Troyes’ 15 Th -16 Th Centuries Times of Glory
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RENAISSANCE TROYES’ 15 TH -16 TH CENTURIES TIMES OF GLORY STRANGE… AND UNIQUE! “ÅChampagne Cork ” • 1939/1945 : 4 years of German occupation. The original form of the town results from The town centre escaped bombing. various factors: modifications, over the years, to • The day after the Liberation of Paris on 26 August 1944 , Patton, the American General, the limits of the Gallo-Roman town based in the freed Troyes . ANCIENT TIMES median axis constituted by the Agrippa Way An era when arts flourished with the • 1963: Charles de Gaulle, President of the (now rue de la Cité), the successive diversions famous Troyes Schools of Sculpture and • The Town of Tricasses, a very important French Republic, visited Troyes. of the course of the Seine and the fortifications Painting. tribe, recognised by the Romans. (ditches, towers and gates) erected at the time 21 ST CENTURY • 22-21 BC: Construction of the “Agrippa • The Master Glassmakers . Their talent of the Champagne Fairs and replaced, in the Way” linking Milan to Boulogne sur Mer, already recognised in the 13th century, were Towards international recognition th a determining factor in the town’s future 19 century, by the boulevards and gardens to create marvellous works and make Troyes development. which now enclose the town. a “blessed town of stained glass”. Since 2004, Troyes Council has been com - mitted to developing its heritage (staggered • Troyes became Augustobona Tricassium • 1524: The Great Fire destroyed a large part up until 2008-2009) by registering and (mentioned by Pliny the Elder and Ptolemia). of the upper districts of the town (the applying for various international Labels. “body” part of the cork-shaped town), MIDDLE AGES constructed mainly of wood. Its reconstruc - • “UNESCO World Heritage Site” Label , under the heading “immaterial domain”, • 451 : Attila was stopped at the Gates of tion gave the town its present aspect. based on the great names of the 11th and Troyes by the Bishop of St Loup. Plundering was • Around 1560: The town was in the hands 12th Centuries, such as Chrestien de Troyes, avoided. of the Leaguers, headed by the Duke de Rachi and Bernard de Clairvaux. • 892 : The Normans burned the town. Guise, Governor of Champagne. th th • “UNESCO World Memory Register” • 9 -10 c.: The Troyes Council was formed, • 30 May 1595: Triumphant entry of Henri IV. Label with the Clairvaux Abbey document with the House of Vermandois. It passed into The town surrenders. the hand of the House of Blois in the 11 th c.. • 1264: Pope Troyen URBAIN IV instituted the collection (12 th and 15 th C.) kept in Troyes. Fête du Saint-Sacrement (Fête-Dieu). TH TH • 1040 : Birth of RACHI, great Jewish scho - 17 -18 CENTURIES • “European Heritage” Label as the lar, commentator of the Bible and the • 1285: Troyes, Champagne, and Navarre were Knitwear capital in the 19 th and 20 th • The town lost its powers with State cen - Talmud. He died in Troyes in 1105. united under the Crown of France by the Centuries. • 12 th -13 th c. : Beginning of the marriage of Jeanne de Navarre, last tralism (the number of inhabitants decrea - lineage of the Counts of Countess of Champagne, with sed from 27,000 under Louis XIV to 13,000 • “Architecture and History” Label focu - Champagne (Henri I le Libéral, the future King Philippe le Bel. under Louis XV). sed on “Troyes’ Great 16 th Century” for Thibaut IV) and the great • 21 May 1420 : Treaty of • 1745: Appearance of the first hosiery architecture, sculpture and stained glass. period of Champagne Fairs. Troyes. King CharlesVI promi - trades, an activity that gave Troyes the title Troyes rapidly expanded, sed the realm with the hand of Hosiery Capital. becoming the capital of of his daughter, Catherine de Champagne. The numerous France, to his future son-in- 19 TH -20 TH CENTURIES streams and rivers encoura - law, Henry V of England. The ged the development of dra - marriage took place on 2 • 1814: Napoleon’s French Campaign, peries, mills, tanning, wea - June in the Church of St- Jean- around Brienne-le-Château in the Aube vings and paper manufacture. au-Marché. département, where he studied at the Military School. Troyes and the north of Troyes paper became known • 10 July 1429 : Joan of Arc led Aube are considerably damaged. throughout Europe from the 14th c. Charles VII to Reims and freed the onwards. town from the English. • 1870 : Occupation by the Prussian army. • Marie de France , the wife of Henri I, created in Troyes her “courses in loving”. Literary art flourished with Chrestien de Troyes, Thibaut IV TWO TREATIES FOR TROYES Troyes Cathedral, that the marriage was celebra - Le Chansonnier [the Song Writer], Geoffroy de ÅThough all the history books still talk about the ted between Elisabeth Queen of England and Villehardouin and Jean de Joinville, historian famous treaty of Troyes in 1420, which handed Charles IX, son of Catherine de Medicis (and regent of Saint Louis (Louis XIII). France over politically to the English, they have all of France), who was declared an adult although • 1118: Hugues de Payns created the Order of the Knights Templars. In 1128 Bernard de forgotten the “glorious” Treaty of 1564. And yet, he was till only 14 years old. Following this, the Clairvaux had the rules approved by the Council on 11 April, it was in great splendour, and again in English renounced all their claims in France. of Troyes, whose seat was the Cathedral. 2 3 OUR FAMOUS PEOPLE Å THE KNIGHTS TEMPLAR The Templar order was founded in Troyes in 1118 by Hugues de Payns. In the 12 th c. the Templars, LITERATURE • JEAN PASSERAT (1534-1602) . Professor at soldier-monks and knight-monks, ensured the safety of pilgrims going to the Holy Land at the time of the Crusades. the College de France, he was one of the Bernard de Clairvaux approved and drafted himself the rules of this order at the Council that was held • GEOFFROY DE VILLEHARDOUIN (1167- authors of the “Satire Ménippée”, a pam - in the Cathedral of Troyes in 1128. In the 13 th century the Templars owned numerous houses in Troyes, 1218). He participated in the 4 th crusade phlet on the Etats Généraux or States occupied, in particular, at the time of the Champagne Fairs. “Rue Saussier” was called “rue du Temple” (1202-1204). Author of the famous chronicle General of 1593 about the religious wars, co- until 1906, since there was a Templars Commander’s residence at n° 1. It was destroyed in the fire of “Histoire de la conquête de Constantinople” written with the Pithou Brothers, natives of th [History of the conquest of Constantinople] Troyes, both men of letters and jurisconsults. 1524 and reconstructed in the 17 c. In 1988, 708 pieces of silver (dating from 1220-1227) were disco - the first prose to be written in French . vered in the former Commander’s house in Payns.This treasure is now at the St Loup deTroyes Museum. • FLAUBERT ACHILLE-CLÉOPHAS (1784-1846). • THIBAUT IV "LE CHANSONNIER" Count Gustave Flaubert’s father grew up in Nogent- of Champagne (1201-1253). Having sur-Seine , then left to become a surgeon at the RELIGION • POLITICS • CHARLES BALTET (1830-1908). become King of Navarre in 1234, he set off Hôtel Dieu in Rouen. Nogent was used as the • SCIENCES This horticulturalist and nur - for the Holy Land in 1239 and helped to res - setting for Gustave Flaubert’s third novel seryman is famous the world tore Jerusalem to the Christians. He was • HASTINGS (9 th c.). This norman pirate was “Sentimental Education”, published in 1869. over. A group of Japanese responsible for the motto of the Counts of born into a humble farming family in the students for whom he was Champagne – “Passavant le meillor” – and • GASTON BACHELARD (1884-1962). A phi - diocese of Troyes! responsible took a few is known for his unfortunate love affair with losopher, poet and scientist, he was born in • RACHI (1040-1105). A great Talmudic scho - vines home as a gift, and Queen Blanche de Castille, and also for his Bar sur Aube. He was the author of an lar. He founded his own school at the age of his vines can now be found love songs, which were inspired by the impressive collection of reflections linked to twenty-five. Rachi died in Troyes on 13 July at the foot of Mount great themes of courtly poetry. knowledge and research. Each line of his work is a potential quotation and an open 1105, at the age of sixty-five, but he is still Fujiyama. Some of them have been named th • CHRESTIEN DE TROYES (12 c.- circa 1135- door to knowledge. today a leading commentator on the Torah. “Baltaï” in his honour. 1183). Little is known about the life of France’s greatest medieval author. He atten - • HUGUES DE PAYNS (1070-1136). Founder • LÉONIE AVIAT , (1844-1914). Sister Léonie ded the court of Marie de Champagne circa of the order of the Templars. Originated from Françoise De Sales Aviat was the founder of 1170. A highly cultivated man, he wrote five a small village nearTroyes and took part in the the “Oblates de Saint-François de Sales” novels in verse about King Arthur and the first crusade in 1095. order with Father Louis Brisson. She studied at the Visitation in Troyes. Educated at the “Knights of the Round Table” and added a • BERNARD DE Saint François de Sales school, in 1868, the “Christian” dimension to the Celtic myth CLAIRVAUX young founder of the Saint-François de Sales and the Arthurian legends, with their combi - (1090-1153).