Press: Pennsylvania, 2010), 143. 2010), Pennsylvania, Press: University State nia 46 - 55.

copies of this this of copies Multilingualism and Mother Tongue in Medieval Medieval in Tongue Mother and Multilingualism

[ Story of Parez and Wenna and Parez Storyof

[ Story of Parez and Wenna and Parez of Story This later date see date later This a languages. ean The Gregorian Calendar Gregorian The 2000 132

ro t wih t apparently it which to prior

Armenian version Armenian - aae Meliq Karapet of the novel novel the of verse

In her chapter on the the on chapter her In

the initial text based on based text initial the

- alysis of the tradaptaion thetradaptaion of alysis t a frt partially first was It long poem written in in written poem long ms more reasonable, more ms lingua franca lingua n This on. ] ( ] 134 ] (Yerevan: ] Constantinople:

h Armenian The - Ohanjanyan, Ohanjanyan, no Itali into , Johannes’ Johannes’ ,

version also state also

of the the of ture,

an an is CEU eTD Collection ed. CarewHazlitt, William Vyennoys of Daupphynsdoughter the 138 Europe Modern Early in Translation Cultural 137 1571). Bellone, 136 the Here romance. Caxton. the William by 1485 in published version English an representedthrough are collectivelyand aretreated E various into differentiation translations the clear between consider not does translator, the by romance the into incorporated particular o political situation, eye or interesting as translated be could network, contemp book this with acquainted got he after translation Armeian the for inspiration Johannes’s for sparkle first the been even have romance wor his started supposedly version the ori qualifies, Burke as indirect, an was it sense, best. the mastered Terzn of Johannes that language the been have should this Indeed, Ita different from composed dominantly was which basin, Mediterranean

Geoffrey Baldwin, “The Translation of Political Theory,” in in Theory,” TranslationofPolitical “The GeoffreyBaldwin, CeÌ la p de Pierre AntonioBellone, Telluccini, Mario Parys and Vyenne: Thystorye of the noble right valyaunt and worthy knyght Parys and of the fayr Vyenne Vyenne fayr of the Parys and knyght and worthy valyaunt right noble the Thystorye of Vyenne: and Parys 4.2 . Textual alterations a . Textual alterations ginal via a second text

ae o the on Based s a sai was As passages autobiographical distinct the revealing at aims it as insofar analysis, This sd y oans f ez fr his for Terzn of Johannes by used

a pbihd in published was or

out of pure of out

numerous twists of the romance are reduced down to only those strongly strongly those only to down reduced are romance the of twists numerous , t d, 138

above

e rein rnlto i a uh ree versi briefer much a is translation Armenian he Paris and Vienn and Paris interest, or just accidentally just or interest, s indicators ofthe translator’ss indicators sense ofbelonging Gen o te rein trans Armenian the on k argument language, inth

r because of more generalr because ofmore significance.”

(Westminster: William Caxton's printing house, 1485). Published in Published 1485). house, printing Caxton's (Westminster: William o a

y ai Telluccini. Mario by e

(London: Wittingham and Wilkins, 1868). Wilkins, and (London: Wittingham

(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) Press, CambridgeUniversity (Cambridge: t s osbe o pclt fu speculate to possible is it uropean languages. Thus, in this research the latter latter the research this in Thus, languages. uropean - is case one of Italian oneis case of vernaculars. acig o bcue f hi rlvne o a to relevance their of because or catching, ‘second hand’ ‘second 47 rr t hm either him to orary translation eÌ€de,

Paride, e Vienna e Paride, Peter R.Po and Burke Peter . lation, As . 136 n 51 soty eoe Johannes before shortly 1571, In

Geoffrey Baldwin argues, “texts “texts argues, Baldwin Geoffrey translation, that is, translation of translation is, that translation,

yoeial, hs ok could book this Hypotetically, a Italian n

t (Genova: Appresso Antonio Appresso (Genova: ruh i professional his hrough te aot h certain the about rther 137 - Chia Hsia, eds., eds., Hsia, Chia

n f h original the of on translation lian vernaculars. lian

,105.

of the the of In this this In

CEU eTD Collection 140 versions. Armenian the originalkeep or 139 misfortunes /Andwas alm “ Genoa, in board on ParezJ apparentlyrepeats homes home and ones beloved self Parez's of narrative the as insofar autobiographical, fa known further reveals It text. the of improvisation spontaneous journey. Parez's of point last the only is Alexandia for departs Parez where romance, the of text original the Unlike how and Wenna, from letter the ten Armenian translator the Obviously, era. that scenes. single into version compressed are king French the by tournamen the or soldiers duke's the against combats Parez's as such actions, repeating the way, same the In all. at version Armenian the in figure not does Pope the fact, f his to letter second Parez's about passages large example, For narrative. main the to connected

Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun English to toponyms translatethese to whether decided still be it should land, Persian is,Armenia and That - year thirteenth chapter “Returning chapter thirteenth ellow Eduard, or the Pope's the or Eduard, ellow ick

h ms rmral itreto in intervention remarkable most The excludes the excludes - long wandering in th in wandering long - t o Jhne o Trns itesu life. distressful Terzn's of Johannes of cts – readi

as states as ng audience. ng audience. lxnra d Alexandria

But soon after sailing into the Mediterranean / He faced pl faced He / Mediterranean the into sailing after soon But long lyrical intermezzo typical for the Renaissance courtly poetry of of poetry courtly Renaissance the for typical intermezzo lyrical long in other sources other in ad ad i edes rvl rva drc prles ih the with parallels direct reveal travels endless his and land, ohannes's voyage possible from his ost drowninthewaters ofsea.” , 200. ,

, e East after his escape to Genoa to escape his after East e

n sae rm everybody from escape in

rcl fo Venice from irectly

role in raising a new crusade new a raising in role to Parez to tell what happened after he read the second second the read he after happened what tell to Parez to - dtr osdrd hs passages these considered editor –

refugee printer refugee 48 to

the original text is the narrative of Parez's Parez's of narrative the is text original the iigt g nplrmg n Jerusalem, in pilgrimage on go to aiming This outstanding passage outstanding This , in Johannes of Terzn's translation translation Terzn's of Johannes in , - illustrations that illustrations translator. translator. The new entries, I suggest, are are suggest, I entries, new The 140 ,

- xl, i sprto f separation his exile, Parsik and Hayk to turned

hometown n addition In . Th .

are completely omitted. In omitted. completely are is passage is inserted is passage is A vivi A

to V to

directly link to the the to link directly d example is that is example d irrelevant te Armenian the ,

ts in Paris held held Paris in ts is not merely a a merely not is enice. He went went enice. He enty of evil evil of enty rom his his rom

to the the to .

139 in

CEU eTD Collection name his vagueformulati very the Amet.Unlike nicknamed is / Which[thecity] insteadof"... as Amet," name his [Parez's] or its? heexplores Where / inTigranakert in Amed Ku strait. el withBab Armenian) and Arabic from respectively 'door'meaningas translated (both Dour Babi Karapet 148 147 146 narrative. original 145 144 143 142 141 the all "sees and above, mentioned was it as Jerusalem, visits he Damascus, and Aleppo Venice to sailing for option possible a be could route described the Therefore, Diarbekir. and Urfa between somewhere situated was orTerzi Italy. Terzn arrive townof tosmall sonchose The ofTerznJohannes to and his Al to leading route reasonable a through connected BabiDur south Tabriz. in period, longer and translator its great a is originArmenian of tothe exceptionally due romance inthe pilgrimagethat this isillustrated "that Ani, of city the to visit fortification," his in embodied all of first is pilgrimage t goo to for / venyse at shyppe to wente parys "How preparations, the pylgremage," holy the taccomplyes & / sayntuaryes holy see to for / Jerusalem to go to will "great his illustrates " of mission Armenia, Greater and Minor of lands historical te oy euce n Ierusalem." in sepulcre holy the o

It should be mentioned that at first the connection between these cities is not recognizable, insofar as insofar not recognizable, is cities these between connection first the at mentioned that shouldbe It Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun isinthe as it massivelyemphasized as not is but it visitingJerusalem, remarkisa Parez about There Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun Vyenne, and Parys Vyenne, and Parys Parezi Wenna ev Patmutyun

Secondly, among the parallel readings in the manuscripts regarding Diarbekir (Tigranakert in Armenian, in (Tigranakert regarding Diarbekir manuscripts the readings in parallel the among Secondly, - north and arrives to another historical city, Tigranakert city, historical another to arrives and north

Meliq This lingering journey then leads the hero to Cilicia, to hero the leads then journeylingering This –

the second gives clear referral simply to another name of the namecity. of simply another referral to clear gives thesecond - rdish) he prefers he prefers rdish)

Al - Ohanjanyan’s sonenon Ohanjanyan’s rgnl Prz s o ii te oy ad T b sr, woe chapter whole a sure, be To Land. Holy the visit to is Parez original" 144 - Bab, and finally arrives to Aleppo to arrives finally and Bab,

Patmutyun Parezi ev Wennayi ev Parezi Patmutyun

the last capital city of the perished Armenian kingdom. Armenian perished the of city capital last the

his 69. 69 -

71.

otli feig aot n. fe ti rgo, ae stls fr a for settles, Parez region, this After Ani. about feelings nostalgic

–

obviously favoring the quantitative aspect aspect the quantitative favoring obviously yi 146 , 200. , , 201. , 201. , 199. ,

hn he Then

exact interpretations. First, heFirst, identif interpretations. exact

oepse Msptma n its on Mesopotamia "overpasses 143 from , 203. , on of the first ofonthe

n otat i te rein eso Parez's version Armenian the in contrast, In 49

Alexandria

- Halab. Indeed, all these cities are perfectly areperfectly cities these Indeed,all Halab.

and eppo. –

which causes to think that Parez changed Parez think to that whichcauses then Georgia. In the Orient, chief chief Orient, the In Georgia. then

y evn ot Istanbul. out leaving by

We We 141 –

the version "He comes and arrives arrives comesand "He version the - from where he crossed to theto crossed he where from ies Johannes of Terzn's toponym toponym ofTerzn's Johannes ies Diarbekir, then Urfa, Beria, Beria, Urfa, then Diarbekir,

o not do

nw h rue that route the know 145

core,"

Needless to sta to Needless 147 - Mandeb Mandeb

probably 148

After 142 te

CEU eTD Collection 155 154 153 152 151 150 the which along 149 pattern primary the Moreover, content. the of adaptation translator the conscious of result a is romance the of body main the in omitted or added, suspicion.” people's for way give to Not / them imitate to trying always was / /... prayers Muslims] Empire. Ottoman the etc. renegades, the them.” like garments on put swiftly He / entered he land new whatsoever Or / Persians for] [typical clothes on had always And / face and contree the of mannersand custommes the lernedalle also And / morea of habyetthe tooke afterhe And / longe grewe berde hys whyle that in “And mentions narrative original The concerns. land instead ofTurkish land, Egypt, of instead Msr as such tongue, native his from him to familiar versions the uses he Instead, toponyms.original the of versionsblurred creates more no translator the Orient, narrative tothe original closer one. proceeds fath Wenna's about informed be Lord." the of places

Ibid, 201 Ibid, Patmutyun Parezi ev Wennayi, Parezi Wennayi, ev Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi, ev Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi, ev Patmutyun Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun Vyenne and Parys Patmuty

widespread custom of changing the original clothing practiced by practiced clothing original the changing of custom widespread .” A remarkable thing is that after the geographical turn of the story from Europe to theto Europe storyfromthe of turn geographicalafterthe that is remarkablethingA Thus, considering the di the considering Thus, w his During 153 un Parezi ev Wennayi, Parezi Wennayi, ev un - 202 155

In the translation Johannes adds also that “Parez always changed his garments his changed always “Parez that also adds Johannes translation the In

In there thetext, a abouttype few this are remarks more ofimitations. –

most probably by Johannes, too Johannes, by probably most , 69. , 149

Eventually, he makes up his mind to travel to Egypt straight away to away straight Egypt to travel to mind his up makes he Eventually, eig i te at Prz had Parez East, the in derings Alternatively , 204. , 152 196. 202. 203. 203.

and soon. scussed passages, it can be can it passages, scussed

er's arrest from a Christian monk. After this this After monk. Christian a from arrest er's i aohr vn, H ue t follow to used “He event, another in , –

n atal n mr has more no actually and

– 154 150

traveling back and forth the frontiers of of frontiers the forth and back traveling

This episode is apparently an echo o echo an apparently is episode This hm nta o Damascus, of instead Sham

to conceal his identity for security security for identity his conceal to

argue d

that wha that

h ne t create to need the

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CEU eTD Collection 159 158 157 156 introduction te earlier latter's the according son Terzn's two the .” ... waters the free their spend to used two these that appears it sultan, Egyptian the of official court the meet him.” with always was and countryman [Parez's] Thus, lands. Arab the to arrives Parez as soon as narrative his in appears who persona, this about entries several ynde." towards waye the took varlet his arri and Parez "he and when Alexandria scene the in man young this about remark single a only is there travels Lepantodefeat their in fleet in of (1570 War Venetian volunteering.” for desire the had give to sailing were “Which boats the catch episode. following the in illustrated are refuge his perceptions. – the that sources other no are there argue which about translation, Armenian the into incorporations further to valid is it principle, this Following narrative. the into life translator's pers of incorporation the be to proves implemented was adaptation

Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun Vyenne and Parys Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun

a smlry ar hns n h translator's the on hints carry similarly can time together: “ together: time

in the Middle East he was accompanied by a young servant. In the English the In servant. young a by accompanied was he East Middle the in Another significant element in this autobiographical passage is that during his his during that is passage autobiographical this in element significant Another –

directly point on a young figure, Khachatur of Tokhat, most probably Johannes of of probably Johannes most Tokhat, of Khachatur youngfigure, a on directly point

- Memories of the tortures and calamities experienced by the translator during during translator the by experienced calamities and tortures the of Memories acknowledgement of the books published by his father his by published books the of acknowledgement 159 , 69. 69. ,

These two peculiarities two These One day on the river bank / He [Parez] a [Parez] He / bank river the on day One

– This statement needs to be compared with the Italian version. Italian the with be compared to needs statement This 53, eutn i te atr o Cpu b te toas ad the and Ottomans, the by Cyprus of capture the in resulting 1573), “ hr ws yug evn, ws oe Wo was Who / one wise a servant, young a was There , 203. , , 199. , 201.

1571. 156

paety hs s n co f h Fut Ottoman Fourth the of echo an is this Apparently

–

the battle against the tajiks [i.e. Turks] / and Parez and / Turks] [i.e. tajiks the against battle 51 stimony. He is mentioned nearly in every every in nearly mentioned is He stimony.

young man being wise and the closeness of closeness the and wise being man young

In Venice Parez tries, without success, to to success, without tries, Parez Venice In 158

n nte psae rgt eoe they before right passage, another In memories, experience, and and experience, memories, nd his young l young his nd 157

Johannes of Terzn has Terzn of Johannes – nl lmns f the of elements onal

except the last two last the except

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a counterpart counterpart a version, ves to to ves - -

CEU eTD Collection 160 scriptand language Persianlearns he First in. hosted was he community any languagesof pain took story, own his tell to tried he which through hero the Parez, massive of number a with Italian However, abridgments. or English in those as long as half is narrative this pre mentioned was it As Wenna. and Parez of version Armenian the in occurring be can question This upon mastered. speculated he languages the or got Terzn of Johannes education Empire, Ottoman Turkish. the in city dwelling main his or birthplace his of location the to due that, say to safe is it Similarly, Latin. also the to ways different in connected printer a being and Rome in Living language. that from done probably most is above mentioned as translation, the prin least at confirmed confirms theautobiographicalnarrative. characteralterationsfrom of the original the translator’ the Khachatur, coope and tradaptaion. the in mentioned varlet, Parez's character, the fits perfectly and age early his atyouth smart and mer been have should he Terzn of Johannes of activity publishing the during although companion, and assistant latter's the as

Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun 4 ting thepapal propaganda books. .3. The circumstances thetranslation motivationof the process underlying and The available sources represent Johannes of Terzn as Terzn of Johannes represent sources available The

However, except except However, ration between Parez and his varlet and Johannes and his son son his and Johannes and varlet his and Parez between ration

Thus, it can be argued be can it Thus, –

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for Johannes it was was it Johannes for sn hd i rl i hs ahrs ok. n un ti presence this turn, In works. father’s his in role his had son, s , 201. , hs idrc testimonies indirect these

ct that he was chosen by Sultanshah for translating and and translating for Sultanshah by chosen was he that ct ely a teenager. If so, then he should have been a learned learned a been have should he then so, If teenager. a ely It Italian, thatheas insofar be mastered can speculated

–

especially considering as well the close relations relations close the well as considering especially

52 important to mention in several occasions that that occasions several in mention to important he was probably speaking also Ottoman Ottoman also speaking probably was he

–

through examination of the alterations alterations the of examination through tee r no are there ,

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CEU eTD Collection 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 printing all, of first and undoubtedly includes, which man, learned a of skills of scope the ..." secretary a as acting interpreting, languages, teaching translator semi a Johannes consider striking.” particularly is vernaculars European of dictionaries bilingual of lack The period... modern early the in translators assist to available resources eighteenth by confirmed is assumption above The century. the in later, even produced were dictionaries bilingual other and Armenian, century. seventeenth the of half first the in later, much translation. this of age the Italian any reveal not do prints w romance the translate early or manuscripts of catalogues The to available. nit were dictionaries the And dictionaries. effort enormous an been have should it languages, dragama Georgia in only or Georgia, and learning.” language Its / in stepped he land any as Insofar / languages several will. father's old his to according world the exploring for set has who Persian a as he himself Cairo, introduces in bank river the on officer sultan's with acquainted being when Thus, lands. reve avoid to was appearance, and clothing the changing the Halab in and

Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun Peter Burke, ed. ed. Burke, Peter ed. Burke, Peter Rivola, Francesco Parezi Wennayi ev Patmutyun Nevertheless, even considering Johannes of Terzn’s learnedness and proficiency in in proficiency and learnedness Terzn’s of Johannes considering even Nevertheless, n for languages.” mutuallyn known 163

162 There is another noteworthy episode in this topic. While traveling in Armenia in traveling While topic. this in episode noteworthy another is There - Aleppo the Arabic language. Arabic the Aleppo

In Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe Modern Early in Translation Cultural Europe Modern Early in Translation Cultural

Dictionarium La Dictionarium general,

- Francesco Rivola compiled the first L first the compiled Rivola Francesco profe

“ , 200. , 204. , 205. , 202. , If one would fa would one If

ssional translator, that is, one who combines “the career of of career “the combines who one is, that translator, ssional tino -

Armenian or even Latin even or Armenian

– - Armenun

the narrative narrative the 164

161 (Paris, 1633). (Paris, ce him with questioning / He could answer in answer could He / questioning with him ce 53

The moving imperative, as it was in case of case in was it as imperative, moving The

Burke os o mk i clear it make not does ’ , 13. , 13. , of “scarcity existed there that point s 165 -

Armenian dictionary available in available dictionary Armenian

aling his true identity in foreign in identity true his aling tla t Amna, rnh to French Armenian, to Italian 166 atin to Armenian dictionary Armenian to atin

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and other activities in activities other and

n srp ws fully was script and –

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CEU eTD Collection Europe. literacy in ofbroad earlystage 168 a is but be, to prove languages other in counterparts its as literature, entertaining of piece afteraccomplished. the wasleaveroom for The translation further suppositi sources no evenor persecutions afterthe up it gaveconsciously because he obvio be, can populations. Armenian larger and constant more had which regions in and Armenia in or etc., delegates, merchants, pilgrims, neighborhoo Armenian the among consumed copes, handwritten in circulated was romance the of version Armenian the mentioned, was it as Besides, mind. his in readership defined a quite thorough had have should of degree certain the "arme say, translation, to so domestication, the into invested efforts the However, customers. of number reasonable by "requiredness" work’s the about doubts translator's by published piece translator's owninitiative. c was translation the indeed, that, suggest to remains It it. behind a of absence of becauseas well ascourt, inquisitional the by translation the of persecutions the with overlaps translation of especiall period factor the because important an is This time. of period considerable a taken and have skills would and knowledge linguistic translator’s the on based exceptionally out carried entre

As it will be elaborated in the previous chapter, the printers were among the most literat the wereamong the printers chapter, previous in the willelaborated As be it rnu, s n ae f Johannes. of case in as preneur, –

The Armenian translation ofthe EuropeanThe merely popular Armeniantranslation a medieval romance isnot why question the raises difficulties, mentioned the with along suggestion, This although quite an entertaining reading even for a modern reader modern a for even reading entertaining an quite although

sy te nerpin f oh f ez' social Terzn's of Jonh of interruption the usly, t translator its

s n tla o gnrly uoen iis o shortly or cities, European generally or Italian in ds - prin

iiain o te narrative the of nification" ter. Another explanation for the romance not being printed, printed, being not romance the for explanation Another

n o te osbe xlntos ol be could explanations possible the of One 168

hs i cn e sue ta te rnlto was translation the that assumed be can it Thus, 54

financial patron or a notable customer customer notable a or patron financial imply

because of his death shortly shortly death his because of - utrl ciiy whether activity cultural

that Johannes of Terzn Terzn of Johannes that arried out due to the the to due out arried – e people during this people e

has never been never has -

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CEU eTD Collection romance. self another. into culture one from thus and language one from transmittable them making ideas of adaptation conscious - standing autobiographical piece inserted into the main narrative of the popular popular the of narrative main the into inserted piece autobiographical standing

It can be even considered a disguised, nonetheless disguised, a considered even be can It 55

no another into CEU eTD Collection be should material primary available the of analysis and studies previous the that mean not does This unplugged. be will printing Armenian on knowledge more which in contexts printi Armenian of historians the if fruitful, more be would it Instead, historians. Armenian many by held widely is it as sources, on new depend of discovery necessarily not does studies these of development the that idea the forward pr Armenian of studies present in weaknesses and inconsistencies entailed a discrepancies intraditionallyaccepted number of interpretations. scholarsh European recent the of adaptation slow and failure This reawakening. national for factor crucial a being indeed, latter, the culture, print national the of formation and language national in books printed first the differentia of the publication recognize to refused or failed have as well as context, non a in printing Armenian of beginning the of history the interpret to failed reawakening. natio of impulses as books printed early the of significance the challenging peak highest its reached monasteries Armenian in production manuscript the century sixteenth the of half Armenian b printed first the of appearance the interpreted continuously has historiography Armenian the which – significance This culture. Armenian of advancements significant most the of one as generations later the by honored been always has printing Armenian century, sixteenth the of beginning the as early as Europe modern

the Ottoman and Safavid ravages, scorchedravages, Safavid and Ottoman the The contemporary domestic studies of Armenian printing, however, have so far far so have however, printing, Armenian of studies domestic contemporary The prominent most the in initiated been Having Therefore, the first step taken in my thesis was to point out the most visible visible most the out point to was thesis my in taken step first the Therefore, Conclusion

ooks. However, despite the political decline in the country, in the second inthe second country, the decline political in However, the despite ooks.

has been intensified due to the historical background historical the to due intensified been has 56 - land policy, and dramatic cultural decline cultural dramatic and policy, land

cultural and political centers of early of centers political and cultural ip in the history of printing, has has printing, of history the in ip ng focused on rethinking of the of rethinking on focused ng inting. In this I put put I this In inting. in ewe the between tion

- nationalist – nal nal

in CEU eTD Collection 170 Glo Centuries of 169 reevaluate to help will investigations new the turn, In whose notevenexistence veryand properlyacknowledged has been therefo but untouched only not remain that book Armenian the of history the of areas entire are “There study, aforementioned inthe out points AsAslanian investigations. prove for worthy separate two Nonetheless,essential improvement. serve each ofthem for as studies. future a base The Mediterranean. modern early ex the across transfers cultural and self the and Catholi frameworks possible new two offered step, second its in thesis, my printing, cultur print Armenian of initiation on impact its cities port European in presence Armenian strong the between interplay the on (2012) article brief his in networks, trade Armenian Modern UCLA a Aslanian, more propercontexts. and questions research fresh posing with along employed, be should literature secondary one though several, and However, narrative sources. the of interpretations extensive indeed an offered Armenian have early of printing studies the as insofar field, this in accumulated already knowledge stud new any contrary, the On discarded. entirely

aminations that have been done in the scopes of this thesis are still very raw and need for for need and raw very still are thesis this of scopes the in done been have that aminations ibid Reflectionson Heads: their on and theirFeet on “Wings Sebouh. Aslanian, , 11. 11. , e. c Confessionalization and its imprint on the activity of the first Armenian printers printers Armenian first the of activity the on imprint its and Confessionalization c Armenian of beginnings the on sources century sixteenth earlier, on Drawing Sebouh by taken been recently has recontextualization this in step major One Due to Due 169

This studyArmenian on primarily printing reflects century. inthe seventeenth - perception and development of the sense of belonging in the era of religious religious of era the in belonging of sense the of development and perception bal Armenian Print Culture,” Culture,” Print Armenian bal

imaginative questioning imaginative professor of Early Modern Middle Eastern Studies and primarily Early Early primarily and Studies Eastern Middle Modern Early of professor

The Armenian Weekly Armenian The ,

many other aspects of early Armenian printing w printing Armenian early of aspects other many critical approach both towards the sources and the the and sources the towards both approach critical 57

ies will largely benefit if they build on the the on build they if benefit largely will ies

(2012): 7 (2012): –

eliminating the nationalist nationalist the eliminating - Port Armenians Port 12.

re examined.” and Five Five and –

the Age of of Age the

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170 ill ill

CEU eTD Collection and inthe shaping cultural andreligious intheea frontiers of applied far so have that connotations –

the Armenian contribution to the transfer of ideas ideas of transfer the to contribution Armenian the 58

rly modern Mediterranean.rly modern

CEU eTD Collection Arme thefruit of 176 printing: 175 174 Philologie Armenische Für Zeitschrift Amsorya: Handes նոր 173 1883). Press, Mechitarist Venice: Lazzaro, (San days] our to up Armeni catalogueof Alphabetic Armenienne. [Bibligraphie Այբուբենական 172 Press, Sciences Academyof in 1512 book [Armenian Սավալյան 171 Pataragamatoyc’ Appendix. Latintransliteration (lit. (lit. TheFriday (lit. Almanac) incunabulum in in incunabulum

ibid. Galemqarean] [Grigor Zarphanalean] [Garegin A.Savalyan] Korkotyan, Q. Voskanyan, [N. to According [Grigor Govrikean] [Grigor Alishan] [Ghevond Parzatumar (lit. Simple (lit. Simple Urbatagirq Name of the Nameofthe Calendar) լուսավորութիւններ translation and its and lit. Aghtarq Liturgy The Book of Book)

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Place first fro found Place Saint Karapet Monastery, Monastery, Saint Karapet Saint Saint Karapet Monastery, Monastery, Saint Karapet . հայ Jerusalem (2 facsimiles) (2 Jerusalem Հայկական

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Kesaria, 1894 Kesaria, Jerusalem, 1890 Jerusalem, 1890 Jerusalem, տպագրին

Karapet Monastery, Monastery, Karapet Munich, 1895 Munich, Kesaria, 1894 Kesaria, Kesaria, 1894 Kesaria, (2 facsimiles) (2

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(lit. Book of (lit. Book of (lit. Jumble) [N. Voskanyan, Q. Korkotyan, A. Savalyan] A.Savalyan] Korkotyan, Voskanyan, Q. [N. Galemqarean] Grigor Alishan] [Ghevond Galemqarean] [Grigor [Garegin Zarphanalean] Zarphanalean] [Garegin Parzatumar (lit. Simple (lit. Simple Zhamagirq Name of the Nameofthe Calendar) of Hours) Tagharan լուսավորութիւններ translation and its and lit. . The Book Psalms) Songs) Book

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Place first fro found Place , Դպիր

հայ Bibliotheque Nationale, Nationale, Bibliotheque Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ambrosiana, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Biblioteca Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Ambrosiana, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Biblioteca Saint Jacob Monastery, Monastery, Saint Jacob Bavarian State Library, State Bavarian Ք The Vaticanlibrary The . Կորկոտյան 105

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, Աբգար 171

the registered date offinding date theregistered The Vatican library, 1912 Vaticanlibrary, The Mechitarist library, Vienna, Vienna, library, Mechitarist Matenadaran, Yerevan Place first fro found Place Matendaran, Yerevan

Դպիր Victoria and Albert Church of St. Trinity, Trinity, St. Churchof British Museum, Museum library, Gherla, London London

և 1890

դատողութիւնք տպագրած Handes Amsor Handes

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CEU eTD Collection Միքայէլ Michael “Lette Catholicos, The Typographia Gregorian Basae, Rome: Calendar]/ Dominici 1584. [Johannes ofTerzn] of Psalms]. [Johannes ofTe Calendar]. [Jacob theSinner] Liturgy].The Book of [Jacob theSinner] 1512/3. [Jacob theSinner] Friday].Venice, 1512 [Jacob theSinner] [Abgar the Scribe] Calendar]. [Abgar the Scribe] Calendar] [Abgar the Scribe] 1568. [Abgar the Scribe] BriefGrammar Book]. [Abgar the Scribe] Istanbul, 1568. [Abgar the Scribe] Istanbul, 1568. [Abgar the Scribe] Venice, 1566. [Abgar the Scribe] Primary sources Bibliography

. Չամչեան

Venice, 1512/3. Venice, 1565. Istanbul, 1568. Venice: 1587.

rzn] rzn]

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Venice, 1512/3. Istanbul, 1567

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