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Analysis of Willow (Salix L.) Flora in Ukrainian Carpathians

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Analysis of Willow (Salix L.) Flora in Ukrainian Carpathians 50 JOURNAL OF BOTANY VOL. IX, NR. 1 (14), 2017 ANALYSIS OF WILLOW (SALIX L.) FLORA IN UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS Ishchuk L. P. Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University Abstract. On the basis of the of the published data analysis, herbarium specimens and our route studies, we have found out that the natural flora of the genus Salix in the Ukrainian Carpathians has 22 species. The alpine and subalpine florocentic complexes comprise six species of S. alpina Scop., S. herbacea L., S. retusa L., S. Kitaibeliana Willd., S. rhaetica Anders., S. silesiaca Willd. It is doubtful that two species of S. hastata L. and S. reticulate L. are present on the territory of Ukrainian Carpathians and need the chorology clarification. The most numerous is boreal flora Salix element in the Carpathians, covering 16 species. Keywords: Salix, willow, flora, Ukrainian Carpathians, alpine, subalpine and boreal species INTRODUCTION Genus willow (Salix L.) is one of the largest in the boreal flora of Ukraine and according to various sources, it comprises 24-25 species (Nazarov et al., 1952; Fuchylo, Sbytna, 2009, Ishchuk, 2015b). Most willows are phanerophytes, but there are also micro-, meso- and nanophanerofytes and hamefytes among them. Genus Salix species, due to its plasticity, can change a tree form into bush one and vice versa depending on soil and climatic conditions. Willows are widely used in the national economy for the extraction of tannins, salicinе, as well as energy crops. They also perform polliniferous, milliferous, decorative, hydroregulating and phytomeliorative functions, and they have been widely used in folk crafts recently for basket weaving and flower arrangement (Ishchuk, 2015a). However, the number of willows is steadily declining due to both high demand for raw materials and due to excessive anthropogenic impact on the riverine and highland ecosystems. The exact number of the introduced species and cultivars of genus Salix in Ukraine is not known since more and more cultivars are imported from Europe, and this process is almost uncontrollable currently (Ishchuk, 2015a, 2015b). There are also some disputable issues concerning willows' horology in the natural flora. The aim of our research was to analyze the taxonomic composition of species of the genus Salix in the Ukrainian Carpathians, which represents the largest variety of willows, including a number of relict species that need protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted the research on the genus Salix species chorology by routing methods in the Ukrainian Carpathians and by analyzing the literature and herbarium samples of the genus Salix species in the herbarium of the Institute of Botany of NAS of Ukraine (KW), Uzhgorod National University (UU), I. Franko L’viv National University (LW) and the State Natural History Museum of Ukraine (L’viv) (LWS). The nomenclature of the plant species is given in accordance with the checklist by S. M. Mosyakin and M. M. Fedoronchuk (Mosyakin, Fedoronchuk, 1999) and the international nomenclature Index (IPNI, 2005). When analyzing the genus Salix species chorology, we used floristic zoning by B. Chopyk and S. Mosyakin (2015), under which the following areas are isolated on the territory of the Ukrainian Carpathians: The Carpathians, the Eastern Beskids and low meadows, Gorgans, Svydovets, Chornohora, Chyvchyno-Hrynyavski mountains Maramorosh Alps, Volcanic Carpathians, Transcarpathian foothills and Transcarpathian plains. JOURNAL OF BOTANY VOL. IX, NR. 1 (14), 2017 51 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION M. I. Nazarov, M. I. Kotov, P. I. Herzhedovych (1952) analyzed most fully and summarized flora of the genus Salix species in the Ukrainian Carpathians in the paper “Flora of the USSR”, in which they cite 29 species of willows for Ukraine in general and 25 species for the Carpathians. Of these, three species are common only in the S. babylonica L. culture in the south, S. elegantissima Koch. – in the western regions of Ukraine and Poland, S. dasyclados Wimm. – in the western regions of Ukraine. I. Ivanitskii processed herbarium specimens of willows in scientific herbariums of L’viv during the 1963-1964, but no records or papers on the review were left. Following him, A. K. Skvortsov did the fundamental systematic review of Salix genus flora in his monograph (1968). The scientist analyzed critically the flora of Salix genus species in Ukraine once more (1987), describing this genus for plant determinant, Ukraine, in 1987. The last critical analysis of willow flora in Ukraine A. K. Skvortsov (Skvortsov, 1999) made in 1999 in the book «Willows of Russia and Adjacent Countries. Taxonomical and Geographical Revision». M. I. Nazarov et al. (1952), Ye. M. Bradis (1965) and V. Krichfalushiy (1982) referred willow Kitaibeleve (S. Kitaibeliana Willd.) to a separate genus while A. K. Skvortsov (1968, 1987, 1999) considers it a variety of blunt-leaf willow (S. retusa L.) and he did not even refer it as a subspecies. Willow Xerophilous (S. xerophila Floder.) was not confirmed to belong to the flora of Ukraine by more recent studies. Fuchylo Ya. D. and Sbytna M. V. (2009) believe that it is replaced by Stark willow or bluish willow (S. Starkeana Willd. = S. livida Wahl.) on the territory of Ukraine. S. Starkeana samples, examined in the herbarium of the Institute of Botany of NAS of Ukraine (KW), had prolapses in the ribs on the underside of the leaf which made them looked like a willow Xerophilous. Bradis Ye. M. (1965) in the “Determinant of the flora of Ukraine” describes 26 kinds of willows in the natural flora of Ukraine. Of these, A. K. Skvortsov (1968, 1987, 1999) does not considerS. Kitaibeliana to be a separate species. Herbarium specimens of S. repens L. he refers to S. rosmarinifolia L. The “Flora of the USSR” (Nazarov et al., 1952) and “Determinant of the flora of Ukraine” (Skvortsov 1987) also described S. Jacquinii Host. and S. nigricans Sm., which A. K. Skvortsov, Ya. D. Fuchylo, N. V. Sbytna (2009) considered synonyms for S. alpina Scop. and S. myrsinifolia Salisb. respectively. A. K. Skvortsov (1968, 1987, 1999) considers gray willow (S. incana Schrank) synonymous for S. eleagnos Scop. The Carpathian region willow flora was also studied by K. A. Malynowskiy (1980), V. Krichfalushiy (1982) during the last century. In particular, V. V. Krichfalushiy (1982) singles out four florocenotic complexes in the flora of the Carpathians willows: alpine, sub-alpine, mountain-subalpine and supplementary species. Also, V. V. Krichfalushiy (1982) considers S. Kitaibeliana and S. retusa to be separate species, as S. Kitaibeliana differs from S. retusa with a straighter trunk, large leaves, thicker branches and more flowers on the catkins. In addition, S. Kitaibeliana is wide spread in acidic flysch rocks, while S. retusa – on typical calcicole. We also share the opinion of K. A. Malinowskiy (1980), V. V. Krichfalushiya (1982) on the probability of S. reticulata L. absence in the Ukrainian Carpathians, as we did not discover this species in our route studies and in the analysis of herbarium specimens of the Ukrainian Carpathians herbarium in Kyiv, L’viv and Uzhgorod. Chopyk V. I., Fedoronchuk M. M. (2015) in the “Flora of the Ukrainian Carpathians” cited 25 species for the Carpathian willow flora, including S. babylonica L. and S. blanda Anders., which can be found only in the culture. The authors also express doubts about the availability ofS. hastata L. and S. reticulata in the Carpathians flora, since the latter one is not confirmed with herbarium specimens. The same paper also reveals Rhaetian willow (S. rhaetica Anders.) = S. phylicifolia auct. non L. According to the latest data, V. I. Chopyk, M. M. Fedoronchuk (2015) share the opinion of A. K. Skvortsov (1968, 1987, 1999), and consider S. retusa to be a synonym of S. Kitaibeliana, S. elegans Bess. – synonymous with S. myrtilloides L., S. nigricans as a synonym of S. myrsinifolia Salisb., S. phylicifolia auct. non L. – synonymous with S. rhaetica, and S. incana – synonymous with S. eleagnos. However, special attention should be paid to rare and endangered species of willows, whose populations 52 JOURNAL OF BOTANY VOL. IX, NR. 1 (14), 2017 are steadily declining and need additional detailed studies (Kobiv, 2010; Ishchuk, 2014a, 2014b). M. I. Nazarov et al., (1952), Ye. M. Bradis (1965), V. V. Krichfalushiy (1982) indicate in their description of S. retusa, S. jacquinii, S. reticulata and S. lapponum L. the spread, that these species can be found in the alpine zone of the Carpathians extremely rarely. However, no species of the genus Salix are available in the first edition of the Red Book of the USSR (1980). Yet, Grass willow (Saliceta herbaceae) and Kytaybeleve willow (Saliceta kitaibelianae) are listed in the first category of the Green Book of the USSR (1987) as a rare surviving group that survived in the upper reaches of the Carpathians, especially in the subalpine zone of Svydovets Chornogory, since the Ice Age. Five species of willows are listed in the second edition of the Red Book of Ukraine (1996). The category of endangered species comprises Reticulate willow (S. reticulata). The category of vulnerable ones comprises Grassy willow (S. herbacea L.), the category of rare species list Bilberry willow (S. myrtilloides L.), Starke willow (S. starkeana) and Retuse willow (S. retusa). The last edition of the Red Book of Ukraine (2009) lists six species of the genus Salix, of which S. alpina Scop. is classified as endangered, S. lapponum, S. myrtilloides and S. starkeana – vulnerable, and S. herbacea, S. retusa are categorized as rare. The analysis reveals that the natural flora of the Ukrainian Carpathians is represented by 22 species of the genus Salix. 1. S. alpina Scop. (syn. S. jacquiniana Willd., S. jacquinii Host.) – Relict species with disjunctive habitat in the Central Europe. In Ukraine, the species is spread in the Carpathians alpine zone of Svydovets mountain area at a height of 1880 m above sea level.
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